Same-sex adoption in the United States

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38% of respondents “strongly” agreed. Women (47%) were significantly more likely than men (30%) to strongly agree with this statement. Most respondents (57%), however, also expressed the belief that a child should be raised by both a mother and a father. Another 15% “strongly” or “somewhat” disagreed with that idea. In this case, men (47%) were more likely than women (30%) to strongly agree with the statement that children should be raised by a mother and father. When asked if lesbian couples should be able to adopt and raise children, 55% said yes while 29% said no. When asked about gay male couples, 53% agreed and 32% disagreed. In both instances, women were significantly more likely than men to agree to same-sex couple adoption. Almost half of Americans (47%) said that it was unfair that child welfare agencies can refuse to place a child with a same-sex couple based on religious objection, while one-third (33%) said it was fair. Forty-six percent supported a Connecticut initiative to recruit members of the LGBTQ+ community to become foster and adoptive parents, but twenty-nine percent opposed that measure.

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from 90 individuals, including 30 women in 15 lesbian relationships, 30 men in 15 gay relationships, as well as 15 women and 15 men in heterosexual relationships were analyzed. All couples were adopting their first child and they were all first-time parents. The study was conducted within the borders of the United States. Participants filled out a questionnaire and were interviewed by telephone three to four months after adopting their child. All participants were between the ages of 27 and 52 (average 37.7 years), and 90% were Caucasian. Results indicated that gay and lesbian couples tended to emphasize openness and a desire to pursue adoption without hiding their sexual orientation. The birth mother was the consistent birth family member to keep in touch with the adoptive family, and significantly influenced the shaping of open adoption relationships.

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and Michael is the adoptive child of K.L.). In this case, the court "held that unmarried same-sex cohabitants have standing to jointly petition for adoption as the statutory provisions allow a reputable person of legal age to adopt, and provisions in the singular should be read to include the plural". They argued that because Illinois adoption law explicitly calls for liberal interpretation and a focus on the best interest of the child, the adoptions should be legal. Even though was not likely initially intended to allow for LGBT couples to adopt, they argued that other states (such as Vermont) with similar laws had ruled in favor of second parent adoptions for unmarried LGBT couples and that if the legislature specifically wanted to prevent such an adoption, they could have written the law as such.

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survey respondents tend to support adoption by same-sex parents. This research suggests that rising public support may not be a result of a growing acceptance of the LGBT community, but rather from the growing resentment towards state-funded foster programs. The same study also held that religious affiliations matter less for predicting same-sex adoption attitudes than how Americans practice and hold their faith; notably, support for same-sex adoption was lower among religious respondents who more frequently engage in practices such as religious service attendance and sacred text reading, with support higher among those who believe that the

375:"prospective adoptive or foster parents solely on the basis of their sexual orientation, gender identification, or marital status or on the basis of the sexual orientation or gender identity of the child involved." As the bill only applied to centers that were federally funded, however, private institutions would still have been able to refuse same-sex couples from adopting. In January 2019, the state of South Carolina applied for and was granted a waiver to let adoption agencies block same-sex couples from adopting or becoming foster parents. A Greenville couple has filed a lawsuit in this case and its outcome is pending. 202:

children?" Results from this period indicate an increase in support as time progressed. In 1994 survey responses, about one in four (28%) favored same-sex adoption, while in 2012 about five in ten (50%) favored same-sex adoption. In studies from 1994 to 1999, only one out of every three Americans (33%) favored same-sex adoption; from 2002 to 2008, support increased to four in ten (40% favorability). From 2009 to 2012, a majority (from 52% to 61%) approved legalizing same-gender adoption, with greater support expressed among young people than among those over 65 years of age. Results also showed that 85% of the

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couples. Additionally, an organization called Creating A Family reported that 60% of adoptions by LGBTQ families are transracial. One study even found that "gay and lesbian parents were more likely than heterosexual parents to be matched with hard-to-place children, partially because they were more open to being matched with children with hard-to-place profiles." Some argue that these statistics are due, in some part, to discriminatory practices that make it more difficult to adopt for LGBTQ families and deem minority children less “ideal” adoptees.

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Welfare League of America (CWLA) affirms that "lesbian, gay, and bisexual parents are as well suited to raise children as their heterosexual counterparts". American Psychiatric Association supports same-sex marriage as "being advantageous to the mental health of same-sex couples and supports legal recognition of the right for same-sex couples to marry, adopt and co-parent". Each of these organizations released similar statements supporting same-sex adoption following the government legalization of same-sex adoption in all fifty states in 2016.

352:, whereby one parent can adopt the biological child of their same-sex partner without voiding their partner's parental guardianship over the child. This allows the child to be recognized as having two legal parents in cases where the couple is not in a relationship recognized by the state. For the states that allow same-sex couples to adopt, most require that adoptive couples must be married; in the states without specific relevant laws, this issue is addressed based on the best interest of the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 ( 1788: 1518:, a measure to ban anyone "cohabitating outside of a valid marriage" from being foster parents or adopting children. Although the law could apply to heterosexual couples, it was believed to have been written to target gay couples due to the fact that same-sex marriage was prohibited in that state, thereby making an adoption impossible, although single gay men and lesbians were still allowed to adopt in Arkansas. The law was overturned on April 16, 2010 by state judge Chris Piazza. The 248: 154:, as of 2009, "an estimated 20,000 same-sex couples are raising nearly 30,000 adopted children." As of 2011, about two million children in the U.S. were being raised by LGBT parents but could not establish a legal relationship with both parents. In 2019 the American Community Survey revealed that female same-sex households were more likely to have children under 18 in their care (22.5%) than male same-sex households (6.6%). 4537: 174:

child's welfare depend more on socioeconomic status and less on the gender and sexuality of the parents. Issues arise from uncontrolled factors such as discrimination or the inability of parents to get married. Some individuals who oppose child-rearing by gay and lesbian couples fear that it will result in the child becoming gay or lesbian themselves. Established data, however, does not support this claim.

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reconcile that with his opposition to same-sex marriage, he said: "Well actually I think all states but one allow gay adoption, so that's a position which has been decided by most of the state legislators, including the one in my state some time ago. So I simply acknowledge the fact that gay adoption is legal in all states but one."

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couple had a child, the state granted a "presumption of parenthood" to the father and listed him on the birth certificate. However, when a same-sex couple had a child, the state denied that presumption and forced the second partner to undergo an adoption, a "long, arduous and expensive" process. In January 2017, Attorney General

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A female same-sex couple, who were raising three children and adopted one of them, filed a lawsuit in federal court in January 2012 seeking to have the state's ban on adoption by same-sex couples overturned, and in September amended that suit to challenge the state's ban on same-sex marriage as well.

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refused to issue a birth certificate recognizing both partners in a same-sex relationship. The plaintiffs in the case asked Judge Hinkle to declare this policy unconstitutional. He set a deadline of January 6, 2016, for the Department of Health to reply to the plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment.

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In 2021 Ipsos created and shared a poll worldwide on the question "Do you agree that same-sex couples should have the same rights to adopt children as heterosexual couples do?" and the United States responded with seventy-two percent of them strongly/ somewhat agreeing with the statement, six percent

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because the couple initiated the case as an adoption, but the judge ruled they did not properly attack the constitutionality of the statutes that used the term "father and mother" or "husband and wife." On November 17, the Second District Court of Appeal in Wisconsin agreed with the lower court. The

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In Wisconsin, the state has allowed both parents to be on the birth certificate, but refuses to change the wordage from "father and mother" to a gender-neutral "parent 1 and parent 2." In another case, a couple was outright rejected in their request. A federal lawsuit has been filed challenging this

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Gallup's Values and Beliefs poll, which was conducted from May 3-18, 2021, recorded that 70% of Americans support same-sex marriage. Additionally, 87% support interracial marriage. A YouGov survey conducted in May 2019 found that 49% of Americans think it is not okay for adoption and foster agencies

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Research conducted by Andrew L. Whitehead and Samuel L. Perry suggests that rising support of adoption by same-sex couples does not indicate changing normative stereotypes about homosexuality. Even when asked questions that suggested that the well-being of the children of same-sex couples was lower,

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that Indiana must allow same-sex couples to list both their names on their children's birth certificates. The ruling came as a result of a federal lawsuit filed by eight same-sex couples who were unable to list the non-gestational parent's name on the child's birth certificate. When an opposite-sex

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On June 26, 2017, the U.S. Supreme Court granted the petition for a writ of certiorari sought by the plaintiff's parents and reversed the Arkansas Supreme Court. The Court held by a 6-3 vote that Arkansas' law only allowing for opposite-sex couples to be named on their children's birth certificates

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determined that same-sex couples (3.1%) are three times more likely to have adopted children than opposite-sex couples (1.1%). Data from 2019 revealed that 43.3% of same-sex couples’ children were adopted and/or stepchildren. Approximately 20.9% of same-sex couples had adoptive children compared to

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is the only way for them to have a biological child. As such, adoption is generally the more cost-effective alternative for same-sex couples. The average cost of adoption is around $ 30,000, while surrogacy starts around $ 100,000 and can be upwards of $ 150,000, making adoption the more affordable

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Second parent adoption for LGBT couples in Illinois became legal in 1995 after a ruling in favor of K.M. and D.M. (a lesbian couple) to adopt Olivia M. (the biological child of K.M.), and K.L. and M.M. (another lesbian couple) to adopt Michael M. and David M. (David is the biological child of K.L.

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the Supreme Court of Alabama sided with E.L., the biological mother of the three children (who argued the Georgia court lacked subject matter jurisdiction). The Supreme Court voided the adoption decree's recognition in-state and nullified V.L.'s parental rights. On November 16, V.L. petitioned the

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As of 2021, each state is able to make its own laws about LGBTQ discrimination in foster care, second-parent adoption, and parental presumption in same-sex relationships. Many states continue to explicitly allow discrimination within the foster care system and adoption placement or have no laws to

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poll found that over half of Americans (55%) believed that heterosexual and homosexual couples would be equally good parents. Majorities also supported allowing gay (53%) and lesbian (55%) couples to adopt and raise children. When asked whether gay and straight couples can be equally good parents,

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enabled lesbian couples to raise children of their own who had not been born from heterosexual relationships. The development of in vitro fertilization created controversy about co-parent adoption and, in cases where lesbian couples separated, child custody. The practice also generated controversy

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Formerly, many children raised by same-sex parents had been born into one of their parents' previous heterosexual relationships. As such, many prior legal disputes were over child custody in cases of divorce. There were biases against the parent who was in a now same-sex relationship; these biases

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which defined marriage as the union of one man and one woman and allowed states to decline to recognize same-sex marriages that were performed in other states. The Respect for Marriage Act will legally defend the rights and protections to which LGBTQ+ and interracial couples and their children are

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told an interviewer: "And if two people of the same gender want to live together, want to have a loving relationship, or even to adopt a child – in my state individuals of the same sex were able to adopt children. In my view, that's something that people have a right to do." Asked the next day to

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Professional organizations that support gay and lesbian families' adoption include the Child Welfare League of America, the American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the National Association of Social Workers (NASW).The Child

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A qualitative study by Goldberg, Kinkler, Richardson, and Downing surveyed couples in same-sex and heterosexual relationships who had adopted children through open adoption. This was notable as little prior research had focused on gender and sexual orientation in open adoption relationships. Data

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Studies have found that same-sex couples often favor adoption as the method for starting a family. They tend to place significantly less emphasis on the biological methods of conceiving a child than heterosexual families do. LGBTQ families are up to 10 times more likely to adopt than heterosexual

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In 2023, same-sex couples were more likely to raise an adopted child. 4% of adopted children and 3% of foster children were being raised by LGBTQ+ couples. After Mississippi was the last state to overturn laws banning LGBTQ+ adoption and the federal marriage equality ruling in 2015, there are now

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Attitudes toward same-sex parenting have improved as the number of same-sex couples and same-sex parenting overall has increased in the United States. From 2007 to 2011, public condemnation of same-sex parenting in the U.S. dropped from 50% to 35%, while acceptance has remained relatively stable.

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On May 16, 2013, the Every Child Deserves a Family Act was introduced to Congress but was not enacted. The act would have stipulated that any organization that deals with foster and adoptive care of children and has some form of funding from the federal government could not discriminate against

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that a single person who is not a biological parent of a child cannot petition to adopt that child without terminating the other parent's parental rights. Since Kansas did not recognize same-sex marriages, this ruling effectively prevents same-sex couples from second-parent adoption in Kansas.

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concluded that "based on the robust nature of the evidence available in the field the issue is so far beyond dispute that it would be irrational to hold otherwise; the best interests of children are not preserved by prohibiting homosexual adoption". The most important factors in maintaining a

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for same-sex couples regardless of whether their relationship is legally recognized. Other states do not presume that a parental relationship exists with any children born of that marriage for both parents in a same-sex marriage as they would for children born of an opposite-sex relationship.

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Furthermore, there are many adoption agencies, lawyers, and social workers who work specifically to support LGBTQ+ parents, including AdoptUSKids, American Academy of Pediatrics, Human Rights Campaign Foundation, LifeLong Adoptions, A is 4 Adoption, International Lesbian and Gay Organization,

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From 1994 to 2012, seven national polling organizations asked representative samples of Americans their opinions about the legalization of same-sex adoption, with the main question being, "Do you think there should or should not be adoption rights gays and lesbians so they can legally adopt

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There is consensus among the medical, psychological, and social welfare communities that children raised by gay and lesbian parents are just as likely to be well-adjusted as those raised by heterosexual parents and research to support this conclusion is accepted beyond debate in the field of

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reversed lower courts' recognition of an adoption judgment granted to a same-sex couple over their three children in 2007 by the Superior Court of Fulton County, Georgia. The court ruled that the Georgia state court had misapplied Georgia state law in granting the adoption. In the case of

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Three same-sex couples filed a lawsuit against the state on August 27, 2013, seeking the right to serve as foster and adoptive parents. The lawsuit claimed that the state's policy against allowing two unrelated adults to adopt has been consistently enforced only against same-sex couples.

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when it refused to recognize the adoption decree from Georgia. The U.S. Supreme Court's decision caused the adoption decree from Georgia to be recognized in Alabama, and V.L.'s parental rights were restored. The case was remanded to the Supreme Court of Alabama for further proceedings.

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Some researchers have written that children of gay and lesbian families are often subjected to teasing and harassment in their peer groups. They also tend to be singled out and questioned about their family life more than children in heteronormative homes.

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On October 12, 2012, the Alabama Court of Civil Appeals unanimously turned down the request of a woman to adopt her same-sex spouse's child. The couple had been married in California. The court held that Alabama law did not recognize the women as spouses.

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caused courts to disfavor them in awarding custody and visitation rights. The sexual orientation of the LGBTQ+ parent, and not their ability to provide for the child's needs, was viewed as having a negative impact on the child's upbringing. Similar to

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33% of Mississippi's households headed by same-sex couples include a child, the highest such percentage in the nation. Nevertheless, Mississippi's Domestic Relations Code states, "Adoption by couples of the same gender is prohibited." A lawsuit,

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couples adopting children varied by state. Some states granted full adoption rights to same-sex couples, while others banned same-sex adoption or only allowed one partner in a same-sex relationship to adopt the biological child of the other.

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ruled on December 1, 2015 that a state law restricting parental identification on birth certificates to heterosexual couples was unconstitutional. His ruling initially applied only to the three couples who originally sued in this case,

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In 2013, a lesbian couple, married in California but since moved to Idaho, petitioned for second-parent adoption. A state magistrate denied the petition on the grounds that Idaho did not recognize their marriage. On appeal, the

4065: 4325: 337:, the then-Governor of Florida, was quoted saying: "t is in the best interest of adoptive children, many of whom come from troubled and unstable backgrounds, to be placed in a home anchored both by a father and a mother." 126:

about the presumption of parenthood: when a woman in a heterosexual marriage gives birth, her husband is legally presumed to be the child's father, but courts have only recently extended this privilege to lesbian couples.

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Good parenting is not influenced by sexual orientation. Rather, it is influenced most profoundly by a parent's ability to create a loving and nurturing home, an ability that does not depend on whether the parent is gay or

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United States Supreme Court to allow her to see her children while she appealed. On December 14, the Supreme Court granted her request for a stay of the ruling pending their disposition of V.L.'s petition for a

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There is no evidence to suggest that the children of lesbian and gay parents are less intelligent, suffer from more problems, are less popular, or have lower self-esteem than children of heterosexual parents.

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stayed the statewide applicability, but allowed the three plaintiff couples to receive their amended certificates. On December 9, 2016, the Supreme Court of Arkansas reversed the trial court's order.

4111: 3944: 2796: 4337: 2035: 4414: 4205: 3337: 4517: 4032: 3735: 1718:. Mississippi was the only U.S. state to not have legal joint adoption rights for LGBT couples; the only other jurisdictions under U.S. sovereignty where this is the case are 5002: 4512: 4443: 4421: 4409: 4295: 3977: 2672: 3607: 54:

which requires that states respect marriage licenses of same-sex couples as long as the marriage was valid in the state in which it was performed. This act repeals the 1996

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An October 2012 court ruling in a custody dispute between two women in a same-sex relationship awarded custody to the adoptive parent rather than the biological mother.

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protection rights for same-sex couples to adopt throughout the United States which has brought more acceptance and support for same-sex couples when adopting children.

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In January 2017, Florida reached a settlement with the plaintiffs, agreeing to issue correct birth certificates to all married same-sex couples on an equal basis.

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On March 7, 2016, the United States Supreme Court unanimously reversed the Supreme Court of Alabama. The court ruled that the Alabama Supreme Court violated the

4352: 4320: 4172: 3835: 1524: 4504: 3954: 3630: 5070: 4499: 2788: 2438: 2327: 1754: 266: 3711: 3299: 3867: 3235:"2020 State Equality Index: A Review of State Legislation Affection the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Community and a Look Ahead in 2021" 2750:

Montero, Darrel M. (October 2014). "America's Progress in Achieving the Legalization of Same-Gender Adoption: Analysis of Public Opinion, 1994 to 2012".

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ruling allowed both same-sex spouses to be listed on birth certificates. These court rulings made adoption by same-sex couples legal in all 50 states.

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or they could go back to the trial court with a case challenging the constitutionality of the statutes that require the terms "father and mother."

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found that 57% of respondents believed that same-sex couples should have the right to adopt, while 40% felt that they should not. More recently, a

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Home environments with lesbian and gay parents are just as likely to successfully support a child's development as those with heterosexual parents.

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appealed the ruling to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, which unanimously upheld it on January 17, 2020. In December 2020, the

3513: 3067: 5080: 4987: 4469: 4375: 1515: 170: 1704:, was filed in August 2015 by four Mississippi same-sex couples seeking to overturn this law. The plaintiffs in that case were represented by 386:(2009), have set a precedent for same-sex parents of adopted children by siding with them, however states still have individual jurisdiction. 4977: 3329: 2482: 1723: 2264: 4370: 3173: 4947: 395:

prevent discrimination. Most states also do not require training for foster parents regarding LGBTQ youth. Many states also do not permit

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unanimously reversed the magistrate's ruling because Idaho has no specific statutory ban on unmarried second-parent adoption.

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to decline placing a child with a same-sex couple for religious reasons; however 36% of Americans said this was acceptable.

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responded with not sure, and twenty-two percent of them responded with strongly/ somewhat disagreeing with the statement.

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poll from May 2014 found that 63% of respondents believed same-sex couples should have the legal right to adopt a child.

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Children of lesbian and gay parents grow up as happy, healthy, and well-adjusted as the children of heterosexual parents.

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National Center for Lesbian Rights, and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. The US Department of State provides

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Rivers, Daniel (2010). ""in the Best Interests of the Child": Lesbian and Gay Parenting Custody Cases, 1967-1985".

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Mississippi passed a state law in 2000 which explicitly prohibited same-sex couples from joint adoption. After

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There is no evidence to suggest that lesbians and gay men are less fit to be parents than heterosexual couples.

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Currently, there are legal appeals in a number of states to allow for co-parent adoption, commonly known as

114: 55: 5035: 4742: 4677: 1627: 1519: 396: 349: 122: 40: 3092: 306:, have funded grants for same-sex couples, and other organizations that support the LGBTQ+ in adoption. 4732: 4651: 4610: 4600: 3378: 2752: 2058: 1584: 319: 3174:"Trump administration, South Carolina sued over gay couple turned away by religious foster care agency" 2603:

Stacey, Judith; Biblarz, Timothy (April 2001). "(How) Does the Sexual Orientation of Parents Matter?".

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striking down Mississippi's ban on same-sex couples from adoption, ruling that the ban violates the

4697: 4687: 4682: 4566: 4261: 4106: 3451: 3418: 1910: 1606: 39:'s ban on same-sex couple adoptions. On June 26, 2017, the United States Supreme Court reversed an 2373:"Experts: Supreme Court adoption ruling puts in doubt about 90,000 adoptions by unmarried couples" 17: 4605: 4008: 3543: 2831: 2628: 2620: 2578: 2410: 2376: 2163: 2155: 1489: 151: 3687: 3662: 3121: 2811: 326:), which would have banned joint adoption between individuals unrelated by blood or marriage in 3147: 323: 5030: 4839: 4757: 4615: 4239: 4200: 3921: 3861: 3026: 2869: 2769: 2646:

Goldberg, Abbie E.; Kinkler, Lori A.; Richardson, Hannah B.; Downing, Jordan B. (April 2011).

2570: 2495:"In the United States District Court for the Northern District of California - August 4, 2010" 2457: 2346: 2280: 2276: 2217: 2147: 2085: 2081: 2017: 1999: 1878: 1733:, Mississippi has specifically stated that its ban remains in effect. On August 12, 2015, the 1567: 1532: 353: 4992: 4712: 4254: 4099: 3949: 3916: 3536: 3509: 3386: 3273: 3268: 2823: 2761: 2679: 2664: 2612: 2560: 2403: 2388: 2272: 2139: 2007: 1989: 1687:

On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States ultimately ruled in their favor in

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ruling that allowed a law listing parents by gender on birth certificates to stand. The new

2648:"Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Couples in Open Adoption Arrangements: A Qualitative Study" 4967: 4722: 3635: 3365: 3031: 2881: 2719: 2532: 2469: 2358: 1855: 1680:

ruled that the state's adoption code permits second parent adoptions by same-sex couples.

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declined the case (and that means automatically upheld the previous 7th Circuit rulings).

2946:"Position Statement on Parenting of Children by Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults – CWLA" 3447:"Arkansas Refuses To List Same-Sex Parents On Birth Certificates Despite Judge's Ruling" 1951: 1801:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1753:. There were no immediate plans by the state of Mississippi to appeal the ruling to the 1544:. Two days later, he broadened the ruling to apply statewide. On December 10, 2015, the 5008: 4952: 4559: 4232: 2210: 2012: 1977: 1719: 1705: 163: 118: 2525: 247: 5064: 4962: 4957: 4789: 4167: 3537: 2835: 2668: 2167: 2074: 315: 2632: 2582: 4997: 3151: 3125: 1571: 1482: 1470: 3750:"Same-sex birth certificate case stalls at 7th Circuit, putting families in limbo" 4087:

http://www.southernequality.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/15-08-12-COMPLAINT.pdf

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The Right to Be Parents : LGBT Families and the Transformation of Parenthood

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In Florida, a 1977 law prohibited adoption by homosexuals following the anti-gay

5040: 4707: 4586: 2105: 1640: 1576: 341: 303: 143: 36: 2183:"Different families - The experiences of children with lesbian and gay parents" 3358: 1994: 1823:, challenging the birth certificate wordage. On November 4, a judge dismissed 1746: 3912:"Michigan adoption ban for unmarried couples being challenged in court today" 3768:"After 32 Month Delay, 7th Circuit Affirms Equal Rights for Same-Sex Parents" 2967:"American Psychological Association Reiterates Support for Same-Sex Marriage" 2827: 2151: 2003: 4982: 4905: 4702: 4273: 4027: 3504: 130: 4551: 4234:

The Right to Be Parents: LGBT Families and the Transformation of Parenthood

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Third District Court of Appeal State of Florida - September 22, 2010 (PDF)

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seeking to declare the statute unconstitutional. On March 31, 2016, Judge

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Campaign for Southern Equality v. Mississippi Department of Human Services

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For male same-sex couples, becoming a parent can be more costly because

4196:"Court case deals with discrepancy in Wisconsin's laws for gay parents" 4139: 4060: 2624: 2546:"Promoting the Well-Being of Children Whose Parents Are Gay or Lesbian" 2143: 1883: 3631:"Idaho Supreme Court sides with Boise lesbian couple in adoption case" 1737:, joined by four same-sex couples raising children, filed suit in the 1574:. In November 2008, a state circuit court struck down the law through 2792: 1739:

United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi

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Costa, Pedro Alexandre; Tasker, Fiona; Leal, Isabel Pereira (2021).

4135:"Couples challenge Nebraska ban on gay adoptive and foster parents" 2896:"What Americans think about same-sex couples and adoption | YouGov" 2483:

United States District Court District of Massachusetts July 8, 2010

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the 2.9% of opposite-sex couples that also had adoptive children.

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to those who are seeking state and federal adoption information.

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asked were in support of same-sex adoption, while only 23% of the

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However, the Kansas Supreme Court ruled on February 22, 2013, in

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United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida

3602: 3572:"Gay adoption ban stricken from Florida laws after four decades" 2036:

Overview of Lesbian and Gay Parenting, Adoption, and Foster Care

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Overview of Lesbian and Gay Parenting, Adoption, and Foster Care

4555: 4277: 1906:"Senate passes bill to protect same-sex, interracial marriages" 3736:"State appeals ruling on parental rights for same-sex couples" 3333: 3148:"H.R.2028 - 113th Congress: Every Child Deserves a Family Act" 2439:"Same-Sex Couples Are More Likely to Adopt or Foster Children" 2328:"Same-Sex Couples Are More Likely to Adopt or Foster Children" 2238:"'Presumption of Legitimacy' of a Child in Same-Sex Marriages" 1781: 330:

The amendment failed with 213 votes in favor and 215 opposed.

241: 187: 3122:"S.1382 - 114th Congress: Every Child Deserves a Family Act" 1879:"Supreme Court sides with same-sex couples in Arkansas suit" 424:

Laws Permitting Discrimination in Adoption/Foster Placement

4163:"Judge rejects birth mother & gives custody to partner" 3598:"Same-sex couples seek ruling in birth certificate dispute" 3945:"Hazel Park women challenge Michigan's marriage amendment" 3414:"Arkansas Supreme Court Strikes Down Ban On Gay Adoptions" 2301:"Adoption vs Surrogacy Cost - Comparing Budgetary Options" 1583:

In 2015, a case was brought before federal District Judge

3712:

Same-sex Indiana couple celebrates birth certificate win

3233:

Warbelow, Sarah; Avant, Courtnay; Kutney, Colin (2020).

322:) to the District of Columbia Appropriations Act, 2000 ( 2921:"Views on adoption for same-sex couples worldwide 2021" 2812:"Religion and Support for Adoption by Same-Sex Couples" 2405:"A Family With Two Moms, Except in the Eyes of the Law" 260: 171:

Third District Court of Appeals of the State of Florida

2789:"Most Americans support gay couples adopting children" 1927:"Most Say Homosexuality Should Be Accepted By Society" 3688:"Petition of KM, 653 N.E.2d 888 (Ill. App. Ct. 1995)" 3663:"Petition of KM, 653 N.E.2d 888 (Ill. App. Ct. 1995)" 35:

On 31 March 2016, Federal District Court struck down

4023:"Same-sex couples sue over Mississippi adoption ban" 3978:"Mississippi leads nation in same-sex child rearing" 1628:

LGBT rights in Indiana § Adoption and parenting

1528:

upheld the lower court's decision on April 7, 2011.

5023: 5003:

Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

4914: 4889: 4808: 4670: 4639: 4593: 4457: 4361: 4311: 3804:"Supreme Court hands down victory for lesbian moms" 3538:"Florida Court Calls Ban on Gay Adoptions Unlawful" 2851:"Record-High 70% in U.S. Support Same-Sex Marriage" 340:On May 10, 2012, Republican presidential candidate 4231: 3264:"Court upholds Ala. act banning same-sex marriage" 2209: 2073: 1552:was an unconstitutional breach of their ruling in 3500:"Miami judge rules against Fla. gay adoption ban" 3330:"Same-Sex Adoption Upheld By U.S. Supreme Court" 2678:from the original on March 20, 2016 – via 3786:"Henderson v. Box, No. 17-1141 (7th Cir. 2020)" 2810:Whitehead, Andrew L.; Perry, Samuel L. (2016). 2263:Goldberg, Abbie; Moyer, April (February 2014). 298:Foundations and support organizations like the 3723:Same-sex couples win birth certificate lawsuit 1514:On November 4, 2008, Arkansas voters approved 4567: 4289: 3379:"State judge overturns Ark. adoption ban law" 1525:Arkansas Department of Human Services v. Cole 8: 2694:"McCain blasted for gay adoption opposition" 2265:"Adoption: Lesbian and Gay Adoptive Parents" 1755:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 1632:On June 30, 2016, a federal judge ruled in 4893: 4574: 4560: 4552: 4296: 4282: 4274: 402: 4943:Canadian Indian residential school system 3943:Ferretti, Christine (September 7, 2012). 3570:FARRINGTON [ap, BRENDAN (June 11, 2015). 2564: 2011: 1993: 421:Parental Presumption for Same-Sex Couples 4256:"Another front in the gay rights battle" 2080:. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. pp. 1828:couple could now appeal the case to the 1819:refusal. There is also a state lawsuit, 265:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4924:List of international adoption scandals 4338:History of violence against LGBT people 3340:from the original on September 21, 2018 3203:"INDEX OF SECOND PARENT ADOPTION CASES" 2277:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.1132 2216:. New York: New York University Press. 2049:from the original on September 16, 2016 1840: 404:Laws Regarding LGBT Adoptions by State 169:developmental psychology. In 2010, the 4988:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany 4175:from the original on February 23, 2018 3866:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3859: 3060:"Romney backs away from gay adoptions" 2877: 2867: 2465: 2455: 2402:Bernard, Tara Siegel (July 20, 2012). 2354: 2344: 314:On July 29, 1999, U.S. Representative 4978:Forced adoption in the United Kingdom 3892:from the original on October 17, 2019 3551:from the original on October 24, 2014 3535:Schwartz, John (September 22, 2010). 3516:from the original on February 5, 2013 3426:from the original on October 17, 2019 3228: 3226: 3197: 3195: 3087: 3085: 3039:from the original on October 17, 2019 2981:from the original on December 5, 2022 2745: 2743: 2741: 2418:from the original on January 30, 2013 2203: 2201: 2199: 1661:In the Matter of the Adoption of I.M. 7: 4133:O'Brien, Brendan (August 27, 2013). 4035:from the original on August 18, 2015 3734:Wang, Stephanie (January 31, 2017). 418:Foster Care Parent Training Required 4857:Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act 4822:Adoption Information Disclosure Act 4800:History of children in the military 4475:LGBT movements in the United States 4269:from the original on July 12, 2013. 4208:from the original on March 24, 2017 3983:Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal 3821: (Kan. Ct. App. 2012), 3596:Saunders, Jim (December 16, 2015). 3445:Terkel, Amanda (December 2, 2015). 3393:from the original on April 23, 2010 3359:Gay-Adoption Ban Passes in Arkansas 3305:. February 27, 2015. Archived from 415:Foster Care Non-Discrimination Laws 300:Dave Thomas Foundation for Adoption 5071:LGBT adoption in the United States 5024:Historical criticism of orphanages 4915:Controversial violations of rights 4253:Eilperin, Juliet (July 11, 2013). 4114:from the original on April 9, 2016 3610:from the original on March 4, 2016 3100:National Center for Lesbian Rights 3070:from the original on July 31, 2019 2975:American Psychological Association 2799:from the original on June 1, 2019. 25: 18:LGBT adoption in the United States 4948:Tennessee Children's Home Society 4194:Hamer, Emily (December 1, 2015). 4068:from the original on May 27, 2018 4054:Brooks, Karen (August 12, 2015). 4021:Swayze, Royce (August 14, 2015). 3976:Le Coz, Emily (August 26, 2011). 3920:. August 29, 2012. Archived from 3629:Popkey, Dan (February 10, 2014). 3377:Bartels, Chuck (April 16, 2010). 3328:Totenberg, Nina (March 7, 2016). 3262:Johnson, Bob (October 12, 2012). 3058:Shelley, Matthew (May 11, 2012). 1877:DeMillo, Andrew (June 26, 2017). 5076:LGBT rights in the United States 4929:American Indian boarding schools 4869:Islamic adoptional jurisprudence 4536: 4535: 3412:Terkel, Amanda (April 7, 2011). 3027:"Jeb Bush's War on Gay Adoption" 2787:Ballard, Jamie (June 26, 2018). 2669:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00821.x 1786: 246: 4933:American Indian outing programs 4728:Cultural variations in adoption 4465:African-American LGBT community 4161:Mangan, Dan (October 1, 2012). 4098:Barbash, Fred (April 1, 2016). 3001:"Resources for LGBTI Adoptions" 2076:The Family: Opposing Viewpoints 1925:Rosentiel, Tom (May 13, 2011). 1848:Barbash, Fred (April 1, 2016). 4828:Adoption and Safe Families Act 4816:Access to Adoption Records Act 4449:Gender identity under Title IX 4444:Transgender disenfranchisement 4009:Mississippi Statutes Annotated 3886:American Civil Liberties Union 2656:Journal of Marriage and Family 2043:American Civil Liberties Union 81:American Civil Liberties Union 1: 5081:Adoption in the United States 4718:Political abuse of psychiatry 4483:HIV/AIDS in the United States 4343:History of transgender people 4238:. New York University Press. 210:asked were in support of it. 50:In 2022, Congress passed the 4973:Forced adoption in Australia 4917:in adoption or child custody 4846:Foster Care Independence Act 4509:Lists of LGBT organizations 3025:Swan, Betsy (May 22, 2015). 2849:Inc, Gallup (June 8, 2021). 2605:American Sociological Review 2544:Perrin, Ellen (March 2013). 1593:Florida Department of Health 1503:Full Faith and Credit Clause 304:National Adoption Foundation 192:Opinion Research Corporation 27:Until 2017, laws related to 4470:Population and demographics 2269:Encyclopedia of Social Work 1735:Southern Poverty Law Center 1475:On September 18, 2015, the 144:United States Census Bureau 5097: 5015:Jewish orphans controversy 4852:Hague Adoption Convention 3093:"Adoption by LGBT Parents" 1830:Supreme Court of Wisconsin 1708:, who successfully argued 1625: 1468: 378:Supreme Court cases, like 318:introduced amendment 356 ( 238:Professional organizations 161: 4896: 4834:Christian law of adoption 4738:Genealogical bewilderment 4693:Adoption reunion registry 4533: 4422:Employment discrimination 4305:LGBT in the United States 3364:February 6, 2009, at the 2531:October 10, 2010, at the 2132:Journal of Social History 1995:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.649853 1956:www.americanadoptions.com 1795:This section needs to be 1678:Michigan Court of Appeals 1546:Supreme Court of Arkansas 226:may contain human error. 115:intrauterine insemination 87:. Key findings included: 4938:Indian Placement Program 4901:Adoption in ancient Rome 4874:Putative father registry 4863:Indian Child Welfare Act 4230:Ball, Carlos A. (2012). 2828:10.1177/0192513X14536564 2816:Journal of Family Issues 2720:"Gay and Lesbian Rights" 2072:Hunt, Albert R. (1998). 1711:United States v. Windsor 1477:Supreme Court of Alabama 365:Law on same-sex adoption 293:these resources and more 52:Respect for Marriage Act 1982:Frontiers in Psychology 1751:Equal Protection Clause 1657:Kansas Court of Appeals 397:second-parent adoptions 158:Professional assessment 56:Defense of Marriage Act 5036:Mount Cashel Orphanage 4743:International adoption 4678:Adopted child syndrome 4640:Foster care by country 2566:10.1542/peds.2013-0377 1676:In December 2012, the 1655:In November 2012, the 1520:Arkansas Supreme Court 412:Second Parent Adoption 350:second-parent adoption 123:in vitro fertilization 121:, the introduction of 79:On April 6, 1999, the 41:Arkansas Supreme Court 4410:Transgender personnel 3888:. December 13, 2012. 3512:. November 25, 2008. 3242:Human Rights Campaign 2208:Ball, Carlos (2012). 2181:Guasp, April (2010). 2059:Ball State University 1745:issued a preliminary 1666:Frazier v. Goudschaal 5046:St. John's Orphanage 4880:Uniform Adoption Act 4795:Sealed birth records 4753:Language of adoption 4748:Interracial adoption 4518:Rights organizations 4400:LGBT in the military 4386:Domestic partnership 4326:First to hold office 3806:. December 14, 2020. 3643:on November 24, 2014 3309:on February 22, 2019 3300:"Case: E.L. v. V.L." 2726:. September 14, 2007 1743:Daniel P. Jordan III 1689:Obergefell v. Hodges 1555:Obergefell v. Hodges 1531:State Circuit Judge 1495:Obergefell v. Hodges 589:District of Columbia 4698:Adoption tax credit 4688:Adoption home study 4683:Adoption disclosure 4594:Adoption by country 4488:Veterans healthcare 4331:Members of Congress 4262:The Washington Post 4107:The Washington Post 3792:. January 17, 2020. 3774:. January 17, 2020. 3452:The Huffington Post 3419:The Huffington Post 3280:on January 28, 2013 2437:Bureau, US Census. 2326:Bureau, US Census. 1931:The Washington Post 1911:The Washington Post 1607:Idaho Supreme Court 405: 4525:Youth homelessness 4495:LGBTQ+ Pride Month 4439:Transgender rights 4405:Sexual orientation 4391:by municipal areas 4224:Additional sources 3957:on October 7, 2012 3754:The Indiana Lawyer 3544:The New York Times 3480:. December 9, 2016 2880:has generic name ( 2468:has generic name ( 2411:The New York Times 2379:. October 11, 2012 2377:Williams Institute 2357:has generic name ( 2307:. October 18, 2021 2244:. February 6, 2018 2144:10.1353/jsh.0.0355 1716:U.S. Supreme Court 1659:ruled in the case 1490:writ of certiorari 403: 152:Williams Institute 5058: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5031:Duplessis Orphans 4840:Dima Yakovlev Law 4758:Same-sex adoption 4549: 4548: 4513:community centers 4500:Retirement issues 4201:The Badger Herald 3884:(Press release). 2766:10.1093/sw/swu038 2507:on March 16, 2013 2375:(Press release). 2305:Family Inceptions 2045:. April 6, 1999. 1821:Torres v. Rhoades 1816: 1815: 1568:Save Our Children 1448: 1447: 284: 283: 150:According to the 83:(ACLU) published 16:(Redirected from 5088: 4993:Tianjin Massacre 4894: 4713:Child laundering 4576: 4569: 4562: 4553: 4539: 4538: 4427:Local ordinances 4298: 4291: 4284: 4275: 4270: 4258: 4249: 4237: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4103: 4095: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3990:on July 13, 2012 3986:. Archived from 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3953:. Archived from 3950:The Detroit News 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3917:The Detroit News 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3865: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3848:on June 14, 2019 3847: 3841:. Archived from 3840: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3756:. 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Archived from 2499: 2491: 2485: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2407: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2389:Windy City Times 2386: 2384: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2356: 2352: 2350: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2242:Pace Law Library 2234: 2228: 2227: 2215: 2205: 2194: 2193: 2187: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2079: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2056: 2054: 2040: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2015: 1997: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1845: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1790: 1789: 1782: 1726:tribal nations. 1635:Henderson v. Box 1570:campaign led by 406: 328:Washington, D.C. 320:H.Amdt. 356 279: 276: 270: 250: 242: 213:In June 2018, a 21: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5050: 5019: 4968:Michael A. Hess 4916: 4910: 4885: 4804: 4723:Closed adoption 4666: 4635: 4589: 4580: 4550: 4545: 4529: 4453: 4415:Intersex people 4371:Same-sex unions 4357: 4307: 4302: 4252: 4246: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3924:on July 8, 2018 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3858: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3836:"Archived copy" 3834: 3833: 3829: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3636:Idaho Statesman 3628: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3478:Arkansas Online 3472: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3366:Wayback Machine 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3032:The Daily Beast 3024: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2876: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2749: 2748: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2700:. 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Brien 372: 367: 362: 312: 280: 274: 271: 264: 257:needs expansion 251: 240: 186:A 2007 poll by 184: 166: 160: 140: 77: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5094: 5092: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5063: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5009:Postremo mense 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4953:Baby Scoop Era 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4778:United Kingdom 4775: 4770: 4765: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4657:United Kingdom 4654: 4649: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4556: 4547: 4546: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4383: 4378: 4367: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4317: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4250: 4245:978-0814739303 4244: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4186: 4153: 4125: 4090: 4079: 4046: 4013: 4001: 3968: 3935: 3903: 3873: 3827: 3809: 3795: 3790:law.justia.com 3777: 3759: 3741: 3726: 3715: 3704: 3692:Court Listener 3679: 3667:Court Listener 3654: 3621: 3588: 3562: 3527: 3491: 3465: 3437: 3404: 3369: 3351: 3320: 3291: 3254: 3222: 3191: 3180:. May 31, 2019 3165: 3154:. May 16, 2013 3139: 3128:. May 19, 2015 3113: 3081: 3050: 3017: 2992: 2958: 2937: 2912: 2887: 2841: 2822:(6): 789–813. 2802: 2779: 2760:(4): 321–328. 2737: 2711: 2685: 2638: 2611:(2): 159–183. 2595: 2536: 2518: 2486: 2475: 2429: 2394: 2364: 2318: 2292: 2285: 2255: 2229: 2222: 2195: 2173: 2138:(4): 917–943. 2122: 2097: 2091:978-1565106680 2090: 2064: 2027: 1968: 1943: 1917: 1897: 1869: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1814: 1813: 1807:September 2021 1794: 1792: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1720:American Samoa 1706:Roberta Kaplan 1696: 1693: 1673: 1670: 1652: 1649: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1611: 1601: 1598: 1563: 1560: 1542:Pavan v. Smith 1537:Pulaski County 1511: 1508: 1469:Main article: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1229:South Carolina 1226: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1089:North Carolina 1086: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 986: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 966: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 946: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 926: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 906: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 886: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 866: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 846: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 826: 825: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 806: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 786: 785: 782: 779: 776: 773: 770: 766: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 746: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 726: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 706: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 686: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 666: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 646: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 626: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 606: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 586: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 566: 565: 562: 559: 556: 553: 550: 546: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 526: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 506: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 486: 485: 482: 479: 476: 473: 470: 466: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 450: 446: 445: 442: 439: 436: 433: 430: 426: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 391: 388: 380:Baker v. State 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 324:H.R. 2587 311: 308: 282: 281: 275:September 2021 254: 252: 245: 239: 236: 183: 182:Public opinion 180: 164:LGBT parenting 162:Main article: 159: 156: 139: 136: 106: 105: 102: 99: 95: 92: 76: 73: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5093: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4963:Home Children 4961: 4959: 4958:Sixties Scoop 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4790:Open adoption 4788: 4784: 4783:United States 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4662:United States 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4626:United States 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4565: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4544: 4543: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4327: 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2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2596: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2459: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2430: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2406: 2398: 2395: 2390: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2360: 2348: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2319: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2288: 2286:9780199975839 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2256: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2225: 2223:9780814739310 2219: 2214: 2213: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2123: 2111: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2068: 2065: 2060: 2053:September 24, 2048: 2044: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1972: 1969: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1918: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1873: 1870: 1858: 1857: 1851: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1810: 1798: 1793: 1784: 1783: 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Retrieved 4199: 4189: 4177:. Retrieved 4166: 4156: 4144:. Retrieved 4138: 4128: 4116:. Retrieved 4105: 4093: 4082: 4070:. Retrieved 4059: 4049: 4037:. Retrieved 4026: 4016: 4011:§ 93-17-3(5) 4004: 3992:. Retrieved 3988:the original 3981: 3971: 3961:September 7, 3959:. Retrieved 3955:the original 3948: 3938: 3928:September 7, 3926:. Retrieved 3922:the original 3915: 3906: 3894:. Retrieved 3876: 3852:February 23, 3850:. Retrieved 3843:the original 3830: 3817: 3812: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3738:. Indy Star. 3729: 3718: 3707: 3695:. Retrieved 3691: 3682: 3670:. Retrieved 3666: 3657: 3647:November 22, 3645:. Retrieved 3641:the original 3634: 3624: 3612:. Retrieved 3601: 3591: 3579:. Retrieved 3576:LGBTQ Nation 3575: 3565: 3555:November 23, 3553:. Retrieved 3542: 3530: 3518:. Retrieved 3503: 3494: 3482:. Retrieved 3477: 3468: 3456:. Retrieved 3450: 3440: 3428:. Retrieved 3417: 3407: 3395:. Retrieved 3372: 3354: 3342:. Retrieved 3323: 3313:December 16, 3311:. 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