345:(1960) and described homosexuals as child molesters: "...homosexuals are aroused by and satisfy themselves with adolescents and youngsters, even though the latter have a normal interest towards girls. Homosexuals go all out to gain the affection of the youngsters' society; they buy sweets and cigarettes for youngsters, tickets to the cinema, give them money, help to do home assignments and generally pretend that they unselfishly love youngsters. However, after such preparation, they sooner or later proceed to act. Do not let them touch you! Do not be shy about reporting them to your parents or educators, do not hesitate to report such attempts aimed at you or other young men! Both parents and educators will willingly help: homosexuality is a punishable crime, homosexuals are perfectly aware of that: that is why it is not difficult to get rid of them..".
225:. Homosexuality was officially labelled a disease and a mental disorder in the late 1920s (specifically over a period from 1927 to 1930). In this climate, Commissar Semashko reduced his support for homosexual rights and Dr. Batkis and other sexual researchers repudiated (in 1928) their own earlier scientific reports of homosexuality as a natural human sexuality. This followed earlier Soviet tendencies in sections of the medical and health communities, even in the early 1920s, to classify homosexuality, if not as a crime, then as an example of mental or physical illness. Earlier examples of this type of hardening Soviet attitude towards homosexuality include the 1923 report from the People's Commissariat for Health entitled
206:, which stated that homosexuality was "perfectly natural" and should be legally and socially respected. In the Soviet Union itself, the 1920s saw developments in serious Soviet research on sexuality in general, sometimes in support of the progressive concept of homosexuality as a natural part of human sexuality, such as the work of Dr. Batkis prior to 1928. Such delegations and research were sent and authorised and supported by the People's Commissariat for Health under Commissar Semashko.
414:("sexopathology"), which emerged in the 1960s, argued that homosexuality should be treated with psychotherapy. They provided such treatment to homosexual men in the privacy of their consultation rooms and went to great lengths to preserve their patients' anonymity. Some of these doctors even went as far as to suggest that the sodomy law should be abolished altogether so that homosexuals could resort to medical help without fear of prosecution. Their calls, however, fell on deaf ears.
333:, who proceeded to liberalize the Stalin era laws regarding marriage, divorce and abortion, but the anti-gay criminal law remained. The Khrushchev government believed that absent of a criminal law against homosexuality, the sex between men that occurred in the prison environment would spread into the general population as they released many Stalin-era prisoners. Whereas the Stalin government conflated
545:, 30 percent of the respondents aged 16 to 30 years old felt that homosexuals should be "isolated from society", 5 percent felt they should be "liquidated", 60 percent had a "negative" attitude toward gay people and 5 percent labeled their sexual orientation "unfortunate". In 1989–1990, the Moscow gay rights organization «Ассоциация сексуальных меньшинств» ("Association of Sexual Minorities"), led by
229:, authored by Izrail Gel'man, which stated: "Science has now established, with precision that excludes all doubt, that homosexuality is not ill will or crime but sickness. The world of a female or male homosexual is perverted, it is alien to the normal sexual attraction that exists in a normal person". The official stance from the late 1920s could be summarised in an article of the
161:
homosexuality fluctuated between toleration and support, attempts at legal equality and social rights for homosexual people, examples of open state hostility against homosexuals, and state attempts to classify homosexuality as "a mental disorder to be cured". During the 1920s, such divergences of opinion and policy on Soviet treatment of homosexuality were also common within
373:
Ministry educational institutions, opposed the idea of decriminalising consensual homosexuality. They criticised their pro-decriminalisation colleagues and argued that such propositions were ill-timed and dangerous, since homosexuality could easily spread if not controlled by the law. Likewise, they believed that homosexuality was inconsistent with the
Communist Morality.
24:
295:. In 1933, 130 men "were accused of being 'pederasts' – adult males who have sex with boys. Since no records of men having sex with boys at that time are available, it is possible this term was used broadly and crudely to label homosexuality". Whatever the precise reason, homosexuality remained a serious criminal offense until it was repealed in 1993.
165:, ranging from positive, to negative, to ambivalent over views about homosexuals and homosexual rights. Some sections and factions of the Bolshevik government attempted to improve rights and social conditions for homosexuals based on further legal reforms in 1922 and 1923 while others opposed such moves. In the early 1920s, Commissar of Health
564:
but LGBT rights groups in the
Russian Federation tend to estimate 60,000 convictions. The first official information was released only in 1988, but it is believed to be about 1,000 convicted a year. According to official data, the number of men convicted under Article 121 had been steadily decreasing during the
563:
At least 25,688 convictions of men under
Article 121 were recorded during the 59 years between 1934 and 1993, but that figure is incomplete because it does not include all jurisdictions, and there are no records for 22 years in which the law was in effect. The highest estimate is 250,000 convictions,
340:
Although the topic of homosexuality was practically unmentionable, some references to homosexuality could be found in Soviet sex education manuals for young people and their parents. These manuals were published from the early 1950s to the early 1960s in the hope of restricting the sexual activity of
125:
The legalisation of homosexuality was confirmed in the Penal Code of the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1922, and following its redrafting in 1926. According to Dan Healey, archival material that became widely available following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 "demonstrates
526:
In 1983, a group of 30 Russian gay men met and attempted to organize a gay rights organization under the name «Гей-лаборатория» («Голубая лаборатория») "Gay lab" / ("Blue lab"). At this point, homosexual relations were still punishable by a term of up to five years in prison. The group was put under
372:
condition and therefore gay people were not guilty of being different from others. Finally, these scholars argued that investigating sodomy cases, where both partners had consensual sex, was not only pointless, but technically difficult. Other legal scholars, mainly those who worked for the
Interior
352:
In 1958, the
Interior Ministry sent a secret memo to law enforcement ordering them to step up enforcement of the anti-gay criminal law. Despite this, Aline Mosby, a foreign reporter in Russia, attributed in 1962 to the more liberal attitude of the Khrushchev government the fact that she did see some
321:
When Stalin came to power, homosexuality had become a topic unfit for public depiction, defense or discussion. Homosexual or bisexual Soviet citizens who wanted a position within the
Communist Party were expected to marry a person of the opposite sex, regardless of their actual sexual orientation. A
376:
Brezhnev-era police often prosecuted homosexuals using concocted evidence and intimidating witnesses. If the witnesses were reluctant to testify against the presumed suspect, they could face criminal charges themselves. Once a sodomy case was initiated, pressure from the Party made it impossible to
348:
In the late 1950s some Soviet jurists attempted to decriminalise consensual sodomy. On 23 July 1959, a committee of Soviet jurists convened to discuss and propose changes to the new criminal code of the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Two members of the committee proposed to eliminate
239:
Soviet legislation does not recognise so-called crimes against morality. Our laws proceed from the principle of protection of society and therefore countenance punishment only in those instances when juveniles and minors are the objects of homosexual interest ... while recognizing the incorrectness
160:
Despite decriminalising homosexuality in 1917, wider Soviet social policy on the matter of wider homosexual rights and the treatment of homosexual people in the 1920s was often mixed. Official policy in both the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the wider Soviet Union in the 1920s on
298:
The Soviet government refrained from publicizing the new law outside of the Soviet Union, and there was little international response. In 1934, the
British communist Harry Whyte wrote a long letter to Stalin condemning the law and its prejudicial motivations. He laid out a Marxist position against
220:
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Soviet policy and attitudes shifted against homosexuality and homosexual rights, as did wider social backlash. Alongside increased repression of political dissidents and non-Russian nationalities, LGBT themes and issues faced increasing government censorship and
183:
In the early 1920s, the Soviet government and scientific community took a great deal of interest in sexual research, sexual emancipation and homosexual emancipation. In January 1923, the Soviet Union sent delegates from the Commissariat of Health led by Commissar of Health Semashko to the German
367:
Discussions between Soviet legal scholars on the value of the anti-sodomy law continued under Brezhnev. Those legal scholars, who believed that consensual homosexuality should not be a crime, argued that it was a disease, which had to be dealt with by medical knowledge. They also contended that
258:
recriminalised sex between men. On 7 March 1934, Article 121 was added to the criminal code of the Soviet Union. It expressly prohibited male homosexuality, allowing the sentencing of up to five years of hard labour in prison for those in violation. There were no criminal statutes regarding sex
522:
by the Soviet Union, the Scientific Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry published a separate edition of the fifth section of the ICD-9 (“Mental disorders”), adapted in accordance with "the theoretical principles of Soviet science". From that moment on, the diagnosis of "transsexualism"
180:, a homosexual man who kept his homosexuality hidden, was appointed as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. In 1923, Chicherin was also appointed People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union, a position he held until 1930.
406:
illegally circulated some gay fiction before he died of heart failure in 1981. Author Gennady Trifonov served four years of hard labour for circulating his gay poems and upon his release was allowed to write and publish only if he avoided depicting or making reference to homosexuality.
240:
of homosexual development ... our society combines prophylactic and other therapeutic measures with all the necessary conditions for making the conflicts that afflict homosexuals as painless as possible and for resolving their typical estrangement from society within the collective
380:
Thousands of people were imprisoned for homosexuality and government censorship of homosexuality and gay rights did not begin to slowly relax until the early 1970s, allowing for brief statements. Kozlovsky was permitted to include a brief interior monologue about homosexuality in
188:
as well as to some international conferences on human sexuality between 1921 and 1930, where they expressed support for the legalisation of adult, private and consensual homosexual relations and the improvement of homosexual rights in all nations. In both 1923 and 1925, Dr.
173:, some sections of the Bolsheviks of the 1920s actively considered homosexuality a " illness to be cured" or an example of "bourgeois degeneracy" while other Bolsheviks believed it should be legally/socially tolerated and respected in the new socialist society.
299:
the oppression of homosexuals as a social minority and compared homophobia to racism, xenophobia and sexism. Stalin did not reply to the letter, but ordered it to be archived, and added a note describing Whyte as "An idiot and a degenerate."
394:
These references were characterized as being brief statements in a novel or textbook and were made by heterosexuals. Vicktor Sosnora was allowed to write about witnessing an elderly gay actor being brutally murdered in a Leningrad bar in
287:, who had conducted a raid on the residence of hundreds of homosexuals in Moscow and Leningrad in August 1933, about "Pederast activists" engaging in orgies and espionage activities. Beyond expressed fears of a vast "counterrevolutionary
341:
Soviet people and to raise their awareness of venereal diseases. These manuals mentioned homosexuality to prevent Soviet children and youth from engaging in it. The first Khrushchev-era sex education manual to mention homosexuality was
523:
officially appeared in Soviet medicine, though instructions for managing patients with such a diagnosis would not appear until 1991, when Aron Belkin and A. S. Karpov published “Transsexualism. Guidelines for gender reassignment”.
503:
were mutilations and unfit to Soviet ideology, silencing Kalnbērzs and regional Ministries of Health from talking and writing about them and carrying them. Despite the order, Kalnbērzs performed several more similar operations.
195:
306:
publicly stated that the anti-gay criminal law was correctly aimed at the decadent and effete old ruling classes, thus further linking homosexuality to a right-wing conspiracy, i.e. Tsarist aristocracy and German fascists.
540:
A poll conducted in 1989 reported that homosexuals were the most hated group in Russian society and that 30 percent of those polled felt that homosexuals should be "liquidated". In a 1991 public opinion poll conducted in
353:
gay couples in public, as well as the fact that seeing men waiting outside of certain theaters looking for dates with male performers was not uncommon in the Soviet Union during the late 1950s and early 1960s.
496:
126:
a principled intent to decriminalize the act between consenting adults, expressed from the earliest efforts to write a socialist criminal code in 1918 to the eventual adoption of legislation in 1922".
440:
met a patient from Tashkent named Rakhim, who desired a sex change to female, while having no intersex conditions. Rakhim was the first patient of Institute of Endocrinology to receive a diagnosis of
101:
435:
399:(1979), but the book was only allowed to be published in East Germany. When the author was gay and in particular if they were seen as supporting gay rights, the censors tended to be much harsher.
169:
for example was sympathetic to homosexual emancipation "as part of the revolution" and attempted such reforms for homosexual rights in the area of civil and medical areas. According to
326:, who despite his homosexuality managed to survive by leading a double life, having affairs with men while married to a woman, producing films that were politically pleasing to Stalin.
377:
drop and the defendant would most likely end up in jail. Soviet advocates could do very little to help their clients in such cases despite their appeals to the General Procuracy.
283:
In 1993, declassified Soviet documents revealed that Stalin had personally demanded the introduction of an anti-gay law in response to a report from deputy secret police chief
142:
926:
1236:"Это не разврат, это заболевание Даниил Туровский нашел хирурга, который, возможно, первым в мире превратил женщину в мужчину. Он сделал это в СССР начала 1970-х"
465:
387:(1973). Perhaps the first public endorsement of gay rights since Stalin was a brief statement, critical of Article 121 and calling for its repeal, made in the
130:
107:
513:
362:
316:
215:
531:
and finally broke up in 1986. Public discussion about re-legalizing private, consensual adult homosexual relations was not permitted until later in the
444:. Belkin didn't permit surgery on his transsexual patients, fearing making irreversible mistakes, but it is known that by 1974 Rakhim had undergone a
1406:
770:
176:
The Bolsheviks also rescinded Tsarist legal bans on homosexual civil and political rights, especially in the area of state employment. In 1918,
470:
met a suicidal patient named Inna, looking for a sex change from female to male. After obtaining verbal consent from Minister of Health of the
45:
32:
577:
259:
between women. During the Soviet era, Western observers believed that between 800 and 1,000 men were imprisoned each year under Article 121.
1178:
138:
119:
1374:
162:
134:
1411:
1260:
849:
811:
621:
Healey, Dan (2001). "Masculine Purity and 'Gentlemen's Mischief': Sexual Exchange and Prostitution between Russian Men, 1861-1941".
485:
471:
154:
222:
1312:
976:
689:
Russian Masculinities in History and Culture. edited by B. Clements, R. Friedman, D. Healey. Springer, 2001. p.170, see note 52
557:
270:, and to solidify Soviet opposition to Nazi Germany, which had broken its treaty with the Soviet Union. In a famous article in
150:
499:(premeditated infliction of serious bodily injury). Kalnbērzs was spared this by Kaņeps, but central authorities decided that
654:(2002). "Homosexual Existence and Existing Socialism: New Light on the Repression of Male Homosexuality in Stalin's Russia".
337:, the Khrushchev government conflated homosexuality with the situational, sometimes forced, sex acts between male prisoners.
202:
383:
262:
Some historians have noted that it was during this time that Soviet propaganda began to depict homosexuality as a sign of
185:
868:
334:
166:
484:, Kalnbērzs performed nine operations on the patient, now named Innokenty, over the span of 1970–1972. After that,
582:
403:
231:
1028:
500:
426:
349:
the law penalising consensual sodomy, yet their proposal was not supported by other members of the committee.
430:
37:
826:
The Construction of Homosexuality. David Greenburg. University of Chicago Press. 1988. p. 440, see note 23
266:
and that Article 121 may have been a political tool to use against dissidents, irrespective of their true
568:
period. In 1987, 831 men were sentenced under Article 121; in 1989, 539; in 1990, 497; and in 1991, 462.
778:
456:
1235:
417:
In 1960s and 1970s the emerging sexopathology (up to this point concerned with sexual orientation and
1209:
1122:
Alexander, Rustam (2019-04-01). "New Light on the Prosecution of Soviet Homosexuals under Brezhnev".
546:
474:
190:
927:"Контрреволюционные организации среди гомосексуалистов Ленинграда в начале 1930-х годов и их погром"
542:
146:
129:
The legalisation of private, adult and consensual homosexual relations applied exclusively to the
1147:
1058:
267:
115:
461:
1378:
280:
said: "There is already a sarcastic saying: Destroy homosexuality and fascism will disappear."
1139:
1095:
938:
845:
807:
801:
330:
323:
1074:"Soviet Legal and Criminological Debates on the Decriminalization of Homosexuality (1965–75)"
680:
The Construction of Homosexuality. David Greenburg. University of Chicago Press. 1988. p. 440
1131:
1085:
663:
630:
479:
303:
177:
1290:
1055:
The Palgrave Handbook of Women and Gender in Twentieth-Century Russia and the Soviet Union
1053:
Rustam Alexander, "Sex Education and the Depiction of Homosexuality under Khrushchev," in
549:, was permitted to exist, with Roman Kalinin given permission to publish a gay newspaper,
488:
1263:[Surgeon Kalnbērzs was the first in the USSR to transform a woman into a male].
288:
284:
170:
1186:(Thesis). School of Historical and Philosophical Studies - The University of Melbourne
1400:
1151:
838:
255:
235:
of 1930 written by medical expert Sereisky (based on a report written in the 1920s):
111:
980:
445:
369:
89:
1330:
441:
422:
277:
81:
77:
1361:
1348:
1135:
1015:
1002:
956:
651:
200:, director of the Institute for Social Hygiene in Moscow, published a report,
1143:
1099:
942:
667:
1291:""Tema" Magazine and the first LGBT organizations of the late soviet period"
292:
291:", there were several high-profile arrests of Russian men accused of being
23:
533:
452:
418:
411:
1090:
1073:
719:
263:
141:, having been officially criminalised there in 1923, as well as in the
69:
272:
149:
throughout the 1920s. Similar criminalising laws were enacted in the
1032:
634:
519:
492:
410:
Despite sodomy being a punishable crime, the practitioners of new
221:
uniformly harsher policy across the entire Soviet Union following
747:"Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia." Healey. 132–133, 309
1261:"Ķirurgs Kalnbērzs pirmais PSRS sievieti pārveidoja par vīrieti"
803:
Sociological Control of Homosexuality: A Multi-Nation Comparison
85:
912:
Gay Men and the Sexual History of the Political Left, Volume 29
528:
73:
17:
703:"Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia." Healey. 132–133
720:"Vol. 30, No. 2, Apr., 1971 of The Russian Review on JSTOR"
893:
891:
1029:"The Moscow Times — News, Business, Culture & Events"
646:
644:
106:
The government of the Russian Soviet Republic (later the
102:
History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)
840:
Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past
1112:
The View from No. 13 People's Street. Aline Mosby. 1962
560:, Article 121 was removed from the Russian Penal Code.
68:
covers the development, contributions and struggles of
977:"Can a homosexual be a member of the Communist Party?"
491:threatened Kalnbērzs with a criminal process and a
143:
Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
837:
137:. Homosexuality or sodomy remained a crime in the
1313:"Russia's Gay Men Step Out of Soviet-Era Shadows"
885:Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Volume 2 – Marxism
863:
861:
448:and an official name change outside of Moscow.
237:
329:After Stalin died in 1953, he was replaced by
322:notable example was the Russian film director
743:
741:
739:
302:A few years later in 1936, Justice Commissar
8:
1360:"Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia"
1347:"Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia"
1285:
1283:
1281:
1014:"Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia"
1001:"Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia"
955:"Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia"
699:
697:
695:
604:
602:
600:
598:
518:In 1983, following the 1980 adoption of the
131:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
108:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
971:
969:
967:
965:
1089:
656:GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies
1203:
1201:
1164:
1067:
1065:
897:
48:of all important aspects of the article.
594:
514:History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)
363:History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)
317:History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)
216:History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)
486:Minister of Health of the Soviet Union
44:Please consider expanding the lead to
1311:Barshay, Jill J. (10 February 1993).
925:Александрович, Иванов Виктор (2013).
869:"Resource Information Center: Russia"
578:LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states
254:In 1933, the Soviet government under
227:The Sexual Life of Contemporary Youth
7:
495:sentence, citing Article 108 of the
139:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
1180:Homosexuality in the USSR (1956–82)
135:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
92:, which existed from 1922 to 1991.
771:"The Secret Gay History of Russia"
421:conditions) encountered its first
14:
472:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
155:Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
800:West, Green (October 31, 1997).
120:legal code of the Russian Empire
114:in December 1917, following the
66:LGBT history in the Soviet Union
22:
1407:LGBTQ history by former country
558:dissolution of the Soviet Union
451:In 1968 another Soviet doctor,
429:. In 1960s Moscow psychiatrist
389:Textbook of Soviet Criminal Law
203:The Sexual Revolution in Russia
151:Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
88:) people in the history of the
36:may be too short to adequately
1177:Alexander, Rustam (May 2018).
46:provide an accessible overview
1:
769:Morgan, Joe (June 17, 2018).
384:Moscow to the End of the Line
335:homosexuality with pedophilia
289:fascist homosexual conspiracy
223:Joseph Stalin's rise to power
186:Institute for Sexual Research
836:Duberman, Martin R. (1989).
311:1953–1964: Under Khrushchev
1428:
1208:Raido, Stan (2023-04-13).
1072:Alexander, Rustam (2018).
511:
501:sex reassignment surgeries
427:sex reassignment surgeries
360:
314:
213:
118:and the discarding of the
99:
1412:LGBTQ in the Soviet Union
1136:10.1163/18763316-04601001
806:. Springer. p. 224.
583:Communism and LGBT rights
357:1964–1982: Under Brezhnev
247:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
232:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1335:community.middlebury.edu
1267:(in Latvian). 2013-01-01
668:10.1215/10642684-8-3-349
96:1917–1927: Early history
931:Новейшая история России
343:The Youth Becomes a Man
210:1927–1953: Under Stalin
147:Central Asian republics
844:. Plume. p. 358.
508:1982–1991: Final years
431:Aron Isaakovich Belkin
252:
1331:"Russian Gay History"
512:Further information:
361:Further information:
315:Further information:
214:Further information:
100:Further information:
1381:on 11 September 2012
547:Evgenia Debryanskaya
497:Soviet Criminal Code
368:homosexuality was a
157:the following year.
1375:"Soviet Homophobia"
1210:""Пасынки природы""
781:on 20 November 2021
556:In 1993, after the
412:sexological science
402:Russian gay author
397:The Flying Dutchman
163:the Communist Party
153:in 1926 and in the
1317:The New York Times
1234:Turovsky, Daniil.
1091:10.1017/slr.2018.9
875:. 14 October 2015.
404:Yevgeny Kharitonov
268:sexual orientation
116:October Revolution
910:Steakley, James.
457:Viktors Kalnbērzs
425:patients seeking
331:Nikita Khrushchev
324:Sergei Eisenstein
110:) decriminalised
63:
62:
1419:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1377:. Archived from
1371:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1339:
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1327:
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1308:
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1113:
1110:
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1069:
1060:
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1042:
1040:
1031:. Archived from
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1019:
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1006:
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
979:. Archived from
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953:
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916:
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877:
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856:
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827:
824:
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790:
788:
786:
777:. Archived from
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745:
734:
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716:
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704:
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527:pressure by the
483:
469:
439:
304:Nikolai Krylenko
276:on 23 May 1934,
250:
199:
178:Georgy Chicherin
167:Nikolai Semashko
58:
55:
49:
26:
18:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1421:
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1219:
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1207:
1206:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1176:
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1171:
1163:
1159:
1124:Russian History
1121:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1035:on 8 March 2014
1027:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
983:on 11 July 2012
975:
974:
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652:Healey, Dan
543:Chelyabinsk
478: [
460: [
434: [
278:Maxim Gorky
194: [
82:transgender
1401:Categories
1362:Dan Healey
1349:Dan Healey
1271:2023-08-26
1246:2023-05-12
1220:2023-05-12
1214:Парни ПЛЮС
1016:Dan Healey
1003:Dan Healey
957:Dan Healey
729:2021-04-28
589:References
370:congenital
245:Sereisky,
54:March 2024
1190:March 21,
1152:166487464
1144:1876-3316
1100:0037-6779
943:2219-9659
785:March 21,
293:pederasts
38:summarize
1265:Jauns.lv
572:See also
566:glasnost
537:period.
534:glasnost
455:surgeon
419:intersex
391:(1973).
243:—
145:and the
133:and the
78:bisexual
1057:(2018)
1039:24 June
987:30 June
453:Latvian
264:fascism
70:lesbian
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520:ICD-9
493:Gulag
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1387:2013
1298:2022
1192:2021
1140:ISSN
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1041:2012
989:2011
939:ISSN
846:ISBN
808:ISBN
787:2021
551:Tema
86:LGBT
80:and
1132:doi
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