245:. These acknowledgements are important to establish individual identity to fostering community building. In some cases non-normative gendered parents report taking years to build a supportive community to welcome a child into . Here persons may surround themselves with a "family of choice," who supportive their family building process and provide a sense of belonging . In some cases new relationships can take a novel approach to recreating traditional familial relationships, i.e. elder supportive friends acting as grandparents. Social Support is also key when considering Assisted Human Reproduction as the emotional/physical/financial investment can be taxing, having a support network can lessen the burdens of these stresses
83:. This law regulates practices concerning assisted reproduction such as methods of conception and handling of reproductive tissues. The Act declares discrimination or withholding of assisted reproduction on the grounds of sexual orientation or marital status illegal. Additionally, some Canadian provinces and territories govern rights and responsibilities of parties involved in assisted reproduction. In some instances, queer families may require legal consultation to navigate these rights and responsibilities, resulting in delayed conception and associated costs. All interaction with Assisted Reproduction Clinics or Fertility clinics in Canada must be initiated by referral from a family physician. Although
191:
than the biological parent. This negative perception may be confounded by existing homophobic stigmas. Additionally infertility of the non-biological parent may also permanently disable the biological connection to parenting. These negative attitudes leave the non-biological parent at risk for negative mental health outcomes.
140:), racial/cultural consideration, reproductive health, and access to financial resources. Here novel approaches to creating biological relations can be accomplished by selecting which egg and sperm are used, for example using sperm and egg donors multiple times to create biological ties between children.
253:
There are multiple resources for queer parenting, queer blogs being one of them, as being part of a virtual parenting community can be rewarding as it can help in navigating the everyday struggles of parenting by giving advice, empathy or just a good laugh. Blogs and other forms of social media are a
211:
In Canada public adoption legislation, guidelines and eligibility are unique to each province. Prospective parents should familiarize themselves with practices within their home province as eligibility criteria vary. Public adoption agencies do not charge fees, although parents may be responsible for
190:
While biological health considerations for queer parents who conceive are easily visible, mental health concerns for non-biological parents may be more difficult to identify. Non-biological parents often struggle with the social perception that their role is considerably different or less important
240:
For some Queer persons revealing the intent to become parents can force a social recognition of their sexual identity that may have been previously unacknowledged by others. In some instances of partnered relationships one partner, dubbed the "silent partner", may not actively express their sexual
114:). Since 2004, only altruistic surrogacy has been permitted by the Assisted Human Reproduction Act which allows surrogate mothers to be reimbursed for certain, legitimate expenses. This prohibition shall prevent (commercial) malpractice of reproduction which is illegal under Canadian law (see also
177:
Recent legal proceedings have provided progressive results for families who wish to incorporate more than two parents on a child's birth certificate. In 2007 an
Ontario a judge granted three individuals parental status of a child. This case involved a lesbian couple who wished to have their known
88:
developed for heterosexual couple having difficulty conceiving compared to families who require assistance to conceive. Challenges may include forms which do not allow for correct gender identification, assumptions regarding relationship status and family configuration, uniformed counselors etc.
70:
Biological reproduction outside of heterosexual relationships has challenged the hegemonic
Western concept of bio-centric familiar relationships. For many this has shifted the understanding of reproduction outside a heterosexual framework towards family and parenting as relational models. Family
107:
prior to use. In vitro fertilization entails fertilizing an egg with sperm outside the body and placing the formed embryo into the uterus of the person who will carry the pregnancy. Here parents or donors may contribute biological tissue, in some cases a surrogate mother may be sought out (see
87:
is a publicly funded system some assisted reproduction services have an associated cost which must be paid by clients, for example the freezing of sperm or eggs for future use. Queer parents may face additional challenges within assisted reproduction services, as these services were originally
131:
Assisted reproductive technology is utilized by Queer parents within a variety of approaches. Decisions regarding who shall conceive and with what reproductive tissues may be made on the basis of; sexual orientation, gender identity, family configuration, available egg donors (see
63:, and social attitudes have worked to recognize queer individuals and families as having both the ability and rights to parent. Recent studies have shown children of queer parents possess unique positive attributes, including and not limited to egalitarian attitudes (see
254:
way of offering support by representing marginalized groups, such as the queer community. Interacting with blogs that discuss the particular challenges that pertain to queer parenthood can be inspirational and affirming, a source of comfort for anxious parents-to-be
22:
have undergone significant progress in terms of both legal and social acceptance. Same-sex couples who wish for parenthood now enjoy equally the possibilities, responsibilities and rights of opposite-sex couples. Following the nationwide legalization of
124:, the department of the Canadian government which is responsible for national public health, is developing specific regulations about what constitutes a lawful expenditure. However, both altruistic and commercial is currently illegal in the province of
54:
was previously used as a derogatory term; in the 1990s it was re-appropriated by activists and today is used an umbrella term to describe persons who hold gender and sexual identities not understood as oppositional to heterosexual identities (see
160:
a female same sex couple using an unknown sperm donor may place both their names on the form automatically. If a known sperm donor is used the donor must forfeit their rights and the non-biological parent must legally declare
103:, a process that can be completed at home; in some cases, sperm is inseminated into the uterus which is a clinical procedure. The use of sperm for insemination is regulated and in some cases a letter of permission from
666:
950:
182:, enacted in March 2013 allows for up to four parents to be listed on a birth registration. The act allows for donors to be listed a birth parents so long as the donor signs written consent prior to conception
527:
59:). Queer parenting today has been made possible by activism beginning in the 1970s, when activists lobbied for the recognition of gay and lesbian parent’s rights. Changes in law, policy, access to
99:. Families choosing to reproduce via insemination use fresh or frozen sperm to impregnate a biological mother whose egg will be used to conceive. Sperm for insemination may be inserted near the
520:
green, d., Epstein, R., Tarasoff, L., "A Guidebook for
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Queer People on Assisted Human Reproduction in Canada" (2012). Retrieved September 30, 2014 from
1154:
220:
Private adoption is handled through third party agencies who work with birth parents to match children with adoptive parents. Private adoption costs between $ 10000- 20000 CAD
563:
27:
in 2005, the number of LGBT families in Canada has increased substantially, paving the way for same-sex couples' aspirations of having their own children. Legal methods of
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1341:
528:
https://web.archive.org/web/20131028074935/http://www.lgbtqparentingconnection.ca/resources.cfm?mode=3&resourceID=1269ae09-3048-8bc6-e84a-16109c061b5d&keywords=
479:
Abelstein, K., Epstein, R., Ross, L. (2013). "Celebrating the "Other" Parent: Mental Health and
Wellness of Expecting Lesbian, Bisexual and Queer Non-Birth Parents" .
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sperm donor recognized as a parent. This has opened the possibility of three parents to be allotted parental status on a case to case basis. The new Family Law Act in
1707:
521:
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formations may include (and not limited to) single parents, paired parents, co-parents, polyamorous relationships, and numerous combinations of these forms.
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559:. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/della-wolf-is-b-c-s-1st-child-with-3-parents-on-birth-certificate-1.2526584
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https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000424/http://www.rainbowhealthontario.ca/resources/queer-parenting-info-brochure-series-lgbtq-adoption/
569:
1571:
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156:. Birth registration processes are set by individual provinces and may present unique challenges for Queer families. For example, in
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845:
228:
International
Adoption is handled though agencies housed in their respective countries. Some international adoption agencies accept
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60:
28:
522:
http://www.lgbtqparentingconnection.ca/resources.cfm?mode=3&resourceID=e81cc243-d78a-99e4-91f7-41928d26bae8&subjectID=53
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169:. This creates a lapse in legal recognition of the non-biological parent, the family maintains responsibility for legal fees.
1236:
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810:
548:
Pelka, Suzanne (2009). "The Making and
Unmaking of Biological Tier in Lesbian Led Families", in Epstein, R (Ed.) (p x-x),
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526:"Info on Birth Registration for Lesbian/Bi/Queer Women in Ontario" (2009). Retrieved September 29, 2014 from
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489:"Box A Celebrating Our Forerunner: The Lesbian and Gay Parenting Activist Groups of the 1970s" (2009) in
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https://archive.today/20150320011217/http://www.salzburg.umd.edu/unesco/social-media-and-lgbt-community/
84:
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555:
Rolfsen, C. (2014 February 10). "Della Wolf is B.C.'s 1st child with 3 parents on birth certificate".
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identity. Embarking on a path toward parenting may necessitate the silent partner's process of
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496:
Court of Appeal of
Ontario, Citation: A.A. vs B.B. (2007). Retrieved September 29, 2014 from
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574:"Out Online: The Experiences of LGBT Youth on the Internet." Retrieved March 4, 2015 from
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562:"Queer Parenting Info: LGBTQ Adoption" (2014). Retrieved November 2, 2014 from
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http://glsen.org/press/study-finds-lgbt-youth-face-greater-harassment-online
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Epstein, Rachel (2009). "Introduction" in
Epstein, R (Ed.) (p 13-30),
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568:"Social Media and the LGBT Community." Retrieved March 4, 2015 from
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Frequently Asked
Questions (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2014 from
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900:
543:
Beyond
Expectation: Lesbian/Bi/Queer Women and Assisted Conception
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51:
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accessory costs. The process usually costs between $ 0–3000 CAD
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prospective parents. International adoption costs $ 25000+ CAD
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203:) children into their families have three routes available.
515:
http://www.vanierinstitute.ca/include/get.php?nodeid=2817
67:), acceptance of social diversity, and high self-esteem.
618:
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender topics in Canada
148:
In Canada registration of birth is required to attain a
550:
Who's your daddy? And other writings on queer parenting
504:
Who's your daddy? And other writings on queer parenting
491:
Who’s your daddy? And other writings on queer parenting
79:
Assisted Reproduction in Canada is governed under the
18:
LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) parents
493:, Epstein, Rachel (Ed) (p x). Toronto: Sumach Press.
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http://brucegillespie.com/2014/02/meet-sara-graefe/
580:"Meet Sara Graefe." Retrieved March 4, 2015 from
498:http://www.samesexmarriage.ca/docs/abc030107.pdf
1708:Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity
908:Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada
766:Homosexuality and the United Church of Canada
602:
8:
1773:Transgender Archives, University of Victoria
1748:Pride Library, University of Western Ontario
1231:Rainbow Reels Queer and Trans Film Festival
1626:
1521:
1471:
1330:
1010:
997:LGBT refugees and asylum seekers in Canada
779:
645:
609:
595:
587:
1342:Amazones d'Hier, Lesbiennes d'Aujourd'hui
481:Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health
1870:
545:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
262:
1303:Little Sister's Book and Art Emporium
966:Equality Rights Statute Amendment Act
136:), availability of sperm donors (see
91:Two common methods of conception are
7:
199:Queer parents wishing to adopt (see
915:Hall v Durham Catholic School Board
715:2010–2017 Toronto serial homicides
662:Timeline of LGBT history in Canada
511:Same-Sex Families Raising Children
186:Mental Health of Non-Birth Parents
14:
1723:GLBTTQ Community Centre of Ottawa
517:Fascinating Familiesn (PDF-file)
513:. Retrieved March 27, 2015 from
61:assisted reproductive technology
1908:LGBT parenting in North America
736:Lesbian Organization of Toronto
532:Love, Heather (2014). "Queer".
81:Assisted Human Reproduction Act
1:
1260:Vancouver Queer Film Festival
1237:Rainbow Visions Film Festival
1207:Out North Queer Film Festival
667:First openly LGBT politicians
535:Transgender Studies Quarterly
1276:Blue Metropolis Violet Prize
1179:London Lesbian Film Festival
731:Gay Alliance Toward Equality
633:Transgender rights in Canada
1879:http://www.adoption.ca/faqs
1282:The Church-Wellesley Review
1255:Toronto Queer Film Festival
1249:Reelout Queer Film Festival
1196:Muskoka Queer Film Festival
1929:
1614:LGBTQ culture in Vancouver
486:Adoption Counsel of Canada
296:Abelstein 2013, p. 389-397
1850:LGBTQ2+ National Monument
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1225:Queer North Film Festival
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821:Newfoundland and Labrador
778:
657:
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637:Intersex rights in Canada
624:
1855:Statue of Alexander Wood
1698:Community One Foundation
1384:Les Mouches fantastiques
992:LGBT parenting in Canada
506:. Toronto: Sumach Press)
117:Surrogacy laws in Canada
1838:Monuments and memorials
1631:Places and institutions
1134:Black and Blue Festival
961:Declaration of Montreal
761:WorldPride Toronto 2014
724:Activism and milestones
552:. Toronto: Sumach Press
154:social insurance number
1794:Black Eagle (Montreal)
509:Fascinating Families:
287:Epstein 2009, p. 15-16
224:International Adoption
167:second parent adoption
97:in vitro fertilization
1758:Q Hall of Fame Canada
1298:Librairie L'Androgyne
1201:OUTeast Film Festival
946:Age of consent reform
922:Halpern v Canada (AG)
851:Northwest Territories
629:LGBT rights in Canada
404:Abelstein 2013, p.393
395:Abelstein 2013, p.389
85:health care in Canada
75:Biological Conception
29:assisted reproduction
1733:Ottawa Trans Library
1652:Church and Wellesley
1308:Ottawa Trans Library
1233:(Kitchener-Waterloo)
929:Canada (AG) v Mossop
880:Klippert v The Queen
836:Prince Edward Island
1913:Parenting in Canada
1753:Quebec Gay Archives
1713:Fierté Canada Pride
1670:Shaughnessy Village
1489:Pink Triangle Press
1318:Stubblejumper Press
1288:Dayne Ogilvie Prize
1213:Queer Arts Festival
1118:Windsor-Essex Pride
756:2006 World Outgames
173:Recent developments
1884:2018-10-03 at the
1540:Canada's Drag Race
956:Civil Marriage Act
341:green 2012. p.9-10
144:Birth Registration
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1219:Queer City Cinema
1186:(Ottawa; defunct)
1109:(Waterloo Region)
1037:(Ottawa/Gatineau)
1005:
1004:
793:Same-sex marriage
774:
773:
710:Pussy Palace Raid
541:Luce, J. (2010).
467:green 2012, p. 13
150:birth certificate
25:same-sex marriage
1920:
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1845:18 Shades of Gay
1778:Triangle Program
1768:Rainbow Railroad
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1349:The Body Politic
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163:second parentage
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1113:Vancouver Pride
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1082:Saskatoon Pride
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976:Military policy
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683:Anti-gay purges
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236:Social Support
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138:sperm donation
76:
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65:egalitarianism
48:
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43:arrangements.
13:
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1925:
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1738:Out On Screen
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1658:Davie Village
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1313:Pride Library
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1102:Thunder Pride
1100:
1098:
1097:Sudbury Pride
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1080:
1077:
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1066:Pride Toronto
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1056:Halifax Pride
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1035:Capital Pride
1033:
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1030:Calgary Pride
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887:Egan v Canada
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816:New Brunswick
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688:Fruit machine
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538:, 1, 172-176.
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172:
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143:
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129:
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122:Health Canada
119:
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106:
105:Health Canada
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68:
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58:
53:
46:
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38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
19:
1873:
1804:The Junction
1703:Egale Canada
1693:The ArQuives
1638:Gay villages
1576:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1481:
1459:
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1438:
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1410:
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1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1280:
1209:(Whitehorse)
1167:Image+Nation
1087:Simcoe Pride
1051:Guelph Pride
991:
927:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
846:Saskatchewan
626:
556:
549:
542:
533:
510:
503:
490:
480:
463:
454:
445:
436:
427:
418:
409:
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391:
386:Rolfsen 2014
382:
373:
364:
355:
346:
337:
328:
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310:
301:
292:
283:
274:
265:
252:
239:
227:
219:
210:
198:
189:
176:
147:
134:egg donation
130:
115:
109:
93:insemination
90:
78:
69:
50:
33:insemination
16:
15:
1799:Celebrities
1664:Gay Village
1660:(Vancouver)
1646:Bank Street
1502:Xtra Ottawa
1412:Perceptions
1215:(Vancouver)
1155:Fairy Tales
1149:Divers/Cité
826:Nova Scotia
676:Persecution
39:through to
31:range from
1897:Categories
1728:Kind Space
1678:(Montreal)
1672:(Montreal)
1666:(Montreal)
1562:Maleflixxx
1554:Slaycation
1525:Television
1495:Daily Xtra
1269:Literature
1251:(Kingston)
1245:(Winnipeg)
1243:Reel Pride
1239:(Edmonton)
1192:(Montreal)
1173:Inside Out
1169:(Montreal)
971:Policy 713
474:References
431:Queer 2014
377:Court 2007
243:coming out
47:Background
1654:(Toronto)
1475:Newspaper
1419:Plenitude
1227:(Sudbury)
1203:(Halifax)
1190:Massimadi
1175:(Toronto)
1163:(defunct)
1157:(Calgary)
1151:(defunct)
1107:Tri-Pride
951:Bill C-16
249:Resources
111:Surrogacy
41:surrogacy
20:in Canada
1882:Archived
1814:Pumpjack
1648:(Ottawa)
1572:Programs
1433:SamiYoni
1405:OutWords
1398:Outlooks
1334:Magazine
1221:(Regina)
1139:BOLDfest
1078:(Regina)
871:Case law
811:Manitoba
557:CBC News
201:adoption
195:Adoption
1829:Woody's
1824:Le Stud
1809:Numbers
1763:Qmunity
1718:The 519
1599:CIRR-FM
1586:Playmen
1483:GO Info
1016:Culture
856:Nunavut
831:Ontario
801:Alberta
651:History
158:Ontario
1819:Stereo
1743:Priape
1454:Wayves
1363:Fugues
1127:Events
939:Policy
841:Quebec
126:Quebec
101:cervix
1608:Other
1567:OutTV
1440:Siren
1426:Rites
1377:J.D.s
1327:Media
1023:Pride
985:Other
901:M v H
861:Yukon
258:Notes
230:LGBTQ
52:Queer
1787:Bars
152:and
95:and
35:via
1461:YGA
1447:TWO
1370:Gay
1356:fab
785:Law
165:or
120:).
37:IVF
1899::
635:,
631:,
128:.
610:e
603:t
596:v
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