LGBT rights in Japan - Knowledge (XXG)

1523: 755:(in Tokyo) announced plans to establish a partnership system that would recognize same-sex couples for situations such as hospital visits and shared renting of apartments. This procedure allows couples to get a "proof of partnership" paper, which does not have any weight under Japanese law but can help in, for instance, getting access to a partner who is ill and in hospital but institutions are under no legal obligation to respect the certificates. The Shibuya system is considered a significant step towards lesbian and gay partnership rights in Japan. In July 2015, Tokyo's 1531: 1378:. The Osaka Prefectural Police has declined to pursue charges, instead leaving that decision up to state prosecutors. Mikiya Nakatsuka, professor of health sciences at Okayama University and president of the Japanese Society of Gender Identity Disorder, stated that most transgender persons in Japan "paid attention when they used toilets at public facilities so they stay out of trouble", and expressed concern that this single case would be applied erroneously to the wider transgender community, creating unwarranted prejudice and discrimination. 839:

with the power to set binding legal precedent. The plaintiffs have indicated plans to appeal the decision. Other similar court cases in other district courts in Tokyo, Nagoya and Fukuoka remain ongoing. In addition, the Tokyo metropolitan government recently announced a plan, set to take effect in October, to accept registrations from same-sex couples seeking certificates of their partnerships. On 1 November, Tokyo finally implemented a legally recognised relationship registration scheme for same-sex couples. In August 2023,

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proposed by opposition parties, ended without agreement after some LDP MPs said the rights of sexual minorities had "gone too far". An unnamed lawmaker described LGBT people as "morally unacceptable", while another MP, Kazuo Yana, said sexual minorities were "resisting the preservation of the species that occurs naturally in biological terms", media reports said. The failure to back a proposed law to protect LGBT rights was condemned by human rights groups, which said the party deserved a "gold medal for homophobia".

142: 31: 1238: 335: 8238: 7841: 8248: 2071: 5950: 1951: 5955: 7830: 2085: 1092:(Japan Association for the Lesbian and Gay Movement) filed a court case against the Tokyo government after being barred from using the "Metropolitan House for Youth" the previous year. OCCUR won the case in 1997. While the court ruling does not seem to have extended to other areas of government-sponsored discrimination, it is cited by the courts as a civil rights case. 5143:... 輸血を必要とする患者さんへの感染を防ぐため、過去6カ月間に下記に該当する方は、献血をご遠慮いただいています。... 不特定の異性または新たな異性との性的接触があった。 (Translation: To prevent infecting patients requiring blood transfusion, those who match any of the following within the last six months should refrain from donating blood. ... Sexual contact with an unspecified member of the opposite sex or a new member of the opposite sex.) 1794: 2047: 1963: 1939: 1901: 1857: 1826: 1807: 2053: 2028: 2016: 2004: 1969: 1927: 1914: 1895: 1882: 1870: 1851: 1820: 1341:

changed her legal gender to female in the United States. After the change, municipal offices in the Meguro and Ota wards of Tokyo refused to recognize it, citing her subsisting marriage to Midori Morita-McCready, a Japanese national - which the legal gender recognition would make a same-sex marriage.

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either "disability" or "disorder". According to Nakamura, this is because there is a strong protection in Japanese society and laws for disabled persons; therefore, identifying more as members of the disability community rather than the queer community has allowed transgender Japanese to assert their

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performed abroad are not legally recognized in Japan and bi-national same-sex couples cannot obtain a visa for the foreign partner based on their relationship, though the Ministry of Justice does have a general rule of giving the discretionary "designated activities" visa to same-sex married spouses.

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ruled that the absence of same-sex marriage legislation was an unconstitutional state of affairs but did not violate the Constitution, though the court's ruling has no immediate legal effect. In June 2023, the Fukuoka District Court ruled that the ban on same-sex marriage was constitutional. A second

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is a famous and well-respected drag queen TV personality along the lines of Lily Savage (UK) and Dame Edna (Australia). The education specialist Naoki Ogi (more colloquially known by teachers across Japan by his nickname "Ogimama") has in past years given focus to LGBT issues in schools. Support for

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Even though surgery is required as a condition to change one's registered gender in the Japanese courts, this only applies to Japanese nationals. Foreign nationals change their registered gender with the country of their nationality, then reporting the change to the Immigration Services Agency to be

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Companies in Japan consisting of ten or more employees are required to establish work regulations. In January 2018, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare revised the Model Rules of Employment (モデル就業規則) which "stands as the example framework for work regulations", to prohibit discrimination based

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The Japanese Constitution promises equal rights and is interpreted to prohibit discrimination on all grounds. However, homosexual and transgender persons can experience physical, sexual and psychological violence at the hands of their opposite-sex or same-sex partners, but receive limited protection

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Tokyo Rainbow Pride has been held annually since 2012, with attendance increasing every year. A 2015 opinion poll reflected that the majority of its respondents supported the legalization of same-sex marriage. Further opinion polls conducted over the following years have found high levels of support

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On 26 June 2022, a district court in Osaka brought down a conflicting ruling to the ruling from the previous year out of Sapporo. It ruled that a ban on same-sex marriage is not unconstitutional. The ruling did not change the legal status of same-sex marriage in Japan as it did not occur at a court

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In June 2018, the Japanese Government enacted a new law lowering the age of majority in Japan from 20 to 18, which took effect on 1 April 2022. Among others, the new law sets the age of marriage at 18 for both men and women (previously women could marry at the age of 16) and allows 18-year-olds to

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On 24 February 2012, the Hyogo Lawyers' Association recommended that a transgender woman in a male prison be transferred to a female institution. According to this report, she had been placed in a male institution because of her legal sex, despite having undergone sex reassignment surgery prior to

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are not protected by national civil rights laws, which means that LGBT Japanese have few legal recourses when faced with discrimination in such areas as employment, education, housing, health care and banking. According to a 2018 Dentsu Diversity Lab survey, more than 65% of questioned LGBT people

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In July 2022, LGBT rights activists and supporters protested in front of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's headquarters after an intra-party panel meeting circulated a booklet claiming that "homosexuality is a mental disease or addiction." The text was packed with false information, including

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said she was unsure whether she would be able to introduce new legislation seeking greater tolerance of same-sex relationships amid opposition from her LDP colleagues. While Inada announced she wishes to "promote understanding" of LGBT people, she stated she is not trying to get Japan to legalize

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In May 2021, Japan's conservative governing LDP has been accused of violating the Olympic charter after it failed to approve a bill to protect the rights of the LGBT community, during discussions marred by homophobic outbursts from conservative MPs. Closed meetings held in May to discuss a bill,

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In addition to what are provided for from Article 12 to the preceding paragraph, employees are prohibited from any other forms of harassment at the workplace that are damaging to the work environment of other employees such as by way of speech or behaviour related to sexual orientation or gender

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passed a law prohibiting all discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. The law, which took effect in April 2019, also commits the Metropolitan Government to raise awareness of LGBT people and "conduct measures needed to make sure human rights values are rooted in all

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announced its support for same-sex marriage and that it would recognize employees in same-sex partnerships as identical to opposite-sex marriages, in defiance of Japanese law. The company's policy has been described as a major action in Japan's increasing discussion on its same-sex marriage ban.

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Japan's culture and major religions do not have a history of hostility towards homosexuality. A 2019 poll indicated that 68 percent of the respondents agreed that homosexuality should be accepted by society, while 22 percent disagreed. Although many political parties have not openly supported or

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Since autumn 2003, the Urban Renaissance Agency, the government agency that operates government housing has allowed same-sex couples to rent units the same way as heterosexual couples at any one of the over 300 properties that it operates. This opened the way for more such action, as the Osaka

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Yale University professor Karen Nakamura notes in a discussion held October 2015 that "Japanese transgender activists present their gender identity as a disability in order to achieve more social and legal change in Japanese society", employing the medical diagnostic term of "gender identity

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have large LGBT fanbases as a result of their support for the LGBT community; among other activities, Hikaru Utada featured a gay teddybear called Kuma who she introduced as far back as 2010, and Ayumi Hamasaki headlined at Tokyo's 2018 Pride festival (incidentally, Hamasaki starred in the

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In 2017, the Education Ministry added sexual orientation and gender identity to its national bullying policy. The policy mandates that schools should prevent bullying of students based on their sexual orientation or gender identity by "promoting proper understanding of teachers on … sexual

1655:, the conservative governing LDP included in its manifesto, that "same-sex marriage is incompatible with the Constitution". However, it also included "promoting understanding of sexual diversity" in its platform, a move that would have been "unthinkable" in earlier times and that lawmaker 5116:... 輸血を必要とする患者さんへの感染を防ぐため、過去6カ月間に下記に該当する方は、献血をご遠慮いただいています。... 男性どうしの性的接触があった。 (Translation: To prevent infecting patients requiring blood transfusion, those who match any of the following within the last six months should refrain from donating blood. ... Sexual contact between two males.) 1370:

wrote a letter urging Japan officials to allow transgender women to enroll in public women's universities in the country. Ochanomizu University in Tokyo became the first public women's university in Japan to admit transgender women who had not changed their legal gender to 'female'.

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Since April 2018, transgender people have been covered for sex reassignment surgery as long as they are not receiving hormone treatment. The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare has also allowed transgender people to use their preferred names on their health insurance cards.

1748:"It's not the case that high suicide rates among LGBT people can be attributed to discrimination within society," and, "We should not legitimatize the sexual lifestyles of sexual minorities as it will become a social problem which will destroy families and society." 408:, who would be a prepubescent or adolescent boy. The relationship would be dissolved once the boy reached adulthood (or left the monastery). Both parties were encouraged to treat the relationship seriously and conduct the affair honorably, and the 1342:

This led them to pursue a lawsuit against the local and central governments. Their attorney, Toshimasa Yamashita, said that following the precedent set in the 2018 Sapporo court case on same-sex marriage, this refusal was unconstitutional.

1648:, Ishikawa won a seat in the House of Councillors as a member of the CDP, the first openly gay man to do so. After his election, he vowed to legalize same-sex marriage and enact anti-discrimination laws within the six years of his term. 1099:

In February 2018, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare created provisions addressing discrimination in housing, stating that "consideration must be taken to not deny lodging on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity."

1421:, answered that it was not an issue, and individuals within the forces indicated that as long as same-sex relations did not lead to fights or other trouble, there were few, if any, barriers to their inclusion in the armed services. 71:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG). 3358: 759:

ward announced that it would be joining Shibuya in recognizing same-sex partnerships from November of the same year. Since then, over 400 municipalities have begun issuing partnership certificates, including highly populated

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people against discrimination on the basis of gender and sexual orientation. On 17 April 2020, 96 human rights and LGBT organizations sent a letter to the Prime Minister calling for the passage of a non-discrimination law.

1066:) has been revised several times over the years to address sex discrimination and harassment in the workplace, the government has refused to expand the law to address discrimination against gender or sexual identity. The 932: 453:, who is loved. The man was permitted, if the boy agreed, to take the boy as his lover until he came of age. These relationships were expected to be exclusive, with both partners swearing to take no other (male) lovers. 251:, although some developments towards stronger rights have been made in the 2020s. Same-sex sexual activity was criminalised only briefly in Japan's history between 1872 and 1881, after which a localised version of the 1113:

were denying entry to same-sex couples for the sole reason of their sexual orientation, despite it being illegal under federal law since 2018 as per the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.

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faced international criticism for controversial comments he made, in which he said that gays and lesbians were "deficient somehow. It may be attributed to something genetic. I feel sorry for them being a minority."

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Gay and bisexual men are allowed to donate blood in Japan following a six-month abstinence from sex while women and heterosexual men only need to wait six-months after being with a new partner of the opposite sex.

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for same-sex marriage among the Japanese public, most notably the younger generation. However, a 2020 survey of over 10,000 LGBT people in Japan found that 38 percent of LGBT people had been harassed or assaulted.

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Yasuhiko Watanabe, a law professor at Kyoto Sangyo University, stated that if Japan recognizes same-sex marriage, that would impact the whole of Asia, proving that it is allowed not only in Western societies.

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in January 2019. By that date, 7,000 persons had legally changed gender. The court wanted to prevent "confusion" within parent-child relations, as well as "abrupt changes" in Japanese society. Two of the

1316:), instead of "gender identity disorder", which is more common in English-medium materials. This in part arises from what Nakamura calls a "translation fluke"; shougai can be fluidly interpreted as 4030: 263:, covering over 60% of the population by 2023, offer "partnership certificates" to recognise the relationships of same-sex couples and provide some legal benefits. Japan is the only country in the 1390:

can be legally made was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court has asked a lower court to review the requirement to have “genitalia that closely resemble the physical form of an alternative gender”.

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On 17 March 2021, a district court in Sapporo ruled that laws or regulations that deprive same-sex couples of the right to marry constitute unlawful discrimination and violate Article 14 of the

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Japan's society and government are predominantly conservative. Most political parties in Japan have formal positions in favor or against LGBT rights in their party's platform or manifesto. The

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instructed local authorities to issue key certificates, which state that a person is single and of legal age, to individuals seeking to enter same-sex marriages in areas that legally allow it.

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shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis." Articles 731 to 737 of the

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both favor same-sex marriage. As of 2023, marriage equality movements have been gaining prominence within the nation. A law allowing transgender individuals to change their legal gender post-

1408: 827:. The court found that Article 24 does not prohibit the recognition of same-sex marriages. The ruling did not legalize same-sex marriage in Japan, but is likely to step up pressure on the 5461: 5443: 869:. In December 2022, a "very broad and comprehensive fertility bill" was introduced in Japan - that explicitly and legally only allows heterosexual married women access to IVF treatment. 4660: 1300:

judges still issued a call for society to "embrace the diversity of sexual identity", also adding that the requirements were invasive and encouraged the National Diet to review them.

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Same-sex couples are generally not allowed to legally adopt in Japan, though in some regions it is legally complicated. Lesbian couples and single women are unable to access IVF and

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In June 2019, the CDP added introducing legislation aimed at ending discrimination against the LGBT community and legalising same-sex marriage to their party platforms ahead of the

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The legislation has been the subject of criticism on the grounds that its pathologising terminology and restrictive conditions violate the human rights of transgender individuals

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politician to be elected to public office in Japan, winning a seat on the Setagaya Ward Assembly. She initially ran as an independent but expressed support for the now-defunct

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sufferer in Japan. Filmed over a series of months, it contrasts his public life as an outspoken figure on the lecture circuit with his personal descent into illness and death.

4469: 4827:"Trans/Disability: Disability, Queer Sexualities, and Transsexuality from a Comparative Ethnographic Perspective (トランス／ディサビリティー：比較人類学視点から見る現代の障害者運動、クイアーセクシュアリティ、と性同一性障害運動)" 4578: 5659: 5594: 3947: 3868: 893:) as of April 2023. This system, which allows registered partners to optionally designate children in the household through the partnership oath system in a limited form of 259:. Same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are ineligible for the legal protections available to opposite-sex couples, although since 2015 some cities and 4530: 1429:

While representations of homosexuals in the Japanese media tend towards caricature on the basis of stereotypes of sexual or behavioral deviance (e.g. the actually straight

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to be unconstitutional in October 2023, removing the requirement. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity is banned in some cities, including

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In 2003, a law was passed allowing transgender people to change their gender marker on legal documents. Approval required being over 18 years old, unmarried, undergoing

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her detention, and was not treated as a woman in any way. She was subject to body checks by male staff, had her hair shaved, and was denied feminine clothing.

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In October 2023, the Japanese Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the 2003 law requiring sterilization before a change of sex or gender on an individual's

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limit marriage to heterosexual couples. Same-sex couples are not able to marry, and same-sex couples are not granted rights derived from marriage. Also,

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and the Qing legal codes. But this provision was repealed only seven years later by the Penal Code of 1880 (commenced in 1882) in accordance with the

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As Japan progressed into the Meiji era, same-sex practices continued; however, there was a growing animosity towards these practices. The practice of

5688: 4158: 698:, in private, regardless of gender and/or sexual orientation, is legal under Japanese law. Since June 2023, age of consent has been set at 16 years. 3591: 1550: 979: 297: 74:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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estimated that nearly 70% of Japanese people support same-sex marriage, the highest percentage of acceptance out of the Asian countries surveyed.

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myth describes same-sex love as being introduced by the couple Shinu no Hafuri and Ama no Hafuri, servants of a "primordial goddess", presumably

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age category to undergo training in the martial arts by apprenticing to a more experienced adult man. The relationship was based on the typical

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In March 2009, Japan began allowing Japanese nationals to marry same-sex partners in countries where same-sex marriage is legal. The

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Furukawa, Makoto. The Changing Nature of Sexuality: The Three Codes Framing Homosexuality in Modern Japan. pp. 99, 100, 108, 112.

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In April 2022, legislation prohibiting discrimination among others sexual orientation and gender identity came into operation in

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who argued in a speech in February 2019 that the "nation would collapse" if everyone were gay. Another ruling party lawmaker,

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same-sex marriage or ban discrimination against LGBT citizens. Some LDP members have made controversial statements, such as

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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District Court ruled that not recognising same-sex marriage was not a violation of the Constitution, in November 2022, the

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orientation/gender identity as well as making sure to inform on the school's necessary measures regarding this matter."

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ruling in September 2023 concluded that same-sex relationships should not be excluded from Japan's marriage system.

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Proposed Law on the Promotion of the Elimination of Discrimination based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

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Various celebrities have dedicated airtime on radios and podcasts to LGBT topics and supporting LGBT issues.

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has passed legislation banning discrimination in employment based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

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rights in law and society more strongly without social ostracization, more so than cisgender LGB Japanese.

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be included in the nation's civil rights code, but the National Diet refused to adopt the recommendation.

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that does not legally recognize same-sex unions nationally in any form. In March 2021 and May 2023, the

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seiteki shikō oyobi gender identity no tayōsei ni kansuru kokumin no rikai no zōshin ni kansuru hōritsu

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ward. She became the first openly transgender person to hold a prefectural assembly position in Japan.

1644:(2002), and started a non-profit organization that sponsors social events for gay men in Japan. At the 205:

No national legal recognition of same-sex relationships, some localities offer partnership certificates

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Sexual orientation and gender identity protected in some cities and prefectures, though not nationally

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seiteki shikō mata wa sei jinin o riyū to suru sabetsu no kaishō tō no suishin ni kansuru houritsu an

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became the first openly gay man elected to office in Japan, winning a seat in the local assembly of

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officially recognised a same-sex couple as foster parents, making it the first such case in Japan.

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In 2001, the Council for Human Rights Promotion, under the Ministry of Justice, recommended that

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Act on Enhancement of Public Understanding of Diversity in Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

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and sterilization was passed in 2003. The sterilization requirement was unanimously ruled by the

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and who have undergone irreversible sterilization to legally change their sex at the age of 18.

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Government in September 2005 opened the doors of its government housing to same-sex couples.

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In March 2019, legislation banning discrimination against "sexual minorities" was passed in

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53 municipalities and Tokyo Metropolis have also established a "partnership family system" (

809: 805: 2964:"Japan's top court strikes down required sterilization surgery to officially change gender" 1703: 292:

opposed LGBT rights, there are several openly LGBT politicians in office. The conservative

7664: 7634: 7629: 7542: 7508: 7427: 7120: 7012: 6931: 6911: 6812: 6672: 6558: 6354: 6319: 6204: 6190: 4638: 4311: 3893: 2289: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2193: 2189: 2177: 1722: 922: 813: 687: 494: 465: 361:. Following Shinu's death, Ama killed himself, and the two were buried in the same grave. 164: 6737: 5128: 5101: 3385:"The Violations of the Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Persons in Japan" 3284: 1865:

Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)

1433:), there are several examples of transgender and non-binary celebrities in Japan such as 1374:

In January 2022, a transgender individual was arrested for "using the wrong bathroom" in

5495: 4724:"Japan's Supreme Court rules transgender people still have to get sterilised · PinkNews" 1277:

Act on Special Cases in Handling Gender Status for Persons with Gender Identity Disorder

7844: 7780: 7732: 7689: 7582: 7483: 6861: 6667: 6493: 6340: 6041: 5782: 5595:"Liberal Democratic Party and tradition may stymie push for same-sex marriage in Japan" 5538:"Japan's first openly gay male member of parliament vows to legalise same-sex marriage" 3948:"Liberal Democratic Party and tradition may stymie push for same-sex marriage in Japan" 2333: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2225: 2185: 2153: 1714: 1684: 1656: 1633: 1490: 1462: 1442: 1200: 1140: 817: 785: 694:. Since then, Japan has had no laws against homosexuality. Thus, sexual activity among 683: 5660:"Japan becomes first country in the world to elect transgender man to a public office" 4687:"Japan: Human Rights Violation against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Persons" 4561:""LGBT bill" at the Liberal Democratic Party to be submitted to the next Diet session" 2939:"Japan: Family court rules it's unconstitutional to require surgery for gender change" 1359:

obtain valid passports, credit cards, etc. The law also allowed people diagnosed with

652:

There are no explicit religious prohibitions against homosexuality in the traditional

8266: 8241: 7742: 7654: 7643: 7412: 7276: 7032: 6985: 6757: 6466: 6388: 6135: 5831:"LDP panel booklet calling homosexuality a 'mental disease' sparks backlash in Japan" 5719: 3392: 3138: 2791:"Japan court rules same-sex marriage ban constitutional, but advocates hold out hope" 2321: 2277: 2257: 2149: 2145: 1755: 1680: 1659:

attributed in part to burnishing the country's international image in advance of the

1599: 1471: 1338: 906: 828: 532: 425: 350: 342:(wearing headscarf) sneaks a kiss from a female prostitute behind his patron's back. 4768:

Beyond Diversity: Queer Politics, Activism, and Representation in Contemporary Japan

1157:

In June 2019, after three years of consultations, a special committee of the ruling

7834: 7810: 7753: 7619: 7447: 7266: 6791: 6779: 6774: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6552: 6539: 6503: 5913:

National Public Radio - Japan court says ban on same-sex marriage is constitutional

5557:"Japan's First Openly Gay Parliament Member Promises to Legalize Same-Sex Marriage" 4507: 4070: 2613: 2337: 2261: 2237: 2090: 2076: 1699: 1664: 1580: 1450: 1375: 1105: 1024: 725: 669: 389:, would be a monk, priest or abbot, while the younger partner was assumed to be an 7002: 6829: 3936:"Gay scene: Tolerance, legal limbo". Jun Hongo. Japan Times. Tuesday, 23 Dec. 2000 3911: 3574:"For the first time, same-sex couples will be recognized by a Japanese prefecture" 2197: 2046: 1962: 1938: 1900: 1856: 1825: 1806: 1591:

party and later unsuccessfully ran for the National Parliament as a member of the

5642:"Tomomi Inada's uphill battle to 'promote understanding' of LGBT issues in Japan" 4970:"Human Rights Watch Letter to Japanese Authorities Re: Trans University Students" 4031:"Osaka district becomes first Japanese government area to support LGBT inclusion" 3751:"Wakayama Prefecture partnership system to be introduced within this fiscal year" 3220: 3047:"Majority of Japanese Support Same-Sex Marriage, Poll Shows - Bloomberg Business" 2657: 1131:

In January 2018, after a high-profile incident in 2015 in which a gay student at

8251: 7022: 6856: 6786: 5970: 4800:"Yale Professor Nakamura discusses Japanese transgender identity and disability" 4579:"Panel of Japan's ruling LDP to seek early passage of law on LGBT understanding" 3167:

Childs, Margaret (1980). "Chigo Monogatari: Love Stories or Buddhist Sermons?".

2329: 1584: 1495: 1478: 964: 672:

prohibited homosexual marriage which may have also influenced Chinese Buddhism.

632: 610: 236: 5357: 5028:"Transgender woman referred to prosecutors for using women's washroom in Osaka" 4952: 4264: 3672: 3621: 2829:

A Japanese court on Thursday said a ban on same-sex marriage was constitutional

2469:

seidōitsusei shōgaisha no seibetsu no toriatsukai no tokurei ni kansuru hōritsu

843:

proposed to locally introduce Japan's partnership system for same-sex couples.

7679: 7044: 6946: 6894: 6807: 6176: 5896: 3966:"Japan: Governor Should Retract Homophobic Comments | Human Rights Watch" 3851:"Proposed Japanese Fertility Law Discriminates Against Lesbians, Single Women" 3072: 2364:

haigūsha kara no bōryoku no bōshi oyobi higaisha no hogo tō ni kansuru hōritsu

2066: 1950: 1771: 1673: 1438: 1110: 1031: 441: 413: 353:

and same-sex relations have been documented in Japan since ancient times. One

339: 18:

This article is about LGBT legal rights in Japan. For a general overview, see

6333: 5848: 3776:"Nintendo Japan Recognizes Same-Sex Marriages, in Defiance of Country's Laws" 3486: 3424:"'It's like we don't exist': Japan faces pressure to allow same-sex marriage" 3194:

Cartographies of desire: male–male sexuality in Japanese discourse, 1600–1950

2052: 2027: 2015: 2003: 1968: 1926: 1913: 1894: 1881: 1869: 1850: 1819: 7769: 7072: 6916: 6906: 6513: 6484: 6439: 6432: 5805:"Japan's ruling party accused of violating Olympic charter over LGBT rights" 4015: 2841: 1446: 1434: 1204: 789: 679: 373: 365: 358: 5747:"Japan's first transgender prefectural assembly member elected in Hokkaido" 2570:"Japan court falls short of calling same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional" 2165: 1494:

LGBT rights has been expressed by corporate executives and Olympic athlete

1139:

passed an "anti-outing" ordinance to promote understanding of LGBT people.

5775:"Constitutional Democrats unveil campaign promises - NHK WORLD-JAPAN News" 4775: 4192: 3529:"Tokyo's Setagaya Ward to begin legally recognizing same-sex partnerships" 279:

was a violation of the Constitution respectively. While in June 2022, the

7763: 6564: 6457: 6448: 6326: 6097: 6077: 6070: 5966: 5853: 5425:"Japan's Only Openly Gay Lawmaker Says Same-Sex Marriage Will Take Years" 3310: 2265: 2249: 2173: 1430: 972: 847: 761: 756: 721: 421: 232: 5202:"20 Japanese Celebrities Who Have Shown Support for the LGBTQ Community" 3245:"LGBT who? Crosslinguistic influence in sociosexual and gender literacy" 1195:

on enhancement of LGBT understanding formally passed both houses of the

169:

Legal sex changes allowed since 2004, requiring sex reassignment surgery

7775: 7702: 7697: 6425: 6091: 5958: 5576:"Japan elects gay lawmaker who is 'sure' marriage equality will happen" 4886:"Couple sues Japanese government for not recognizing gender transition" 3865:"Osaka the first city in Japan to certify gay couple as foster parents" 3449:"Japan to allow its citizens same-sex marriage - with foreign partners" 3359:"Japan raises age of consent from 13 to 16 in reform of sex crimes law" 3285:"Intersections: Male Homosexuality and Popular Culture in Modern Japan" 2544:"Japan is hostile for LGBTQ people, but attitudes are shifting. Slowly" 2345: 2341: 2293: 2209: 2169: 1726: 1637: 1534: 1212: 968: 944:) and generally lack safe places where they can seek help and support. 933:

Act on the Prevention of Spousal Violence and the Protection of Victims

773: 769: 752: 552: 436: 390: 268: 224: 93:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

7855: 5385:"Same-Sex Marriage in Japan: A Long Way Away? - Japan Real Time - WSJ" 7785: 7707: 7684: 7669: 7624: 6958: 6084: 5519:"Japan's First Out Gay Lawmaker Vows Same-Sex Marriage 'Will Happen'" 2913:"More LGBTQ rights could help Asia financial hubs draw global talent" 2281: 2269: 1482: 1387: 1074:

on sexual orientation and "gender identification". Article 15 reads:

675: 657: 417: 354: 272: 5444:"LGBT politicians in Japan seek to promote awareness, secure rights" 5003:"Police refer trans woman to prosecutors for using women's bathroom" 4107:

Tokyo adopts ordinance banning discrimination against LGBT community

3180: 3124:"38% of LGBT people in Japan sexually harassed or assaulted: survey" 2814:"Japan ruling on same-sex marriage disappoints but 'a step forward'" 994:, along with the support of several independents, introduced to the 5689:"Japan's Opposition Unveils 'Yurinomics' Platform to Challenge Abe" 4988:"Japan's Women's Universities start accepting transgender students" 1176:

during the 204th National Diet session, set to end in June for the

7759: 7609: 7605: 6614: 6479: 5054:"Supreme Court hands down landmark decision on transgender rights" 4130: 3801:"Why Nintendo's support for same-sex marriage is a major level up" 3475:"Same-sex couple receives Japan's first 'partnership' certificate" 2241: 1934:

Lesbian, gay and bisexual people allowed to serve in the military

1830: 1529: 1521: 1185: 1035: 873: 797: 777: 765: 333: 313: 280: 244: 240: 146: 132: 6583: 4635:"Japan's parliament passes watered-down LGBTQ understanding bill" 3069:"Survey: 78% of Japanese in 20s to 50s favor legal gay marriages" 1706:

pledged the elimination of LGBT discrimination in its manifesto.

217:

No recognition nationally, some localities provide accommodations

6545: 6418: 5225:"Ayumi Hamasaki, Gay Icon, Performs at 2018 Tokyo Rainbow Pride" 3222:

Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan

2253: 1846:

Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services

1511: 1135:

died by suicide after being outed against his will, the city of

952: 412:

might be required to write a formal vow of fidelity. During the

68: 7859: 6587: 5921: 5280:"Sakurai Sho Reveals That He Wants to Get Married; Wotas Upset" 4470:"A Japanese region has made it illegal to out someone as LGBT+" 4016:"大阪市淀川区がLGBT支援宣言 (Yodogawa-ku passes LGBT support declaration)" 3196:. University of California Press. p. 26, 39–42, 75, 70-71, 252, 1725:, won a seat on the Hokkaido Prefectural Assembly representing 5962: 5080:"Victory for Transgender Rights in Japan | Human Rights Watch" 4612: 4531:"Japan's ruling party reveals draft 'LGBT understanding' bill" 3648:"LGBT+ rights in Asia: Small steps forward and big steps back" 2662: 572: 372:(男色) relationships inside Buddhist monasteries were typically 228: 24: 5869:"Japan hospital denies LGBTQ woman support for IVF pregnancy" 5462:"Taiga Ishikawa is Japan's first openly gay elected official" 3725:"Japan court says ban on same-sex marriage is constitutional" 3700:"Same-sex couples in Tokyo can now get domestic partnerships" 1337:

In 2018, U.S. national and Aoyama Gakuin University lecturer

435:

From religious circles, same-sex love spread to the warrior (

5247:"J-Pop Star Shinjiro Atae Comes Out as Gay During Fan Event" 2589:"Politics and pageantry for Japan's LGBTQ community in 2023" 1946:

Transgender people allowed to serve openly in the military

1565:

have indicated support for legalization. In a 2023 survey,

738: 468:, although it was only criminalized between 1872 and 1881. 264: 4396: 3622:"Japan court finds same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional" 2640:"Japan's 'love hotels' accused of anti-gay discrimination" 1409:

Sexual orientation and gender identity in military service

4859:"After gender change, a bureaucratic brick wall in Japan" 3509:"District in Tokyo Plans to Extend Rights of Gay Couples" 3233:., p. 26, 32, 53, 69-78, 88, 90- 92, 95-97, 102, 132-135. 975:

had already passed explicit protections for LGBT people.

5488:"Gay politician wins Upper House seat with LGBT support" 4749:"Sterilization rule for changing gender upheld in Japan" 4500:"Japan's Mie Prefecture Enacts Ordinance Banning Outing" 2109:

Situation of homosexuals in the Japanese military (JSDF)

1614:, Otsuji became the first openly lesbian member of the 1291:, went into effect in July 2004, and was upheld by the 4953:

Coming of age: Why adults in Japan are getting younger

4448:"Japan: Anti-Bullying Policy to Protect LGBT Students" 2467: 2451: 2432: 2413: 2397: 2381: 2362: 1972:(Since 2004; under certain restrictions: must undergo 1489:

and was given the nickname "Cherry Shoko in the Sky".

930:

from the law. Same-sex partners are excluded from the

926:

said they had not come out to anyone at work or home.

887: 678:

was first criminalized in Japan in 1872, in the early

3024:"12 pictures of Tokyo Pride which will make your day" 1885:(Ban declared unconstitutional in some lower courts) 1766:

and apologized for comments made by his former aide,

1254:) (in short title) came into effect on 23 June 2023. 3099:"How people around the world view same-sex marriage" 3071:. The Asahi Shimbun. 28 January 2019. Archived from 861:

Partnership oath in Japan § Family registration

64: 8191: 8151: 7893: 7591: 7460: 7394: 7329: 7193: 7097: 7065: 6978: 6887: 6800: 6725: 6652: 6643: 6527: 6402: 6371: 6311: 6283: 6276: 6250: 6230: 6166: 6159: 6106: 6057: 6050: 5990: 4609:"Japan passes watered-down LGBT understanding bill" 4422:"Kampf um das soziale Ordnungsgefüge - Webcat Plus" 3097:Gubbala, Sneha; Poushter, Jacob; Huang, Christine. 2658:"Marriage equality eludes Japan's same-sex couples" 1172:In April 2021, the LDP announced it would pass the 210: 198: 193: 183: 173: 163: 153: 129: 5687:Reynolds, Isabel; Nobuhiro, Emi (6 October 2017). 4766:Kawasaka, Kazuyoshi; Würrer, Stefan, eds. (2024). 4059:. Yodogawa-ku Municipal website. 1 September 2013. 1143:passed a similar "anti-outing" law in March 2021. 1023:, J-ALL (Japan Alliance for LGBT Legislation) and 3673:"Japanese court upholds ban on same-sex marriage" 3143:Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality & Culture 963:corners of the city". The law outlaws expressing 439:) class, where it was customary for a boy in the 2633: 2631: 247:have fewer legal protections than in most other 5358:"日本維新の会の国会議員の皆さまと同性婚に関するオンラインでの意見交換勉強会を開催しました！" 4071:"Naha city makes LGBT City Support Declaration" 4057:"Yodogawa ward office LGBT support declaration" 2485:describes marriage in heteronormative phrasing. 1976:, be unmarried, and have no children under 18) 1076: 619: 597: 581: 559: 539: 519: 503: 481: 401: 4287:"Japan: Introduce LGBT Non-Discrimination Law" 4161:. Nijiiro News. 3 January 2019. Archived from 3252:Gender Awareness in Language Education Journal 3092: 3090: 1485:held an interview with drag queens in 2015 in 978:In December 2018, four political parties, the 880: 626: 604: 588: 566: 546: 526: 510: 488: 395: 382: 89:accompanying your translation by providing an 55:Click for important translation instructions. 42:expand this article with text translated from 7871: 6599: 5933: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 3888: 3886: 3826:"Making LGBT Families a Possibility in Japan" 2890:"The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists" 2868:"Japan and Sexual Minorities | ヒューライツ大阪" 1545:(LDP) has indicated opposition to legalizing 8: 5464:. Tokyomango.com. 9 May 2011. Archived from 4241:(in Japanese). 25 March 2019. Archived from 741:where same-sex marriages are not performed. 1738:2019 Japanese House of Councillors election 1663:in Tokyo. In 2019, former Defense Minister 275:District Courts ruled that not recognising 216: 7878: 7864: 7856: 7466: 7400: 7203: 7199: 7103: 6649: 6606: 6592: 6584: 6280: 6163: 6054: 5940: 5926: 5918: 5307:"尾木ママ「学校で必ずLGBTを教えています」東京レインボープライド2016開幕" 4770:. Düsseldorf University Press. p. 5. 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 3845: 3843: 2507:"ILGA State sponsored homophobia 2008.doc" 2031:(Banned regardless of sexual orientation) 2023:Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples 1502:'s earliest movies, a documentary called " 846:In July 2022, Japanese video game company 428:, "came to be seen as guardian deities of 140: 126: 5715:"ＬＧＢＴ気軽に言える環境づくりを京都・亀岡市議選トップ当選赤坂マリアさん" 5407:"Setagaya OKs transsexual's election bid" 5133:(in Japanese). Japanese Red Cross Society 5106:(in Japanese). Japanese Red Cross Society 1239:性的指向及びジェンダーアイデンティティの多様性に関する国民の理解の増進に関する法律 5333:"Japan's race for the LGBT gold in Asia" 1785: 1457:. Several prominent musicians including 1330:reflected on their residence card. This 1263:Passage of the law on gender recognition 980:Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan 6879:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 6379:Aomori International LGBT Film Festival 5362:結婚の自由をすべての人に - Marriage for All Japan - 4091:Tokyo: New Law Bars LGBT Discrimination 2498: 2137: 1909:Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples 1815:Anti-discrimination laws in employment 1640:Ward. He came out publicly in his book 1174:LGBT Understanding and Enhancement Bill 1163:LGBT Understanding and Enhancement Bill 967:in public. Prior to this, the wards of 708:Recognition of same-sex unions in Japan 5186:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5179: 4364:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4357: 3243:Kinkade, Tyler; Endo, Shunpei (2021). 3008:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3001: 1991:Legal recognition of non-binary gender 1721:. In April 2019, another trans woman, 1244:LGBT Understanding and Enhancement Act 1147:LGBT Understanding and Enhancement Act 5442:Kambayashi, Takehiko (26 July 2017). 3916:みんなのパートナーシップ制度 | 日本全国の最新の普及率・制度内容が分かる 3204: 3202: 3045:Chisaki Watanabe (29 November 2015). 2766:"同性婚法制度ないのは違憲状態も憲法には違反せず東京地裁 | NHK" 2651: 2649: 1325:Conflict of private international law 702:Recognition of same-sex relationships 449:who loves, and the typically younger 7: 3894:"リスト：同性パートナーシップ証明制度を導入している／導入予定の自治体" 3507:Fackler, Martin (12 February 2015). 1999:Conversion therapy on minors banned 1334:can lead to bureaucratic breakdown. 1191:On 16 June 2023, the "watered down" 1169:or anti-discrimination protections. 642:Legality of same-sex sexual activity 3698:Bollinger, Alex (4 November 2022). 3473:McCurry, Justin (5 November 2015). 2892:. Pew Research Center. 25 June 2020 2793:. The Japan Times. 30 November 2022 1922:Joint adoption by same-sex couples 1764:Prime Minister's Official Residence 593:, literally "both-sex-love person") 515:, literally "same-sex-love person") 179:LGBT people allowed to serve openly 7055:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 4215:"●性的指向又は性自認を理由とする差別の解消等の推進に関する法律案" 4029:Andrew Potts (11 September 2013). 3225:. University of California Press. 2740:""同性婚認められないのは憲法に違反せず" 大阪地裁 | NHK" 2638:Justin McCurry (30 October 2020). 2011:Access to IVF for lesbian couples 1653:2016 House of Councillors election 1646:2019 House of Councillors election 1498:. One of famous Japanese director 1034:to support legislation protecting 660:, or in the imported religions of 14: 6922:Imperial Constitution (1890–1947) 5383:Inada, Miho (20 September 2013). 5331:Snow, Nancy (30 September 2017). 5259:from the original on 26 July 2023 4884:Osumi, Magdalena (21 June 2021). 4722:Jackman, Josh (24 January 2019). 4314:(in Japanese). 朝日新聞. 2 April 2022 4159:"2018 LGBT News in Japan Roundup" 3987:Preston Phro (6 September 2013). 3572:Steger, Isabella (24 June 2019). 1207:, with majority support from the 8246: 8237: 8236: 7840: 7839: 7828: 6025:LGBT Understanding Promotion Act 5953: 5948: 5574:Wakefield, Lily (24 July 2019). 5555:Navlakha, Meera (24 July 2019). 5517:Daniel Reynolds (23 July 2019). 3731:. Associated Press. 20 June 2022 3192:Pflugfelder, Gregory M. (1997). 2713:"同性婚認めないのは憲法違反違憲判断は全国2件目名古屋地裁" 2686:"同性婚認めないのは違憲の初判断国への賠償は退ける札幌地裁" 2144:The 50 other municipalities are 2083: 2069: 2051: 2045: 2026: 2014: 2002: 1967: 1961: 1949: 1937: 1925: 1912: 1899: 1893: 1890:Recognition of same-sex couples 1880: 1868: 1855: 1849: 1824: 1818: 1805: 1792: 1153:LGBT Understanding Promotion Act 1056:Equal Employment Opportunity Law 686:the newly introduced beliefs of 29: 6417:Nana-chome & Higashi-Ueno ( 5604:– via Japan Times Online. 5593:Fabre, Olivier (19 June 2019). 5536:Damshenas, Sam (25 July 2019). 4942:– via Japan Times Online. 4506:. 23 March 2021. Archived from 4033:. Gay Star News. Archived from 3946:Fabre, Olivier (19 June 2019). 3912:"パートナーシップ制度一覧 | みんなのパートナーシップ制度" 3879:– via Japan Times Online. 3126:. Kyodo News. 27 December 2020. 2568:McCurry, Justin (8 June 2023). 1789:Same-sex sexual activity legal 1687:Assembly, in the prefecture of 1551:Constitutional Democratic Party 1537:Rainbow Pride in September 2019 1221:Democratic Party for the People 1109:reported that several Japanese 1008:性的指向又は性自認を理由とする差別の解消等の推進に関する法律案 984:Democratic Party for the People 889:pātonāshippu famirīshippu seido 666:Buddhism and sexual orientation 298:Constitutional Democratic Party 101:{{Translated|ja|日本におけるLGBTの権利}} 8288:LGBT rights in Asia by country 8204:British Indian Ocean Territory 7408:Agriculture, forestry, fishing 6535:LGBT themes in anime and manga 6030:Recognition of same-sex unions 5898:LGBT Students Bullied in Japan 5494:. 22 July 2019. Archived from 5364:(in Japanese). 9 February 2022 4585:. 9 April 2021. Archived from 4476:. 10 June 2020. Archived from 4380:"Rules of Employment (sample)" 3991:. RocketNews24. Archived from 3867:. 6 April 2017. Archived from 3396:. October 2008. Archived from 3309:Fian, Andi (2 December 2022). 2911:Lies, Elaine; Pomfret, James. 751:In February 2015, the ward of 737:are the only countries in the 480:terms for LGBT people include 99:You may also add the template 1: 5245:Daw, Stephen (26 July 2023). 4529:Glauert, Rik (26 June 2019). 4275:(in Japanese). 25 March 2019. 3598:(in Japanese). Archived from 3139:"Homosexuality and Mythology" 2866:Sam Shoushi (25 March 2008). 2542:Lee, Michelle; Inuma, Julia. 1958:Right to change legal gender 1709:In January 2019, trans woman 1506:", released in 1994, follows 1068:Tokyo Metropolitan Government 159:Never criminalized since 1882 6259:The Life of an Amorous Woman 5305:Sekawa, Kaori (2 May 2016). 5223:Bradley Stern (7 May 2018). 5130:エイズ、肝炎などのウイルス保有者、またはそれと疑われる方 5103:エイズ、肝炎などのウイルス保有者、またはそれと疑われる方 4696:. April 2012. Archived from 3315:Journal of Religious Studies 2812:Lies, Elaine (8 June 2023). 1762:met with LGBT groups in the 955:followed suit in July 2015. 901:in January 2021 followed by 200:Recognition of relationships 6996:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 6942:Abolition of the han system 6303:Genderless fashion in Japan 5278:Anonymous (21 April 2015). 4014:Nikkei (2 September 2013). 3592:"「大阪府パートナーシップ宣誓証明制度」を開始します" 3335:. H-net.org. Archived from 2468: 2452: 2433: 2414: 2398: 2382: 2363: 1526:Tokyo Rainbow Pride in 2016 960:Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly 888: 620: 598: 582: 560: 540: 520: 504: 482: 460:began to die out after the 402: 112:Knowledge (XXG):Translation 8309: 6221:The Lady who Loved Insects 5983:Sexual minorities in Japan 4185:"野党５党1会派がLGBT差別解消法案を衆院に提出" 3968:. Hrw.org. 1 February 2011 3137:Roy, Deblina (June 2019). 2119:LGBT and politics in Japan 2056:(6-month deferral period) 1982:Gender self-identification 1802:Equal age of consent (16) 1604:Osaka Prefectural Assembly 1419:presidency of Bill Clinton 1406: 1150: 942:配偶者からの暴力の防止及び被害者の保護等に関する法律 913:Discrimination protections 858: 705: 645: 327: 255:was adopted with an equal 185:Discrimination protections 63:Machine translation, like 17: 8232: 7823: 7469: 7403: 7206: 7202: 7106: 7008:Japan during World War II 6825:Mongol invasions of Japan 6625: 6384:Asian Queer Film Festival 5978: 5713:坂田奈央 (11 February 2019). 4266:茨城、ＬＧＢＴ差別禁止を明文化男女参画条例を改正 3555:"LGBTパートナー認定、群馬・大泉町が来月導入" 2399:danjo koyō kikai kintō hō 1593:Democratic Party of Japan 1415:Japan Self-Defense Forces 1382:2023 Supreme Court ruling 1307:Socio-cultural background 1284: 1251: 1237: 1063: 1050:Employment discrimination 1007: 941: 881: 712:Partnership oath in Japan 627: 605: 589: 567: 547: 527: 511: 489: 396: 383: 139: 44:the corresponding article 7953:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7282:House of Representatives 7078:2019 imperial transition 7050:Great Hanshin earthquake 7018:Second Sino-Japanese War 6991:Japan during World War I 5620:South China Morning Post 5129: 5102: 4825:Nakamura, Karen (n.d.). 4265: 4234:パートナーシップ導入へ条例改正案可決茨城県議会 4233: 4131:"Japan - Out Leadership" 3289:intersections.anu.edu.au 1760:Liberal Democratic Party 1616:House of Representatives 1583:became the first openly 1555:Japanese Communist Party 1543:Liberal Democratic Party 1474:came out as openly gay. 1470:in the 1990s). In 2023, 1269:sex reassignment surgery 1209:Liberal Democratic Party 1159:Liberal Democratic Party 996:House of Representatives 988:Japanese Communist Party 376:. The older partner, or 306:sex reassignment surgery 294:Liberal Democratic Party 8214:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6965:First Sino-Japanese War 1860:(In Tokyo and Ibaraki) 1713:became a member of the 1610:in 2013. Following the 1563:Social Democratic Party 1510:, the first openly gay 1285:性同一性障害者の性別の取扱いの特例に関する法律 1133:Hitotsubashi University 867:artificial insemination 424:, Myoshin, Shinmei and 387:, "lover" or "admirer") 110:For more guidance, see 7433:Science and technology 6872:Council of Five Elders 6867:Azuchi–Momoyama period 6198:Torikaebaya Monogatari 6065:Homosexuality in Japan 4312:"県の多様性条例施行性的指向など差別禁止" 3365:. Agence France-Presse 1559:Japan Innovation Party 1538: 1527: 1293:Supreme Court of Japan 1197:National Diet of Japan 1084:Housing discrimination 1081: 895:second-parent adoption 855:Adoption and parenting 648:Age of consent in Asia 347: 330:Homosexuality in Japan 310:Japanese Supreme Court 20:Homosexuality in Japan 8273:LGBTQ rights in Japan 7378:Deputy Prime Minister 6763:Asuka Kiyomihara Code 4776:10.1515/9783110767995 3171:. Sophia University. 2616:. H-net.org. May 2000 2483:Japanese Constitution 2104:Human rights in Japan 1696:2017 general election 1694:During the country's 1642:Where Is My Boyfriend 1612:2017 general election 1533: 1525: 1468:Nagisa no Shindobaddo 1312:disability" (性同一性障害, 1193:private member's bill 958:In October 2018, the 905:in February 2021 and 825:Constitution of Japan 718:Japanese Constitution 692:Napoleonic Penal Code 337: 253:Napoleonic Penal Code 83:copyright attribution 8128:United Arab Emirates 7887:LGBT rights in Asia 7287:House of Councillors 7181:World Heritage Sites 6573:OCCUR (organization) 5411:The Japan Times News 5204:. Arama! Japan. 2018 4839:on 28 September 2020 4804:The Georgetown Voice 4426:Webcatplus.nii.ac.jp 3533:En.riocketnews24.com 2453:LGBT rikai zōshin hō 2415:moderu shūgyō kisoku 2099:LGBT rights in Tokyo 1661:2020 Summer Olympics 1608:House of Councillors 1314:seidoitsusei shougai 1178:2020 Summer Olympics 1161:(LDP) announced the 998:a bill entitled the 668:"); however Chinese 432:" (male–male love). 285:Tokyo District Court 8155:limited recognition 7304:Self-Defense Forces 6142:transgender shamans 5857:. 18 February 2023. 5835:Mainichi Daily News 5727:on 14 February 2019 5498:on 14 February 2020 5168:on 10 November 2013 4703:on 5 September 2021 3995:on 30 December 2017 3561:. 26 December 2018. 3403:on 30 December 2010 3258:: 9. Archived from 3218:Leupp, Gary (1997). 3169:Monumenta Nipponica 3103:Pew Research Center 2990:on 16 November 2013 2548:The Washington Post 2114:LGBT rights in Asia 1683:was elected to the 1567:Pew Research Center 1217:Nippon Ishin no Kai 1118:Bullying in schools 1088:In 1991, the group 882:パートナーシップ・ファミリーシップ制度 841:Wakayama Prefecture 726:Japanese Civil Code 249:developed countries 7438:Telecommunications 6970:Russo-Japanese War 6900:Tokugawa shogunate 6850:Nanboku-chō period 6845:Ashikaga shogunate 6818:Kamakura shogunate 6394:Rainbow Reel Tokyo 5907:Human Rights Watch 5431:. 8 December 2017. 5286:on 21 January 2020 4976:. 20 October 2020. 4974:Human Rights Watch 4865:. 19 February 2019 4755:. 25 January 2019. 4728:www.pinknews.co.uk 4291:Human Rights Watch 4095:Human Rights Watch 3853:. 6 December 2022. 3602:on 19 January 2020 3514:The New York Times 2481:Article 24 of the 2252:(September 2022), 2248:(September 2022), 2160:(September 2021), 2156:(September 2021), 1877:Same-sex marriage 1717:City Assembly, in 1702:'s newly launched 1589:Rainbow and Greens 1574:sexual orientation 1539: 1528: 1504:August without Him 1466:LGBT-themed movie 1459:Yoshinori Kanemoto 1368:Human Rights Watch 1346:Other developments 1258:Transgender rights 1021:Human Rights Watch 1015:Ibaraki Prefecture 949:Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 919:sexual orientation 730:same-sex marriages 716:Article 24 of the 462:Russo-Japanese War 348: 344:Nishikawa Sukenobu 91:interlanguage link 8293:Politics of Japan 8260: 8259: 8197:other territories 7853: 7852: 7819: 7818: 7568:Sexual minorities 7456: 7455: 7390: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7299:Political parties 7238:Foreign relations 7189: 7188: 7093: 7092: 7083:COVID-19 pandemic 6952:Satsuma Rebellion 6937:Meiji Restoration 6835:Kenmu Restoration 6695:Foreign relations 6581: 6580: 6523: 6522: 6413:Shinjuku Ni-chōme 6272: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6184:The Tale of Genji 5665:Independent.co.uk 5492:The Asahi Shimbun 5448:DPA International 5082:. 25 October 2023 5060:. 25 October 2023 5001:Bollinger, Alex. 4806:. 23 October 2015 4541:on 15 August 2019 4480:on 18 August 2021 4397:"NPO法人アカー（OCCUR）" 4219:www.shugiin.go.jp 3422:McCurry, Justin. 3231:978-0-520-91919-8 2656:Khalil, Shaimaa. 2344:(April 2023) and 2288:(February 2023), 2284:(February 2023), 2276:(December 2022), 2272:(December 2022), 2268:(November 2022), 2192:(February 2022), 2172:(December 2021), 2168:(December 2021), 2060: 2059: 1776:same-sex marriage 1698:, Tokyo Governor 1626:Shintaro Ishihara 1547:same-sex marriage 1518:Political support 1500:Hirokazu Kore-eda 1487:Shinjuku Ni-chōme 1366:In October 2020, 1167:same-sex marriage 1103:In October 2020, 696:consenting adults 654:religion of Japan 495:sexual minorities 420:gods, especially 277:same-sex marriage 222: 221: 123: 122: 56: 52: 8300: 8278:Culture of Japan 8250: 8240: 8239: 8209:Christmas Island 7895:Sovereign states 7880: 7873: 7866: 7857: 7843: 7842: 7835:Japan portal 7833: 7832: 7831: 7748:National symbols 7467: 7401: 7204: 7200: 7104: 7038:Economic miracle 6840:Muromachi period 6650: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6585: 6281: 6241:Chigo Monogatari 6212:Ariake no Wakare 6164: 6150:Oyamakui no Kami 6055: 6035:Partnership oath 5957: 5952: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5919: 5899: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5781:. Archived from 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5752:Mainichi Shimbun 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5723:. Archived from 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5648:. 21 March 2019. 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5468:on 26 April 2012 5458: 5452: 5451: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5413:. 21 April 2003. 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5282:. Archived from 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5185: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5167: 5161:. 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Blogs.wsj.com 5382: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5178: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5156:"Archived copy" 5154: 5153: 5149: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5058:The Japan Times 5052: 5051: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5032:The Japan Times 5026: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4890:The Japan Times 4883: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4639:The Japan Times 4633: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4583:The Japan Times 4577: 4576: 4572: 4567:. 25 June 2019. 4559: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4450:. 24 March 2017 4446: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4356: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4334:"Archived copy" 4332: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4239:The Sankei News 4235: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4157: 4156: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4117: 4111:The Japan Times 4105: 4101: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4037:on 6 April 2019 4028: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3952:The Japan Times 3945: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3849: 3848: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3805:The Japan Times 3799: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3628:. 17 March 2021 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3453:www.fridae.asia 3447: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3339:on 27 June 2007 3333:"H-Net Reviews" 3331: 3330: 3326: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3247: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3191: 3187: 3181:10.2307/2384336 3166: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3075:on 11 June 2022 3067: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3049:. 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The Guardian. 2637: 2636: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2614:"H-Net Reviews" 2612: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2593:The Japan Times 2586: 2585: 2581: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2523:on 6 March 2009 2520: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2480: 2476: 2464: 2460: 2445: 2441: 2426: 2422: 2410: 2406: 2394: 2390: 2375: 2371: 2356: 2352: 2244:(August 2022), 2143: 2139: 2134: 2121: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2065: 1784: 1723:Ayako Fuchigami 1679:In March 2017, 1520: 1427: 1411: 1405: 1396: 1388:family register 1384: 1348: 1327: 1309: 1265: 1260: 1155: 1149: 1129: 1120: 1086: 1079:identification. 1052: 923:gender identity 915: 909:in April 2021. 872:In April 2017, 863: 857: 714: 706:Main articles: 704: 688:Western culture 650: 644: 624: 602: 586: 564: 544: 524: 508: 486: 483:seitekishōsūsha 474: 466:Empire of Japan 414:Tokugawa period 393: 380: 332: 326: 165:Gender identity 149: 135: 119: 118: 117: 100: 94: 57: 34: 30: 23: 12: 11: 5: 8306: 8304: 8296: 8295: 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June 2023 4626: 4615:. 16 June 2023 4600: 4589:on 9 July 2021 4570: 4552: 4521: 4491: 4461: 4439: 4413: 4388: 4371: 4325: 4303: 4278: 4256: 4224: 4206: 4176: 4143: 4115: 4099: 4083: 4062: 4048: 4021: 4006: 3979: 3957: 3938: 3929: 3903: 3900:(in Japanese). 3898:outjapan.co.jp 3882: 3856: 3839: 3828:. 7 March 2016 3817: 3792: 3767: 3742: 3716: 3690: 3679:. 20 June 2022 3664: 3639: 3613: 3583: 3564: 3546: 3535:. 30 July 2015 3520: 3499: 3465: 3440: 3414: 3376: 3350: 3324: 3301: 3276: 3235: 3210: 3198: 3185: 3160: 3129: 3115: 3086: 3060: 3037: 3015: 2969: 2955: 2929: 2903: 2881: 2858: 2846:東京新聞 TOKYO Web 2833: 2804: 2782: 2756: 2730: 2703: 2676: 2645: 2627: 2605: 2579: 2560: 2534: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2474: 2458: 2439: 2420: 2404: 2388: 2369: 2350: 2340:(April 2023), 2336:(April 2023), 2332:(April 2023), 2328:(April 2023), 2324:(April 2023), 2320:(April 2023), 2316:(April 2023), 2312:(April 2023), 2308:(April 2023), 2304:(April 2023), 2300:(April 2023), 2296:(March 2023), 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3130: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3048: 3041: 3038: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3005: 2986: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2944: 2940: 2937:Condon, Ali. 2933: 2930: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2904: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2869: 2862: 2859: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2805: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2757: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2731: 2719:(in Japanese) 2718: 2714: 2707: 2704: 2692:(in Japanese) 2691: 2687: 2680: 2677: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2594: 2590: 2587:Joplin, Kat. 2583: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2564: 2561: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2535: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2492: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2448: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2359: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322:Nachikatsuura 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2240:(July 2022), 2239: 2236:(June 2022), 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2152:(July 2021), 2151: 2148:(July 2021), 2147: 2141: 2138: 2131: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2081: 2078: 2067: 2062: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1810:(Since 1882) 1808: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1797:(Since 1882) 1795: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1782:Summary table 1781: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756:Fumio Kishida 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711:Maria Akasaka 1707: 1705: 1704:Party of Hope 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681:Tomoya Hosoda 1677: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600:Kanako Otsuji 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1532: 1524: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1508:Hirata Yutaka 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1472:Shinjiro Atae 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1410: 1402: 1400: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1356: 1352: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339:Elin McCready 1335: 1333: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273:sterilization 1270: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1126: 1124: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1083: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1061: 1057: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1011: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 992:Liberal Party 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 961: 956: 954: 950: 945: 939: 935: 934: 927: 924: 920: 912: 910: 908: 907:Adachi, Tokyo 904: 900: 899:Akashi, Hyōgo 896: 892: 890: 877: 875: 870: 868: 862: 854: 852: 849: 844: 842: 836: 832: 830: 829:National Diet 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 754: 749: 747: 742: 740: 736: 731: 727: 723: 720:states that " 719: 713: 709: 701: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 649: 641: 634: 622: 618: 612: 600: 599:baisekushuaru 596: 595: 584: 580: 574: 562: 558: 554: 542: 538: 534: 522: 521:homosekusharu 518: 517: 506: 502: 501: 500: 496: 484: 479: 471: 469: 467: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 443: 438: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 404: 392: 379: 375: 371: 367: 362: 360: 356: 352: 351:Homosexuality 345: 341: 336: 331: 323: 321: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 289: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 218: 215: 213: 209: 206: 203: 201: 197: 194:Family rights 192: 188: 186: 182: 178: 176: 172: 168: 166: 162: 158: 156: 152: 148: 143: 138: 134: 128: 125: 113: 109: 106: 98: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 73: 70: 66: 62: 60: 59: 53: 47: 45: 40:You can help 36: 27: 26: 21: 16: 8283:Law of Japan 8193:Dependencies 8123:Turkmenistan 8088:Saudi Arabia 7992: 7791:Tea ceremony 7768: 7762: / 7754:No-pan kissa 7752: 7723:Martial arts 7713:LGBT culture 7615:Architecture 7608: / 7553:Prostitution 7519:Homelessness 7489:Demographics 7413:Central bank 7247: 7243:Human rights 7211:Constitution 7066:Contemporary 6888:Early Modern 6792:Heian period 6780:Monmu period 6775:Taika Reform 6753:Asuka period 6748:Kofun period 6743:Yayoi period 6738:Jōmon period 6563: 6551: 6544: 6512:Sakurazaka ( 6509: 6504:Fukuoka City 6499: 6492:Nagarekawa ( 6489: 6471: 6463: 6453: 6445: 6424:Taito Ward ( 6409: 6403:Gay villages 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6291:LGBT culture 6257: 6239: 6219: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6148: 6134: 6127: 6120: 6113: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 5997: 5980: 5876:. 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Retrieved 2518:the original 2513: 2501: 2477: 2466: 2461: 2450: 2442: 2431: 2423: 2412: 2407: 2396: 2391: 2380: 2372: 2361: 2353: 2238:Tondabayashi 2140: 2091:Japan portal 2077:LGBTQ portal 2041:donate blood 1750: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1708: 1700:Yuriko Koike 1693: 1678: 1665:Tomomi Inada 1650: 1641: 1631: 1620: 1597: 1581:Aya Kamikawa 1578: 1571: 1540: 1476: 1467: 1451:Hikaru Utada 1428: 1412: 1397: 1385: 1373: 1365: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1336: 1328: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1302: 1288: 1287:) or simply 1276: 1266: 1243: 1228: 1225: 1190: 1173: 1171: 1162: 1156: 1130: 1121: 1106:The Guardian 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1087: 1077: 1072: 1055: 1053: 1041: 1025:Athlete Ally 1019: 1012: 999: 977: 957: 946: 931: 928: 917:As of 2021, 916: 886: 878: 871: 864: 845: 837: 833: 822: 796:, including 750: 743: 715: 674: 670:Confucianism 651: 621:toransujendā 475: 457: 455: 450: 446: 440: 434: 429: 409: 377: 369: 363: 349: 318: 290: 243:) people in 223: 124: 87:edit summary 78: 49: 41: 15: 8252:Asia portal 8153:States with 8073:Philippines 8013:South Korea 8008:North Korea 7903:Afghanistan 7806:Video games 7548:Pornography 7156:Prefectures 7136:Environment 7131:Earthquakes 7116:Archipelago 7023:Pacific War 6979:Late Modern 6787:Nara period 6733:Paleolithic 6502:Haruyoshi ( 6490:Hiroshima – 6122:Sōsei Genri 5998:LGBT rights 5971:transgender 5337:Japan Today 5172:20 November 4401:Occur.or.jp 4350:13 November 3810:29 February 3785:29 February 3709:27 November 3652:Nikkei Asia 3492:12 November 3108:28 November 3053:27 December 2823:15 November 2797:24 February 2775:27 February 2749:27 February 2696:27 February 2598:10 December 2348:(May 2023). 2234:Tosashimizu 2122: [ 2039:allowed to 1770:, based on 1602:, from the 1585:transgender 1557:(JCP), the 1553:(CDP), the 1496:Dai Tamesue 1479:Sho Sakurai 1425:Celebrities 1182:Paralympics 1111:love hotels 794:prefectures 684:comply with 633:transgender 583:ryōseiaisha 472:Terminology 364:In the pre- 346:(1671–1750) 261:prefectures 237:transgender 46:in Japanese 8267:Categories 8133:Uzbekistan 8108:Tajikistan 8023:Kyrgyzstan 8003:Kazakhstan 7923:Bangladesh 7913:Azerbaijan 7796:Television 7718:Literature 7680:Hikikomori 7601:Aesthetics 7479:Censorship 7361:Ministries 7331:Government 7045:Heisei era 7028:Occupation 6986:Taishō era 6947:Boshin War 6927:Government 6895:Edo period 6808:Genpei War 6758:Taihō Code 6454:Kanagawa – 6446:Hokkaido – 6177:Tosa Nikki 6160:Literature 5878:7 November 5342:16 October 5086:26 October 5064:26 October 5038:11 January 5012:1 February 4895:11 January 4869:11 January 4671:12 October 4645:12 October 4619:12 October 4504:Nippon.com 4169:8 February 3606:16 January 3559:日本経済新聞電子版 3433:6 December 3407:12 January 3369:7 November 3343:20 January 3175:: 127–51. 2994:14 October 2948:16 October 2723:16 October 2527:20 January 2493:References 2274:Ichinoseki 2246:Ichinomiya 2182:Tokorozawa 1772:homophobia 1731:Higashi-ku 1674:Mio Sugita 1561:, and the 1439:Kayo Satoh 1318:inter alia 1054:While the 1032:Shinzo Abe 990:, and the 733:Japan and 646:See also: 533:homosexual 505:dōseiaisha 374:pederastic 8219:Hong Kong 8173:Palestine 8098:Sri Lanka 8093:Singapore 7973:Indonesia 7770:Otokonoko 7738:Mythology 7650:Festivals 7573:Sexuality 7526:Languages 7499:Etiquette 7494:Education 7443:Transport 7255:Judiciary 7216:Elections 7126:Districts 7111:Addresses 7099:Geography 7073:Reiwa era 7003:Shōwa era 6917:Meiji era 6907:Bakumatsu 6830:Genkō War 6690:Education 6653:Overviews 6540:Gay manga 6514:Naha City 6510:Okinawa – 6500:Fukuoka – 6485:Shinsekai 6456:Nogecho ( 6440:Ikebukuro 6433:Shinbashi 6115:Amaterasu 6107:Mythology 5779:NHK WORLD 5698:6 October 5693:Bloomberg 5626:7 October 5580:Pink News 5561:Vice News 5542:Gay Times 5429:Bloomberg 5316:7 January 5290:7 January 5252:Billboard 5230:7 January 5208:7 January 4863:France 24 4545:16 August 4199:1 January 4018:. GladXX. 3760:29 August 3487:0261-3077 2922:31 August 2690:NHK政治マガジン 2669:3 October 2222:Miyashiro 2198:Bungo-Ōno 1774:and anti- 1751:In 2023, 1632:In 2011, 1621:In 2010, 1598:In 2005, 1579:In 2003, 1447:Kaba-chan 1435:Haruna Ai 1252:LGBT理解増進法 1205:Hiroshima 1137:Kunitachi 1064:男女雇用機会均等法 947:In 2013, 903:Tokushima 790:Hiroshima 680:Meiji era 628:トランスジェンダー 366:Meiji era 359:Amaterasu 105:talk page 8242:Category 8163:Abkhazia 8113:Thailand 8068:Pakistan 8048:Mongolia 8043:Maldives 8038:Malaysia 7938:Cambodia 7845:Category 7660:Folklore 7558:Religion 7531:Japanese 7504:Gambling 7314:Maritime 7195:Politics 7176:Villages 6857:Ōnin War 6700:Military 6685:Economic 6619:articles 6565:Futanari 6458:Yokohama 6449:Susukino 6327:Barazoku 6232:Medieval 6098:X-gender 6078:Onnagata 5967:bisexual 5854:NBC News 5759:10 April 5731:18 April 5368:11 March 5257:Archived 5182:cite web 4957:BBC News 4565:TV Asahi 4514:11 April 4360:cite web 3922:23 April 3677:BBC News 3632:18 March 3626:BBC News 3269:18 March 3153:17 April 3079:27 April 3004:cite web 2943:PinkNews 2896:18 April 2764:日本放送協会. 2738:日本放送協会. 2711:日本放送協会. 2684:日本放送協会. 2553:7 August 2514:Ilga.org 2465:Rōmaji: 2411:Rōmaji: 2395:Rōmaji: 2310:Kasukabe 2302:Namegawa 2298:Takasago 2266:Setagaya 2250:Toyoyama 2202:Kan'onji 2190:Ichikawa 2162:Kawajima 2063:See also 1431:Hard Gay 1298:majority 1281:Japanese 1248:Japanese 1234:Japanese 1199:for the 1060:Japanese 1004:Japanese 973:Setagaya 938:Japanese 848:Nintendo 831:to act. 782:Kawasaki 762:Yokohama 757:Setagaya 722:Marriage 662:Buddhism 611:bisexual 606:バイセクシュアル 541:rezubian 478:Japanese 458:nanshoku 430:nanshoku 422:Hachiman 370:nanshoku 233:bisexual 212:Adoption 175:Military 81:provide 8138:Vietnam 8053:Myanmar 8033:Lebanon 7963:Georgia 7918:Bahrain 7908:Armenia 7801:Theatre 7776:Origami 7703:Irezumi 7698:Ikebana 7665:Gardens 7640:Cuisine 7593:Culture 7578:Smoking 7514:Housing 7462:Society 7396:Economy 7339:Cabinet 7221:Emperor 7161:Regions 7146:Islands 7033:Postwar 6961:(noble) 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