31:
1950:
2879:
the BA bits) row data buffers, where they can be read by a Read command. Unlike DRAM, the bank address bits are not part of the memory address; any address can be transferred to any row data buffer. A row data buffer may be from 32 to 4096 bytes long, depending on the type of memory. Rows larger than 32 bytes ignore some of the low-order address bits in the
Activate command. Rows smaller than 4096 bytes ignore some of the high-order address bits in the Read command.
3974:
proposed an LPDDR4 variant that it called LPDDR4X. LPDDR4X is identical to LPDDR4 except additional power is saved by reducing the I/O voltage (Vddq) from 1.1 V to 0.6 V. On 9 January 2017, SK Hynix announced 8 and 16 GB LPDDR4X packages. JEDEC published the LPDDR4X standard on 8 March
3928:
One DMI (data mask/invert) signal is associated with each 8 data lines, and can be used to minimize the number of bits driven high during data transfers. When high, the other 8 bits are complemented by both transmitter and receiver. If a byte contains five or more 1 bits, the DMI signal can be driven
3041:
Since the clock frequency is higher and the minimum burst length longer than earlier standards, control signals can be more highly multiplexed without the command/address bus becoming a bottleneck. LPDDR4 multiplexes the control and address lines onto a 6-bit single data rate CA bus. Commands require
2974:
On 14 March 2012, JEDEC hosted a conference to explore how future mobile device requirements will drive upcoming standards like LPDDR4. On 30 December 2013, Samsung announced that it had developed the first 20 nm-class 8 gigabit (1 GB) LPDDR4 capable of transmitting data at 3,200 MT/s,
5397:
the read or write command. In fact, it is something of a misnomer, in that it does not select a column at all. Instead, its primary function is to prepare the DRAM to synchronize with the imminent start of the high-speed WCK clock. The WS_FS, WS_RD and WS_WR bits select various timings, with the _RD
5389:
Compared to earlier standards, the nomenclature for column addresses has changed. Both LPDDR4 and LPDDR5 allow up to 10 bits of column address, but the names are different. LPDDR4's C0–C9 are renamed B0–B3 and C0–C5. As with LPDDR4, writes must start at a multiple-of-16 address with B0–B3 zero, but
2895:
published the JESD209-3 Low Power Memory Device
Standard. In comparison to LPDDR2, LPDDR3 offers a higher data rate, greater bandwidth and power efficiency, and higher memory density. LPDDR3 achieves a data rate of 1600 MT/s and utilizes key new technologies: write-leveling and command/address
2878:
Non-volatile memory devices do not use the refresh commands, and reassign the precharge command to transfer address bits A20 and up. The low-order bits (A19 and down) are transferred by a following
Activate command. This transfers the selected row from the memory array to one of 4 or 8 (selected by
1916:
Most significantly, the supply voltage is reduced from 2.5 to 1.8 V. Additional savings come from temperature-compensated refresh (DRAM requires refresh less often at low temperatures), partial array self refresh, and a "deep power down" mode which sacrifices all memory contents. Additionally,
4068:
The doubling of the transfer rate, and the quarter-speed master clock, results in a master clock which is half the frequency of a similar LPDDR4 clock. The command (CA) bus is widened to 7 bits, and commands are transferred at double data rate, so commands end up being sent at the same rate as
5401:
CAS also specifies the "write X" option. If the WRX bit is set, writes do not transfer data, but rather fill the burst with all-zeros or all-ones, under the control of the WXS (write-X select) bit. This takes the same amount of time, but saves energy.
3042:
2 clock cycles, and operations encoding an address (e.g., activate row, read or write column) require two commands. For example, to request a read from an idle chip requires four commands taking 8 clock cycles: Activate-1, Activate-2, Read, CAS-2.
3975:
2017. Aside from the lower voltage, additional improvements include a single-channel die option for smaller applications, new MCP, PoP and IoT packages, and additional definition and timing improvements for the highest 4266 MT/s speed grade.
1551:, with various differences that make the technology more appropriate for the mobile application. LPDDR technology standards are developed independently of DDR standards, with LPDDR4X and even LPDDR5 for example being implemented prior to
3959:" on adjacent rows. A special sequence of three activate/precharge sequences specifies the row which was activated more often than a device-specified threshold (200,000 to 700,000 per refresh cycle). Internally, the device refreshes
2842:
LPDDR2 also has an active-low chip select (when high, everything is a NOP) and clock enable CKE signal, which operate like SDRAM. Also like SDRAM, the command sent on the cycle that CKE is first dropped selects the power-down state:
2882:
Non-volatile memory does not support the Write command to row data buffers. Rather, a series of control registers in a special address region support Read and Write commands, which can be used to erase and program the memory array.
5405:
In addition to the usual bursts of 16, there are commands for performing double-length bursts of 32. Reads (but not writes) may specify a starting position within the 32-word aligned burst using the C0 and B3 bits.
3031:
to 64 K) of 16384-bit (2048-byte) rows. Extension to 24 and 32 gigabits is planned, but it is not yet decided if this will be done by increasing the number of rows, their width, or the number of banks.
4034:
A new clocking architecture, where commands use a quarter-speed master clock (CK), while data is transferred using full-speed Write Clock (WCK) & Read Strobe (RDQS) signals which are enabled only when
5398:
and _WR options optimized for an immediately following read or write command, while the _FS option starts the clock immediately, and may be followed by multiple reads or writes, accessing multiple banks.
3939:
Data bus inversion can be separately enabled for reads and writes. For masked writes (which have a separate command code), the operation of the DMI signal depends on whether write inversion is enabled.
5714:
5476:
On 16 July 2024 Samsung has completed validation of the industry's fastest LPDDR5X DRAM, capable of operating at speeds up to 10.7Gbps, for use in MediaTek's upcoming flagship
Dimensity 9400 SoC.
2946:
20 nm-class LPDDR3 modules capable of transmitting data at up to 2,133 MT/s, more than double the performance of the older LPDDR2 which is only capable of 800 MT/s. Various
5655:
5432:
node, with modules with up to 32 dies (64 GB) in a single package. According to the company, the new modules would use 20% less power than LPDDR5. According to Andrei
Frumusanu of
2930:
in 2011 (12.8 GB/s of bandwidth). To achieve this bandwidth, the controller must implement dual-channel memory. For example, this is the case for the Exynos 5 Dual and the 5 Octa.
6359:
5393:
As with LPDDR4, to read some data requires 4 commands: two activate commands to select a row, then a CAS and a read command to select a column. Unlike LPDDR4, the CAS command comes
1886:
In contrast with standard SDRAM, used in stationary devices and laptops and usually connected over a 64-bit wide memory bus, LPDDR also permits 16- or 32-bit wide channels.
5428:
On 9 November 2021, Samsung announced that the company has developed the industry's first LPDDR5X DRAM. Samsung's implementation involves 16-gigabit (2 GB) dies, on a
5749:
5469:
announced LPDDR5X-10700 with 25% higher bandwidth, 30% higher capacity and 25% improved power efficiency than previous LPDDR5X generations. This is achieved through a new
3009:
per package. Each channel is 16 data bits wide, has its own control/address pins, and allows access to 8 banks of DRAM. Thus, the package may be connected in three ways:
2864:
The mode registers have been greatly expanded compared to conventional SDRAM, with an 8-bit address space, and the ability to read them back. Although smaller than a
5733:
5711:
2989:
Doubling of the interface speed, and numerous consequent electrical changes, including changing the I/O standard to low-voltage swing-terminated logic (LVSTL)
6163:
3915:
Read commands must begin on a column address which is a multiple of 4; there is no provision for communicating a non-zero C0 or C1 address bit to the memory.
3936:
on each transfer to at most 4, minimises crosstalk. This may be used by the memory controller during writes, but is not supported by the memory devices.)
6312:
5798:
3038:
Data is accessed in bursts of either 16 or 32 transfers (256 or 512 bits, 32 or 64 bytes, 8 or 16 cycles DDR). Bursts must begin on 64-bit boundaries.
3911:
The CAS-2 command is used as the second half of all commands that perform a transfer across the data bus, and provides low-order column address bits:
6681:
6445:
6437:
1537:
623:
618:
2896:
training, optional on-die termination (ODT), and low-I/O capacitance. LPDDR3 supports both package-on-package (PoP) and discrete packaging types.
5652:
5627:
5452:
announced "Low Power Double Data Rate 5 Turbo" (LPDDR5T) chips with a bandwidth of 9.6 Gbps. It operates in the ultra-low voltage range of
5687:
4062:
2860:
If the command is a burst terminate (CA0–2 = HHL), the chip enters the deep power-down state. (A full reset sequence is required when leaving.)
1512:
6246:
3035:
Larger packages providing double width (four channels) and up to four dies per pair of channels (8 dies total per package) are also defined.
1892:
As with standard SDRAM, most generations double the internal fetch size and external transfer speed. (DDR4 and LPDDR5 being the exceptions.)
1053:
3921:
Mode register read and some multi-purpose commands must also be followed by a CAS-2 command, however all the column bits must be zero (low).
30:
6356:
3027:
of memory, half to each channel. Thus, each bank is one sixteenth the device size. This is organized into the appropriate number (16
6283:
1949:
5414:
On 28 July 2021, JEDEC published the JESD209-5B, Standard for Low Power Double Data Rate 5/5X (LPDDR5/5X) with the following changes:
214:
5529:
5473:
that allows the chips to be more efficient while also being small enough to fit capacities of up to 32 GB in a single package.
1889:
The "E" and "X" versions mark enhanced versions of the specifications. They formalize overclocking the memory array by usually 33%.
1001:
944:
264:
6062:
5889:
5810:
4264:
2875:, and S4 devices smaller than 1 Gbit have only four banks. They ignore the BA2 signal, and do not support per-bank refresh.
1961:
published JESD209-2, which defined a more dramatically revised low-power DDR interface. It is not compatible with either DDR1 or
112:
2926:
and 4. LPDDR3 went mainstream in 2013, running at 800 MHz DDR (1600 MT/s), offering bandwidth comparable to PC3-12800
5961:
4041:
Elimination of the Clock Enable (CKE) pin; instead low-power mode is entered by a command over the CA bus, and lasts until the
2975:
thus providing 50 percent higher performance than the fastest LPDDR3 and consuming around 40 percent less energy at 1.1 volts.
1327:
987:
931:
6032:
6398:
3944:
If DBI on writes is disabled, a high level on DMI indicates that the corresponding data byte is to be ignored and not written
3013:
Data lines and control connected in parallel to a 16-bit data bus, and only chip selects connected independently per channel.
1013:
682:
494:
5823:
2839:
Column address bit C0 is never transferred, and is assumed to be zero. Burst transfers thus always begin at even addresses.
6351:
5553:
2899:
The command encoding is identical to LPDDR2, using a 10-bit double data rate CA bus. However, the standard only specifies 8
5762:
1362:
5445:
On 19 November 2021, Micron announced that
Mediatek has validated its LPDDR5X DRAM for Mediatek's Dimensity 9000 5G SoC.
6547:
6407:
6088:
5981:
5848:
5730:
713:
638:
608:
509:
3925:
The burst length can be configured to be 16, 32, or dynamically selectable by the BL bit of read and write operations.
6686:
4050:
2951:
670:
3951:
level on DMI, combined with a data byte with 5 or more bits set, indicates a data byte to be ignored and not written.
3918:
Write commands must begin on a column address which is a multiple of 16; C2 and C3 must be zero for a write command.
3960:
3005:
The standard defines SDRAM packages containing two independent 16-bit access channels, each connected to up to two
1505:
1302:
1201:
1073:
703:
692:
6260:
499:
394:
6188:
3929:
high, along with three or fewer data lines. As signal lines are terminated low, this reduces power consumption.
3006:
1374:
1357:
846:
132:
5585:
2959:
1369:
1186:
909:
314:
149:
127:
107:
60:
6218:
3049:. The first cycle of a command is identified by chip select being high; it is low during the second cycle.
6002:
4000:
2865:
1934:
1242:
459:
329:
269:
1544:
and devices such as mobile phones. Older variants are also known as Mobile DDR, and abbreviated as mDDR.
6499:
1994:
Timing parameters are specified for LPDDR-200 to LPDDR-1066 (clock frequencies of 100 to 533 MHz).
1930:
1925:
are two of the main providers of this technology, which is used in tablet and phone devices such as the
1498:
745:
663:
449:
259:
254:
234:
224:
90:
80:
45:
6164:"JEDEC Publishes New and Updated Standards for Low Power Memory Devices Used in 5G and AI Applications"
3993:
announced it had working prototype LPDDR5 chips in July 2018. LPDDR5 introduces the following changes:
6676:
6660:
5390:
reads may request a burst be transferred in a different order by specifying a non-zero value for B3.
2963:
2938:
An "enhanced" version of the specification called LPDDR3E increases the data rate to 2133 MT/s.
1441:
1309:
1088:
1048:
971:
584:
489:
379:
274:
137:
117:
100:
95:
5466:
5460:. It has been incorporated into the LPDDR5X standard as LPDDR5X-9600 making "LPDDR5T" a brand name.
3971:
2939:
1918:
1347:
1038:
976:
961:
828:
780:
633:
444:
142:
6136:
3016:
To two halves of a 32-bit wide data bus, and the control lines in parallel, including chip select.
6531:
6391:
1991:
Low-power states are similar to basic LPDDR, with some additional partial array refresh options.
1447:
1412:
1058:
484:
469:
414:
409:
399:
374:
299:
6341:
5601:
6089:"Samsung Announces First LPDDR5 DRAM Chip, Targets 6.4Gbps Data Rates & 30% Reduced Power"
5907:
5674:
5558:
2919:
1922:
1124:
1119:
1043:
1008:
862:
840:
739:
698:
601:
591:
439:
164:
6691:
5439:
1998:
1938:
1778:
1459:
1453:
1379:
1342:
1332:
1297:
1109:
1063:
1031:
806:
801:
789:
474:
434:
194:
179:
75:
65:
6371:
3001:
Self-refresh is enabled by dedicated commands, rather than being controlled by the CKE line
2950:
from various manufacturers also natively support 800 MHz LPDDR3 RAM. Such include the
6483:
6363:
6313:"Samsung Develops Industry's Fastest 10.7Gbps LPDDR5X DRAM, Optimized for AI Applications"
5737:
5718:
5659:
2857:
If the command is a refresh command (CA0–2 = LLH), the chip enters the self-refresh state.
1541:
1352:
1179:
1166:
857:
852:
708:
575:
529:
389:
309:
239:
209:
184:
70:
41:
554:
5877:
3955:
LPDDR4 also includes a mechanism for "targeted row refresh" to avoid corruption due to "
6714:
2947:
1471:
1389:
1262:
1232:
889:
751:
687:
559:
544:
524:
519:
464:
429:
384:
334:
324:
319:
304:
199:
189:
122:
6376:
1997:
Working at 1.2 V, LPDDR2 multiplexes the control and address lines onto a 10-bit
6708:
6637:
6552:
6384:
5786:
5470:
5429:
4054:
2923:
1477:
1104:
1099:
1068:
823:
733:
549:
539:
534:
514:
349:
339:
219:
204:
5799:
Now
Producing Four Gigabit LPDDR3 Mobile DRAM, Using 20nm-class* Process Technology
5750:
Samsung LPDDR3 High-Performance Memory
Enables Amazing Mobile Devices in 2013, 2014
1733:
1424:
1418:
1384:
1252:
1207:
1191:
1083:
879:
874:
834:
796:
479:
454:
354:
289:
244:
229:
5934:
5712:
Want a quick and dirty overview of the new JEDEC LPDDR3 spec? EETimes serves it up
3932:(An alternative usage, where DMI is used to limit the number of data lines which
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6346:
5564:
4042:
1483:
1435:
869:
564:
404:
344:
249:
6567:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
4026:
Data-Copy and Write-X (all one or all zero) commands to decrease data transfer
3956:
1984:
1962:
1926:
1556:
1552:
1078:
904:
658:
424:
419:
294:
159:
85:
5856:
5688:"JEDEC Announces Publication of LPDDR3 Standard for Low Power Memory Devices"
5628:"JEDEC Announces Publication of LPDDR2 Standard for Low Power Memory Devices"
3987:
published the JESD209-5, Standard for Low Power Double Data Rate 5 (LPDDR5).
1917:
chips are smaller, using less board space than their non-mobile equivalents.
6627:
6450:
6223:
6093:
5434:
4058:
2907:
2005:, except for the reassignment of the precharge and burst terminate opcodes:
1910:
1548:
1465:
1430:
1267:
1196:
1094:
965:
956:
653:
596:
364:
284:
5462:
MediaTek
Dimensity 9300 and Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 supports LPDDR5T.
6622:
6427:
6422:
6108:
5449:
2955:
2915:
2911:
1394:
1337:
1272:
1227:
1212:
982:
951:
924:
899:
757:
643:
369:
279:
174:
169:
5424:
Reliability improvements via the new
Adaptive Refresh Management feature
6655:
6519:
6193:
3990:
3028:
3024:
2943:
2872:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1237:
1139:
1134:
1114:
919:
894:
884:
675:
5368:
WRX = Write X; do not transfer data, but fill with all-zero or all-one
2868:
EEPROM, enough information is included to eliminate the need for one.
17:
6609:
6494:
3963:
adjacent rows rather than the one specified in the activate command.
2927:
1287:
1247:
1129:
1018:
816:
359:
5442:
and other products was expected for the 2023 generation of devices.
2998:
Change from one 32-bit wide bus to two independent 16-bit wide buses
6617:
6562:
6557:
6524:
6509:
6489:
6113:
5457:
3984:
2979:
2892:
2002:
1958:
1948:
1222:
1159:
1154:
1149:
811:
768:
762:
648:
613:
29:
4038:
One set of full-speed clocks per byte (vs. per 16 bits in LPDDR4)
2992:
Doubling of the internal prefetch size, and minimum transfer size
2982:
published the JESD209-4 LPDDR4 Low Power Memory Device Standard.
6650:
6645:
6514:
6504:
4017:
2903:-prefetch DRAM, and does not include the flash memory commands.
1217:
504:
154:
6380:
6010:
2995:
Change from a 10-bit DDR command/address bus to a 6-bit SDR bus
1257:
1144:
914:
6063:"JEDEC Updates Standard for Low Power Memory Devices: LPDDR5"
5890:'JEDEC Releases LPDDR4 Standard for Low Power Memory Devices'
5824:"JEDEC to Focus on Mobile Technology in Upcoming Conference"
5296:
1913:, with several changes to reduce overall power consumption.
3997:
Data transfer rate is increased to 6400 Mbit/s per pin
1905:
The original low-power DDR (sometimes retroactively called
5849:"Samsung Develops Industry's First 8Gb LPDDR4 Mobile DRAM"
5653:
JEDEC publishes LPDDR3 standard for low-power memory chips
4016:
The number of banks is increased to 16, divided into four
5609:, JEDEC Solid State Technology Association, February 2010
5924:
Username and password "cypherpunks" will allow download.
6261:"SK hynix Develops World's Fastest Mobile DRAM LPDDR5T"
5915:, JEDEC Solid State Technology Association, August 2014
6033:"JEDEC Updates Standards for Low Power Memory Devices"
5909:
JEDEC Standard: Low Power Double Data Rate 4 (LPDDR4)
5878:
http://www.softnology.biz/pdf/JESD79-4_DDR4_SDRAM.pdf
5603:
JEDEC Standard: Low Power Double Data Rate 2 (LPDDR2)
5421:
Signal integrity improvements with tx/rx equalization
5982:"SK Hynix Announces 8 GB LPDDR4X-4266 DRAM Packages"
5855:(Official Blog). Samsung Electronics. Archived from
2906:
Products using LPDDR3 include the 2013 MacBook Air,
6669:
6636:
6608:
6540:
6436:
6415:
5586:
Anandtech Samsung Galaxy Tab - The AnandTech Review
1909:), released in 2006 is a slightly modified form of
5811:Snapdragon 800 Series and 600 Processors Unveiled
5675:JESD209-3 LPDDR3 Low Power Memory Device Standard
6189:"Samsung Develops Industry's First LPDDR5X DRAM"
5371:WXSA, WXSB = Write X select, value to be written
1953:Samsung K4P4G154EC-FGC1 4 Gbit LPDDR2 chip
6247:"Micron and MediaTek First to Validate LPDDR5X"
5530:"When is LPDDR3 not LPDDR3? When it's DDR3L..."
4057:(M1 Pro, M1 Max, M1 Ultra, M2 and A16 Bionic),
6284:"Jedec Memory for Automotive LPDDRx & UFS"
2707:
2679:
2373:
2272:
2227:
2194:
1568:Properties of the different LPDDR generations
6392:
4834:
4605:
4556:
4350:
4214:
4171:
3814:
3626:
3603:
3493:
3406:
3319:
3274:
3229:
3140:
2759:
2466:
2396:
2260:
1540:that consumes less power and is targeted for
1506:
8:
6219:"Samsung Announces First LPDDR5X at 8.5Gbps"
1647:
6372:LOW POWER DOUBLE DATA RATE 3 SDRAM (LPDDR3)
5892:, JEDEC Solid State Technology Association.
5787:Samsung reveals eight-core mobile processor
2847:If the chip is active, it freezes in place.
6399:
6385:
6377:
6117:(in Chinese and English), 19 December 2022
5677:, JEDEC Solid State Technology Association
3023:Each die provides 4, 6, 8, 12, or 16
2685:Refresh one bank (round-robin addressing)
1513:
1499:
37:
6057:
6055:
6053:
5963:"Memory Need" Gives Birth To "New Memory"
5902:
5900:
5898:
3019:To two independent 16-bit wide data buses
5670:
5668:
5596:
5594:
4071:
3051:
2007:
1566:
1555:and offering far higher data rates than
1538:synchronous dynamic random-access memory
6135:Chang, Alex (Yeongkee) (October 2019),
5518:
5498:
5485:Speed extension up to 14400 Mbit/s
779:
574:
40:
5418:Speed extension up to 8533 Mbit/s
3862:
3680:
6217:Frumusanu, Andrei (9 November 2021).
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4831:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4770:
4029:Dynamic frequency and voltage scaling
3859:
3856:
3853:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3246:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3201:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2269:
2266:
2263:
1054:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
7:
5969:. Qualcomm 3G LTE Summit. Hong Kong.
5524:
5522:
3045:The chip select line (CS) is active-
2854:low or CA0–2 = HHH), the chip idles.
2001:CA bus. The commands are similar to
1547:Modern LPDDR SDRAM is distinct from
5337:AB = All banks (ignore BG & BA)
4065:memory controllers support LPDDR5.
2713:Mode register read (MA0–7=address)
2657:Refresh all banks (LPDDR2-Sx only)
34:Mobile DDR: Samsung K4X2G323PD-8GD8
5358:= Operation, or mode register data
215:Data validation and reconciliation
25:
6003:"SK하이닉스 세계 최대 용량의 초저전력 모바일 D램 출시"
5960:Reza, Ashiq (16 September 2016).
5662:, Solid State Technology magazine
3786:
3735:
3535:
3465:
3448:
3378:
3361:
3291:
2765:Mode register write (OP0–7=data)
265:Distributed file system for cloud
6109:"LPDDR5/5X 协议解读（三）WCK operation"
1598:
1589:
1580:
113:Areal density (computer storage)
4003:clocks are used (3200 MHz, DDR)
3947:If DBI on writes is enabled, a
2871:S2 devices smaller than 4
2009:LPDDR2/LPDDR3 command encoding
1980:prefetch memory (like DDR2), or
932:Programmable metallization cell
2958:as well as some SoCs from the
1965:, but can accommodate either:
495:Persistence (computer science)
1:
6137:"Commands & New Features"
4010:doubled again, but remains 16
2985:Significant changes include:
2519:Activate (R0–14=Row address)
1957:In 2009, the standards group
1363:Electronic quantum holography
6408:Dynamic random-access memory
6087:Smith, Ryan (16 July 2018).
5935:"Row hammer refresh command"
5731:Inside the Samsung Galaxy S4
3782:Mode register read (+CAS-2)
3681:Mode register write-1 and -2
3501:
3414:
3327:
2942:introduced the first 4
1973:prefetch memory (like DDR1),
714:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)
510:Non-RAID drive architectures
6009:(in Korean). Archived from
5351:= Mode register address bit
4023:Power-saving improvements:
1719:64 Mbit – 8 Gbit
6731:
5880:JESD79 DDR4 SDRAM Standard
5289:
5236:
5183:
5130:
5077:
5024:
4971:
4904:
4849:
4791:
4730:
4669:
4608:
4559:
4516:
4457:
4398:
4353:
4310:
4262:
4217:
4174:
4085:
4080:
3781:
3598:
3547:
3460:
3409:
3373:
3322:
3286:
3242:Precharge (AB: all banks)
3241:
3196:
3143:
3065:
3060:
2449:Write (AP=auto-precharge)
2278:Preactive (LPDDR2-N only)
2027:
2018:
2016:
1736:bus clock frequency (MHz)
1526:Low-Power Double Data Rate
1303:Holographic Versatile Disc
1202:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1074:Magnetic-tape data storage
693:Content-addressable memory
5505:Equivalently, Mbit/s·pin.
4393:
4305:
4257:
4087:
4082:
4077:
3067:
3062:
3057:
2922:(GT-I9500) and Microsoft
2850:If the command is a NOP (
2588:Activate (LPDDR2-N only)
2379:Read (AP=auto-precharge)
2013:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
500:Persistent data structure
395:Digital rights management
5533:Committed to Memory blog
5334:= Bank group address bit
4073:LPDDR5 command encoding
3461:Masked write-1 (+CAS-2)
3287:Refresh (AB: all banks)
3053:LPDDR4 command encoding
1983:LPDDR2-N: Non-volatile (
1816:Supply voltages (volts)
1375:DNA digital data storage
1358:Holographic data storage
847:Solid-state hybrid drive
133:Network-attached storage
6362:21 October 2014 at the
5377:DSE = Deep sleep enable
1617:Maximum data bit width
1370:5D optical data storage
1187:3D optical data storage
910:Universal Flash Storage
315:Replication (computing)
260:Distributed file system
150:Single-instance storage
128:Direct-attached storage
108:Continuous availability
5721:, Denali Memory Report
4972:Column address select
4731:Mode register write 1
4517:Mode register write 2
4458:Multi-purpose command
3683:MA: address, OP: data
3197:Multi-purpose command
3063:Second cycle (CS low)
3058:First cycle (CS high)
2866:serial presence detect
1954:
1935:Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.0
1243:Nintendo optical discs
460:Storage virtualization
330:Information repository
270:Distributed data store
35:
5752:- Bright Side of News
5365:= WCK synchronization
4045:signal next goes high
3983:On 19 February 2019,
3972:Samsung Semiconductor
2003:those of normal SDRAM
1952:
746:Mellon optical memory
734:Williams–Kilburn tube
450:Locality of reference
255:Clustered file system
81:Memory access pattern
46:computer data storage
33:
6249:. Micron Technology.
5320:= Column address bit
5313:= Column address bit
4399:Read DQ Calibration
4049:AMD Van Gogh, Intel
2200:Precharge all banks
1842:Command/address bus
1777:Data transfer rate,
1442:Magnetic-core memory
1089:Digital Data Storage
1049:Quadruplex videotape
490:In-memory processing
380:Information transfer
275:Distributed database
138:Storage area network
118:Block (data storage)
5658:20 May 2012 at the
5467:Samsung Electronics
5448:On 25 January 2023
5340:AP = Auto-precharge
5306:= Burst address bit
4670:Mode register read
4609:Self-refresh entry
4074:
3323:Self-refresh entry
3054:
2978:On 25 August 2014,
2940:Samsung Electronics
2233:Precharge one bank
2010:
1569:
1039:Phonograph cylinder
977:Electrochemical RAM
829:Solid-state storage
445:Memory segmentation
143:Block-level storage
6532:Hybrid Memory Cube
6013:on 13 January 2019
5736:2013-04-29 at the
5717:2013-07-28 at the
5588:, 23 December 2010
5327:= Bank address bit
4560:Self-refresh exit
4083:↘ Falling clock ↘
4072:
3863:Activate-1 and -2
3410:Self-refresh exit
3052:
2008:
1955:
1648:Memory array clock
1567:
1448:Plated-wire memory
1413:Paper data storage
1059:Magnetic recording
485:In-memory database
470:Memory-mapped file
415:Volume boot record
410:Master boot record
400:Volume (computing)
375:Data communication
300:Data deduplication
36:
6700:
6699:
6263:. 24 January 2023
6198:. 9 November 2021
5859:on 1 October 2014
5559:Texas Instruments
5465:On 17 April 2024
5386:
5385:
5294:
5293:
4218:Power-down entry
4078:↗ Rising clock ↗
4059:Huawei Kirin 9000
4020:-like bank groups
3909:
3908:
3374:Write-1 (+CAS-2)
2954:600 and 800 from
2920:Samsung Galaxy S4
2837:
2836:
2137:
2126:
2115:
2069:
2058:
2047:
1884:
1883:
1714:Memory densities
1532:), also known as
1523:
1522:
1120:8 mm video format
1044:Phonograph record
863:Flash Core Module
841:Solid-state drive
740:Delay-line memory
699:Computational RAM
602:Scratchpad memory
440:Disk partitioning
165:Unstructured data
91:Secondary storage
27:Computer hardware
16:(Redirected from
6722:
6692:Transistor count
6401:
6394:
6387:
6378:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6317:Samsung Newsroom
6309:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6288:
6279:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6141:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6059:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5904:
5893:
5887:
5881:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5853:Samsung Tomorrow
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5820:
5814:
5808:
5802:
5796:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5763:"Samsung Exynos"
5759:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5728:
5722:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5684:
5678:
5672:
5663:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5608:
5598:
5589:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5563:. Archived from
5550:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5526:
5506:
5503:
5455:
5454:1.01–1.12 V
5297:
4954:
4947:
4075:
3548:Read-1 (+CAS-2)
3055:
2853:
2351:Burst terminate
2135:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2109:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2041:
2011:
1999:double data rate
1939:Motorola Droid X
1756:
1750:
1649:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1570:
1542:mobile computers
1515:
1508:
1501:
1460:Thin-film memory
1454:Core rope memory
1380:Universal memory
1343:Millipede memory
1333:Racetrack memory
1298:Ultra HD Blu-ray
1110:Linear Tape-Open
1064:Magnetic storage
1032:Analog recording
475:Software entropy
435:Disk aggregation
195:Data degradation
180:Data compression
76:Memory hierarchy
66:Memory coherence
38:
21:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6696:
6665:
6632:
6604:
6536:
6484:Fast Cycle DRAM
6432:
6411:
6405:
6364:Wayback Machine
6338:
6333:
6332:
6322:
6320:
6319:. 17 April 2024
6311:
6310:
6306:
6296:
6294:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6266:
6264:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6230:
6228:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6201:
6199:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6172:
6170:
6162:
6161:
6157:
6148:
6146:
6144:LPDDR5 Workshop
6139:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6120:
6118:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6069:
6061:
6060:
6051:
6041:
6039:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6016:
6014:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5986:
5984:
5980:Shilov, Anton.
5979:
5978:
5974:
5966:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5944:
5942:
5941:. US20140059287
5933:
5932:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5896:
5888:
5884:
5876:
5872:
5862:
5860:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5830:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5809:
5805:
5797:
5793:
5785:
5781:
5771:
5769:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5748:
5744:
5738:Wayback Machine
5729:
5725:
5719:Wayback Machine
5710:
5706:
5696:
5694:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5673:
5666:
5660:Wayback Machine
5651:
5647:
5637:
5635:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5592:
5584:
5580:
5570:
5568:
5567:on 5 March 2012
5552:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5528:
5527:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5495:
5482:
5461:
5453:
5412:
5387:
5374:PD = Power down
4952:
4948:
4945:
4921:
4916:
4911:
3981:
3969:
3682:
2972:
2936:
2928:notebook memory
2889:
2851:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2130:
2122:
2119:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2062:
2054:
2051:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
1947:
1903:
1898:
1837:0.5, 1.05, 1.8
1834:0.5, 1.05, 1.8
1754:
1748:
1728:4–32 Gbit
1725:4–32 Gbit
1722:1–32 Gbit
1565:
1536:, is a type of
1519:
1490:
1489:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1353:Patterned media
1323:
1315:
1314:
1182:
1172:
1171:
1167:Hard disk drive
1034:
1024:
1023:
1004:
993:
992:
947:
937:
936:
858:IBM FlashSystem
853:USB flash drive
792:
775:
774:
729:
721:
720:
709:Dual-ported RAM
587:
570:
569:
530:Cloud computing
390:Copy protection
310:Data redundancy
240:Shared resource
210:Data validation
185:Data corruption
160:Structured data
71:Cache coherence
56:
42:Computer memory
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6728:
6726:
6718:
6717:
6707:
6706:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6682:SDRAM timeline
6679:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6642:
6640:
6638:Memory modules
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6614:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6412:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6367:
6366:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6337:
6336:External links
6334:
6331:
6330:
6304:
6274:
6252:
6238:
6209:
6180:
6155:
6127:
6100:
6079:
6049:
6024:
5994:
5972:
5952:
5926:
5894:
5882:
5870:
5840:
5815:
5803:
5801:, Businesswire
5791:
5779:
5754:
5742:
5723:
5704:
5679:
5664:
5645:
5634:. 2 April 2009
5619:
5590:
5578:
5545:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5481:
5478:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5411:
5408:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4950:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4063:Snapdragon 888
4047:
4046:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4021:
4014:
4004:
3998:
3980:
3977:
3968:
3965:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
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2031:Falling clock
2028:
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2023:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1989:
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1981:
1974:
1946:
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1831:0.6, 1.1, 1.8
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1472:Twistor memory
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1428:
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1409:
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1390:Quantum memory
1387:
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1322:In development
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1235:
1233:Super Video CD
1230:
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1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1194:
1183:
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1177:
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890:MultiMediaCard
887:
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844:
838:
826:
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766:
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752:Selectron tube
749:
743:
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723:
722:
719:
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592:Hardware cache
588:
583:
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579:
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572:
571:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
545:Edge computing
542:
537:
532:
527:
525:Grid computing
522:
520:Bank switching
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
465:Virtual memory
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
430:Disk mirroring
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
385:Temporary file
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
335:Knowledge base
332:
327:
325:Storage record
322:
320:Memory refresh
317:
312:
307:
305:Data structure
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
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200:Data integrity
197:
192:
190:Data cleansing
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
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145:
140:
130:
125:
123:Object storage
120:
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93:
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83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
57:
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53:
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10:
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6703:
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6678:
6677:DRAM timeline
6675:
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6379:
6373:
6370:JEDEC pages:
6369:
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6282:Hung, Vuong.
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5632:Press release
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5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:12 nm process
5468:
5463:
5459:
5451:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:, LPDDR5X in
5437:
5436:
5431:
5430:14 nm process
5423:
5420:
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5409:
5407:
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5025:Masked Write
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4175:No operation
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4056:
4055:Apple silicon
4052:
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4022:
4019:
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3942:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3144:No operation
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:Surface Pro 3
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2891:In May 2012,
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2859:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:No operation
2176:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2128:
2117:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2060:
2049:
2038:
2037:
2022:Rising clock
2012:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:original iPad
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1858:
1857:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:Bubble memory
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Cassette tape
1103:
1101:
1100:Videocassette
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:Magnetic tape
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
997:
996:
989:
986:
984:
981:
978:
975:
973:
970:
967:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
946:
941:
940:
933:
930:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
832:
830:
827:
825:
824:ROM cartridge
822:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
791:
786:
785:
782:
778:
770:
767:
764:
761:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
731:
725:
724:
715:
712:
711:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
677:
674:
673:
672:
669:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
607:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
581:
580:
577:
573:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:Dew computing
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:Fog computing
538:
536:
535:Cloud storage
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:Memory paging
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:File deletion
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:Computer file
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
220:Data recovery
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
205:Data security
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
102:
101:floating-gate
99:
98:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
52:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
19:
6702:
6480:(Mobile DDR)
6477:
6416:Asynchronous
6321:. Retrieved
6316:
6307:
6295:. Retrieved
6290:
6277:
6265:. Retrieved
6255:
6241:
6229:. Retrieved
6222:
6212:
6200:. Retrieved
6192:
6183:
6171:. Retrieved
6167:
6158:
6147:, retrieved
6143:
6130:
6119:, retrieved
6112:
6103:
6092:
6082:
6070:. Retrieved
6066:
6040:. Retrieved
6036:
6027:
6015:. Retrieved
6011:the original
6006:
5997:
5985:. Retrieved
5975:
5962:
5955:
5943:. Retrieved
5938:
5929:
5917:, retrieved
5908:
5885:
5873:
5861:. Retrieved
5857:the original
5852:
5843:
5831:. Retrieved
5827:
5818:
5806:
5794:
5782:
5770:. Retrieved
5766:
5757:
5745:
5726:
5707:
5695:. Retrieved
5691:
5682:
5648:
5636:. Retrieved
5631:
5622:
5611:, retrieved
5602:
5581:
5569:. Retrieved
5565:the original
5557:
5548:
5536:. Retrieved
5532:
5501:
5475:
5464:
5447:
5444:
5433:
5427:
5413:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5380:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5052:
5047:
5042:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4067:
4048:
4011:
4007:
4006:Prefetch is
4001:Differential
3989:
3982:
3970:
3954:
3948:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3910:
3885:
3880:
3840:
3835:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3022:
3004:
2984:
2977:
2973:
2937:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2890:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2841:
2838:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2596:
2591:
2527:
2522:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2190:
2185:
2180:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1977:
1976:LPDDR2-S4: 4
1970:
1969:LPDDR2-S2: 2
1956:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1854:7 bits, DDR
1848:10 bits, DDR
1845:19 bits, SDR
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1546:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1425:Punched tape
1419:Punched card
1385:Time crystal
1253:Hyper CD-ROM
1192:Optical disc
1084:Tape library
1019:FeFET memory
1000:Early-stage
880:CompactFlash
875:Memory Stick
835:Flash memory
797:Diode matrix
781:Non-volatile
628:
565:Kryder's law
555:Amdahl's law
480:Software rot
455:Logical disk
355:File copying
290:Data storage
245:File sharing
230:Data cluster
6438:Synchronous
6293:. p. 4
6072:19 February
5919:25 December
5767:samsung.com
5740:, Chipworks
5638:28 November
5613:30 December
5290:Activate 1
5237:Activate 2
4311:Write FIFO
4043:chip select
1896:Generations
1851:6 bits, SDR
1534:LPDDR SDRAM
1484:Floppy disk
1436:Drum memory
870:Memory card
837:is used in:
771:(2002–2010)
736:(1946–1947)
560:Moore's law
405:Boot sector
345:Object file
250:File system
61:Memory cell
6231:9 November
6202:9 November
6149:4 November
6121:4 November
5813:, Qualcomm
5789:on EEtimes
5513:References
4850:Precharge
4088:Operation
4051:Tiger Lake
3961:physically
3957:row hammer
3068:Operation
2952:Snapdragon
2014:Operation
1985:NAND flash
1963:DDR2 SDRAM
1927:iPhone 3GS
1557:DDR4 SDRAM
1553:DDR5 SDRAM
1407:Historical
1079:Tape drive
905:SmartMedia
728:Historical
425:Disk image
420:Disk array
295:Data store
96:MOS memory
86:Memory map
6687:Bandwidth
6628:XDR2 DRAM
6451:DDR SDRAM
6291:jedec.org
6224:Anandtech
6168:jedec.org
6094:AnandTech
6067:jedec.org
5828:jedec.org
5692:jedec.org
5435:AnandTech
4905:Write 32
4354:Reserved
4035:necessary
3818:Reserved
3630:Reserved
3497:Reserved
2964:Allwinner
2908:iPhone 5S
1987:) memory.
1911:DDR SDRAM
1828:1.1, 1.8
1563:Bus width
1549:DDR SDRAM
1466:Disk pack
1431:Plugboard
1268:DVD-Video
1197:LaserDisc
1095:Videotape
966:3D XPoint
957:Memristor
597:CPU cache
365:Core dump
285:Data bank
235:Directory
6709:Category
6623:XDR DRAM
6541:Graphics
6428:EDO DRAM
6423:FPM DRAM
6360:Archived
6323:18 April
6297:18 April
5945:10 March
5863:10 March
5833:10 March
5772:10 March
5734:Archived
5715:Archived
5697:10 March
5656:Archived
5571:10 March
5450:SK Hynix
5184:Read 32
4792:Refresh
4069:LPDDR4.
3025:gigabits
2966:series.
2956:Qualcomm
2916:Nexus 10
2912:iPhone 6
2468:reserved
2398:reserved
1901:LPDDR(1)
1825:1.2, 1.8
1822:1.2, 1.8
1395:UltraRAM
1273:DVD card
1228:Video CD
1213:CD Video
983:Nano-RAM
952:Memistor
925:XQD card
900:SIM card
758:Dekatron
644:XDR DRAM
639:EDO DRAM
576:Volatile
370:Hex dump
280:Database
175:Metadata
170:Big data
6656:UniDIMM
6520:HBM-PIM
6486:(FCRAM)
6347:Samsung
6267:12 June
6194:Samsung
6173:28 July
6042:28 July
6017:28 July
6007:Skhynix
5987:28 July
5939:Patents
5554:"LPDDR"
5538:16 July
5456:set by
5410:LPDDR5X
3991:Samsung
3967:LPDDR4X
2944:gigabit
2934:LPDDR3E
2172:
2104:
1919:Samsung
1781:(MT/s)
1480:(~1970)
1474:(~1968)
1456:(1960s)
1293:Blu-ray
1283:MiniDVD
1278:DVD-RAM
1238:Mini CD
1180:Optical
1140:U-matic
1135:MicroMV
1115:Betamax
979:(ECRAM)
920:MicroP2
895:SD card
885:PC Card
676:1T-SRAM
634:QDRSRAM
225:Storage
55:General
6610:Rambus
6495:RLDRAM
6410:(DRAM)
6352:Elpida
6342:Micron
5480:LPDDR6
5395:before
5381:
5078:Write
3979:LPDDR5
3934:toggle
3599:CAS-2
2970:LPDDR4
2960:Exynos
2887:LPDDR3
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
1945:LPDDR2
1923:Micron
1907:LPDDR1
1650:(MHz)
1573:LPDDR
1486:(1971)
1468:(1962)
1462:(1962)
1450:(1957)
1444:(1949)
1438:(1932)
1427:(1725)
1421:(1725)
1415:(1725)
1288:HD DVD
1248:CD-ROM
1204:(CDDA)
1130:MiniDV
849:(SSHD)
831:(SSS)
817:EEPROM
765:(2009)
754:(1952)
748:(1951)
742:(1947)
360:Backup
18:LPDDR2
6715:SDRAM
6670:Lists
6618:RDRAM
6598:GDDR7
6593:GDDR6
6588:GDDR5
6583:GDDR4
6578:GDDR3
6573:GDDR2
6563:SGRAM
6558:MDRAM
6525:HBM3E
6510:HBM2E
6490:eDRAM
6478:LPDDR
6446:SDRAM
6357:Nanya
6287:(PDF)
6140:(PDF)
6114:Zhihu
6037:JEDEC
5967:(PDF)
5913:(PDF)
5607:(PDF)
5493:Notes
5488:CAMM2
5458:JEDEC
5131:Read
4395:— L —
4307:— L —
4263:Read
4259:— L —
3985:JEDEC
2980:JEDEC
2893:JEDEC
1959:JEDEC
1880:2021
1874:2017
1868:2012
1865:2009
1862:2006
1859:Year
1811:8533
1772:4267
1530:LPDDR
1348:ECRAM
1328:CBRAM
1263:DVD+R
1223:CD-RW
1160:D-VHS
1155:VHS-C
1150:S-VHS
1091:(DDS)
1014:ReRAM
1009:FeRAM
1002:NVRAM
988:CBRAM
945:NVRAM
843:(SSD)
812:EPROM
769:Z-RAM
763:T-RAM
695:(CAM)
683:ReRAM
649:RDRAM
629:LPDDR
624:SGRAM
619:SDRAM
614:eDRAM
48:types
6661:CAMM
6651:DIMM
6646:SIMM
6568:GDDR
6553:WRAM
6548:VRAM
6515:HBM3
6505:HBM2
6471:DDR5
6466:DDR4
6461:DDR3
6456:DDR2
6325:2024
6299:2024
6269:2023
6233:2021
6226:.com
6204:2021
6196:.com
6175:2021
6151:2023
6123:2023
6074:2019
6044:2017
6019:2017
5989:2017
5947:2015
5921:2014
5865:2015
5835:2015
5774:2015
5699:2015
5640:2021
5615:2010
5573:2015
5561:wiki
5540:2021
5440:SoCs
5287:BA0
5181:BA0
5128:BA0
5075:BA0
5022:BA0
4969:DC0
4953:WXSA
4946:WXSB
4902:BA0
4847:BA0
4789:BA0
4728:MA0
4667:MA0
4514:OP0
4455:OP0
4265:FIFO
4132:CA0
4111:CA0
4061:and
4018:DDR4
3731:OP0
3106:CA0
3088:CA0
3047:high
3007:dies
2962:and
2948:SoCs
2873:Gbit
2833:OP7
2803:MA5
2751:MA5
2652:A14
2622:BA2
2583:R14
2553:BA2
2514:C11
2484:BA2
2444:C11
2414:BA2
2346:A29
2316:BA2
2270:BA2
1937:and
1921:and
1877:2019
1871:2014
1808:6400
1805:4267
1802:3200
1799:2133
1796:1600
1793:1067
1769:3200
1766:2133
1763:1600
1760:1067
1680:533
1338:NRAM
1310:WORM
1218:CD-R
972:MRAM
807:PROM
802:MROM
704:VRAM
688:QRAM
671:SRAM
659:GDDR
609:DRAM
505:RAID
155:Data
44:and
6500:HBM
5361:WS_
5284:BA1
5281:BG0
5278:BG1
5275:R11
5272:R12
5269:R13
5251:R14
5248:R15
5245:R16
5242:R17
5234:R0
5189:R10
5178:BA1
5175:BG0
5172:BG1
5125:BA1
5122:BG0
5119:BG1
5072:BA1
5069:BG0
5066:BG1
5019:BA1
5016:BG0
5013:BG1
4966:DC1
4963:DC2
4960:DC3
4957:WRX
4949:/B3
4920:WS_
4915:WS_
4910:WS_
4899:BA1
4896:BG0
4893:BG1
4844:BA1
4841:BG0
4838:BG1
4786:BA1
4783:BG0
4780:RFM
4777:SB0
4774:SB1
4725:MA1
4722:MA2
4719:MA3
4716:MA4
4713:MA5
4710:MA6
4664:MA1
4661:MA2
4658:MA3
4655:MA4
4652:MA5
4649:MA6
4603:DSE
4511:OP1
4508:OP2
4505:OP3
4502:OP4
4499:OP5
4496:OP6
4463:OP7
4452:OP1
4449:OP2
4446:OP3
4443:OP4
4440:OP5
4437:OP6
4404:OP7
4129:CA1
4126:CA2
4123:CA3
4120:CA4
4117:CA5
4114:CA6
4108:CA1
4105:CA2
4102:CA3
4099:CA4
4096:CA5
4093:CA6
4008:not
3949:low
3905:R0
3860:BA0
3857:BA1
3854:BA2
3851:R16
3848:R10
3845:R11
3832:R12
3829:R13
3826:R14
3823:R15
3779:MA0
3776:MA1
3773:MA2
3770:MA3
3767:MA4
3764:MA5
3728:OP1
3725:OP2
3722:OP3
3719:OP4
3716:OP5
3688:OP6
3678:MA0
3675:MA1
3672:MA2
3669:MA3
3666:MA4
3663:MA5
3635:OP7
3545:BA0
3542:BA1
3539:BA2
3458:BA0
3455:BA1
3452:BA2
3371:BA0
3368:BA1
3365:BA2
3284:BA0
3281:BA1
3278:BA2
3239:BA0
3236:BA1
3233:BA2
3191:OP1
3188:OP2
3185:OP3
3182:OP4
3103:CA1
3100:CA2
3097:CA3
3094:CA4
3091:CA5
3085:CA1
3082:CA2
3079:CA3
3076:CA4
3073:CA5
2830:OP6
2827:OP5
2824:OP4
2821:OP3
2818:OP2
2815:OP1
2812:OP0
2809:MA7
2806:MA6
2800:MA4
2797:MA3
2794:MA2
2791:MA1
2788:MA0
2757:MA7
2754:MA6
2748:MA4
2745:MA3
2742:MA2
2739:MA1
2736:MA0
2649:A13
2646:A12
2643:A11
2640:A10
2619:BA1
2616:BA0
2613:A19
2610:A18
2607:A17
2604:A16
2601:A15
2580:R13
2550:BA1
2547:BA0
2544:R12
2541:R11
2538:R10
2511:C10
2481:BA1
2478:BA0
2441:C10
2411:BA1
2408:BA0
2343:A28
2340:A27
2337:A26
2334:A25
2331:A24
2328:A23
2325:A22
2322:A21
2319:A20
2313:BA1
2310:BA0
2307:A32
2304:A31
2301:A30
2267:BA1
2264:BA0
2170:CA9
2165:CA8
2160:CA7
2155:CA6
2150:CA5
2145:CA4
2140:CA3
2129:CA2
2123:CAS
2118:CA1
2112:RAS
2107:CA0
2102:CA9
2097:CA8
2092:CA7
2087:CA6
2082:CA5
2077:CA4
2072:CA3
2061:CA2
2055:CAS
2050:CA1
2044:RAS
2039:CA0
1819:1.8
1790:800
1787:533
1784:400
1779:DDR
1757:800
1751:533
1745:400
1742:266
1739:200
1734:I/O
1677:400
1674:266
1671:200
1668:266
1665:200
1662:266
1659:200
1656:266
1653:200
1642:32
1639:32
1636:64
1633:64
1628:32
1612:5X
1606:4X
1258:DVD
1145:VHS
962:PCM
915:SxS
790:ROM
664:HBM
654:DDR
585:RAM
6711::
6315:.
6289:.
6221:.
6191:.
6166:.
6142:,
6111:,
6091:.
6065:.
6052:^
6035:.
6005:.
5937:.
5897:^
5851:.
5826:.
5765:.
5690:.
5667:^
5630:.
5593:^
5556:.
5521:^
5363:xx
5354:OP
5347:MA
5330:BG
5323:BA
5231:R1
5228:R2
5225:R3
5222:R4
5219:R5
5216:R6
5198:R7
5195:R8
5192:R9
5169:C1
5166:C2
5163:AP
5145:C0
5142:C3
5139:C4
5136:C5
5116:C1
5113:C2
5110:AP
5092:C0
5089:C3
5086:C4
5083:C5
5063:C1
5060:C2
5057:AP
5039:C0
5036:C3
5033:C4
5030:C5
5010:C1
5007:C2
5004:AP
4986:C0
4983:C3
4980:C4
4977:C5
4922:WR
4917:RD
4912:FS
4890:C1
4887:C2
4884:AP
4861:C3
4858:C4
4855:C5
4832:AB
4771:AB
4600:PD
4351:—
4215:—
4172:—
4053:,
3902:R1
3899:R2
3896:R3
3893:R4
3890:R5
3877:R6
3874:R7
3871:R8
3868:R9
3596:C2
3593:C3
3590:C4
3587:C5
3584:C6
3581:C7
3553:C8
3533:C9
3530:AP
3502:BL
3446:C9
3443:AP
3359:C9
3356:AP
3328:BL
3247:AB
3202:AB
2918:,
2914:,
2910:,
2852:CS
2760:—
2708:—
2680:—
2637:A9
2634:A8
2631:A7
2628:A6
2625:A5
2577:R7
2574:R6
2571:R5
2568:R4
2565:R3
2562:R2
2559:R1
2556:R0
2535:R9
2532:R8
2508:C9
2505:C8
2502:C7
2499:C6
2496:C5
2493:C4
2490:C3
2487:AP
2475:C2
2472:C1
2438:C9
2435:C8
2432:C7
2429:C6
2426:C5
2423:C4
2420:C3
2417:AP
2405:C2
2402:C1
2374:—
2273:—
2228:—
2195:—
2134:WE
2066:WE
1941:.
1933:,
1929:,
1706:16
1559:.
1208:CD
1125:DV
6400:e
6393:t
6386:v
6327:.
6301:.
6271:.
6235:.
6206:.
6177:.
6097:.
6076:.
6046:.
6021:.
5991:.
5949:.
5867:.
5837:.
5776:.
5701:.
5642:.
5575:.
5542:.
5356:n
5349:n
5332:n
5325:n
5318:n
5316:R
5311:n
5309:C
5304:n
5302:B
5265:H
5260:H
5255:H
5212:H
5207:H
5202:L
5159:H
5154:L
5149:H
5106:H
5101:L
5096:L
5053:L
5048:H
5043:H
5000:L
4995:H
4990:L
4941:L
4936:L
4931:H
4926:H
4880:L
4875:L
4870:H
4865:L
4835:—
4828:L
4823:L
4818:L
4813:H
4808:H
4803:H
4798:H
4767:L
4762:L
4757:L
4752:H
4747:H
4742:H
4737:L
4706:L
4701:L
4696:L
4691:H
4686:H
4681:L
4676:H
4645:L
4640:L
4635:L
4630:H
4625:H
4620:L
4615:L
4606:—
4596:L
4591:L
4586:L
4581:H
4576:L
4571:H
4566:H
4557:—
4553:L
4548:L
4543:L
4538:H
4533:L
4528:H
4523:L
4492:L
4487:L
4482:L
4477:H
4472:L
4467:L
4433:L
4428:L
4423:L
4418:L
4413:H
4408:H
4390:L
4385:L
4380:L
4375:L
4370:H
4365:L
4360:H
4347:L
4342:L
4337:L
4332:L
4327:H
4322:L
4317:L
4302:L
4297:L
4292:L
4287:L
4282:L
4277:H
4272:H
4254:L
4249:L
4244:L
4239:L
4234:L
4229:H
4224:L
4211:L
4206:L
4201:L
4196:L
4191:L
4186:L
4181:H
4168:L
4163:L
4158:L
4153:L
4148:L
4143:L
4138:L
4012:n
3886:H
3881:H
3841:H
3836:L
3815:—
3811:L
3806:H
3801:H
3796:H
3791:H
3787:—
3760:L
3755:H
3750:H
3745:H
3740:L
3736:—
3712:L
3707:H
3702:H
3697:L
3692:H
3659:L
3654:H
3649:H
3644:L
3639:L
3627:—
3623:L
3618:H
3613:L
3608:H
3604:—
3577:L
3572:H
3567:L
3562:L
3557:H
3536:—
3526:L
3521:H
3516:L
3511:L
3506:L
3494:—
3490:L
3485:L
3480:H
3475:H
3470:H
3466:—
3449:—
3439:L
3434:L
3429:H
3424:H
3419:L
3415:0
3407:—
3403:L
3398:L
3393:H
3388:L
3383:H
3379:—
3362:—
3352:L
3347:L
3342:H
3337:L
3332:L
3320:—
3316:L
3311:L
3306:L
3301:H
3296:H
3292:—
3275:—
3271:L
3266:L
3261:L
3256:H
3251:L
3230:—
3226:L
3221:L
3216:L
3211:L
3206:H
3194:1
3179:0
3175:L
3170:L
3165:L
3160:L
3155:L
3150:H
3141:—
3137:L
3132:L
3127:L
3122:L
3117:L
3112:L
3029:K
2901:n
2784:L
2779:L
2774:L
2769:L
2732:H
2727:L
2722:L
2717:L
2704:L
2699:H
2694:L
2689:L
2676:H
2671:H
2666:L
2661:L
2597:H
2592:L
2528:H
2523:L
2463:L
2458:L
2453:H
2393:H
2388:L
2383:H
2370:L
2365:L
2360:H
2355:H
2297:H
2292:L
2287:H
2282:H
2261:—
2257:L
2252:H
2247:L
2242:H
2237:H
2224:H
2219:H
2214:L
2209:H
2204:H
2191:H
2186:H
2181:H
2136:)
2132:(
2125:)
2121:(
2114:)
2110:(
2068:)
2064:(
2057:)
2053:(
2046:)
2042:(
2033:↘
2029:↘
2024:↗
2020:↗
1978:n
1971:n
1755:0
1749:0
1708:n
1702:n
1700:8
1696:n
1694:4
1690:n
1688:2
1609:5
1603:4
1599:E
1597:3
1594:3
1590:E
1588:2
1585:2
1581:E
1579:1
1576:1
1528:(
1514:e
1507:t
1500:v
968:)
964:(
20:)
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