LaRouche criminal trials - Knowledge (XXG)

943:. Billington sought to fire Gettings, who had already tried to quit over competency question, but the judge refused to permit Billington to substitute a different attorney. A LaRouche spokesman said that Billington was prepared for trial. Billington was convicted on nine counts of "conspiracy to fail to register as a securities broker". Under Virginia's court system, the jury determines prison terms although a judge may override the jury's recommendation. The jury in this case recommended 77 years (out of a possible 90); the judge refused to lower it because Billington continued to insist upon his innocence (which the judge deemed lack of remorse) and because he had warned that he would accept the jury recommendation if Billington requested a jury trial. Billington served a total of ten years in prison before being released on parole. The lead prosecutor said the case involved "willful and massive fraud that has caused a lot of people to suffer". 576:

fewer than 12 jurors, forcing the judge to declare a mistrial on May 4, 1988. According to one of the jurors, all defendants, including LaRouche, would have been found not guilty. He told a reporter "it seemed some of the government's people caused the problem", and that people working on behalf of the government "may have been involved in some of this fraud to discredit the campaign." At the time of the mistrial, a spokesperson said that the Constitutional Defense Fund, a LaRouche organization, had spent over $ 2 million on legal and administrative expenses. Defense attorneys said they would appeal if the government sought a new trial.

659: 751:, to his experience with LaRouche. Bakker described his astonishment at LaRouche's detailed knowledge of the Bible. According to Bakker, LaRouche received a daily briefing each morning by phone, often in German, and on more than one occasion LaRouche had information days before it was reported on the network news. Bakker also wrote that his cellmate was convinced that their cell was bugged. In Bakker's view, "to say LaRouche was a little paranoid would be like saying that the Titanic had a little leak." LaRouche also befriended 1072:

government, ex parte, sought and received an order effectively closing the doors of these publishing businesses, all of which were involved in First Amendment activities, effectively preventing the further repayment of their debts." He called the convictions "a tragic miscarriage of justice which at this time can only be corrected by an objective review and courageous action by the Department of Justice". The LaRouche movement organized two panels to review the cases: the Curtis Clark Commission, and the

442: 395: 75:, and was sentenced to prison for fifteen years. He entered prison in 1989 and was paroled five years later. At the same trial, his associates received lesser sentences for mail fraud and conspiracy. In separate state trials in Virginia and New York, 13 associates received terms ranging from one month to 77 years. The Virginia state trials were described as the highest-profile cases that the state Attorney General's office had ever prosecuted. Fourteen states issued 415:, and Campaigner Publications Inc. In a rare procedure, the companies were seized before the bankruptcy came to trial. Assistant U.S. Attorney S. David Schiller wrote in a brief that the debtors had a "pattern of transferring or commingling substantial corporate assets to their members and other insiders for little or no consideration and for non-business purposes". The trustees later reported they were only able to locate about $ 86,000 in assets. 318: 33: 655:, ruling that the defense would not be permitted to discuss, or even allude to, the fact that the indebted entities had been placed in involuntary bankruptcy. It also excluded claims of vindictive prosecution and political harassment by the government. Bryan wrote, "the court will not allow a delving into any details of alleged infiltration ... for the reason that ... this would divert the jury from the issues raised in the indictment." 879: 298:, banned fundraising by Caucus Distributors Inc. in May 1986, due to the sale of unregistered promissory notes. The Illinois Secretary of State began civil proceedings against Caucus Distributors Inc. in June 1986, seeking an injunction to bar deceptive business practices. Minnesota officials banned "Independent Democrats for LaRouche" from fundraising, an order that was affirmed on appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. 597:

organizations affiliated with LaRouche argued that their documents were seized improperly during the October 1986 search. The court denied the appeal the following January. Jeffrey Steinberg said on December 11, 1987, that 100 notebooks compiled by himself and his wife should not have been included in the grand jury subpoena or the search. He lost that appeal the following January. The court heard an appeal from

614:. The appeal was denied four months later. The contempt of court fines were appealed again on January 9, 1989, and affirmed again on March 29. Following the convictions in the Alexandria court, prosecutors moved to dismiss the charges from the Boston court, canceling the retrial. The LaRouche lawyers appealed that decision on March 13, 1989, arguing that they needed the trial to exonerate LaRouche. 670:

said, "Members of the jury, this case is about money. It's about how the defendants got money, and to a lesser extent, what they did with that money when they got it ... The defendants, all seven of them, are charged in engaging in a scheme to defraud. That is, to obtain those loans by making false promises, false pretences, saying things to potential lenders which they knew weren't true."

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of unrepaid borrowing". Other testimony asserted that, as of 1987, half of the $ 4 million borrowed by the 1984 presidential campaign was unpaid, and that only $ 5 million had been repaid out of $ 30 million in non-campaign loans. LaRouche supporters claim the unrepaid amount was $ 294,000 but, according to testimony at trial, the amount owed by 1987 topped $ 25 million.

4271: 1166:, sued LaRouche in federal court for the Eastern District of Virginia, in Alexandria, alleging that he and his associates libelled and harassed her on account of her compelled testimony in the 1988 case which led to his conviction. LaRouche alleges that Kronberg perjured herself and colluded with the prosecutors to frame him in order to cover up a bad check issued in 1979 by her from a 511:, Frankhouser testified that he and LaRouche security employee Forrest Lee Fick had invented a connection to the CIA in order to justify his $ 700 a week salary. They persuaded a friend to play a former top CIA official ("Mr. Ed") in meetings with LaRouche associates who, according to LaRouche group lawyers, came to believe that they had a direct line of communication to the 926:

security by an unregistered agent with intent to defraud, and conspiracy to commit security fraud. In two Roanoke trials, four other associates were found guilty of securities fraud charges: Donald Phau, Lawrence Hecht, Paul Gallagher and Anita Gallagher. Richard Welsh and Martha M. Quinde pleaded guilty and received 12 month and one month terms, respectively.

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problems, "we are going to stall, tie them up in the courts ... just keep stalling, stall and appeal, stall and appeal". Three of the indicted associates remained at large for over a year, and investigators were allegedly given false information. On June 30, 1987, the U.S. grand jury in Boston indicted LaRouche on one count of conspiracy to obstruct justice.

238: 471:, which shows that the purpose of the bankruptcy was simply to shut down the affected entities rather than to collect fines. The U.S. Attorney said, "Essentially the court holds that we did not abuse the bankruptcy filing, just that we should have filed differently." He also noted that only a minimal amount of money had been collected. 755:, a former FBI agent and fellow inmate who was imprisoned on espionage charges. LaRouche was paroled in 1994 after serving five years of the 15-year sentence, the normal schedule for parole at that time. LaRouche commented later that "... in effect, George H. W. Bush put me in the jug, and Bill Clinton got me out". 735:, and Joyce Rubinstein, were convicted of conspiracy to commit mail fraud. Wertz and Spannaus were sentenced to five years imprisonment each, with Spannaus serving a total of two and a half years until his release from custody. Both were fined $ 1,000. The others received three-year terms and various fines. 703:. His wife, Helga LaRouche, is reported to have overseen hundreds of thousands of dollars in renovations to the property. In all, the LaRouche group spent over US$ 4 million on Virginia real estate during this period, according to trial testimony. The LaRouche defense argued that Ibykus Farm was a " 681:

None of the defendants testified. Outside of court, LaRouche denied all the charges, calling them "an all-out frame-up by a state and federal task force," and said that the federal government was trying to kill him. "The purpose of this frame-up is not to send me to prison. It's to kill me," LaRouche

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The most important evidence was the testimony of lenders, many of them elderly retirees, who had loaned a total of $ 661,300 to help LaRouche fight the "war on drugs" but only received $ 10,000 in repayment. One of the prosecutors, John Markham, said those loans represented "just a very small portion

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Originally expected to last from three to six months, the trial stretched out much longer. One local reporter called the Boston trial a "long, complex and costly multidefendant extravaganza". After several jurors asked to be excused due to the length of the trial, the defense refused to proceed with

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A retrial in Boston was scheduled for January 3, 1989, but the charges were dismissed after the Alexandria convictions; this was over the objections of the LaRouche lawyers who said they were seeking vindication. The Assistant U.S. Attorney who handled both the Boston and Alexandria cases said after

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The prosecution argued that pressure to fill fund raising quotas had led to 2,000 instances of credit card fraud, and that organization members had sought to obstruct the investigation. The defense presented the case that the prosecution was the culmination of a 20-year campaign of harassment by the

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was charged, along with others, of conspiring to obstruct justice. Prosecutors charged that defendants had burned records, sent potential grand jury witnesses out of the country, and failed to provide subpoenaed evidence. The indictment quoted LaRouche telling an associate that, in reaction to legal

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Six of LaRouche's associates were convicted and two pleaded guilty. Rochelle Ascher, a fundraiser, was sentenced in Leesburg to 86 years (reduced to 10 years) for six charges of fraudulently selling securities and one count each of selling an unregistered security with intent to defraud, selling a

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Frankhouser was found guilty of obstruction of the federal investigation into credit-card fraud. He was sentenced to three years and a $ 50,000 fine. After his conviction, he was granted immunity against further prosecution and compelled to testify against LaRouche in the Boston trial. Frankhouser

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on the court". In 1993, an appeals court decision said that Bostetter had specifically rejected that view, and said that the defendants had "greatly distorted the character of much of the evidence". Appeals that went all the way up to the U.S. Supreme Court found that the matter of the involuntary

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dismissed the government's involuntary bankruptcy petition, finding that two of the entities involved were nonprofit fund-raisers and therefore not subject to involuntary bankruptcy actions. According to the LaRouche movement, Bostetter said the government's actions amounted to bad faith regardless

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The attorneys who represented the LaRouche entities in the bankruptcy trial filed a brief stating that the action was unprecedented and improper, alleging that it deviated from the standard rules of involuntary bankruptcy, and that members of the Alexandria prosecution team from the second criminal

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The record shows, that for nearly thirty years, elements of the U.S. Department of Justice have been engaged in world-wide political targeting of me and my associates. This includes early 1970s operations run in conjunction with Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger's U.S. State Department. During

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starting in 1976, and by his followers in scores of local races. According to one candidate, supporters viewed LaRouche as "the greatest political leader and economist of the 20th century, and they're proud to be associated with him. They feel he's leading the battle to save Western civilization."

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On December 16, 1988, LaRouche was convicted of conspiracy to commit mail fraud involving more than $ 30 million in defaulted loans; 11 counts of actual mail fraud involving $ 294,000 in defaulted loans; and one count of conspiring to defraud the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. The judge said

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Several witnesses were LaRouche followers who testified under immunity from prosecution. A former fundraiser testified that he was told, "No matter what the person you are talking to says, get the money. If you are talking to an unemployed worker who says he has got to feed ... a dozen children,

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The prosecution, led by Assistant U.S. Attorney Kent Robinson, presented evidence that LaRouche and his staff solicited US$ 34 million in loans since 1983 with false assurances to potential lenders and showed "reckless disregard for the truth". In his opening statement to the trial, Robinson

572:'s office for documents relating to LaRouche. Another delay came when the trial was halted to give time for the FBI to search their files for exculpatory documents. The trial was delayed again when federal agents seized LaRouche properties as part of the involuntary bankruptcy procedure in 1988. 376:

On the same day as the Leesburg search, the Boston grand jury handed down a 117-count indictment that named ten LaRouche associates, two corporations, and three campaign committees. Authorities charged them with making unauthorized credit charges that defrauded $ 1 million from over 1,000

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Throughout the trial, three of the indicted individuals were fugitives: Michael Gelber, Charles Park, and Richard Sanders. According to Roy Frankhouser, they had been sent to Europe. They surrendered to the court in 1990 and were sentenced by Judge Keeton to one year each for obstructing the

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in which he said that the case involved "a broader range of deliberate and systematic misconduct and abuse of power over a longer period of time in an effort to destroy a political movement and leader, than any other federal prosecution in my time or to my knowledge". He asserted that, "The

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through Mr. Ed and—as "a national resource in security matters"—were immune from prosecution. When LaRouche found out about the grand jury investigation, he reportedly told Frankhouser to get the CIA to quash it. Frankhouser told LaRouche that the CIA wanted him to destroy evidence and hide

1010:, which he called "a classical example of a political trial". He wrote, "Just as LaRouche was, the French Capt. Alfred Dreyfus was deprived by the structure of the trial procedures, of any opportunity to prove his innocence, and facts critical for his defense were excluded from the trial." 710:

In 1985, a judge in a separate case had described LaRouche's testimony about being almost penniless as "completely lacking in credibility". In 1986, in the same case, LaRouche said that he did not know who had paid the rent on the estate, or for his food, lodging, clothing, transportation,

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Meanwhile, the state cases were progressing. On February 16, 1987, the Commonwealth of Virginia indicted 16 LaRouche associates on securities fraud and other felonies. On March 3, 1987, the State of New York indicted 15 LaRouche associates on charges of grand larceny and securities fraud.

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As part of the trial in Alexandria, six of LaRouche's associates were also found guilty. His chief fund-raiser, William Wertz, was convicted on ten mail fraud counts. LaRouche's legal adviser and treasurer, Edward Spannaus, along with fund raising operatives Dennis Small, Paul Greenberg,

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upheld the contempt of court fines from the Boston grand jury. That decision was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which let it stand. The First Circuit Court heard an appeal on September 11, 1987, alleging abuse of the grand jury and denied it six days later. On November 3, 1987, six

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and told the court that he believed LaRouche was making the decisions in the case rather than his client. The court ordered two psychiatric tests. The first physician deemed him competent. Billington refused to cooperate with a second examination that was to be conducted by an expert on

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the last ten years or so of that period, some U.S. officials, and others, have challenged the relevant agencies with some of the evidence which shows, that those prosecutions and correlated harassment of me and my associates, had been clearly fraudulent, politically motivated targeting.

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While in prison LaRouche released claims that he was tortured as part of an assassination attempt. LaRouche ran two political campaigns from prison: for Virginia's 10th Congressional District in 1990 and for U.S. President in 1992. One of his cellmates during his incarceration at the

1021:, filed a request to the U.S. Government based on a complaint that had been filed concerning the LaRouche case. The U.S. government responded by saying that LaRouche had been given due process under the laws of the United States. The U.N. Commission took no further action. 726:

that it was the failure of LaRouche aides to repay loans which swayed the jury in the Virginia case. He said that the jury "all agreed was not on trial for his political beliefs. We did not convict him for that. He was convicted for those 13 counts he was on trial for."

333:, other federal agencies, and Virginia state authorities, supported by armored cars and a helicopter. The agents also surrounded LaRouche's heavily guarded estate for the duration of the search but did not enter it. While surrounded, LaRouche sent a telegram to President 213:

reportedly began investigating "an extensive nationwide pattern of credit card fraud" by LaRouche organizations in November 1984. That same year a New Jersey bank froze the accounts of LaRouche's 1984 presidential campaign due to allegedly fraudulent credit card charges.

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In early April 1987, the government charged in court that LaRouche organizations may have been trying to sell properties for cash to more easily conceal their assets and avoid paying $ 21.4 million in contempt of court fines. The U.S. Department of Justice filed an

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that the claim of a vendetta was "arrant nonsense", and that, "the idea that this organization is a sufficient threat to anything that would warrant the government bringing a prosecution to silence them just defies human experience." Jury foreman Buster Horton told

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appealed his conviction on April 3, 1989, arguing that his case should not have been severed from the main case, that his counsel had inadequate time to prepare, and that he was not provided with allegedly exculpatory evidence. The appeal was rejected in July.

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The FOIA search turned up a memo by James Reynolds of General Litigation and Legal Advice Section of the Department of Justice, in which he writes, "Benefit is that a trustee is immediately appointed. They are ordered to shut down the business immediately."

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revoked the tax-exempt status of the Fusion Energy Foundation in September 1985, and a year later the State of New York sought to dissolve the corporation, alleging that it used "persistently fraudulent and illegal" means to solicit donations. U.S. Attorney

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of whether government agents and attorneys had intended this outcome. He found that the government's actions and representations in obtaining the bankruptcy had the effect of misleading the court as to the status of the organization, leading to a "

201:. Revell replied to Kissinger that there was sufficient evidence to proceed with an investigation. The FBI conducted an investigation but did not find evidence of a violation of Kissinger's civil rights. The investigation was closed in late 1983. 229:, held them to be in contempt and fined them $ 45,000 per day. The fines for all the organizations eventually totaled over $ 20 million. The same grand jury subpoenaed Elliot I. Greenspan, an official of Caucus Distributors Inc., to appear but he 695:, with a pond and horse ring. It was purchased for his use by Oklahoma oilman David Nick Anderson for $ 1.3 million, with LaRouche organizations paying rent to cover the $ 9,605 mortgage. LaRouche had named the property, otherwise known as 337:

saying that an attempt to arrest him "would be an attempt to kill me. I will not submit passively to such an arrest, but ... I will defend myself". He later assured that he would comply peaceably with any warrant. LaRouche offices in

979:(ADL) sought to destroy his organization, and that the prosecution was the result of a conspiracy between the ADL, the government and the media. This claim stemmed from a series of meetings that LaRouche publications refer to as the 51:

and members of his movement. They were charged with conspiring to commit fraud and soliciting loans they had no intention of repaying. LaRouche and his supporters disputed the charges, claiming the trials were politically motivated.

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During the bankruptcy trial in September 1989, an FBI agent destroyed evidence (credit card receipts, cancelled checks, and FEC filings) immediately after he had promised the court he would preserve them. On October 25, 1989, Judge

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One of the charges against LaRouche was that he had conspired to avoid paying income tax, not having filed a return in ten years. LaRouche claimed to have had no income. LaRouche lived on a 172-acre (700,000 m) estate near

179:, including whether the U.S. Labor Party might be funded by hostile intelligence agencies. The LaRouche organization asserts that this formulation was specifically tailored to enable FBI "active measures" against LaRouche under 606:

review only, giving the court discretion whether to release any portion to the defendants. LaRouche had asserted the outtakes could be used to impeach Fick's testimony. The court affirmed the lower court's ruling in March.

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Defense lawyers filed numerous unsuccessful appeals that challenged the conduct of the grand jury, the contempt fines, the execution of the search warrants and various trial procedures. At least ten appeals were heard by the

183:, which permits such measures if a political movement receives foreign funding. The memo was eventually obtained by LaRouche's attorneys and submitted as an exhibit in the 1987 trial of LaRouche and co-defendants in Boston. 929:

Michael Billington was charged in a Roanoke court with having knowingly solicited 131 loans that would never be repaid from 85 people, totaling $ 1.24 million. Represented by a court-appointed lawyer, he rejected a

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and refused to testify. He was granted immunity and compelled to testify but only did so after being jailed for contempt for two days. A spokesman for LaRouche called the investigation "a political terror operation".

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LaRouche's Schiller Institute paid for the advertisement. Amelia Boynton Robinson was at that time a board member of the Institute. James Bevel and William Warfield had been active in various LaRouche organizations.

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on January 5, 1988, over a lower court subpoena of NBC outtakes of a videotaped interview with a witness, Forrest Lee Fick. The lower court ruled the subpoenaed outtakes were to be placed under seal and subject to

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announced in January 1986, that he would convene a national conference "to coordinate a prosecutive and investigative effort" against LaRouche. The conference was held the following month in Boston. Three states,

922:, and 14 states eventually followed. At least one injunction, by the State of Minnesota against Independent Democrats for LaRouche, was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which confirmed the lower court ruling. 845:

because of the nearly identical charges in the Boston and Alexandria trials. A brief by a French lawyer said that, "a crime of thought seems to have been camouflaged as a common law crime." Notable submitters of

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The three-judge panel reviewed and rejected each item, affirming the defendants' convictions and sentences unanimously on January 22, 1990. Five months later the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the case.

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the dismissal, "It was the Boston prosecuting effort which led to the evidence which allowed the indictment and convictions in Alexandria, and I think justice was served by the substantial sentences received."

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was ordered by Judge Keeton to look for evidence that North had led an effort to harass and infiltrate the LaRouche movement, causing an additional delay in the trial. The search produced a May 1986 telex from

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fantasy ... that we are hiding some supersecret spy plot which, if exposed, would exonerate them". LaRouche supporters insisted that LaRouche was jailed, not for any violation of the law, but for his beliefs.

1059:, stated that LaRouche had been framed by the "global oligarchy", and said the convictions represented "a badge of honor, a testament to the unshakable courage and commitment of LaRouche and his associates". 918:, Caucus Distributors Inc., Publication and General Management Inc., Campaigner Publications Inc., EIR News Service Inc. and Publication Equities Inc.—to stop their sale. Five other states had already issued 987:

reported, in its obituary for Train, that "he convened meetings at his home for journalists, law enforcement agents and others in government to raise awareness about research he had done into Mr. LaRouche."

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Weinstein, Henry (December 8, 1989). "Gave Soviets Nothing, Miller Says Espionage: The former FBI agent says his relationship with a Russian woman spy was 'the dumbest thing I did in my whole life.'".

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in a similar suit. Edward Spannaus, a treasurer for LaRouche campaigns, filed complaints with the state bar and the U.S. Justice Department against one of the Assistant U.S. Attorneys in the case.

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In 1986, hundreds of state and federal officers raided LaRouche offices in Virginia and Massachusetts. A federal grand jury in Boston indicted LaRouche and 12 associates on credit card fraud and

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Following the mistrial in Boston, the prosecution moved to schedule a new trial. LaRouche and the other defendants appealed that effort on October 5, 1988, saying that a new trial would create

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This paragraph is excerpted from a longer essay by von der Heydte, which appeared as a full page ad, sponsored by the LaRouche-affiliated Commission to investigate Human Rights Violations, in

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sent a memo to Webster requesting an investigation of the LaRouche movement due to their "increasingly obnoxious" harassment of him, which was raised at a meeting that day of the

2184: 1261: 2854: 1354: 1209: 528:, and called to warn LaRouche that the FBI had wiretapped his phones. LaRouche was called as a defense witness in Frankhouser's trial but he refused to testify, exercising his 493: 4245: 353:'s associate William Weld's forces against presidential candidate Lyndon LaRouche's headquarters coincides with Don Regan's desperate attempts to maintain the cover-up on 194: 2278:

Mintz, John (December 18, 1987). "Defense Calls LaRouche, Followers 'Most Annoying'; Trial Begins for Leesburg Group Accused of Obstructing Probe Into Its Fund-Raising".

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Murphy, Caryle (November 20, 1988). "LaRouche's Va. Trial Expected to Be Speedy; Alexandria's 'Rocket Docket' Federal Court Contrasts With Site of Boston Proceeding".

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Murphy, Caryle (November 20, 1988). "LaRouche's Va. Trial Expected to Be Speedy; Alexandria's 'Rocket Docket' Federal Court Contrasts With Site of Boston Proceeding".

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Mintz, John (October 21, 1987). "Judge Delays Trials of LaRouche, Six Associates; Case of Former Ku Klux Klan Leader Frankhouser Is Severed and Will Be Tried First".

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witnesses. Frankhouser claimed that on another occasion LaRouche sent him to Boston to check on the grand jury investigation. Instead of going to Boston he went to a

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Mintz, John (September 22, 1987). "Jury Selection Begins in LaRouche Fraud Case; Lawyers Say Trial, Which Could Last 3 Months, Promises to Be One of the Strangest".

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Mintz, John (January 31, 1987). "Prosecutor Moves to Disarm LaRouche Guards; Lawyer for Security Men Tells Judge They Would Not Resist Law Enforcement Officers".

1167: 3977: 548:, began on December 17, 1987, with the jury that had been picked in September, before the Frankhouser trial. The 12 defense lawyers made 400 pretrial motions. 305:

to try to stop the FBI investigation of the credit card case. They sued the New Jersey bank that had frozen their credit card merchant accounts; and they sued

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to commit mail fraud. Trial was scheduled for six weeks after the indictment. Defense lawyers made an unusual appeal asking for a delay, which was rejected.

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Mintz, John (October 20, 1987). "Trial of LaRouche and 7 Aides May Be Delayed; Case of One Defendant May Be Severed, Heard First in Boston Federal Court".

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that would have limited his prison sentence to the three years he had already served in the federal case. The lawyer, Brian Gettings, doubted Billington's

115: 829:("friend of the court") briefs were filed in the appeal. One, by Albert Bleckmann, director of the Institute for Public Law and Political Sciences at the 764: 3830: 3366:, Brief of Maitre Jacques Stul, Amicus Curiae, No. 89-5518, published in Spannaus (1989). Stul is a French attorney who specializes in political causes. 468: 782:

joined the defense team, which contended that there were six faults in the trial. In the words of the Circuit Court's opinion, the alleged errors were:

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grand dragon. Frankhouser became a security consultant for LaRouche after convincing him that he was actively connected to U.S. intelligence agencies.

3786: 1018: 59:. The subsequent trial, described as an "extravaganza", was repeatedly delayed and ended in mistrial. Following the mistrial, a federal grand jury in 991: 946:

A trial in New York state courts on charges of scheming to defraud resulted in the conviction of Robert Primack, Marielle Kronberg and Lynne Speed.

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Bates, Steve (January 8, 1991). "3 More LaRouche Supporters Guilty of Fraud; Convictions in Securities Case Now Total 8; 8 Others Await Trial".

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LaRouche lawyers filed a series of related civil suits against individuals, agencies and businesses. They sued Weld and former Attorney General

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In the mid-1980s, the U.S. government and eleven states began investigations into alleged financial improprieties by LaRouche groups. A federal

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to North, discussing the gathering of information against LaRouche. After this memo surfaced, Judge Keeton ordered a search of Vice President

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presided in Boston. Jury selection was completed in September 1987. Before the trial could begin, Keeton granted a motion to sever the case of

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subpoenaed documents from the National Democratic Policy Committee (NDPC) and three other LaRouche organizations: Caucus Distributors Inc.,

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forget it. Get the money. Most of these people are immoral anyway. This is the most moral thing they have ever done is to give you money."

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in the 1960s. Edward Spannaus, a defendant in the trials, further notes that there was a memorandum written on January 12, 1983, by former

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joined the defense team for two appeals. Following the convictions, the LaRouche movement mounted failed attempts at exoneration.

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According to arguments made by LaRouche's attorneys in later appeals, the government investigations were started under the FBI's

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Doherty, William F. (November 17, 1987). "LaRouche Takes Fifth At Former Aide's Trial Probe Of Credit Scheme Prompted Charges".

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against LaRouche-related organizations. Three LaRouche-related organizations were forced into bankruptcy after failing to pay

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account for royalties owed him. One of the prosecutors in the 1988 case, John Markham, is representing Kronberg in the suit.

1104: 593: 88: 329:, headquarters of the LaRouche organization was searched in a coordinated, two-day raid by hundreds of officers of the FBI, 3985: 357:". LaRouche later said that the Soviet Premier had ordered the raid as part of an assassination attempt. "The man with the 4389: 4301: 4150: 4090: 3838: 2151: 2123: 1834: 1550: 732: 552:

FBI and CIA, and that the prosecution was acting on the orders of the CIA when they destroyed evidence and hid witnesses.

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held a press conference to say that the searches had recovered subpoenaed materials, including notebooks and index cards.

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relating to $ 30 million in loans. The first trials were in Leesburg, but later trials moved to the larger city of

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Beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Lyndon LaRouche formed a variety of political organizations, including the

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Roderick, Kevin (October 14, 1986). "Authorities See Pattern of Threats, Plots Dark Side of LaRouche Empire Surfaces".

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people. The charges also included a scheme to raise funds by soliciting loans with no intention of repaying them. The

273: 131: 3203: 3137: 3117: 2789: 2554: 2534: 2482: 2355: 2253: 2229: 1977: 1956: 1736: 1690: 1630: 1610: 1515: 1459: 638:" for its speed in disposing of cases. LaRouche and six associates were indicted on October 14, 1988, on charges of 3782: 172: 4664: 4639: 4203: 4179: 4171: 3050: 1415: 1394: 1139: 1025: 175:, head of the Bureau's General Investigative Division. It requested information on the funding of LaRouche and the 4609: 4285: 2964: 2574:

Doherty, William F. (December 27, 1987). "LaRouche Trial Is Latest In String Of Costly Courtroom Extravaganzas".

2401: 1710:

Osborne, William (April 8, 1986). "Gifts to LaRouche are probed: San Diego widow loaned $ 34,300 to L.A. group".

1565: 146:(also known as the "LaRouche Initiative"), which attracted widespread opposition and was defeated that November. 2908: 2850: 365:, has demanded my elimination", said LaRouche. In his 1987 autobiography, he wrote that the raid was ordered by 4564: 4474: 4343: 2502:

Quill, Ed (March 20, 1988). "Judge Says LaRouche Trial to Continue During Search for Government Infiltration".

2074: 915: 412: 399: 330: 277: 222: 168: 830: 138:. Both lost in the general election. Also in 1986, the "Prevent AIDS Now Initiative Committee" (PANIC) got an 4543: 4394: 3739:

Traub, Alex (September 22, 2022). "John Train, Paris Review Co-Founder and Cold War Operative, Dies at 94".

3677: 3660: 3620: 3603: 3515: 3478: 3444: 3427: 3067: 2943: 2053: 1898: 1108: 3376:

Howe, Robert F. (January 23, 1990). "Appeals Court Upholds LaRouche Conviction on Mail Fraud, Conspiracy".

4548: 4295: 3583: 3330: 3263: 2104: 1100: 1033: 976: 752: 525: 441: 408: 56: 2872: 2832: 1032:

claimed that "he inability to repay lenders and other crediters was the consequence of an unprecedented

225:, and Campaigner Publications Inc. Seven weeks later, on March 29, 1985, a federal district court judge, 4614: 4338: 4008: 2890: 2814: 2677: 2644: 1296: 1056: 455: 339: 180: 96: 3808:"Testimony Of The Schiller Institute Submitted To The Committee On The Judiciary, United States Senate" 1318:"James S. Gilmore III: Intense, All-Business Attorney General Already Has Stepped From Allen's Shadow" 763: 4166: 3757: 1127: 663: 521: 492:, whose case was tried first in front of a different jury. Frankhouser had been an informant for the 302: 249: 60: 2180: 1650:

Doherty, William F. (April 9, 1986). "Four LaRouche Organizations Appeal Contempt Findings, Fines".

4589: 4479: 4444: 3767: 3724: 3566: 3549: 3532: 3398: 3378: 3185: 3013: 2467: 2450: 2416: 2323: 2280: 2128: 1997:

Blair, William G. (March 19, 1989). "12 Lyndon Larouche Supporters Are Arrested On Fraud Charges".

1866: 1775: 1712: 1420: 1399: 1322: 1085: 1003: 722: 623: 394: 1939:

Shenon, Philip (October 7, 1986). "U.S. Charges Aides To LaRouche With Credit-Card Fraud Scheme".

4507: 4497: 4317: 3921: 3741: 3696: 3235: 3208: 3142: 3122: 2794: 2559: 2539: 2487: 2360: 2304:

Clark, John; Mike Weibel (January 18, 1987). "Frankhouser 'Broken' By Arrest In LaRouche Probe".

2258: 2234: 2203: 2092:"Proposed Findings of Fact in cases 87-0795-A,87-0796-A,87-0797-A", published in Spannaus (1989). 1999: 1982: 1961: 1941: 1741: 1695: 1635: 1615: 1592: 1570: 1520: 1486: 1464: 1112: 1073: 1029: 995: 903: 863: 700: 692: 643: 460: 326: 269: 230: 139: 123:

called the LaRouche movement one of the two most prominent "extremist political groups" of 1986.

92: 68: 45: 3354:, Brief of Prof. Dr. Albert Bleckmann, Amicus Curiae, No. 89-5518, published in Spannaus (1989). 1036:

proceeding initiated by the Justice Department against those companies in 1987, initiated in an

807:

sufficient to impanel an unbiased jury and improperly failed to excuse several jurors for cause.

3914: 1896:

Reid, Christine (October 7, 1986). "10 LaRouche Associates Face Fraud Counts; Offices Raided".

63:, indicted LaRouche and six associates. After a short trial in 1988, LaRouche was convicted of 44:

in the mid-1980s stemmed from federal and state investigations into the activities of American

4632: 4599: 4594: 4584: 4464: 4454: 4409: 4307: 4226: 4138:"The John Train Salon and the Evidence of Criminal Fraud Filed With the Fourth Circuit Court," 4113: 4094: 4071: 4065: 4052: 4042: 3315: 2682: 2598: 2519: 2033: 2016: 1915: 1839: 1792: 1758: 1301: 1135: 999: 895: 569: 424: 362: 358: 114:

and the National Democratic Policy Committee. These organizations served as the platforms for

80: 3675:

United Press International (September 1, 1989). "3 LaRouche Workers Are Convicted Of Fraud".

2431:

Doherty, William F. (December 18, 1987). "LaRouche Called Donors 'Slime,' Prosecution Says".

1490: 798:

and at trial, that unconstitutionally restricted their ability to defend against the charges.

321:

The Wheat Building in Leesburg, Virginia: one of the buildings searched during the 1986 raid.

4517: 4512: 4469: 4439: 4358: 3498: 3289: 2926: 2755: 2662: 2576: 2433: 2377: 2340: 2306: 1672: 1652: 1163: 1143: 935: 891: 859: 317: 253: 226: 176: 111: 3722:

Howard, Alison (May 24, 1990). "Lyndon LaRouche Leaves Prison to Testify for Fund-Raiser".

2294:

Court records spell the name "Frankhauser" while most other sources spell it "Frankhouser".

2148:"The Summary of Relevant Evidence on The Record Demonstrating Innocence of LaRouche, et al" 1297:"LaRouche Gets 15 Years for Cheating His Backers, IRS 6 Aides Also Get Prison Terms, Fines" 682:

said. "In prison it's fairly easy to kill me ... If this sentence goes through, I'm dead."

4579: 4574: 4522: 4502: 4399: 4240: 3950: 3892: 3601:

United Press International (September 26, 1989). "LaRouche Associate Dismisses Attorney".

3496:

Brazaitis, Thomas J. (July 5, 1991). "Convicted LaRouche aide won't renounce his leader".

3084: 1151: 1147: 1131: 1096: 911: 855: 842: 611: 489: 366: 343: 190: 48: 17: 3862: 878: 4619: 4569: 4419: 4404: 4379: 4374: 4191:

transcript of a national broadcast paid for by LaRouche's presidential campaign in 1992

4146: 4137: 2924:

Neuffer, Elizabeth (March 22, 1989). "LaRouche Mounts Last-Ditch Bid For Hub Retrial".

1052: 1007: 955: 887: 789:

The district court erroneously denied their discovery request for exculpatory material.

565: 32: 3855:"Letter from former U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark to Attorney General Janet Reno" 3513:

United Press International (April 6, 1989). "Jury Convicts Fund-Raiser For LaRouche".

2959: 4658: 4449: 3700: 2941:

Green, Frank (April 7, 1989). "Clark Joins Motion Seeking Bond For LaRouche Appeal".

2207: 2069: 1815: 1807: 959: 847: 825: 786:

The district court erred in denying their motion for a continuance of the trial date.

635: 485: 334: 306: 276:

and personnel of other federal agencies were conducting separate investigations. The

198: 3239: 2014:

Jackson, Robert L. (April 22, 1987). "3 Firms Linked to LaRouche Seized for Fines".

882:

Law offices of the LaRouche movement during the state trials (photographed in 2008).

4459: 931: 902:(SCC) was needed verifying that the loans solicited by LaRouche organizations were 819:

The district court erred in allowing the introduction of illegally seized evidence.

779: 767: 556: 501: 370: 350: 282: 241: 99: 4147:"The John Train Salon Delivered Perjured Testimony in the 'Get LaRouche' Trials," 3807: 3065:

Welch, William H. (April 22, 1987). "LaRouche Said To Drain Funds From 3 Firms".

2517:

King, John (March 13, 1988). "LaRouche Trial Slows Over Claims Of Infiltration".

1095:. Entitled "Officials Call for LaRouche's Exoneration", its signatories included 4604: 4538: 4429: 4384: 3618:

Lovegrove, Richard (September 26, 1989). "Larouche Disciple Feuds With Lawyer".

1545: 1339: 1116: 561: 512: 127: 72: 4157: 3476:

Terry, Mary Sue (December 21, 1991). "Attorney General Responds To Editorial".

3011:

Murphy, Carlyle (December 15, 1988). "LaRouche Trial Hears Closing Arguments".

2133: 910:

rights. The SCC rejected that argument and decided, on March 4, 1987, that the

411:

petition on April 20, 1987, to collect the debt from Caucus Distributors Inc.,

4434: 4035: 3636: 1120: 1068: 919: 744: 711:

bodyguards, or lawyers since 1973. The judge fined him for failing to answer.

639: 497: 257: 210: 160: 76: 64: 2771:

In Re Grand Jury Proceedings. Appeal of Campaigner Publications, Inc., et al.

2147: 1590:

Brinkley, Joel (May 19, 1986). "LaRouche Groups' Debt To U.S. Mounts Daily".

4117: 4056: 3461: 1181:

In Re Grand Jury Proceedings.appeal of Campaigner Publications, Inc., et al.

1124: 1091: 1044: 803: 794: 704: 651: 603: 261: 126:

The movement's greatest electoral success came in 1986 when two supporters,

810:

The mail fraud counts were improperly joined with the tax conspiracy count.

3331:"LaRouche Addresses His Youth Movement on the Subject of His Imprisonment" 3162:"Campaign draws attention to LaRouche Nancy Spannaus uses his sound bites" 3032: 2998: 2904:

In Re Grand Jury Proceedings. Appeal of Caucus Distributors, Inc., et al.

1055:, a former Australian member of parliament and founder of the LaRouchite 1038: 295: 265: 4167:

Transcript of sentencing proceedings - Alexandria, Va., January 27, 1989

3831:"New Leadership for a Time of Crisis: Australia's Curtin Labor Alliance" 2753:

Doherty, William F. (July 4, 1986). "Fines For LaRouche Groups Upheld".

1233:

In Re Grand Jury Proceedings.appeal of Caucus Distributors, Inc., et al.

467:

The LaRouche organization asserts that it has proof, obtained under the

237: 2868:

U.S. v. LaRouche Campaign, appeal of National Broadcasting Company, Inc

1217:

U.S. v. LaRouche Campaign, appeal of National Broadcasting Company, Inc

516: 349:

Warren J. Hamerman, Chair of the NDPC, said the searches "conducted by

291: 3442:

McKelway, Bill (February 28, 1987). "Briefs Filed In LaRouche Probe".

3261:"Larouche Campaign Goes On Effort In Va. Raises More Than $ 200,000". 3082:

Associated Press (December 2, 1988). "Ex-Aide: LaRouche Extravagant".

1881:

Reid, Christine (October 8, 1986). "LAROUCHE RECORDS WERE WITHHELD".

1435:

Toner, Robin (March 30, 1986). "Democrats Scrutinize Larouche Bloc".

774:

The defendants in the Alexandria trial appealed their convictions to

438:

trial were involved in the planning and execution of the bankruptcy.

287: 218: 4195: 2108:. Newport News, Va. Associated Press. September 9, 1989. p. B4. 2051:

McKelway, Bill (May 5, 1988). "Legality Of Move By U.S. Is Argued".

1756:

Sweet, Lynn (October 25, 1987). "LaRouchies back - new name, home".

816:

The district court erroneously instructed the jury on the tax count.

3587:. Newport News, Va. Associated Press. October 25, 1989. p. B5. 2375:"Frankhouser Seized By FBI In Reading On Firearms Charges Police". 4175:

January 13, 1985 article on LaRouche mansion and unusual lifestyle

3232:"Report on the Mistreatment of Political Prisoner Lyndon LaRouche" 2535:"LaRouche Trial Delayed As Judge Orders Search Of Federal Records" 1337:

Ford, Brian (August 20, 1995). "LaRouche Pushes For Exoneration".

877: 762: 657: 464:

bankruptcy would not change the outcome of LaRouche's conviction.

440: 393: 316: 236: 3885:"The Curtis Clark Commission Findings: Exonerate Lyndon LaRouche" 3765:

of Loudon County, Virginia, on March 2, and as a half-page ad in

1192:, 829 F.2d 250 (1st Cir. September 17, 1987). 1079:

On September 18, 1996, a full-page advertisement appeared in the

1790:"Jury finds LaRouche guilty in conspiracy and mail fraud plot". 940: 354: 130:

and Mark J. Fairchild, won the Democratic Party nominations for

4199: 3425:

McKelway, Bill (March 5, 1987). "SCC Enjoins LaRouche Groups".

3204:"Appeals Court Upholds Convictions of LaRouche and Four Others" 1272:, 78 F.3d 580 (4th Cir. February 28, 1996). 1252:, 896 F.2d 815 (4th Cir. January 22, 1990). 1228:, 866 F.2d 512 (1st Cir. January 31, 1989). 1200:, 836 F.2d 1342 (4th Cir. January 7, 1988). 434:, was reborn with a new name but the same editor and material. 3581:"Jury Convicts Top Larouche Fund-Raiser Of Securities Fraud". 898:. In order for the prosecutions to proceed, a decision by the 598: 164: 3054:. Fort Lauderdale. Associated Press. May 3, 1986. p. 6A. 1568:(March 29, 1985). "Kissinger asked FBI to look at LaRouche". 1244:, 878 F.2d 1571 (4th Cir. July 4, 1989). 1220:, 841 F.2d 1176 (1st Cir. March 9, 1988). 1067:

Ramsey Clark wrote a letter in 1995 to then-Attorney General

418:

The bankruptcy halted the publication of a weekly newspaper,

1516:"LaRouche Lawyers Introduce Three Kissinger-F.B.I. Letters" 1483:"Has your neighbor been brainwashed about Lyndon LaRouche?" 1236:, 871 F.2d 156 (1st Cir. May 30, 1989). 1184:, 795 F.2d 226 (1st Cir. July 3, 1986). 496:

and other law enforcement agencies, in addition to being a

3138:"Court Fines LaRouche $ 2,000 For Not Answering Questions" 3287:"Larouche Set To Run Again After Walking Out Of Prison". 1013:

On November 8, 1991, Angelo Vidal d'Almeida Ribeiro, the

3637:"The Human Rights Issues in the Virginia LaRouche Cases" 3459:"All-white jury acceptable in murder suit, court says". 966:

LaRouche also alleged systematic government misconduct:

890:, prosecuted eight LaRouche organizations on charges of 632:

U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia

914:

were securities. It ordered six LaRouche organizations—

4183:

12/23/90 article on elderly seeking repayment of loans

792:

The district court made numerous evidentiary rulings,

4112:. Commission to Investigate Human Rights Violations. 3048:"Conservative Oilman Pays Rent For LaRouche Estate". 1978:"LaRouche Indicted In Plot To Block Inquiry On Fraud" 1812:

National Democratic Policy Committee v. United States

634:, where LaRouche resided. That court was known as a " 369:, whom he described as outranking her husband in the 3333:. LaRouche Political Action Committee. July 23, 2005 2919: 2917: 2706:"LaRouche aide from Penna turns informer, U.S. says" 2400: (4th Cir. July 4, 1989), archived from 555:

During the trial, a search of the personal files of

4557: 4531: 4488: 4367: 4331: 4278: 4233: 3126:. Associated Press. February 24, 1985. p. A20. 2364:. Associated Press. December 11, 1987. p. A30. 1965:. Associated Press. December 18, 1987. p. A25. 373:due to her leadership of the Soviet Cultural Fund. 248:Investigations by a separate federal grand jury in 4034: 3781:Ribeiro, Angelo Vidal d'Almeida (March 10, 1986). 2273: 2271: 2269: 1859: 1857: 1699:. Associated Press. February 2, 1987. p. A21. 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 27:1980s United States state and federal fraud trials 3596: 3594: 3491: 3489: 3155: 3153: 3146:. Associated Press. August 10, 1986. p. A24. 2960:"Terror trials head for Virginia 'rocket docket'" 2591: 2589: 2587: 1605: 1603: 778:on October 6, 1989. Former U.S. Attorney General 544:The trial of LaRouche and his six co-defendants, 3183:"LaRouche Appeal Is Rebuffed by Supreme Court". 1685: 1683: 1510: 1508: 1305:. Associated Press. January 27, 1989. p. 1. 2655: 2653: 2491:. Associated Press. April 7, 1988. p. A17. 2046: 2044: 1639:. Associated Press. March 5, 1987. p. A15. 1524:. Associated Press. March 18, 1988. p. B5. 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1006:in Germany, compared the LaRouche trial to the 813:The sentence imposed on LaRouche was excessive. 195:President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board 3198: 3196: 2666:. Associated Press. March 3, 1989. p. 58. 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2543:. Associated Press. March 12, 1988. p. 9. 2124:"Ruling May Help Appeal, LaRouche Backers Say" 2031:"U.S. Agents Take Over 3 LaRouche Companies". 1745:. Associated Press. May 20, 1986. p. A24. 1665: 1663: 1468:. Associated Press. July 29, 1986. p. A8. 1357:. Associated Press. August 25, 1999. p. 9 1168:New Benjamin Franklin House Publishing Company 747:. Bakker later devoted a chapter of his book, 4211: 4158:"The World's Most Expensive Glass of Sherry," 3978:"After suicide, Leesburg widow sues LaRouche" 2617:. Richmond, Virginia. May 5, 1988. p. 2. 2563:. Associated Press. May 5, 1987. p. D28. 1737:"3 States Bar Activities By LaRouche Concern" 1585: 1583: 1581: 837:, the exclusion of evidence under the motion 8: 4162:Lyndon LaRouche and the New American Fascism 3842:. Vol. 27, no. 19. pp. 47–48. 3394:"Supreme Court Upholds LaRouche Convictions" 2170: 2168: 1460:"LaRouche Backers Lose Illinois Court Round" 4251:Lyndon LaRouche U.S. presidential campaigns 3971: 3969: 3810:. american_almanac.tipod.com. July 13, 1998 3402:. June 12, 1990. p. B4. Archived from 2596:"Jurors Excused, Cause LaRouche Mistrial". 2247: 2245: 2117: 2115: 1828:LaRouche, Jr., Lyndon H. (March 12, 2004). 1670:"Jailed Man Decides To Testify, Is Freed". 975:LaRouche and his lawyers asserted that the 4218: 4204: 4196: 3771:on March 3. Re-printed in Spannaus (1989). 3118:"Judgment Is Reduced in LaRouche-NBC Case" 2660:"No LaRouche Trial, Rules Federal Judge". 2230:"Judge Postpones Trial Of Lyndon LaRouche" 1546:"Richard Mellon Scaife: Who Is He Really?" 1477: 1475: 1028:on July 13, 1998, the LaRouche-affiliated 3787:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 3043: 3041: 2483:"LaRouche Lawyers Seek North's Notebooks" 1808:Brief for the United States in Opposition 1142:; and artists such as classical vocalist 1019:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 649:Judge Bryan granted a prosecution motion 3693:"LaRouche—Bad Guy, But We Can't Say Why" 2790:"Justices Agree To Hear Plea On Miranda" 2200:"LaRouche—Bad Guy, But We Can't Say Why" 992:Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte 31: 3999:Benton, Nicholas F. (August 27, 2009). 3915:"Statement of Mann-Chestnut Commission" 2817: (1st Cir. September 17, 1987). 2254:"LaRouche Taken In By Aide, Trial Told" 1281: 445:Several decisions were appealed to the 2788:Greenhouse, Linda (October 17, 1989). 2738:"FORMER CANDIDATE SENTENCED TO JAIL". 2678:"Further LaRouche Charges Are Dropped" 2070:"AIDS Seen As Job Hazard in Some Labs" 1691:"16 LaRouche Aides Indicted For Fraud" 1130:and Democratic Presidential Candidate 1119:(a Larouche movement participant) and 950:Reactions from LaRouche and supporters 4001:"LaRouche Sued For Libel, Harassment" 3564:"Judge Rejects LaRouche Allegation". 2893: (1st Cir. January 31, 1989). 2647: (4th Cir. January 22, 1990). 1111:(a leader of the Larouche-affiliated 1083:, a LaRouche publication, as well as 422:, and a bi-monthly science magazine, 342:, were searched as well. US Attorney 7: 4354:Party for the Commonwealth of Canada 3238:. September 16, 1989. Archived from 3212:. Associated Press. January 23, 1990 3035:1988). Reprinted in Spannaus (1989). 3001:1988). Reprinted in Spannaus (1989). 2835: (4th Cir. January 7, 1988). 1957:"Prosecutor Links Fraud To LaRouche" 1393:Murphy, Caryle (December 17, 1988). 801:The trial judge failed to conduct a 4313:National Caucus of Labor Committees 3891:. September 3, 1994. Archived from 2911: (1st Cir. March 29, 1989). 2723:"2 ARE SENTENCED FOR OBSTRUCTION". 2613:"Jurors Deemed Larouche Innocent". 2356:"Aide To LaRouche Guilty In A Plot" 2252:Wald, Matthew (December 10, 1987). 1544:Spannaus, Edward (March 21, 1997). 532:right to avoid self-incrimination. 379:National Caucus of Labor Committees 4070:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. 3783:"Report by the Special Rapporteur" 3658:"LaRouche Fund-Raiser Convicted". 3160:Casey, Martin (October 10, 2002). 2875: (1st Cir. March 9, 1988). 2068:McDonald, Amy (January 25, 1988). 1395:"LaRouche Convicted Of Mail Fraud" 1355:"Dems distance selves from Milton" 1162:In 2009, Molly Kronberg, widow of 886:The Attorney General of Virginia, 402:headquarters, photographed in 2008 272:were also underway. The FBI, IRS, 116:presidential campaigns by LaRouche 25: 4323:Worldwide LaRouche Youth Movement 4085:LaRouche, Jr., Lyndon H. (1987). 4033:Bakker, Jim; Ken Abraham (1996). 3976:Wagoner, Jana (August 25, 2009). 3635:Boyd, Barbara (August 10, 1998). 3267:. Newport News, Va. June 3, 1990. 2828:Fusion Energy Foundation v. Terry 2778: (1st Cir. July 3, 1986). 2712:. October 10, 1986. p. A.10. 2122:Howe, Robert (October 28, 1989). 1976:Wald, Matthew L. (July 3, 1987). 1197:Fusion Energy Foundation v. Terry 954:"My imprisonment is the American 741:Federal Medical Center, Rochester 217:In January 1985, a grand jury in 91:, and three were appealed to the 4291:Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität 4269: 4256:California Proposition 64 (1986) 4188:"Why Lyndon LaRouche is in Jail" 3853:Clark, Ramsey (April 26, 1995). 3293:. January 27, 1994. p. A12. 2983:. Washington, D.C. p. a.14. 2958:Stern, Seth (February 6, 2002). 2238:. October 21, 1987. p. A18. 2102:"Larouche Documents Destroyed". 1830:"The Night They Came To Kill Me" 1619:. October 29, 1986. p. A28. 1414:Mintz, John (January 13, 1985). 1316:Edds, Margaret (April 2, 1995). 1208:, 837 F.2d 527 ( 699:, "Ibykus Farm" after a work by 3829:Douglas, Allen (May 12, 2000). 3664:. October 25, 1989. p. B3. 3536:. February 2, 1990. p. B4. 3465:. January 10, 1989. p. 6A. 2993:Government's Motion in Limine, 2742:. February 2, 1990. p. 14. 1796:. December 17, 1988. p. 1. 1779:. January 10, 1989. p. D4. 1676:. October 25, 1985. p. 72. 1611:"Abrams Files LaRouche Lawsuit" 1416:"Group Makes Political Inroads" 776:Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals 743:in Minnesota was televangelist 325:Beginning October 6, 1986, the 252:, along with state agencies in 4108:Spannaus, Edward, ed. (1989). 4067:Survey of Jewish Affairs, 1987 3530:"LaRouche Aide Is Convicted". 1260:, 4 F.3d 987 ( 1174:United States court of appeals 1105:American Civil Rights Movement 1024:In testimony submitted to the 594:First Circuit Court of Appeals 121:Survey of Jewish Affairs, 1987 89:United States court of appeals 1: 4302:Executive Intelligence Review 4151:Executive Intelligence Review 4141:Executive Intelligence Review 4134:on a LaRouche-affiliated site 4132:Summary of the LaRouche cases 4091:Executive Intelligence Review 3839:Executive Intelligence Review 3639:. american_almanac.tripod.com 2686:. January 29, 1989. p. 4 2152:Executive Intelligence Review 1835:Executive Intelligence Review 1551:Executive Intelligence Review 916:Fusion Energy Foundation Inc. 484:United States District Judge 4670:Mail and wire fraud case law 4160:Chap. 33 from Dennis King's 2555:"LaRouche Aides Given Delay" 2132:. p. A8. Archived from 2037:. April 21, 1987. p. 1. 1885:. Richmond, Va. p. A-1. 900:State Corporation Commission 428:. At least one publication, 4349:North American Labour Party 3624:. Richmond, Va. p. 13. 3570:. May 30, 1990. p. D4. 3277:Bakker & Abraham (1996) 3189:. July 4, 1989. p. B5. 3031:, Criminal No. 88-00243-A ( 2997:, Criminal No. 88-00243-A ( 2727:. May 18, 1990. p. 59. 1773:"Loss for LaRouche Group". 1631:"LaRouche Groups to Appeal" 1150:, former 1st Violin of the 715:Conviction and imprisonment 231:pleaded the Fifth Amendment 132:Illinois Secretary of State 4686: 3051:South Florida Sun-Sentinel 2602:. May 5, 1988. p. 27. 1140:Congressional Black Caucus 1026:Senate Judiciary Committee 833:, objected to the lack of 500:and a former Pennsylvania 469:Freedom of Information Act 142:on the California ballot, 71:to commit mail fraud, and 18:LaRouche conspiracy trials 4628: 4286:Australian Citizens Party 4267: 4087:The Power of Reason: 1988 4064:Frankel, William (1988). 3364:United States v. LaRouche 3352:United States v. LaRouche 3029:United States v. LaRouche 2995:United States v. LaRouche 2965:Christian Science Monitor 2886:U.S. v. LaRouche Campaign 2810:U.S. v. Larouche Campaign 2187: September 13, 1993). 1883:Richmond Times - Dispatch 1264: September 13, 1993). 1225:U.S. v. LaRouche Campaign 1189:U.S. v. Larouche Campaign 1103:; figures from the 1960s 546:U.S. v. LaRouche Campaign 540:Trial of LaRouche, et al. 4344:Fusion Energy Foundation 4261:LaRouche criminal trials 4246:Views of Lyndon LaRouche 4041:. Nashville: T. Nelson. 1929:LaRouche (1987), p. 309. 1726:Spannaus (1989), p. 236. 1534:Spannaus (1989), p. 306. 413:Fusion Energy Foundation 400:Fusion Energy Foundation 278:Internal Revenue Service 223:Fusion Energy Foundation 42:LaRouche criminal trials 4544:Daniel Patrick Moynihan 4395:Amelia Boynton Robinson 4005:Falls Church News-Press 3678:Richmond Times-Dispatch 3661:Richmond Times-Dispatch 3621:Richmond Times-Dispatch 3604:Richmond Times-Dispatch 3516:Richmond Times-Dispatch 3479:Richmond Times-Dispatch 3445:Richmond Times-Dispatch 3428:Richmond Times-Dispatch 3107:Spannaus (1989), p. 51. 3098:Spannaus (1989), p. 47. 3068:Richmond Times-Dispatch 2944:Richmond Times-Dispatch 2857: January 22, 1988). 2846:In Re Jeffrey Steinberg 2615:Richmond Times-Dispatch 2054:Richmond Times-Dispatch 1899:Richmond Times-Dispatch 1449:Frankel (1988), p. 202. 1212: January 22, 1988). 1205:In Re Jeffrey Steinberg 1109:Amelia Boynton Robinson 186:In August 1982, former 4296:European Workers Party 3027:Transcript of Record, 1101:President of Argentina 1074:Mann-Chestnut hearings 1034:involuntary bankruptcy 977:Anti-Defamation League 973: 883: 771: 666: 662:Federal courthouse in 526:Scranton, Pennsylvania 450: 409:involuntary bankruptcy 403: 390:Involuntary bankruptcy 322: 245: 57:obstruction of justice 37: 4615:Friedwardt Winterberg 4489:Members who separated 4339:Curtin Labor Alliance 4332:Defunct organizations 3761:on March 1, 1990, in 3303:Bakker (1996), p. 250 2873:841 F.2d 1176 2833:836 F.2d 1342 2710:Philadelphia Inquirer 2398:878 F.2d 1571 1493:on September 20, 2006 1057:Curtin Labor Alliance 968: 881: 831:University of Münster 766: 759:Appeal of convictions 661: 592:On July 3, 1986, the 456:Martin V.B. Bostetter 444: 397: 340:Quincy, Massachusetts 320: 240: 181:Executive Order 12333 97:U.S. Attorney General 35: 4279:Active organizations 4011:on September 4, 2009 3988:on February 8, 2013. 3982:Loudoun Times-Mirror 3953:on February 28, 2004 3943:"Exonerate LaRouche" 3895:on December 19, 2003 3865:on December 21, 2006 3763:Loudoun Times-Mirror 3758:The Washington Times 3172:on January 28, 2013. 2909:871 F.2d 156 2891:866 F.2d 512 2851:837 F.2d 527 2815:829 F.2d 250 2776:795 F.2d 226 2645:896 F.2d 815 2136:on October 22, 2012. 1063:Exoneration attempts 664:Alexandria, Virginia 522:Star Trek convention 480:Trial of Frankhouser 313:Raid and indictments 303:William French Smith 250:Alexandria, Virginia 173:Oliver "Buck" Revell 61:Alexandria, Virginia 36:LaRouche circa 1988. 4590:Zbigniew Jaworowski 4480:Helga Zepp-LaRouche 4445:Stanislav Menshikov 3768:The Washington Post 3725:The Washington Post 3567:The Washington Post 3550:The Washington Post 3533:The Washington Post 3406:on October 18, 2012 3399:The Washington Post 3379:The Washington Post 3186:The Washington Post 3014:The Washington Post 2981:The Washington Post 2468:The Washington Post 2451:The Washington Post 2417:The Washington Post 2393:U.S. v. Frankhauser 2324:The Washington Post 2281:The Washington Post 2129:The Washington Post 1867:The Washington Post 1776:The Washington Post 1713:The San Diego Union 1421:The Washington Post 1400:The Washington Post 1323:The Virginian-Pilot 1241:U.S. v. Frankhauser 1086:The Washington Post 1004:University of Mainz 723:The Washington Post 624:Albert V. Bryan Jr. 509:U.S. v. Frankhauser 136:Lieutenant Governor 4508:F. William Engdahl 4498:Nicholas F. Benton 4390:Michael Billington 4318:Schiller Institute 3922:Schiller Institute 3742:The New York Times 3697:Schiller Institute 3236:Schiller Institute 3209:The New York Times 3143:The New York Times 3123:The New York Times 2795:The New York Times 2560:The New York Times 2540:The New York Times 2488:The New York Times 2381:. October 6, 1988. 2361:The New York Times 2259:The New York Times 2235:The New York Times 2204:Schiller Institute 2181:4 F.3d 987 2000:The New York Times 1983:The New York Times 1962:The New York Times 1942:The New York Times 1742:The New York Times 1696:The New York Times 1636:The New York Times 1616:The New York Times 1593:The New York Times 1571:The Frederick Post 1521:The New York Times 1487:Schiller Institute 1465:The New York Times 1158:Later developments 1138:, who chaired the 1113:Schiller Institute 1030:Schiller Institute 1015:Special Rapporteur 884: 864:George P. Monaghan 772: 733:Michael Billington 701:Friedrich Schiller 693:Leesburg, Virginia 667: 564:defendant General 461:constructive fraud 451: 447:U.S. Supreme Court 404: 327:Leesburg, Virginia 323: 246: 188:Secretary of State 93:U.S. Supreme Court 46:political activist 38: 4665:LaRouche movement 4650: 4649: 4641:Wikimedia Commons 4600:Karen Kwiatkowski 4595:Gordon M. Johnson 4585:Victor Gunnarsson 4491:from the movement 4465:Nataliya Vitrenko 4455:Robert James Moon 4410:Jacques Cheminade 4308:LaRouche movement 4227:LaRouche movement 4077:978-0-8386-3322-9 3316:Los Angeles Times 2683:Los Angeles Times 2599:Los Angeles Times 2520:The Seattle Times 2034:Los Angeles Times 2017:Los Angeles Times 1916:Los Angeles Times 1842:on March 14, 2004 1793:Houston Chronicle 1759:Chicago Sun-Times 1302:Los Angeles Times 1136:Mervyn M. Dymally 1000:international law 994:, a professor of 852:James Robert Mann 850:briefs included: 363:Mikhail Gorbachov 359:mark of the beast 197:by senior member 81:contempt of court 16:(Redirected from 4677: 4642: 4635: 4518:Laurent Murawiec 4513:David P. Goldman 4470:William Warfield 4440:Kenneth Kronberg 4359:U.S. Labor Party 4273: 4272: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4197: 4121: 4104: 4081: 4060: 4040: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4007:. Archived from 3996: 3990: 3989: 3984:. Archived from 3973: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3949:. Archived from 3947:LaRouche in 2004 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3889:LaRouche in 2004 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3861:. Archived from 3859:LaRouche in 2004 3850: 3844: 3843: 3835: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3778: 3772: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3703:on June 15, 2002 3699:. Archived from 3689: 3683: 3682: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3499:The Plain Dealer 3493: 3484: 3483: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3290:Orlando Sentinel 3284: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3242:on July 20, 2008 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3200: 3191: 3190: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3168:. Archived from 3157: 3148: 3147: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3045: 3036: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3008: 3002: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2927:The Boston Globe 2921: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2756:The Boston Globe 2750: 2744: 2743: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2663:The Boston Globe 2657: 2648: 2642: 2640:U.S. v. LaRouche 2636: 2619: 2618: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2593: 2582: 2581: 2577:The Boston Globe 2571: 2565: 2564: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2434:The Boston Globe 2428: 2422: 2421: 2411: 2405: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2378:The Morning Call 2372: 2366: 2365: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2341:The Boston Globe 2335: 2329: 2328: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2307:The Morning Call 2301: 2295: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2275: 2264: 2263: 2249: 2240: 2239: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2210:on June 15, 2002 2206:. Archived from 2194: 2188: 2178: 2176:U.S. v. LaRouche 2172: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2048: 2039: 2038: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1861: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1838:. Archived from 1825: 1819: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1687: 1678: 1677: 1673:The Boston Globe 1667: 1658: 1657: 1653:The Boston Globe 1647: 1641: 1640: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1607: 1598: 1597: 1587: 1576: 1575: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1512: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1489:. Archived from 1479: 1470: 1469: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1439:. pp. A.22. 1432: 1426: 1425: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1390: 1367: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1313: 1307: 1306: 1293: 1271: 1259: 1257:U.S. v. LaRouche 1251: 1249:U.S. v. LaRouche 1243: 1235: 1227: 1219: 1207: 1199: 1191: 1183: 1164:Kenneth Kronberg 1144:William Warfield 912:promissory notes 892:securities fraud 860:Jay Alan Sekulow 628:U.S. v. LaRouche 618:Alexandria trial 227:A. David Mazzone 177:U.S. Labor Party 112:U.S. Labor Party 21: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4633: 4624: 4580:Roy Frankhouser 4575:Erik R. Fleming 4565:Jeremiah Duggan 4558:Related persons 4553: 4527: 4523:Webster Tarpley 4503:Robert Dreyfuss 4490: 4484: 4475:Frederick Wills 4400:Norbert Brainin 4363: 4327: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4241:Lyndon LaRouche 4229: 4224: 4181:Washington Post 4173:Washington Post 4128: 4107: 4101: 4084: 4078: 4063: 4049: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4014: 4012: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3975: 3974: 3967: 3956: 3954: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3918:(Press release) 3917: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3754: 3750: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3600: 3599: 3592: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3495: 3494: 3487: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3202: 3201: 3194: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3159: 3158: 3151: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3085:Chicago Tribune 3081: 3080: 3076: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3047: 3046: 3039: 3026: 3022: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2659: 2658: 2651: 2638: 2637: 2622: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2595: 2594: 2585: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2277: 2276: 2267: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2050: 2049: 2042: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2013: 2012: 2008: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1863: 1862: 1855: 1845: 1843: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1805: 1801: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1669: 1668: 1661: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1609: 1608: 1601: 1589: 1588: 1579: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1514: 1513: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1392: 1391: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1295: 1294: 1283: 1279: 1267: 1255: 1247: 1239: 1231: 1223: 1215: 1203: 1195: 1187: 1179: 1176: 1160: 1152:Amadeus Quartet 1148:Norbert Brainin 1132:Eugene McCarthy 1097:Arturo Frondizi 1065: 952: 908:First Amendment 876: 856:Charles E. Rice 843:double jeopardy 761: 717: 688: 620: 612:double jeopardy 590: 588:Related appeals 584:investigation. 542: 530:Fifth Amendment 490:Roy Frankhouser 482: 477: 392: 367:Raisa Gorbachev 344:Henry E. Hudson 315: 207: 191:Henry Kissinger 169:William Webster 157: 152: 108: 49:Lyndon LaRouche 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4683: 4681: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4657: 4656: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4637: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4620:J. L. Chestnut 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4570:Daniel Estulin 4567: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4425:Paul Goldstein 4422: 4420:Sergey Glazyev 4417: 4412: 4407: 4405:Anton Chaitkin 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4380:Adrian Bennett 4377: 4375:Robert Beltran 4371: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4185: 4177: 4169: 4164: 4155: 4144: 4135: 4127: 4126:External links 4124: 4123: 4122: 4105: 4099: 4082: 4076: 4061: 4047: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4022: 3991: 3965: 3934: 3906: 3876: 3845: 3821: 3799: 3773: 3748: 3731: 3728:. p. A42. 3714: 3684: 3667: 3650: 3627: 3610: 3590: 3573: 3556: 3539: 3522: 3505: 3485: 3482:. p. A12. 3468: 3451: 3434: 3417: 3385: 3368: 3356: 3344: 3322: 3305: 3296: 3279: 3270: 3253: 3223: 3192: 3175: 3149: 3129: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3074: 3057: 3037: 3020: 3017:. p. A46. 3003: 2986: 2971: 2950: 2933: 2913: 2895: 2877: 2859: 2837: 2819: 2801: 2798:. p. A21. 2780: 2762: 2745: 2730: 2715: 2697: 2669: 2649: 2620: 2605: 2583: 2566: 2546: 2526: 2523:. p. A17. 2509: 2494: 2474: 2471:. p. A14. 2457: 2440: 2423: 2420:. p. A14. 2406: 2384: 2367: 2347: 2330: 2327:. p. A10. 2313: 2296: 2287: 2284:. p. A18. 2265: 2262:. p. B17. 2241: 2221: 2189: 2164: 2139: 2111: 2094: 2085: 2060: 2057:. p. A12. 2040: 2023: 2006: 1989: 1968: 1948: 1931: 1922: 1905: 1888: 1873: 1853: 1820: 1799: 1782: 1765: 1748: 1728: 1719: 1702: 1679: 1659: 1642: 1622: 1599: 1577: 1566:Anderson, Jack 1557: 1536: 1527: 1504: 1471: 1451: 1442: 1437:New York Times 1427: 1406: 1403:. p. A01. 1368: 1346: 1343:. p. 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