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1863:'Here', she said, 'by mixing with her words the most offensive epithets, this is how I will treat you when it is time!' And this unfortunate woman was about to become a mother! Solitude did not abandon the rebels and remained close to them, like their evil genius, to excite them to the greatest crimes. Finally arrested in the company of a gang of insurgents, she was sentenced to death, but the sentence had to be postponed. She was supplicied on 29 November, after her delivery.
2000:, and Jacques Martial, former director of Mémorial ACTe and Paris Councillor Delegate in charge of Overseas Territories, inaugurate the “Jardin Solitude” (Solitude Garden) (north lawns of the Place of Général-Catroux - 17th district). They announced the project to eventually install her statue in this garden. This would be the first statue of a black woman in Paris - which only counts 40 historical women among the thousand or so statues in Paris.
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La mulâtresse
Solitude, who came from Pointe-à-Pitre to Basse-Terre, was then in the Palermo camp. She let her hatred and fury burst out on all occasions. She had rabbits. One of them having escaped, she armed herself with a pin, ran, pierced him, lifted him up, and presented him to the prison women:
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Many sources hypothesize about the unknown early life of the girl who became
Solitude. While it is only speculation, it is widely believed that she was the product of a rape by a Frenchman on a slaveship that brought her mother to the Caribbean. Her mother is said to have died when she was only eight
1872:
Solitude's story, though not formerly recorded, inspired Andre
Schwarz Bart to expand on the tale in a novel entitled, La Mulatresse Solitude. The novel is not considered a historical resource, but rather a work of historical fiction, hypothesizing and detailing the lives of Solitude and her mother,
1829:
On May 21, 1802, General
Richepance stormed the fort where refugees Delgrès, Ignace, and their men were. On May 22, before the bombing, Ignace and Delgrès exited by the postern gate of Galion. The bridge over the river Galion was to become a marking point of this fight. Ignace, having gone on the
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She was called "La Mulâtresse" ('Female
Mulatto') because of her origin, which had some importance for her in the racial hierarchy of the society of the time: because she was noted to have pale skin and pale eyes, she was given domestic work rather than being forced to work in the fields.
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Solitude's story is widely known throughout the
Caribbean and France, inspiring many different artists and institutions to pay homage to her life. She represents the greater women's struggle against slavery, and for that she is commemorated in many different ways.
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in the history of the island. Though little is recorded about the
Guadeloupean woman Solitude, she is highly regarded as a figure that helped lead the insurrection culminating in the battle of Matouba against the reinstating of slavery in Guadeloupe in 1802.
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Solitude survived the battle and bombing of May 28, 1802, but was imprisoned by the French. Because she was pregnant at the time of her imprisonment, she was not to be hanged until
November 29 of the same year, one day after giving birth.
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years old. It has been said that she escaped slavery together with her mother while she was still alive, joining a maroon community in the hills of
Guadeloupe with other Black people who had escaped their captors.
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On May 28, along with 400 others Delgrès and
Solitude were in a losing battle against the French armies and decided to blow themselves up with gunpowder in efforts to kill as many French soldiers as possible.
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an exploration of the administrative archives on the 1802 rebellion against the reinstatement of slavery. Originally written in French, he says this about the maroon leader:
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In 2011, as part of a housing construction project, the town of Ivry-sur-Seine decided to name a new road "allée de la mulâtresse Solitude" which was inaugurated in 2014.
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Bayangumay. This novel has been the source of much of the information people know and accept about Solitude and her story.
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In May 2022, the French Post released a postal stamp labelled "Solitude v.1772-1802" to commemorate Solitude.
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Guadeloupe Solitude, as she is also known, is being currently considered for inclusion in the French
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region, for the celebration of the abolition of slavery and the slave trade. The statue is made of
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1767:(circa 1772 – 1802) was a historical figure and heroine in the fight against slavery on French
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In 2019, Solitude is the main character in the novel Spigaoù by Frédéric Lesgrands-Terriens.
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The 46th class of the Nantes Regional Institute of Administration bears her name.
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Les sœurs de Solitude. Femmes et esclavage aux Antilles du XVIIe au XIXe siècle
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The only recorded mention of Solitude comes from Auguste Lacour in his book
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was placed on Héros aux Abymes Boulevard in Guadeloupe in her memory. (
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In 2008, Pascal Vallot was inspired by her life for a musical comedy.
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In 2007, another statue was erected in her memory, this time in the
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Historical figure, heroine on French Guadeloupe (c. 1772 – 1802)
2091:"20 mai 1802 - Bonaparte légalise l'esclavage - Herodote.net"
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that celebrates the memory of distinguished French citizens.
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road to Pointe-à-Pitre, died in battle. Delgrès went to
2163:"La mulâtresse Solitude Between History and Literature"
1424:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2117:"La mulâtresse solitude - Une histoire de solitude"
1961:A street is inaugurated in her name in the town of
2046:BEAUTIFUL, ALSO, ARE THE SOULS OF MY BLACK SISTERS
1818:, joined his men with those of another insurgent,
2067:"Enslaved: Peoples of the Historical Slave Trade"
1539:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
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1544:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2330:"La mulâtresse Solitude au Panthéon ?"
1965:in Guadeloupe: the mulatto street Solitude
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2161:Pierre-Louis, Jessica (15 January 2019).
2350:, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2010
1549:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1414:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1394:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
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1826:and fought by his side for freedom.
1628:Slave marriages in the United States
1232:Human trafficking in the Middle East
967:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
2402:People from the French West Indies
1621:last survivors of American slavery
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1814:, having organized resistance in
582:Field slaves in the United States
449:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
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2318:(in French). September 25, 2020.
459:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
454:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
283:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
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1409:Committee of Experts on Slavery
960:East, Southeast, and South Asia
2336:(in French). November 8, 2021.
2241:îles, WebTV des (2015-04-28).
1108:Slave raiding in Easter Island
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2191:La mulâtresse Solitude; roman
2194:. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
2188:Schwarz-Bart, André (1972).
1399:Temporary Slavery Commission
1060:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
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464:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
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1856:Historie de la Guadeloupe,
1604:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1441:Anti-Slavery International
1206:North Africa and West Asia
1700:Emancipation Proclamation
1372:Opposition and resistance
1130:Sex trafficking in Europe
1118:Blackbirding in Polynesia
681:Trans-Saharan slave trade
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691:Indian Ocean slave trade
1992:On September 26, 2020,
1404:1926 Slavery Convention
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299:Contract of manumission
2367:La Mulâtresse Solitude
2243:"Solitude la Marronne"
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403:Safavid imperial harem
398:Ottoman Imperial Harem
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2369:at Wikimedia Commons
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1893:In 1999, a statue by
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356:Slave raid of Suðuroy
288:Slavery in al-Andalus
210:Black Sea slave trade
139:21st-century jihadism
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663:By country or region
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378:Ma malakat aymanukum
262:Venetian slave trade
2392:Guadeloupean slaves
2230:. October 15, 2021.
1928:16.24719; -61.52904
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1665:Slave Route Project
796:Americas indigenous
686:Red Sea slave trade
676:Contemporary Africa
539:Topics and practice
309:Crimean slave trade
304:Bukhara slave trade
257:Genoese slave trade
134:Contemporary Africa
114:Forced prostitution
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1801:Law of 20 May 1802
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1793:Napoleon Bonaparte
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669:Sub-Saharan Africa
361:Turkish Abductions
319:Khivan slave trade
314:Khazar slave trade
267:Balkan slave trade
225:Prague slave trade
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2365:Media related to
2346:Arlette Gautier,
2280:978-2-9560212-1-6
1988:, in Paris (2020)
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1534:Third Servile War
1529:International law
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609:Slave raiding
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577:Corvée labour
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393:Abbasid harem
391:
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336:Barbary Coast
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43:Forced labour
40:
36:
32:
31:
25:
21:
2397:Rebel slaves
2382:1770s births
2359:
2347:
2334:francetvinfo
2333:
2324:
2306:
2297:
2269:
2262:
2251:. Retrieved
2246:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2190:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2166:
2156:
2145:. Retrieved
2136:
2125:. Retrieved
2121:the original
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2085:
2074:. Retrieved
2071:enslaved.org
2070:
2061:
2050:. Retrieved
2048:. 2009-02-18
2045:
2036:
2011:
2004:
2002:
1994:Anne Hidalgo
1991:
1970:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1947:
1937:
1892:
1888:
1871:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1836:Saint-Claude
1828:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1764:
1763:
1660:Slave patrol
1497:Freedom suit
1473:Sierra Leone
1463:Colonization
1379:Abolitionism
1359:Baháʼí Faith
1332:Christianity
1282:Saudi Arabia
1138:Penal Labour
1103:Blackbirding
1009:Debt bondage
997:penal system
823:Contemporary
813:Field slaves
801:U.S. Natives
760:South Africa
631:Galley slave
604:Slave market
594:House slaves
567:Blackbirding
545:Conscription
469:21st century
432:Umm al-walad
276:Muslim world
245:Emancipation
149:Wage slavery
129:Penal labour
107:Wife selling
97:Bride buying
82:Conscription
72:Child Labour
65:Contemporary
2387:1802 deaths
2311: [
2308:Le HuffPost
2249:(in French)
2169:(in French)
1982: [
1926: /
1898: [
1868:Other works
1808: [
1675:court cases
1552: [
1502:Slave Power
1490:Manumission
1337:Catholicism
1212:Afghanistan
953:Puerto Rico
865:The Bahamas
843:Slave codes
646:Shanghaiing
636:Impressment
528:Slave Coast
408:Qajar harem
368:Concubinage
341:slave trade
2376:Categories
2289:1107849757
2253:2023-05-02
2247:webtv-iles
2167:Tan Listwa
2147:2023-04-25
2127:2013-08-27
2076:2023-04-25
2052:2023-04-25
2028:References
1963:Les Abymes
1914:61°31′45″W
1911:16°14′50″N
1769:Guadeloupe
1690:J.Q. Adams
1680:Washington
1650:Slave name
1599:convention
1574:Common law
947:Encomienda
743:Seychelles
728:Mauritania
651:Slave ship
518:Panyarring
513:New France
162:Historical
24:Les Abymes
1780:Biography
1685:Jefferson
1342:Mormonism
1277:Palestine
1091:Australia
1021:Indonesia
912:Lei Áurea
895:Code Noir
875:Caribbean
848:Treatment
587:Treatment
560:Devshirme
422:Odalisque
240:In Russia
181:Babylonia
169:Antiquity
2228:cnmhe.fr
2173:26 April
2016:See also
2006:Panthéon
1717:Iron bit
1707:40 acres
1670:breeding
1485:Freedman
1320:Religion
1180:Portugal
1065:Thailand
1055:Maldives
1050:Malaysia
1043:Kwalliso
987:Booi Aha
939:Restavek
919:Colombia
890:Trinidad
880:Barbados
770:Zanzibar
718:Ethiopia
599:Saqaliba
493:Database
444:Saqaliba
205:Ancillae
35:a series
33:Part of
2270:Spigaoù
2100:May 28,
1942:in the
1832:Matouba
1773:slavery
1695:Lincoln
1568:Related
1468:Liberia
1354:Judaism
1292:Tunisia
1267:Morocco
1257:Lebanon
1222:Bahrain
1217:Algeria
1185:Romania
1150:Denmark
1143:Slavery
1077:Vietnam
748:Somalia
738:Nigeria
713:Comoros
641:Pirates
550:Ghilman
483:Bristol
373:history
346:pirates
235:History
124:Peonage
47:slavery
26:(1999).
2287:
2277:
2210:427181
2208:
2198:
1616:owners
1252:Kuwait
1247:Jordan
1200:Sweden
1190:Russia
1175:Poland
1170:Norway
992:Laogai
977:Brunei
972:Bhutan
934:revolt
907:Brazil
870:Canada
833:partus
818:female
703:Angola
572:Coolie
555:Mamluk
508:Nantes
488:Brazil
417:Cariye
252:Thrall
220:Kholop
186:Greece
2315:]
1986:]
1949:iroko
1902:]
1812:]
1643:songs
1638:films
1556:]
1512:songs
1349:Islam
1327:Bible
1302:Yemen
1297:Qatar
1287:Syria
1262:Libya
1227:Egypt
1195:Spain
1165:Malta
1038:Korea
1026:Japan
1004:India
982:China
929:Haiti
789:Aztec
765:Sudan
733:Niger
625:Naval
498:Dutch
427:Qiyan
413:Jarya
388:Harem
230:Serfs
176:Egypt
2285:OCLC
2275:ISBN
2206:OCLC
2196:ISBN
2175:2023
2102:2020
1594:laws
1456:U.S.
1451:U.K.
1389:U.S.
1384:U.K.
1272:Oman
1242:Iraq
1237:Iran
924:Cuba
828:maps
723:Mali
708:Chad
294:Baqt
191:Rome
87:Debt
45:and
2378::
2332:.
2313:fr
2305:.
2283:.
2245:.
2226:.
2204:.
2165:.
2093:.
2069:.
2044:.
1996:,
1984:fr
1935:)
1900:fr
1838:.
1810:fr
1554:fa
37:on
2291:.
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2212:.
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2104:.
2079:.
2055:.
1753:e
1746:t
1739:v
949:)
945:(
415:/
290:
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
