190:. Couriers carrying this order found two workers from the La Chua ranch, a Spaniard and a Tabasco Mexican, on the road and killed them. LĂşcas led a raiding party to the La Chua hacienda. At the hacienda the Timucuas killed a Spanish soldier who had traveled with Juan from St. Augustine and two African slaves that belonged to the ranch. The Timucuas also killed all the cattle they could find, and burned the hacienda. LĂşcas protected Juan, apparently because Juan's father Francisco had been generous to him, and sent Juan to St. Augustine with an escort.
84:(royal treasurer) of Florida, but died in 1592 before he could assume the duties of the position. Juan, as the betrothed of Posada's daughter, inherited the position and served as royal treasurer from 1593 until his death in 1627. Juan's son, Francisco Menéndez Márquez, succeeded his father as royal treasurer-steward of Spanish Florida, serving from 1628 until 1637, and again from 1639 until his death in 1649. When governor
108:
purchased about 200 head of cattle, five horses, and two slaves to serve as ranch hands. This sum accounts for much of the 16,000 to 20,000 pesos that
Francisco had "borrowed" from the royal treasury. Francisco had used the King's money to finance his ranch. Francisco's family repaid about three-quarters of the missing funds, and was allowed to repay the balance over six years.
124:. The hacienda headquarters has been identified with an archaeological site on the northern rim of Payne's Prairie, overlooking the Alachua Sink (a sinkhole that drains Paynes Prairie). The earliest possible date for the founding of the La Chua ranch is in the late 1640s, but the first mention of its existence was in 1675, and the name did appear in the records until 1682.
156:
in
Spanish Florida. In 1698 and 1699, those 34 ranches paid a tax in kind of 222 head of cattle. The largest ranch, La Chua, paid a tax of 77 head of cattle, 35% of all calves paid in tax that year. A paid tax of 222 head of cattle implies that 8,880 calves were born in those two years, including 3,080 calves born on the La Chua ranch alone. In 1763,
140:). Tomás also formed alliances with other cattle ranchers. Several of his children married into other ranching families. As did other ranches, the Menéndez Márquez ranches sent cattle to St. Augustine. Cattle were sometimes driven to Apalachee Province, as well. A port called San Martin was established in the early 1670s on the Suwannee River, 4
155:
Ranches and farms in
Spanish Florida were taxed at two-and-one-half percent of their produce ("fruits of the land"), which for a cattle ranch meant that two-and-one-half percent of the calves born each year were sent to St. Augustine. Late in the 17th century, there were 34 permanent cattle ranches
197:
raided up the
Suwannee River in 1682. They reached the La Chua hacienda at 2:00 AM and captured Tomás, his son-in-law Juan de Hita, and four servants. The pirates demanded 150 head of cattle and money for a ransom, and began withdrawing to Anclote Key. Three Timucua chiefs ambushed the pirates and
289:
was eliminated in
Florida, and the treasurer became known as a treasurer-steward. The treasury officials were appointed by the king, and were largely independent of the authority of the governor. On the death, unauthorized absence, retirement or removal of a governor, the treasury officials would
303:
On the death or absence of a governor, the treasury officials often jointly governed
Florida until a new governor appointed by the king could take up his duties. Francisco thus served as interim co-governor with Horruytiner after the suspension of Salazar Vallecilla in 1646-1648, and his father,
107:
and earning 700 pesos a year. A few years after
Francisco's death, the royal treasury in St. Augustine was audited, and it was found that between 16,000 and 20,000 pesos were missing (Francisco's salary as treasurer had been 1,470 pesos a year). Bushnell calculates that 6,000 pesos would have
290:
jointly govern the province until a new governor appointed by the king could take up his duties. Treasury officials were supposed to be paid out of the income from the province, but
Spanish Florida had almost no income, and the salaries of the treasury officials were paid out of the
234:
was constructed at La Chua and soldiers were stationed there to help work the ranch and protect it from raiders. The pressure of further raids forced the defenders to burn the blockhouse in 1706 and retreat to St. Augustine. The La Chua ranch was abandoned.
31:
became an important part of the economy of
Spanish Florida over the course of the 17th century. The La Chua ranch was founded in the middle of the 17th century, and by the end of that century accounted for one-third of the cattle in the colony. Raids by the
103:, which had expanded to include Potano Province. That ranch was probably founded in 1646 or 1647, while Francisco was acting as co-governor of Florida. The location of that first ranch is not known. By 1649 the ranch was worth 8,000
173:
The La Chua ranch was attacked during the
Timucua Rebellion of 1656. Juan Menéndez Márquez, the oldest son of Francisco, was managing the ranch at the time. One of the leaders of the rebellion was Lúcas Menéndez, chief of
164:
noted that, before the destruction of the Spanish missions in Florida at the beginning of the 18th century, cattle abounded in Florida, and one Spaniard (presumably, Tomás Menéndez Márquez) owned 7,000 head.
210:
Ranching became less profitable with time. A beef steer was worth 21 pesos in 1651, but only six pesos in 1689. The value of a horse fell from 100 pesos in 1651 to 25 pesos in 1682. A pair of draft
384:
Jerald Milanich states that Juan's younger brother, Tomás, was the one involved in this incident, but other sources say it was Juan, and Tomás would have been only 13 years old at the time.
294:, a royal subsidy. Treasury officials were normally prohibited from engaging in income-producing activities, but those restrictions were partially lifted and largely ignored in Florida.
339:). Attacks by non-mission natives and epidemics had greatly reduced the Potano population by the 1640s, and the province had been subsumed into the neighboring
363:. Lieutenant Diego Peña reported in 1716 that he passed by springs named Aquilachua, Usichua, Usiparachua, and Afanochua while traveling through what is now
136:, and Tomás's son, Francisco II, founded or bought most of the ranches located between the St. Johns River and the Potano missions (in what is now western
149:
77:(Pedro's nephew, or, possibly, illegitimate son), married Pedro's niece, MarĂa MenĂ©ndez y Posada. MarĂa's father, Pedro de Posada, had been appointed
1139:
1052:
161:
1107:
1062:
219:
41:
273:(overseer), who was responsible for contacts with native inhabitants of the province, and collected the king's share of any war booty. The
198:
freed Tomás and Juan de Hita before any ransom was paid. In 1684 pirates again attacked La Chua, by way of the Amajuro River (probably the
1167:
85:
28:
1198:
1177:
1149:
1128:
1088:
1026:
991:
955:
52:
133:
73:, the founder of Spanish Florida. Pedro Menéndez Márquez was the third royal governor of Spanish Florida. Francisco's father,
186:, however, and went to the ranch unaware of the danger. Lúcas Menéndez ordered his people to kill all Spaniards, except for
70:
333:. The Potanos had regularly burned the land to clear it for agriculture and hunting, creating open savannahs of wiregrass (
226:, and the English and their native allies had severely affected ranching in Spanish Florida. Control of the Apalachee and
199:
913:"The Menéndez Marquéz Cattle Barony at La Chua and the Determinants of Economic Expansion in Seventeenth-Century Florida"
263:(accountant or comptroller), who recorded income and payments, maintained records, and interpreted royal instructions; a
478:
182:
of Francisco. LĂşcas sent a letter to Juan in St. Augustine, warning him to not visit the ranch. Juan could not read the
313:
66:
1254:
305:
74:
1210:
1098:
McEwan, Bonnie G. (1993). "Hispanic Life on the Seventeenth-Century Florida Frontier". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.).
981:
267:, who guarded weapons and supplies belonging to the king, and disposed of tribute collected in the province; and a
89:
1249:
898:
364:
157:
175:
980:/Tomás Menéndez Márquez: Criolla, Ganadero y Contador Real". In Ann L. Henderson and Gary L. Mormino (ed.).
137:
866:"The Role of Cattle Ranching in the 1656 Timucuan Rebellion: A Struggle for Land, Labor, and Chiefly Power"
65:
engaged in cattle ranching in Spanish Florida. Francisco's great-uncle (or, possibly, his grandfather) was
309:
144:
from the mouth of the river and 14 leagues from La Chua. Tomás shipped hides, dried meat and tallow to
215:
121:
37:
132:
Cattle ranching boomed in Spanish Florida in the latter part of the 17th century. Francisco's son,
148:
from that port. Tomás owned a ship which was engaged in the trade between San Martin, Havana, and
932:
885:
835:
33:
222:
stole cattle for food. By the first years of the 18th century, the depredations of the pirates,
214:
was worth 80 pesos in 1651, but only 25 pesos in 1682. Starting in the 1680s the English of the
900:
Prelude to Rebellion: Diego de Rebolledo vs. Lúcas Menéndez in Mid-17th Century Spanish Florida
1194:
1188:
1173:
1145:
1124:
1103:
1084:
1058:
1032:
1022:
1003:"Situado and Sabana: Spain's Support System for the Presidio and Mission Provinces of Florida"
987:
951:
924:
877:
827:
1014:
356:
340:
335:
183:
1057:(Individual e-book (no page numbers) ed.). Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
330:
24:
1144:(First paperback (1990) ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
1002:
255:(royal officials). The officials of the royal treasury included up to four positions: a
368:
223:
117:
100:
57:
316:) in 1595-1597. Other joint interim governorships occurred in 1612-1613 and 1631-1633.
1243:
141:
193:
The prosperity of the ranches attracted unwanted attention. French pirates based on
88:
was suspended from office in 1646, Francisco Menéndez Márquez and acting accountant
218:
and their native allies began raiding in Florida. Run-away slaves and non-mission
1118:
259:(treasurer), the senior official who guarded money on hand and made payments; a
194:
92:
acted as co-governors until Salazar Vallecilla was returned to office in 1648.
1190:
The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida, Volume 2: Resistance and Destruction
231:
187:
44:
allies led to the abandonment of the La Chua ranch early in the 18th century.
1225:
1212:
1036:
928:
881:
831:
482:
848:
372:
251:
Provinces in the Spanish Empire had a royal treasury controlled by a set of
179:
79:
61:
family in Spanish Florida. He and his descendants became foremost among the
285:
from the establishment of Spanish Florida in 1565. In 1628 the position of
360:
947:
The King's Coffer: Proprietors of the Spanish Florida Treasury 1565-1702
936:
889:
269:
1102:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 295–321.
945:
912:
865:
839:
815:
326:
145:
96:
1018:
502:
500:
859:(2): 82–100 – via University of Florida Digital Collections.
849:"Spanish Ranching and the Alachua Sink Site: A Preliminary Report"
571:. Tallahassee, Florida: Florida Geological Survey. pp. 20–21.
325:
The best potential pastures in Spanish Florida were grasslands in
227:
1169:
The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida, Volume 1: Assimilation
1054:
Moctezuma's Children: Aztec Royalty under Spanish Rule, 1520–1700
371:
J. Clarence Simpson assumed that the named springs were in fact
116:
The La Chua ranch was located on and about what is now known as
104:
99:
with the approval of Timucua chief Lúcas Menéndez, chief of the
983:
Spanish Pathways in Florida/Caminos Españoles en La Florida
211:
178:
and paramount chief of the Timucua Province, and probable
906:(Thesis). Pensacola, Florida: University of West Florida.
986:. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press. pp. 118–139.
972:
Bushnell, Amy Turner (1991). "Thomas Menéndez Márquez:
950:. Gainesville, Florida: University Presses of Florida.
479:"The Governors of Colonial Spanish Florida, 1565-1763"
1193:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
1172:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
1083:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
230:provinces was lost due to English-backed raids. A
816:"Cattle Raising in Spanish Florida, 1513-1763"
1081:A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions
8:
481:. University of West Florida. Archived from
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761:
749:
677:
665:
617:
605:
593:
569:Florida Place-Names of Indian Derivation
554:
542:
518:
506:
464:
428:
416:
404:
653:
530:
440:
397:
244:
1123:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publications.
1013:. American Museum of Natural History.
897:Borgen, Linda Suzanne Cecelia (2011).
785:
737:
713:
701:
641:
581:
452:
95:Francisco started cattle ranching in
7:
773:
725:
689:
629:
1100:The Spanish Missions of La Florida
14:
329:Province, 15 leagues west of the
86:Benito RuĂz de Salazar Vallecilla
917:The Florida Historical Quarterly
870:The Florida Historical Quarterly
23:was the largest cattle ranch in
716:, pp. 16, 26, 40, 64, 101.
308:, did so (with factor/overseer
16:Cattle ranch in Spanish Florida
800:, pp. 421, 426, 429, 430.
1:
1001:Bushnell, Amy Turner (1994).
847:Baker, Henry A. (June 1993).
668:, pp. 426, 428–429, 430.
567:Simpson, J. Clarence (1956).
545:, pp. 124, 414, 418–419.
1117:Milanich, Jerald T. (1996).
367:. In the twentieth-century,
55:was a member of a prominent
1141:The Spanish Seaborne Empire
1138:Parry, John Horace (1966).
1051:Chipman, Donald E. (2005).
864:Blanton, Justin B. (2014).
814:Arnade, Charles W. (1961).
120:, southeast of present-day
1271:
853:The Florida Anthropologist
53:Francisco Menéndez Márquez
90:Pedro Benedit Horruytiner
1187:Worth, John E. (1998b).
1166:Worth, John E. (1998a).
620:, pp. 128–130, 134.
509:, pp. 129, 146–147.
71:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
152:in Apalachee Province.
48:Menéndez Márquez family
1079:Hann, John H. (1996).
1007:Anthropological Papers
944:Bushnell, Amy (1981).
911:Bushnell, Amy (1978).
419:, p. 18, 145–146.
314:Bartolomé de Argüelles
134:Tomás Menéndez Márquez
67:Pedro Menéndez Márquez
176:San MartĂn de Timucua
75:Juan Menéndez Márquez
27:in the 17th century.
820:Agricultural History
764:, pp. 130, 134.
216:Province of Carolina
38:Province of Carolina
1226:29.6069°N 82.2991°W
1222: /
752:, pp. 428–429.
740:, pp. 200–201.
728:, pp. 210–211.
608:, pp. 422–424.
533:, pp. 682–683.
455:, pp. 202–203.
281:were combined as a
200:Withlacoochee River
1255:Ranches in Florida
485:on 17 October 2013
355:may have been the
310:Alonso de las Alas
160:colonial official
1231:29.6069; -82.2991
1109:978-0-8130-1232-2
1064:978-0-292-78264-8
976:, Cattleman, and
584:, pp. 97–98.
253:officiales reales
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336:Aristida stricta
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184:Timucua language
101:Timucua Province
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798:Bushnell (1978)
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750:Bushnell (1978)
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678:Milanich (1996)
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507:Bushnell (1981)
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477:Worth, John E.
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465:Bushnell (1978)
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451:
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431:, pp. 1–2.
429:Bushnell (1981)
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417:Bushnell (1981)
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405:Bushnell (1978)
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365:Suwannee County
351:
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331:St. Johns River
324:
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312:and accountant
302:
298:
250:
246:
241:
208:
171:
162:James Robertson
130:
114:
97:Potano Province
50:
29:Cattle ranching
25:Spanish Florida
17:
12:
11:
5:
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923:(4): 407–431.
908:
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876:(4): 667–684.
861:
844:
826:(3): 116–124.
809:
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788:, p. 131.
778:
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754:
742:
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706:
704:, p. 201.
694:
692:, p. 211.
682:
680:, p. 113.
670:
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656:, p. 672.
654:Blanton (2014)
646:
644:, p. 122.
634:
632:, p. 193.
622:
610:
598:
596:, p. 408.
586:
574:
559:
557:, p. 133.
547:
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531:Blanton (2014)
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511:
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469:
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457:
445:
441:Chipman (2005)
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421:
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369:anthropologist
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138:Alachua County
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118:Paynes Prairie
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714:Borgen (2011)
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21:La Chua ranch
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195:Anclote Key
122:Gainesville
1244:Categories
1217:82°17′57″W
1214:29°36′25″N
1157:22 October
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392:References
232:blockhouse
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128:Prosperity
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978:Contador
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63:criollos
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105:pesos
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