French Frigate Shoals

1184: 158:. Among the shoals are Tern, which is unique in having an airstrip and is protected by a seawall, and La Perouse Pinnacle, a tall and rocky island in the center of the shoals. The two largest islands after Tern, East and Trig have mostly washed away, with East being about half the size from storms, but are famed as breeding grounds for turtles. East was also home to Coast Guard base in the late 20th century. The islands are surrounded by a coral reef, and the islands themselves are noted breeding ground for turtles, seals, and birds. Habitation is difficult with little vegetation and no fresh water. In the 20th century the French Frigate Shoals are also called Lalo as part of the marine nature reserve, and along with other islands are visited periodically for research. The highest point in the shoals is on La Perouse Pinnacle which is a volcanic rock that rises 122 ft (37 m) above the surrounding lagoon. 202: 221:. After that battle, one island, Tern, was made into an airstrip and base. In addition, East Island also had a base on it. After the war, the shoals were used for a radio location base called Loran, and the airstrip was used for fishing. A coast guard base was on the island until 1979, and then the Fish and Wildlife Service until 2012. One issue was the large Pacific storms that affected the islands. In the 21st century, the decayed Tern island seawall was partially repaired, and in 2018 East Island was nearly washed away. In the 2020s, the shoals are a noted nature reserve and routinely visited for research. Issues that are studied include marine life, including coral, sharks, fish, seals, sea turtles, and many types of birds. There is also marine archeology conducted on sea wrecks, and a rare whaling vessel wreck was discovered here. 965: 850: 575: 439: 79: 583: 2363: 194: 1673:

trash cleanup and research. Tern is protected by a large steel seawall built during World War II. One island that also has remained constant is La Perouse Pinnacle, which is dense volcanic rock and is also the tallest point in the group. The islands have gone through several administrative changes in the 20th century shifting from hunting area for sea turtles, to military uses, then later on more of science and nature reserve. The largest remaining island is Tern, and the pinnacle is also fixed. Other islands can be washed away by storms.

4751: 4365: 2398: 2473: 1166: 756: 5646: 2489: 63: 423: 213:. The main focus of the USA was to administer it as a wildlife refuge, but it became involved in military events during WW2, and one island was transformed into an airbase. After World War II, the island was turned over to Hawaii, and it served several different purposes. The shoals were used by the Empire of Japan as a staging point for their surprise attack on the 882: 1120: 71: 1665: 783:

Fish & Wild Life service conducted a 12 million dollar project to repair the seawall and conduct other maintenance. This project repaired 1200 feet of seawall. The project was managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. However, the budget was only enough for about half of what was needed thus leaving sections unrepaired.

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was trapping marine life and Congress authorized some repair work. The seawall is noted for trapping seals and seals because there are holes where life gets into the gap between the two walls but cannot escape. In 2023, the entrapment of seals in the decayed seawall was noted during a visit to the island.

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After the Battle of Midway in WWII, Tern island was made into airstrip, nicknamed the "coral carrier" and would be between Midway Island and the main Hawaiian island. Tern was protected by thousands of feet of double wall steel sea wall, which has kept its stable in size. However, by 2000 the seawall

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Trig Island is located at 23'52'N, 166'15', and is about 10 acres of area of which approximately 6 acres (24,000 m) have vegetation. The island is about 1,200 feet (370 m) long and between 200 and 300 feet (61 and 91 m) wide. However, the island is known to have weathered considerably

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The three biggest islands were Tern, East, and Trig island. However, by the 2020s both East and Trig Island had mostly washed away. Tern and East had been home to naval and/or coast guard bases in the late 20th century. Since 2012, Tern Island has not been occupied but is still routinely visited for

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eroded away most of East Island, the second largest island of the French Frigate Shoals. About 11 acres of East Island were eliminated, which was thought to be caused by the large storm surge that Walaka caused in the area. The hurricane damaged many of the shoal's islands, and underwater many coral

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The two major islands of the French Frigate shoals were Tern Island and East Island, and there is also a tall rock pinnacle. Many of the smaller islands have been washed over, and finally in 2018 East Island was largely washed away. Tern Island is protected by a seawall that originates from when it

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field station was active at the island from 1979 to 2012. In 2000, the atoll became part of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve, which was incorporated into the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument in 2006. In 2009 the islands were evacuated during the approach

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until 1952, and Tern Island until 1979. At any one time, 15 to 20 military personnel were billeted to French Frigate Shoals. As with all Coast Guard isolated duty stations, the Service attempted to fill open billets with volunteers. If there were no volunteers for essential billets, the Coast Guard

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In December 2012, five people were evacuated from the FFS in advance of a severe storm. They departed by boat from Tern island and travelled back to Honolulu. The storm caused damage to some of the facilities on the island including the barracks. The US Fish & Wildlife service closed its field

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In 2000/1 the United States Congress approved US$ 10 million to repair the islands, one of the major issues being that the double-wall steel sea wall around Tern island had deteriorated and was trapping sea life such as seals. By 2004, Army Corps of Engineers, with additional funding from the

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Bare Island ... is awash at high tide and is usually about 100 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 4 feet high. It covers an area of 0.1 acre. Wetmore (ms.) in 1923 described it as "60 yards long by 10 wide, merely a ridge of sand rising 5 feet above the water and evidently swept" by

2943: 264:, were immediately brought about, passing within a few hundred feet of the breakers. At daybreak, the ships returned and mapped the southeastern half of the atoll, as well as finding the rock that would later be named after La Pérouse. La Pérouse named the shoals 899:, a rock outcrop in the center of the atoll, is the oldest and most remote volcanic rock in the Hawaiian chain. It stands 120 feet (37 m) tall and is surrounded by coral reefs. Because of its shape, the pinnacle is often mistaken for a ship from a distance. 185:, and in 2020 one island was designated as contaminated by plastic pollution from the ocean. The reefs are noted for having survived many Pacific storms, although these storms have damaged facilities, wildlife, and significantly reduced the area of some islands. 670:

on Tern Island, enlarging the island sufficiently to support a 3,300-foot (1,000 m) landing strip, increasing its land area to 26.014 acres (10.527 ha). The station's main function was as an emergency landing site for planes flying between Hawaii and

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between the 1930s and 1960s. It was surveyed several times in the 1920s and 1930s. In the early surveys it was noted as the highest of French Frigate Shoals' islands rising to 20 feet (6.1 m) above sea level. By 2018 it was mostly washed away.

291:. La Perouse was on a mission of exploration from the French Academy of Sciences, and they made many discoveries in across the Pacific. The expedition was lost at sea in 1788 while still on the expedition, but was able to send its logs home. 395:

to the North Pacific Phosphate and Fertilizer Company; however, guano and phosphate deposits at French Frigate Shoals were found to be impractical to mine. The Republic did not formally claim possession of the shoals until 13 July 1895.

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It has been called a "volcanic rock islet" and is known for its central position in the French Frigate Shoals between north and south sides of atoll. The pinnacle is visible from a distance of about 8 miles (12.8 km) away at sea.

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Round and Mullet Islands in census documents found together as a block 1006, together with an area of 5,540 m (1.37 acres). The shares are valued according to a report from 1971 (0.4 and 0.5 acres, 1,600 and 2,000 m).

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photographer was also on board. The photographer noted the range of vibrant colors and shapes among the coral life. Jim Maragos, an expert on coral life in this region of ocean estimated they discovered 11 new species of coral.

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In 2023 the NOAA visited the island for a research expedition along with other islands of the chain. The researchers camped on Tern island and took trips to East Island where many turtle breeding grounds were located.

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A three-week research mission in October 2006 by the NOAA led to the discovery of 100 species never seen in the area before, including many that were new to science. The French Frigate Shoals project was part of the

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Whale-Skate Island is a submerged island in the French Frigate Shoals. These islands suffered considerably from erosion starting in the 1960s, and by the late 1990s, Whale-Skate Island was completely washed over.

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In the 2020s, concerns about the decaying seawall on Tern Island trapping turtles and seals were brought to light. The double steel wall on the island has not been maintained; as a result, holes have rusted out.

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Although there is no evidence of extensive human activity or presence in the area, the earliest human visitors to the French Frigate Shoals probably came from the main Hawaiian Islands, which were settled by

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reefs were stripped of sea life. Following the destruction of East Island, researchers have been forced to make camp at the smaller Tern Island when conducting field work in the French Frigate Shoals.

138:, the only remnant of its volcanic origins. The total land area of the islets is 61.508 acres (24.891 ha), while the total coral reef area of the shoals is over 232,000 acres (94,000 ha). 733:

as "isolated duty," thereby entitling Coast Guard members serving at the station to additional monthly "isolated duty pay." Because of the billet's remoteness, a duty term was limited to one year.

4564: 5701: 3360: 790:, which ran aground at the French Frigate Shoals in 1917. Maritime archeologists returned in 2007 and 2008 to try and identify the wreck site, which included items like anchors and equipment. 341:

wrecked on the shoals. About a dozen of its crew were rescued by another vessel in the area, but about 30 were left on the island until another ship could retrieve them. In December 1859 the

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was rammed by a whale. The discovery was important in the field of maritime archeology for various reasons; there is only one surviving whaling ship from this period, and the wreck of the

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headed towards the ship to investigate, but soon ran into the reef. The ship survived the encounter with shoals, and was able to ascertain the nature of the Pinnacle in the morning.

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radio navigation station. By the 21st century, it was primarily used for oceanographic and biological study as a nature reserve. Studies at the island helped establish the nature of

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Islands known to have been notably washed away or reduced by 2018 include Whale-Skate, Trig, and East Island. In the 2020s East Island is reported to be about half its former size.

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HATFIELD, JEFF S.; REYNOLDS, MICHELLE H.; SEAVY, NATHANIEL E.; KRAUSE, CRYSTAL M. (24 May 2012). "Population Dynamics of Hawaiian Seabird Colonies Vulnerable to Sea-Level Rise".

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TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT TO THE PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE FWS – HAWAIIAN ISLANDS NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE: TERN ISLAND SITE IN THE FRENCH FRIGATE SHOALS, HAWAIʻI

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In 1923 they were surveyed as two separate islands, Whale Island and Skate Island. In the 1950s it was noted they had been connected by a sand bar several feet high.

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In 2020, the Papahanaumokuakea Marine Debris Project, working in conjunction with government agencies, removed tens of thousands of pounds of debris from the region.

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arrived at French Frigate Shoals in August 1942, carrying staff to help establish the naval base there. It was moored on the north side of Tern island and used as a

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planners took advantage of the shoal's isolation to use its protected waters as an anchorage and refueling point for the long-range flying boats employed in

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devastated the islands, forcing the crew on Tern Island to evacuate the station, which was destroyed. The station was off the air from 1 to 6 December. The

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The pinnacle is composed mainly of very hard basalt rock, and the island is thought to be the remains of a volcano from millions of years ago.

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In 2008 a shipwreck of a 19th-century whaling ship was found near Shark island. The wreck was identified in 2011 as the whaling sailing ship

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sighted the pinnacle at nightfall, but mistook it for a sailing ship and tried to signal with it. When the signals were not returned the

5711: 5706: 3557: 659:. Over twenty flying boats were operated from the French Frigate Shoals during World War II, typically flying reconnaissance missions. 5166: 5015: 302: 3209: 5626: 3753: 3692: 2927: 2650: 2571: 964: 2593: 5143: 5113: 4924: 4544: 400: 399:

French Frigate Shoals was included among the lands and waters acquired by the United States on 7 July 1898, when Hawaii became a

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The island was discovered by the French in the late 18th century and was formally claimed by the United States in 1859 under the

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about 5–10 feet (1.5–3.0 m) tall. Because of its distinct shape, the pinnacle can be mistaken for a ship from a distance.

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travel to the shoals to nest. The small islets of French Frigate Shoals provide refuge to the largest surviving population of

256:. During the night of 6 November 1786, sailors sighted breakers directly in their path, about a thousand feet ahead. Both the 5676: 5238: 4295: 4262: 3658: 2974: 450:

visited the French Frigate Shoals and studied the birds. Several naturalists visited and published an ornithological report.

3979: 3582: 726:, plus seaman or seaman apprentice nonrated service members (assigned to perform maintenance and other generalized duties). 4022: 3017: 846:

ship conducted a 33-day survey expedition of the French Frigate Shoals, including reporting on the condition of the reefs.

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nest on the islands, most of them (16) on Tern Island. Two species, the blue-gray noddy and the brown booby, nest only on

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enlisted rank. The station was staffed with USCG enlisted specialists such as Radioman, Electronic Technician, Fireman,

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The shark population and type was studied in 2009, and it was determined that some of the species in the area include

633: 287: 3500: 3322:"Lost & Found: In Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument: The Possible Wreck Site of the Nantucket Whaleship 2680:"Biography – GALAUP, JEAN-FRANÇOIS DE, Comte de LAPÉROUSE – Volume IV (1771-1800) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography" 375:, formally took possession of French Frigate Shoals for the United States on 14 January 1859, in accordance with the 4274: 3084: 3035: 574: 78: 5741: 5726: 5721: 5562: 5253: 5233: 5010: 4944: 4934: 4929: 1012: 4954: 3531: 910:, including several species that are not found in the main Hawaiian Island chain. More than 600 species of marine 5716: 5691: 5376: 5208: 5203: 4735: 4583: 4178: 2837: 715: 699: 563: 519: 174: 1203:

Coral species found in the French Frigate Shoals between 1907 and 2006, as reported in a 2011 paper by Brainard

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Tern Island, the famous coral carrier, was made into an airstrip base after the Battle of Midway in World War II

5731: 5499: 5299: 5268: 4939: 4128: 3968:# lat = 23.792563 & lon = -166.2015957 & z = 19 & l = 5 & m = b Bare in Iceland satellite image 3150: 2892: 2537: 2389:

In the 1980s, Whale-Skate Island was about 6.8 hectares (17 acres), and was noted as a pupping area for seals.

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in the 20th century. Whale-Skate Island was about 2,100 feet (640 m) long and 16.8 acres (68,000 m).

523: 3880:"The shark assemblage at French Frigate Shoals atoll, Hawai'i: species composition, abundance and habitat use" 3711:. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007 4984: 4615: 835:

At least five other vessels are recorded to have wrecked on the French Frigate Shoals between 1859 and 1917.

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During the late 19th century American and European companies became interested in the possibility of mining

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The Hawaiian island chain lay outside the routes followed by early European explorers, and it was not until

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visited the French Frigate Shoals in 1912, 1914, 1915, and 1916. In 1918 the shoals were inspected by the

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The pinnacle's resemblance to a sailing ship at distance nearly caused the wrecking of the sailing ship

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The Smithsonian Magazine July 10, 2023 The Lonely Battle to Save Species on a Tiny Speck in the Pacific

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The rock is named for Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse, who came across the shoals in 1786.

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station on Tern island at the end of 2012. Since then, the island has only been visited periodically.

217:, but were then occupied by U.S. forces. A few months later, it was again near the front lines in the 5616: 5606: 5585: 5243: 5106: 4703: 4698: 4339: 3891: 3853: 2405:

La Perouse Pinnacle is a volcanic pinnacle approximately three miles (4.8 km) west southwest of

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came to the shoals, and established a base on East island to support a month of seaplane operations.

447: 249: 241:'s near-disastrous discovery that the shoals were known to the outside world. La Pérouse, aboard the 139: 3950: 3583:"Researchers observe coral reef damage, invasive alga in Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument" 2330:

Whale-Skate Island, currently a double island, is also listed in the census documents together as a

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ordered a permanent United States Navy presence at the shoals. It was the combat debut of the H8K.

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sent many patrols to this region in the early 20th century. The U.S. Revenue Cutter Service vessel

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and permanent habitations for a small number of people. It is maintained as a field station in the

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1971 it was reported that Near Island, although recorded on maps, would be submerged at high tide.

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Grobmeier, Alvin H.; Melman, R. Stan; Rau, William M.; Truebe, Carl E. (1989). "Question 43/87".

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base was established there to prevent it from being used again. After the war it was used by the

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A sign noting Tern Island as part of a United States nature reserve in the French Frigate Shoals

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The towering La Pèrouse Pinnacle is made of hard volcanic rock and rises 122 ft (37 m)

4364: 3467:"NOAA Ship Hi'ialakai surveys French Frigate Shoals | Office of Marine and Aviation Operations" 3235: 3184: 5454: 5309: 5263: 5228: 5198: 5151: 5025: 4861: 4776: 4640: 4468: 4244: 4105: 3927: 3909: 3802: 3794: 3759: 3749: 3724: 3688: 3375: 3365: 3337: 3321: 2980: 2970: 2923: 2728: 2718: 2646: 2567: 1434: 1230: 1032: 968: 806: 667: 639: 553: 536: 490: 376: 306: 210: 182: 91: 3878:

Dale, Jonathan J.; Stankus, Austin M.; Burns, Michael S.; Meyer, Carl G. (10 February 2011).

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live among the reefs. Especially diverse algal communities are found immediately adjacent to

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fame). The crew was able to be rescued by another whaling ship they were on the voyage with,

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authorized by President Andrew Jackson. The shoals were visited by the sailing ships, brigs

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Whale-Skate and Trig islands were noted as monk seal pupping areas before they eroded away.

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North Pacific Pilot: The seaman's guide to the islands of the North Pacific by W.H. Rosser

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stands 122 ft (37 m) tall. It is surrounded by coral reefs and a shorter, rocky

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The Coral Carrier : French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: A History

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and productivity of algae in this environment. The reef waters support large numbers of

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Some U.S. Navy ships that were stationed at the Shoals in 1942 were the seaplane tender

5065: 4979: 4969: 4901: 4896: 4881: 4866: 4607: 4560: 3922: 3879: 2963: 2601: 2494: 2443: 1524: 980: 772: 599: 3185:"Tern Island: Noah's ark of the Hawaiian Islands. Part 1: Beauty more than guano deep" 929:. This has led to speculation that an influx of additional nutrients – in the form of 5670: 5650: 5542: 5537: 5080: 5040: 4891: 4740: 4611: 4174: 3790: 3630:"Over 82,000 pounds of trash removed from Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument" 2833: 2517: 2507: 2410: 911: 614: 562:

In 1937, a member of a USN seaplane crew died at the French Frigate Shoals while his

5000: 3814: 5507: 5060: 4801: 4693: 4529: 4493: 4377: 3269: 2454: 2397: 2331: 1145: 1020: 996: 934: 907: 672: 620:. The H8K flying boats stopped to refuel in the shoals from two of the submarines, 606: 384: 335: 17: 4678: 3532:"East Island, Remote Hawaiian Sliver of Sand, Is Largely Wiped Out by a Hurricane" 2624:"Mokumanamana (Necker Island) - Hawaiian Islands - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service" 1165: 755: 3904: 2679: 2338:

Bare Island can be seen on satellite images but is not listed in the Census Tract

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tendered from the ship took some of the first aerial photographs of the islands.

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The ship wrecked the night of February 11, 1823, under the command of Captain

422: 380: 359: 127: 4248: 4148:"The natural history of French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands" 4000:"The Natural History of French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands" 3913: 3798: 3763: 3341: 2807:"The natural history of French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands" 2732: 2311: 2298: 2264: 2251: 2219: 2206: 2174: 2161: 2127: 2114: 2083: 2070: 2039: 2026: 1994: 1981: 1949: 1936: 1904: 1891: 1859: 1846: 1814: 1801: 1769: 1756: 1723: 1710: 298:

sank near Shark island. This wreck was discovered in the early 21st century.

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US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

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operation that aimed to disrupt salvage and repair operations following the

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visited the French Frigate Shoals in 1923 and did a survey of the islands.

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Isles of Refuge: Wildlife and History of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

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Whale-Skate Island used to be two separate islands but were combined by a

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A 1971 publication says Bare Island has an area of 0.1 acres (400 m).

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wrecked on the shoals, but its crew escaped on boats to mainland Hawaii.

366: 123: 4287: 1664: 881: 5419: 4688: 3455:(Press release). Papahanaumokuakea National Monument. 21 December 2012. 3000:"Flying Boats Flew Japan's Little-Known Follow-On Raid On Pearl Harbor" 1213: 984: 737: 403:. In 1909 it was made a part of the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation. 328: 242: 131: 115: 4075:

Sailing Directions for the Pacific Islands (Eastern Groups): Volume II

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Coral near Shark Island, 2011. From left to right: cauliflower coral (

5464: 5424: 5324: 5319: 5188: 5123: 4786: 4709: 4478: 730: 321: 107: 3403:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 11 February 2011 5484: 5409: 5404: 5091: 4811: 4667: 4653: 4453: 4068: 4066: 4027:. , National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Center. 3659:"The Lonely Battle to Save Species on a Tiny Speck in the Pacific" 2922:. Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy. 30 April 1991. 2860:"Mystery Shipwreck in Hawaii Possibly Identified as the Churchill" 2471: 2422: 2396: 2380: 2361: 1663: 1064: 963: 930: 922: 880: 848: 754: 703: 581: 573: 437: 421: 352: 253: 200: 192: 178: 119: 99: 77: 69: 61: 3054:"Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Western Pacific Islands" 1063:. The island also is the wintering ground for several species of 5429: 5414: 4715: 4673: 3210:"U.S. Coast Guard aircrew rescues 10 from French Frigate Shoals" 938: 906:

The reef system at French Frigate Shoals supports 41 species of

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Shattered sword : the untold story of the Battle of Midway

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In 2005, a wreck was found, possibly the wreck of the schooner

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wrecked on the French Frigate Shoals. The crew of 12 survived.

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Monk seal and Noddy Terns at Tern island, French Frigate shoals

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Infographic illustrating the damage to the shoal's East Island

3951:"Assessing the Damage: The First Step After Hurricane Walaka" 2476:

Location of the French Frigate Shoals in the chain of islands

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was the first discovery of a wrecked Nantucket whaling ship.

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In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex

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had been lost for nearly two centuries. The finding of the

507:. Shoal inspections in the 1920s and 1930s include ones by 4388:

List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain

3558:"Hurricane Walaka practically wiped an island off the map" 711:

would at times fill open slots as a disciplinary measure.

679:

comprises what remains of the original naval air station.

4195: 4193: 4191: 4123: 4121: 3450:"Biologists Evacuated from Remote Pacific Field Station" 3652: 3650: 1141: 348:

was also lost on the shoals, but the crew was rescued.

142:, with an area of 26.014 acres (10.527 ha), has a 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2351:

was expanded in the 1940s to become a naval air base.

410:

wrecked on the shoals, and the crew abandoned ship in

334:

visited the French Frigate Shoals. That same year the

301:

In 1841 the French Frigate Shoals were visited by the

2344:

As of October 2018, East Island has mostly submerged.

729:

The Coast Guard designated the French Frigate Shoals

714:

The LORAN station commanding officer was typically a

460:

In 1909 the French Frigate Shoals became part of the

3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 2643:

The Explorers: From the Ancient World to the Present

5702:

Pacific islands claimed under the Guano Islands Act

5599: 5561: 5498: 5438: 5385: 5282: 5142: 4993: 4915: 4825: 4760: 4572: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 814:. Captain Pollard is noted for inspiring the novel 442:

USS Langley (AV-3) at French Frigate Shoals in 1937

2962: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2674: 2672: 1179:) in the waters of the French Frigate Shoals, 2006 542:visited the shoals, anchoring near East Island. A 4220:. James Imray & Son – via Google Books. 3945: 3943: 3941: 3746:Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change 3501:"Climate change keeps wiping out Pacific islands" 2961:Parshall, Jonathan B.; Tully, Anthony P. (2005). 161:In the 20th century, the shoals were used by the 4092:. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007 3401:Discovered in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands" 3397:"Lost Whaling Shipwreck with Link to Melville's 844:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 578:The Coast Guard LORAN base on East Island, 1945 3525: 3523: 3494: 3492: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 271:The expedition went on to discover the nearby 5107: 4545: 4427: 4303: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 747:Whale-Skate Island washed away in the 1990s. 122:. It consists of a 20-mile-long (32 km) 8: 4129:"Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument" 3391: 3389: 3036:"Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument" 2645:. Stewart, Tabori & Chang. p. 181. 2538:"Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument" 4021:Center (U.S.), Southwest Fisheries (1990). 3151:"This Remote Hawaiian Island Just Vanished" 2919:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships 2805:Amerson, Jr, A. Binion (20 December 1971). 239:Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse 112:Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse 5114: 5100: 5092: 4552: 4538: 4530: 4511:Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument 4434: 4420: 4412: 4399: 4310: 4296: 4288: 4216:Imray, James Frederick (19 October 1870). 3687:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 55. 2745:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1675: 3921: 3903: 148:Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge 4078:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1940. 3320:Kelly, Gleason; Raupp, Jason T. (2010). 3083:Cressman, Robert J. (31 December 2015). 1182: 1164: 1083:. In addition to scientific analysis, a 3364:. New York: Penguin. pp. 208–210. 3018:"70 Years Ago: Battle of Midway Island" 2587: 2585: 2583: 2529: 768:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 466:United States Department of Agriculture 152:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 4103: 3722: 3270:"French Frigate Shoals (Kānemiloha'i)" 2738: 268:, the "Shoal of the French Frigates". 260:and her companion vessel, the frigate 169:to attack Hawaii. Afterwards, a small 885:The atoll is an important refuge for 7: 4275:Quick Facts on French Frigate Shoals 3748:. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. 3709:"NWHI: About: French Frigate Shoals" 3236:"Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News" 2442:it was visited and determined to be 487:United States Revenue Cutter Service 134:, and the 120-foot-high (37 m) 2998:Newdick, Thomas (7 December 2021). 2969:. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. 2409:. It is the oldest and most remote 5229:ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Language) 4270:The French Frigate Shoals Web Page 3829:"Tern Island Hawaii - Information" 3121:"LORAN STATION FRENCH FRIGATE SHO" 3089:Naval History and Heritage Command 2566:. Moon publications. p. 549. 979:The islands are also an important 744:was sent to help support repairs. 379:. In 1894, French Frigate Shoals, 303:United States Exploring Expedition 25: 5627:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom 3530:Jacobs, Julia (25 October 2018). 718:officer, the executive officer a 694:United States Coast Guard station 666:, the United States Navy built a 471:In 1917 the four-masted schooner 5687:Coral reefs of the United States 5644: 4925:1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption 4363: 3791:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01853.x 3556:Mendoza, Jim (6 November 2019). 3499:Atkin, Emily (24 October 2018). 2487: 1668:Map of the French Frigate Shoals 1118: 391:were leased for 25 years by the 118:when attempting to navigate the 5697:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain 5021:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain 5016:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park 5006:Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes 4518:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain 3998:Binion Amerson jr., A. (1971). 3980:PDF bei www.statecountymaps.com 1077:Census of Coral Reef Ecosystems 609:. The operation involved three 5737:Important Bird Areas of Hawaii 5239:Pearl Harbor National Memorial 4205:. James Imray & Son. 1870. 3744:Philander, Dr. George (2008). 1133:format but may read better as 406:In 1896 the seal hunting ship 1: 5682:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 5622:Hawaiian sovereignty movement 4443:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 4383:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 4335:French Frigate Shoals Airport 3628:Wu, Nina (14 November 2020). 957:, the second most endangered 677:French Frigate Shoals Airport 266:Basse des Frégates Françaises 104:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 5031:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory 3905:10.1371/journal.pone.0016962 3657:Spring, Joe (10 July 2023). 3183:Scott, Susan (3 June 2004). 759:A pot from the shipwreck of 586:Tern Island airstrip in 1966 248:, was sailing westward from 4146:Amerson, A. Binion (1971). 3103:"Miscellaneous Photo Index" 2711:Amerson, A. Binion (2012). 2503:List of Guano Island claims 2292: 2289: 2245: 2242: 2200: 2197: 2155: 2152: 2108: 2105: 2065: 2062: 2020: 2017: 1975: 1972: 1930: 1927: 1885: 1882: 1840: 1837: 1795: 1792: 1750: 1747: 1705: 1702: 918:, are found there as well. 634:United States Pacific Fleet 462:Hawaiian Island Reservation 66:French Frigate Shoals, 2003 5758: 5712:Reefs of the United States 5707:Reefs of the Pacific Ocean 4945:2022 eruption of Mauna Loa 4935:1984 eruption of Mauna Loa 4930:1975 eruption of Mauna Loa 2366:A monk seal at Trig Island 2128:23.7925694°N 166.2015972°W 820:when his sailing ship the 779:on Tern's coral airstrip. 652:and the mine warfare ship 518:in 1931 and 1934, and the 294:In 1823, the whaling ship 234:between 1100 and 1300 AD. 225:Overview and early history 5640: 5335:Colleges and universities 5130: 4747: 4736:North Arch volcanic field 4584:South Arch volcanic field 4507: 4449: 4409: 4404:Links to related articles 4372: 4361: 4325: 4167:10.5479/SI.00775630.150.1 4133:www.papahanaumokuakea.gov 4110:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3729:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3274:www.papahanaumokuakea.gov 3240:archives.starbulletin.com 3189:archives.starbulletin.com 3058:www.airfields-freeman.com 3040:www.papahanaumokuakea.gov 3022:Hatboro-Horsham, PA Patch 2932:– via Google Books. 2826:10.5479/si.00775630.150.1 2641:Novaresio, Paolo (1996). 2542:www.papahanaumokuakea.gov 2453:in the 19th century. The 1456:sp.23 (arthritic fingers) 1443:sp. 20 (neoplasia/tumor?) 933:– is responsible for the 921:More than 150 species of 700:United States Coast Guard 520:United States Coast Guard 355:in the Hawaiian Islands. 175:United States Coast Guard 5167:Discovery and settlement 4940:2018 lower Puna eruption 3634:Honolulu Star-Advertiser 2898:(Report). September 2014 2265:23.826667°N 166.229472°W 2220:23.824806°N 166.224861°W 2175:23.786806°N 166.209111°W 2133:23.7925694; -166.2015972 2040:23.734528°N 166.165583°W 1995:23.728778°N 166.164028°W 1950:23.644306°N 166.171056°W 1905:23.867222°N 166.230861°W 1860:23.867444°N 166.231639°W 1815:23.871611°N 166.243306°W 1770:23.869639°N 166.284611°W 1724:23.852750°N 166.323972°W 464:and administered by the 106:. Its name commemorates 5076:Puna Geothermal Venture 5011:Haleakalā National Park 4155:Atoll Research Bulletin 4090:"French Frigate Shoals" 4004:Atoll Research Bulletin 2814:Atoll Research Bulletin 2562:Stanley, David (1985). 1394:sp. 15 (paliform lobes) 1142:converting this section 1013:Tristram's storm petrel 1005:wedge-tailed shearwater 716:lieutenant junior grade 632:. After the operation, 455:Connétable de Richemont 401:United States territory 365:, sailing on the naval 4817:Pearl and Hermes Atoll 4754: 4489:Pearl and Hermes Atoll 4355:Two Brothers Shipwreck 3125:www.loran-history.info 2594:"Tern Island: History" 2564:South Pacific Handbook 2477: 2402: 2367: 2312:23.76944°N 166.26083°W 2270:23.826667; -166.229472 2225:23.824806; -166.224861 2180:23.786806; -166.209111 2084:23.80556°N 166.22944°W 2045:23.734528; -166.165583 2000:23.728778; -166.164028 1955:23.644306; -166.171056 1910:23.867222; -166.230861 1865:23.867444; -166.231639 1820:23.871611; -166.243306 1775:23.869639; -166.284611 1729:23.852750; -166.323972 1669: 1647:Pocillopora damicornis 1640:Leptoseris hawaiiensis 1633:Psammocora nierstraszi 1200: 1180: 989:black-footed albatross 983:. Eighteen species of 976: 947:Genicanthus personatus 893: 854: 763: 706:navigation station on 592:Imperial Japanese Navy 587: 579: 443: 435: 206: 198: 163:Imperial Japanese Navy 114:, who nearly lost two 83: 75: 67: 48:23.74889°N 166.14611°W 5677:French Frigate Shoals 5600:Pre-statehood history 5450:French Frigate Shoals 5290:Hawaiian architecture 4772:French Frigate Shoals 4753: 4464:French Frigate Shoals 4330:French Frigate Shoals 4319:French Frigate Shoals 4237:Warship International 3683:Rauzon, Mark (2001). 3431:oceanservice.noaa.gov 3299:Images of Old Hawaiʻi 2475: 2400: 2365: 1667: 1291:Pocillopora meandrina 1195:), and finger coral ( 1189:Pocillopora meandrina 1186: 1168: 1081:Census of Marine Life 1017:red-tailed tropicbird 967: 884: 852: 758: 742:USCGC Kukui (WAK-186) 585: 577: 441: 425: 389:Pearl and Hermes Reef 204: 196: 88:French Frigate Shoals 81: 73: 65: 5617:Hawaiian Renaissance 5607:Bayonet Constitution 4704:East Molokai Volcano 4699:West Molokai Volcano 3985:22 June 2015 at the 3779:Conservation Biology 3663:Smithsonian Magazine 3587:sanctuaries.noaa.gov 3356:Philbrick, Nathaniel 3131:on 23 September 2012 2864:sanctuaries.noaa.gov 2317:23.76944; -166.26083 2089:23.80556; -166.22944 1405:Cladopsammia eguchii 1212:Coral unidentified, 1009:Christmas shearwater 914:, many of which are 736:In December 1969, a 448:Albatross expedition 53:23.74889; -166.14611 5632:Territory of Hawaii 5500:Notable communities 5051:Mauna Loa eruptions 4950:Keanakakoi eruption 4345:La Perouse Pinnacle 4184:on 1 February 2021. 4051:on 20 February 2022 3957:. 21 November 2018. 3896:2011PLoSO...616962D 3155:Honolulu Civil Beat 3064:on 4 September 2014 2843:on 1 February 2021. 2419:La Pèrouse Pinnacle 2407:East Island, Hawaii 2401:La Pèrouse Pinnacle 2393:La Perouse Pinnacle 2308: / 2283:La Perouse Pinnacle 2261: / 2216: / 2171: / 2124: / 2080: / 2036: / 1991: / 1946: / 1922:Disappearing Island 1901: / 1856: / 1811: / 1766: / 1720: / 1470:Leptastrea agassizi 1448:Cyphastrea ocellina 1428:Tabastraea coccinea 1085:National Geographic 1061:La Pèrouse Pinnacle 955:Hawaiian monk seals 927:La Pèrouse Pinnacle 897:La Pèrouse Pinnacle 887:Hawaiian monk seals 877:Geology and ecology 720:chief petty officer 136:La Perouse Pinnacle 44: / 18:La parouse pinnacle 4755: 4561:Hawaiian volcanism 4039:"NOAA Chart 19401" 4024:Collected Reprints 3833:lookintohawaii.com 3536:The New York Times 3477:on 20 January 2021 3330:Historic Nantucket 3214:CoastGuardNews.com 2478: 2440:Tanager expedition 2403: 2375:Whale-Skate Island 2368: 1670: 1482:Montipora capitata 1259:Acropora gemmifera 1201: 1181: 1144:, if appropriate. 977: 973:red-footed boobies 969:Great frigatebirds 894: 891:laysan albatrosses 855: 802:George Pollard Jr. 775:by landing a USCG 764: 588: 580: 566:was moored there. 498:United States Navy 480:Tanager Expedition 444: 436: 418:Early 20th century 393:Republic of Hawaii 283:Fleuriot de Langle 281:(under command of 207: 199: 171:United States Navy 84: 76: 68: 5742:Shoals of Oceania 5727:Paleogene Oceania 5722:Miocene volcanoes 5664: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5651:Hawaii portal 5089: 5088: 5036:Kīlauea eruptions 5026:Hawaiian eruption 4955:ʻAilāʻau eruption 4916:Notable eruptions 4777:Gardner Pinnacles 4527: 4526: 4469:Gardner Pinnacles 4396: 4395: 3858:ucsdnews.ucsd.edu 3471:www.omao.noaa.gov 3371:978-0-14-100182-1 3301:. 25 October 2015 3216:. 22 October 2009 3157:. 23 October 2018 3107:www.navsource.org 2724:978-0-9884645-0-6 2717:. Dallas, Texas. 2657:Lapérouse ships, 2328: 2327: 1967:Little Gin Island 1605:Diaseris distorta 1600:sp.24 (irregular) 1567:Cycloseris tenuis 1562:sp.7 (foliaceous) 1435:Porites compressa 1265:L. mycetoseroides 1231:Acropora cerealis 1197:Porites compressa 1163: 1162: 1033:great frigatebird 951:green sea turtles 857:In October 2018, 724:Boatswain's Mates 688:floating barracks 668:naval air station 640:Chester W. Nimitz 453:In 1903 the ship 377:Guano Islands Act 275:. His ships were 211:Guano Islands Act 183:plastic pollution 98:) is the largest 16:(Redirected from 5749: 5717:Seabird colonies 5692:Atolls of Hawaii 5649: 5648: 5647: 5612:Hawaiian Kingdom 5490:Pearl and Hermes 5224:Native Hawaiians 5116: 5109: 5102: 5093: 4792:Lisianski Island 4752: 4589:Kamaʻehuakanaloa 4554: 4547: 4540: 4531: 4484:Lisianski Island 4436: 4429: 4422: 4413: 4400: 4367: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4289: 4282:Ocean Adventures 4252: 4222: 4221: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4197: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4177:. 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Archived from 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3435: 3434: 3422: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3393: 3384: 3383: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3266: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3180: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3127:. Archived from 3117: 3111: 3110: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3060:. Archived from 3050: 3044: 3043: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2968: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2897: 2889: 2868: 2867: 2856: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2836:. Archived from 2811: 2802: 2751: 2750: 2744: 2736: 2708: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2684:www.biographi.ca 2676: 2667: 2666: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2604:on 27 April 2019 2600:. Archived from 2589: 2578: 2577: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2534: 2497: 2492: 2491: 2415:Hawaiian Islands 2323: 2322: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1676: 1412:Porites brighami 1340:sp.1 (prostrate) 1158: 1155: 1149: 1140:You can help by 1122: 1121: 1114: 1097:gray reef sharks 1093:galapagos sharks 1025:red-footed booby 993:Laysan albatross 943:masked angelfish 859:Hurricane Walaka 664:Battle of Midway 434:) at Tern island 432:Sula leucogaster 219:battle of Midway 215:Hawaiian Islands 59: 58: 56: 55: 54: 49: 45: 42: 41: 40: 37: 21: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5732:Cenozoic Hawaii 5667: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5645: 5643: 5636: 5595: 5557: 5494: 5441: 5434: 5381: 5278: 5194:Hawaiianization 5138: 5126: 5120: 5090: 5085: 5056:Pāhoehoe (lava) 4989: 4965:Kīlauea Caldera 4917: 4911: 4828: 4821: 4763: 4756: 4750: 4745: 4575: 4568: 4558: 4528: 4523: 4503: 4445: 4440: 4405: 4397: 4392: 4368: 4359: 4321: 4316: 4259: 4234: 4231: 4226: 4225: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4199: 4198: 4189: 4181: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4127: 4126: 4119: 4102: 4095: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4072: 4071: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4020: 4019: 4015: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3987:Wayback Machine 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3949: 3948: 3939: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3852: 3851: 3840: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3756: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3721: 3714: 3712: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3617:. 15 June 2023. 3613: 3612: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3562:Hawaii News Now 3555: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3498: 3497: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3438: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3387: 3372: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3268: 3267: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3016: 3015: 3011: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2977: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2871: 2858: 2857: 2848: 2840: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2754: 2737: 2725: 2710: 2709: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2653: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2598:college.wfu.edu 2591: 2590: 2581: 2574: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2513:List of islands 2493: 2486: 2483: 2470: 2438:In 1923 on the 2395: 2377: 2360: 2345: 2343: 2337: 2335: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2202: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2022: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1932: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1842: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1706: 1688: 1683: 1662: 1657: 1626:Fungia scutaria 1594:sp.27 (columns) 1542:sp.8 cf. ? 1323:Pavona duerdeni 1191:), lobe coral ( 1169:Coral of genus 1159: 1153: 1150: 1139: 1123: 1119: 1112: 1045:blue-gray noddy 1037:spectacled tern 1001:Bulwer's petrel 879: 753: 696: 590:In March 1942, 572: 551:seaplane tender 420: 372:Fenimore Cooper 227: 191: 52: 50: 46: 43: 38: 35: 33: 31: 30: 28: 27:Atoll in Hawaii 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5755: 5753: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5669: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5655: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5567: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5300:Climate change 5297: 5292: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5269:Transportation 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5214:Kūʻē Petitions 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4980:Powers Caldera 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4921: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4831: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4758: 4757: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4570: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4258: 4257:External links 4255: 4254: 4253: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4208: 4187: 4138: 4117: 4081: 4062: 4030: 4013: 3990: 3972: 3960: 3937: 3870: 3838: 3820: 3785:(4): 667–678. 3769: 3754: 3736: 3700: 3693: 3675: 3646: 3620: 3599: 3574: 3548: 3519: 3488: 3458: 3436: 3414: 3385: 3370: 3347: 3312: 3286: 3252: 3227: 3201: 3168: 3142: 3112: 3094: 3075: 3045: 3027: 3024:. 4 June 2012. 3009: 2990: 2975: 2953: 2935: 2928: 2909: 2869: 2846: 2752: 2723: 2696: 2668: 2651: 2633: 2615: 2592:Marts, Chris. 2579: 2572: 2554: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2495:Islands portal 2482: 2479: 2469: 2466: 2444:olivine basalt 2394: 2391: 2376: 2373: 2359: 2356: 2326: 2325: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2119:166°12′05.75″W 2107: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2008: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1687:Original area 1685: 1680: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1636: 1629: 1622: 1617: 1608: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1584: 1582:M. tuberculosa 1579: 1570: 1563: 1557: 1548: 1546:F. hawaiiensis 1543: 1537: 1528: 1525:Porites lobata 1521: 1516: 1511: 1509:P. hawaiiensis 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1489:L. bewickensis 1485: 1478: 1473: 1466: 1457: 1451: 1444: 1438: 1431: 1424: 1415: 1408: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1378: 1369: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1344:P. maldivensis 1341: 1335: 1326: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1299: 1294: 1287: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1255: 1246: 1234: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1209: 1193:Porites lobata 1161: 1160: 1126: 1124: 1117: 1111: 1108: 981:seabird colony 975:at Tern Island 961:in the world. 878: 875: 773:Hurricane Neki 752: 749: 695: 692: 611:IJN submarines 600:reconnaissance 571: 568: 514:in 1924, USRC 419: 416: 408:Mattie E. Dyer 363:John M. Brooke 226: 223: 190: 187: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5754: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5653: 5652: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5440:Northwestern 5437: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5259:State symbols 5257: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5125: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5105: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5082: 5081:Volcano House 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5041:Lava fountain 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4807:Necker Island 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4759: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4612:Pauahi Crater 4609: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4459:Necker Island 4457: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4401: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4301: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4219: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3890:(2): e16962. 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3755:9781452265889 3751: 3747: 3740: 3737: 3732: 3726: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3694:0-8248-2330-3 3690: 3686: 3679: 3676: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3549: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3451: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3402: 3400: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3325: 3316: 3313: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3076: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2931: 2929:9780160020551 2925: 2921: 2920: 2913: 2910: 2894: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2652:9781556704956 2648: 2644: 2637: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2573:9780918373052 2569: 2565: 2558: 2555: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2523: 2519: 2518:Desert island 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2508:List of reefs 2506: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2474: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2411:volcanic rock 2408: 2399: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2372: 2364: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2324: 2321: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2256:166°13′46.1″W 2239: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2211:166°13′29.5″W 2194: 2192:Mullet Island 2191: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2166:166°12′32.8″W 2149: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2116:23°47′33.25″N 2102: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2031:166°09′56.1″W 2014: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2004: 1986:166°09′50.5″W 1969: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1941:166°10′15.8″W 1924: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1896:166°13′51.1″W 1879: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1851:166°13′53.9″W 1834: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1806:166°14′35.9″W 1789: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1761:166°17′04.6″W 1744: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1715:166°19′26.3″W 1699: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1666: 1659: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1499:M. flabellate 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1400:sp.29 (table) 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386:Balanophyllia 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1317:A. paniculata 1315: 1313: 1312:P. molokensis 1310: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1220:L. incrustans 1218: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1157: 1148:is available. 1147: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1127:This section 1125: 1116: 1115: 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Retrieved 2541: 2532: 2461: 2457: 2455:whaling ship 2450: 2448: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2404: 2388: 2385: 2378: 2369: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2329: 2293: 2253:23°49′36.0″N 2246: 2237:Round Island 2208:23°49′29.3″N 2201: 2163:23°47′12.5″N 2156: 2109: 2028:23°44′04.3″N 2021: 1983:23°43′43.6″N 1976: 1938:23°38′39.5″N 1931: 1893:23°52′02.0″N 1886: 1877:Whale Island 1848:23°52′02.8″N 1841: 1832:Skate Island 1803:23°52′17.8″N 1796: 1758:23°52′10.7″N 1751: 1712:23°51′09.9″N 1697:Shark Island 1692:Coordinates 1671: 1652: 1645: 1638: 1631: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1565: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1494:P. evermanni 1493: 1488: 1480: 1475: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1446: 1440: 1433: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1410: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1289: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1236: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1204: 1202: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1170: 1151: 1146:Editing help 1128: 1105: 1101:tiger sharks 1090: 1073: 1069: 1021:masked booby 997:Bonin petrel 978: 946: 920: 908:stony corals 905: 901: 895: 871: 867: 864: 856: 841: 837: 834: 830:Two Brothers 829: 826:Two Brothers 825: 821: 815: 811: 805: 796:Two Brothers 794: 792: 787: 785: 781: 765: 761:Two Brothers 760: 751:21st century 746: 735: 728: 713: 697: 683: 681: 673:Midway Atoll 661: 655: 648: 644: 628: 622: 618:flying boats 607:Pearl Harbor 589: 570:World War II 561: 555: 548: 538: 531: 525: 515: 510: 503: 492: 484: 477: 472: 470: 459: 454: 452: 446:In 1902 the 445: 431: 407: 405: 398: 385:Midway Atoll 371: 350: 345: 339:South Seaman 338: 332:Modern Times 331: 324: 320:In 1859 the 319: 313: 307: 300: 296:Two Brothers 295: 293: 286: 276: 270: 265: 261: 257: 252:en route to 245: 236: 228: 208: 167:an operation 160: 96:Kānemilohaʻi 95: 87: 85: 29: 5523:Kailua-Kona 5357:LGBT rights 5274:Unification 5172:Earthquakes 5162:Delegations 5066:Pele's hair 5046:Limu o Pele 5001:ʻAʻā (lava) 4970:Kīlauea Iki 4608:Kīlauea Iki 4350:East Island 4340:Tern Island 4055:20 February 3639:7 September 3592:7 September 3567:7 September 3541:24 December 3512:25 December 3481:7 September 3407:13 February 3305:7 September 3295:"Churchill" 3161:7 September 2902:6 September 2689:7 September 2628:www.fws.gov 2547:7 September 2358:Trig Island 2315: / 2303:166°15′39″W 2268: / 2223: / 2178: / 2146:East Island 2131: / 2100:Bare Island 2087: / 2075:166°13′46″W 2057:Near Island 2043: / 1998: / 1953: / 1908: / 1863: / 1818: / 1787:Trig Island 1773: / 1741:Tern Island 1727: / 1653:P. stellate 1620:M. verrilli 1587:C. vaughani 1575:sp. 16 cf. 1519:L. pruinosa 1504:L. purpurea 1476:P. duerdeni 1270:P. ligulata 1177:Acroporidae 1053:black noddy 1049:brown noddy 1029:brown booby 842:In 2016, a 708:East Island 702:operated a 596:Operation K 534:minesweeper 524:USCGC 428:brown booby 288:La Boussole 278:L'Astrolabe 232:Polynesians 165:as part of 140:Tern Island 51: / 5671:Categories 5548:Pearl City 5400:Kahoʻolawe 5204:Hurricanes 5189:Government 4782:Kure Atoll 4647:Kahoʻolawe 4499:Kure Atoll 4096:1 December 3668:6 November 2976:1574889230 2524:References 2300:23°46′10″N 2072:23°48′20″N 2012:Gin Island 1613:sp.13 cf. 1553:sp.21 cf. 1535:incrassate 1462:sp.26 cf. 1420:sp.30 cf. 1388:sp. 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