38:
365:
407:
in the area. The horse population declined during the 20th century for many reasons. In the early 20th century, indigenous people were prohibited by the government from leaving their
Reserves without a permit, and so taking away their horses further limited their movement. Lack of transportation also
420:
was created in 1913, many
Indigenous people—and presumably their horses—were forcibly removed. Free-roaming horses were particularly at risk, as they did not have caretakers watching over them. Later in the century, mechanization played a role as motor vehicles, including the
436:
at the reservation decided it was inappropriate for children to witness the sight of semi-feral horses in the act of mating. The last
Canadian community to keep their horses was the Lac La Croix First Nation. By the 1960s, when someone accidentally shot a
514:
member, founded Grey Raven Ranch, a nonprofit dedicated to the survival of the Ojibwe Horse and their connection to Ojibwe people. Since founding the organization, they have done countless education events and have written a
1140:
1162:
considered to originate wholly or partly in Canada and the United States. Many have complex or obscure histories, so inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively from those
870:
319:
breeding. However, this proved to be incorrect by later genetic studies. These original horses declined to the point that by 1977 only four mares remained, at which time their bloodlines were crossed with
271:
The breed has a broad forehead tapering to a refined muzzle. They have cold weather adaptations including small, well-haired ears and nostril flaps able to tighten in bad weather. They have low
663:
Prystupa JM, Juras R, Cothran EG, Buchanan FC, Plante Y. Genetic diversity and admixture among
Canadian, Mountain and Moorland, and Nordic pony populations, Animal, 2011, vol. 6 (pg. 19-30)
1583:
348:. A 2011 study found they had the second-lowest average effective number of alleles and allelic richness (2.83 and 4.01) among several breeds of pony breeds found in Canada. A 2012 study of
1133:
487:. Today, there are about 150 horses located in Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. In 2012, scientists recommended a conservation strategy be developed for the
1103:
1126:
464:
known as Smokey SMR 169 was bred to the mares. The first male foal, named Keokuk, was born in
January 1980. Another colt, Nimkii, was foaled in 1985. These two
1588:
499:
The modern Ojibwe Horse is considered a spirit animal by the Ojibwe people and is used in programs promoting indigenous heritage. Other uses include
454:
441:
who was the last remaining male of breeding age, there were six horses left, including one elderly stallion that was unable to breed. In 1977, the
392:. At the end of the winter, people herded some of the ponies over lake ice to an isolated location called "Pony Island" to keep them safe during
839:
1149:
784:. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed January 2020.
1048:"Maternal Lineages in Native Canadian Equine Populations and Their Relationship to the Nordic and Mountain and Moorland Pony Breeds"
936:
915:
887:
333:
1365:
429:
265:
446:
409:
217:
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By 1900, the ponies were relatively plentiful, with an estimated population of a few thousand, found in many of the
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639:
166:
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527:
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transboundary region of southern Canada and the northern United States. The original pony was a multi-purpose
1500:
1400:
1350:
1195:
500:
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reduced their land base, allowing settlement by whites. Some horses taken away from the Ojibwe people were
1440:
1340:
1230:
1220:
1185:
1180:
329:
312:
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and tourism. In particular, they are used to help indigenous youth remain in touch with their heritage.
457:, drove them to Minnesota. There they lived in a free-roaming state on a farm, protected from slaughter.
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1536:
1355:
1285:
1250:
1205:
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181:
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condition until the following winter. Others freely crossed the border between
Ontario and Minnesota.
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1490:
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1380:
1315:
1305:
1300:
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1215:
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1006:
820:
564:
442:
1325:
1295:
1510:
1410:
1225:
1200:
995:"Genetic diversity and admixture among Canadian, Mountain and Moorland and Nordic pony populations"
356:
origins indicated but more difficult to verify on account of modern
Spanish Mustang crossbreeding.
1546:
1465:
1360:
1310:
1255:
1032:
523:
507:
484:
345:
325:
257:
264:, and a reputation for being gentle and intelligent. It is considered the only breed matured by
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883:
781:
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209:
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claimed the four remaining mares a public nuisance. Before officials could destroy them, the
1059:
1014:
961:
821:"Ojibwe horses are endangered, but a few Canadian ranches are determined to keep them alive"
201:
1047:
1593:
1541:
1480:
1420:
1345:
461:
321:
173:, where the horses were last found in the wild. Historically, the breed was also found in
162:
1010:
872:
List of breeds documented in the Global
Databank for Animal Genetic Resources, annex to
794:
17:
1531:
1485:
1320:
1290:
404:
377:
308:
948:
Prystupa, Jaclyn
Mercedes; Hind, Pamela; Cothran, E. Gus; Plante, Yves (May 1, 2012).
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1370:
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450:
337:
284:
280:
245:
237:
154:
102:
1495:
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1280:
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1104:
Culture & History on
Horseback: Lac La Croix Ponies at Seine River First Nation
1036:
906:
Porter, Valerie; Alderson, Lawrence; Hall, Stephen; Sponenberg, D. Phillip (2016).
488:
438:
292:
288:
276:
229:
189:
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547:
373:
349:
249:
233:
150:
87:
1108:
993:
Prystupa, Jaclyn Mercedes; Hind, Pamela; E. Gus; Plante, Yves (July 26, 2011).
1019:
994:
840:"'Wouldn't you help your relatives survive?': The return of the Ojibwe horses"
522:
In 2022, Dr. Em Loerzel, an American woman and a registered descendent of the
433:
422:
397:
261:
241:
146:
106:
1073:
1046:
Prystupa, Jaclyn Mercedes; Hind, Pamela; E. Gus; Plante, Yves (May 1, 2012).
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and the Lac La Croix, based upon the need to preserve their unique genetics.
1265:
1064:
966:
950:"and Their Relationship to the Nordic and Mountain and Moorland Pony Breeds"
949:
534:), purchased six Ojibwe Horses from Ontario and brought them to her farm in
413:
385:
51:
LLCIP, Lac La Croix Indigenous pony, Lac La Croix Indian pony, Ojibwe pony,
1081:
1028:
983:
874:
The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
465:
341:
304:
253:
193:
1405:
746:"How the Ojibwe brought their horses back from the brink of extinction"
569:
352:
genetics verified Canadian horse and British pony breed ancestry, with
316:
272:
197:
185:
170:
236:; 48 to 58 in) high. The breed is seen in any solid color except
1515:
1445:
531:
480:
381:
543:
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and the Lac La Croix planned a rescue. They loaded the mares into a
37:
1385:
363:
118:
559:
471:
In the 1990s, the Lac La Croix Indian Pony was categorized as a
393:
389:
364:
158:
157:. The population became critically low; and, by 1977, only four
1122:
483:
as "at risk". It remains on the livestock conservation list of
396:
and breeding season. There they were allowed to run loose in a
161:
remained. To preserve the breed, these mares were crossed with
1113:
929:
Storey's illustrated guide to 96 horse breeds of North America
476:
212:
in the United States. The breed registry is maintained by the
876:
Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
708:
706:
908:
Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding
782:
Breed data sheet: Lac La Croix Indian Pony / Canada (Horse)
606:
604:
602:
600:
674:"Lac La Croix Indigenous Pony | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
546:. The organization works to reconnect the Ojibwe Horse to
428:
The last population in the United States, located at the
213:
27:
North American horse breed developed by the Ojibwe people
460:
Because there were no remaining stallions, a registered
587:
585:
542:. They are now cared for by Loerzel and her nonprofit,
145:) and Lac La Croix “Indian” or “Indigenous” pony is a
795:"Heritage Livestock Canada - Breed Conservation List"
140:
58:
52:
1524:
1168:
97:
79:
74:
66:
47:
1584:Horse breeds originating from Indigenous Americans
165:stallions. The modern breed name derives from the
724:
510:professor, and her partner Darcy Whitecrow, a
232:standing 122 to 147 centimetres (12.0 to 14.2
1134:
324:stallions. Blood-typing studies conducted by
184:breed; there are about 200 horses located in
8:
1150:Horse breeds of Canada and the United States
468:founded the modern Lac La Croix bloodlines.
30:
769:
432:in Minnesota, was killed off in the 1940s.
388:, pulled loads of ice and wood, and hauled
1141:
1127:
1119:
882:. Food & Agriculture Org. p. 17.
869:Rischkowsky, Barbara; Pilling, D. (2007).
384:in the winter. The breed was ridden along
36:
29:
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1018:
965:
739:
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735:
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633:
631:
629:
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506:In the 2000s, Dr. Kimberlee Campbell, a
372:The Ojibwe Horse breed developed in the
581:
475:; it was listed as "endangered" by the
610:
591:
260:. They are hardy, with smooth-flowing
479:in 2007, and in 2020 was reported to
86:122 to 147 centimetres (12.0 to 14.2
7:
303:Ojibwe Horses were believed to be a
340:markers. They are classified as an
1589:Horse breeds originating in Canada
380:, of particular importance to the
25:
910:(6 ed.). CABI. p. 481.
744:Nerberg, usan (October 2, 2019).
453:, and Fred Isham, an Ojibwe from
931:. Storey Pub. pp. 314–317.
344:of Canada, but are at risk of a
1366:Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse
1114:American Indian Horse Registry
927:Dutson, Judith (May 7, 2012).
678:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
640:"Lac La Croix Indigenous Pony"
332:indicate that the ponies have
1:
430:Bois Forte Indian Reservation
287:are heavy and strong. Their
228:The Ojibwe Horse is a small
142:bebezhigooganzhii, mishdatim
266:indigenous people in Canada
141:
59:
53:
1610:
519:about the Ojibwe Horse.
283:and a low-set tail. Their
1555:
1156:
1020:10.1017/S1751731111001212
799:Heritage Livestock Canada
485:Heritage Livestock Canada
336:ancestry as well as some
167:Lac La Croix First Nation
112:
35:
1431:North American Sportpony
1376:Lac La Croix Indian Pony
1236:American Sorraia Mustang
1211:American Miniature Horse
819:Laura Beaulne-Stuebing.
528:Minnesota Chippewa Tribe
512:Seine River First Nation
216:, a registered Canadian
137:Lac La Croix Indian Pony
18:Lac La Croix Indian Pony
1501:Tennessee Walking Horse
1401:Mountain Pleasure Horse
501:equine-assisted therapy
418:Quetico Provincial Park
368:A Lac La Croix stallion
101:Any solid color except
1441:Pryor Mountain mustang
1231:American Shetland Pony
1221:American Quarter Horse
1186:American Belgian Draft
1181:American Bashkir Curly
725:Mercedes-Prystupa 2012
425:, replaced the horse.
369:
342:indigenous horse breed
330:University of Kentucky
313:Spanish Colonial horse
204:in Canada, as well as
1356:Florida Cracker Horse
1286:Camarillo White Horse
1251:American Walking Pony
1246:American Spotted Paso
1206:American Indian Horse
1065:10.1093/jhered/ess003
967:10.1093/jhered/ess003
644:Canadian Encyclopedia
405:First Nation reserves
367:
182:critically endangered
1559:List of horse breeds
1491:Spotted Saddle Horse
1471:Spanish Jennet Horse
1461:Rocky Mountain Horse
1436:Pony of the Americas
1381:Missouri Fox Trotter
1316:Carolina Marsh Tacky
1306:Canadian Sport Horse
1301:Canadian Rustic Pony
1261:American White Horse
1216:American Paint Horse
1196:American Crème Horse
1191:American Cream Draft
565:List of horse breeds
275:, a short, straight
214:Ojibwe Horse Society
180:Today, it remains a
119:Equus ferus caballus
1511:Virginia Highlander
1411:National Show Horse
1226:American Saddlebred
1201:American Drum Horse
1052:Journal of Heredity
1011:2012Anim....6...19P
954:Journal of Heredity
838:Kaeding, Danielle.
727:, pp. 380–390.
715:, pp. 380–390.
638:O'Connor, Heather.
613:, pp. 314–317.
443:Canadian government
252:are common, as are
90:; 48 to 58 in)
32:
1547:Narragansett Pacer
1311:Canadian Warmblood
1256:American Warmblood
1176:Alberta Wild Horse
750:Broadview Magazine
544:"The Humble Horse"
524:White Earth Nation
370:
346:genetic bottleneck
258:primitive markings
135:also known as the
1566:
1565:
1351:Cumberland Island
1331:Chincoteague Pony
700:, pp. 19–30.
153:developed by the
129:
128:
67:Country of origin
54:bebezhigooganzhii
42:Lac La Croix mare
31:Lac La Croix pony
16:(Redirected from
1601:
1341:Colonial Spanish
1241:American Spotted
1143:
1136:
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495:Uses and welfare
202:British Columbia
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1542:Conestoga Horse
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1481:Spanish Mustang
1421:Nez Perce Horse
1396:Morocco Spotted
1346:Colorado Ranger
1271:Assateague Pony
1164:
1152:
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1109:Meet the Ponies
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517:children's book
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462:Spanish Mustang
362:
322:Spanish Mustang
301:
242:cream dilutions
226:
224:Characteristics
163:Spanish Mustang
125:
117:
107:cream dilutions
93:
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1328:
1326:Cherokee Horse
1323:
1321:Cerbat mustang
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
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1296:Canadian Pinto
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1158:These are the
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1099:
1098:External links
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1058:(3): 380–390.
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960:(3): 380–390.
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594:, p. 481.
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412:into glue and
378:working animal
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309:Canadian horse
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1371:Kiger mustang
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1476:Spanish Barb
1466:Sable Island
1451:Quarter Pony
1416:Newfoundland
1169:Contemporary
1160:horse breeds
1087:December 23,
1085:. Retrieved
1055:
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230:riding horse
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1361:Kanata Pony
895:January 24,
611:Dutson 2012
592:Porter 2016
548:Anishinaabe
374:Great Lakes
350:matrilineal
326:Gus Cothran
151:horse breed
48:Other names
1573:Categories
1163:countries.
683:29 January
576:References
473:rare breed
447:Bois Forte
423:snowmobile
398:semi-feral
386:trap lines
295:is thick.
279:, sloping
147:semi-feral
1537:Chickasaw
1266:Appaloosa
1074:0022-1503
976:0022-1503
825:CBC Radio
540:Wisconsin
466:stallions
455:Nett Lake
414:horsemeat
307:cross of
210:Wisconsin
206:Minnesota
175:Minnesota
149:Canadian
60:mishdatim
1291:Canadian
1082:22504109
1029:22436150
984:22504109
554:See also
416:. When
410:rendered
305:landrace
299:Genetics
194:Manitoba
1525:Extinct
1406:Mustang
1037:1423326
1007:Bibcode
849:24 June
570:Sorraia
508:Harvard
394:foaling
390:sleighs
360:History
354:Iberian
328:at the
317:Mustang
273:withers
198:Alberta
186:Ontario
171:Ontario
1594:Ponies
1516:Welara
1446:Quarab
1426:Nokota
1391:Morgan
1281:Blazer
1276:Banker
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999:Animal
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532:Ojibwe
481:DAD-IS
200:, and
98:Colour
80:Height
75:Traits
70:Canada
1506:Tiger
1386:Morab
1033:S2CID
880:(PDF)
281:croup
262:gaits
246:Black
238:white
234:hands
159:mares
103:white
88:hands
1089:2019
1078:PMID
1070:ISSN
1025:PMID
980:PMID
972:ISSN
933:ISBN
912:ISBN
897:2020
884:ISBN
851:2023
806:2019
757:2019
685:2023
651:2019
560:Pony
439:colt
311:and
293:tail
291:and
289:mane
277:back
248:and
240:and
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131:The
1060:doi
1056:103
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958:103
477:FAO
315:or
254:dun
250:bay
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