353:
315:, stating that the bill would not "be construed to permit the prosecution... of any person for conduct relating to an abortion for which the consent of the pregnant woman, or a person authorized by law to act on her behalf", "of any person for any medical treatment of the pregnant woman or her unborn child" or "of any woman with respect to her unborn child". The reluctance of a federal law to authorize federal prosecution of a particular act committed under federal jurisdiction does not prevent states from passing their own laws against the act committed under their jurisdiction. Meanwhile, the definition of all unborn babies as "members of the species homo sapiens" in section (d) says what proposed "personhood" laws say. Sponsors of such proposals say such legal language will trigger the collapse clause in
385:
The
Committee also rejected an 11-20 amendment to specify that nothing in the bill "shall be constructed as undermining a women's right to choose an abortion as guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution or limiting in any way the rights and freedoms of pregnant women." Furthermore, the Committee also rejected by voice vote two amendments in which would have directed the federal sentencing commission to amend sentencing guidelines for crimes that injury or death to a pregnant women and a rejection against deleting language in the bill that would have allowed convictions in cases where prosecutors did not show a defendant knew the victim or had the intention to cause death or injury to a fetus.
44:
521:
552:, which would have provided "additional punishment for certain crimes against women when the crimes cause an interruption in the normal course of their pregnancies" but not treated the unborn child as a second victim. "We are asking our elected representatives to honestly answer the question in the case of Laci Peterson and baby Conner," Foster asked. "Was there one victim or two? Those who support the single-victim substitute would deny women justice."
507:
578:, and that if the fetus were a Fourteenth Amendment "person", then they would have a constitutional right to life. The laws of 38 states also recognize the human fetus as the legal victim of homicide and often, other violent crimes during the entire period of prenatal development (27 states) or during part of the prenatal period (nine states). Legal challenges to these laws, arguing that they violate
666:
violent crimes conduct that violates specified provisions of the
Federal criminal code, the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, or the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, or specified articles of the Uniform Code of Military Justice and thereby cause the death of, or bodily injury to, a child who is in utero shall be guilty of a separate offense.
510:
A photo of Tracy
Marciniak, holding the body of her son Zachariah. Marciniak was seriously injured, and Zachariah was killed, by an assault during the ninth month of the pregnancy. This photo was on display as Marciniak testified at a televised hearing in favor of the Unborn Victims of Violence Act
384:
The House
Judiciary Committee approved the legislation known as HR 1997 on January 31, 2003. During the debate the Committee rejected an 11-9 vote on an amendment that that was to create a separate offense for federal crimes against pregnant women but without recognizing fetuses as separate entities.
283:
has jurisdiction, including certain crimes committed on federal properties, against certain federal officials and employees, and by members of the military. In addition, it covers certain crimes that are defined by statute as federal offenses wherever they occur, no matter who commits them, such as
665:
Anyone who participates in activity that violates any of the provisions of law and causes the death or bodily harm as defined in section 1365 of a child who is in utero at the time the conduct occurs is guilty of a separate crime under this section. Provides that persons who commit certain
Federal
528:
At the signing ceremony, the
President was joined on stage by men and women who had lost family members in two-victim crimes, including Laci Peterson's mother, Sharon Rocha. During his remarks at the ceremony, Bush said, "Any time an expectant mother is a victim of violence, two lives are in the
393:
The House passed the bill, 254-163 on
February 26, 2004. Prior to this, the House rejected a substitute that did not include language that defined an "unborn child." This would have also required that the defendant to be convicted of a federal crime against a pregnant woman prior to receiving
332:
The legislation was originally advocated by
Senator Lindsey Graham, then later on the legislation was introduced in the house as H.R. 1997 by Melissa Hart in May 7, 2003. The enactment of the legislation was found to be essential, since it would make it a separate offense to harm a fetus.
701:
Bars prosecution: of any person for conduct relating to an abortion for which the consent of the pregnant woman (or a person authorized by law to act on her behalf) has been obtained or is implied by law or for conduct relating to any medical treatment of the pregnant woman or her unborn
636:
Representative
Jerrold Nadler made a statement in voicing his opposition to a proposed federal law giving prenatal entities certain legal rights. The bill appears to contradict an important premise behind the constitutional right to seek an abortion: prenatal entities are not persons.
375:
Prior to enactment of the federal law, the fetus in utero was, as a general rule, not recognized as a victim of federal crimes of violence. Thus, in a federal crime that injured a pregnant woman and killed the fetus in utero, no homicide was recognized, in most cases.
1606:
1073:"...until those courts have applied the...state's view of when life begins...to restrict appellees' activities in some concrete way, it is inappropriate for federal courts to address its meaning." Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492 US 490 (1989).
810:
s collapse clause says: "The appellee and certain amici argue that the fetus is a 'person' within the language and meaning of the
Fourteenth Amendment. In support of this, they outline at length and in detail the well-known facts of fetal development.
2462:
1599:
673:
the punishment is the same for the conduct occurring to the unborn childâs mother. Requires the punishment for that separate offense to be the same as provided under Federal law for that conduct had that injury or death occurred to the unborn child's
1995:
344:) and fetus (Conner Peterson) whose deaths were widely publicized during the later stages of the congressional debate on the bill in 2003 and 2004. Her husband Scott Peterson was convicted of double homicide under California's fetal homicide law.
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before a subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives, on July 8, 2003. It was also displayed, in poster size, on the floors of the U.S. House and U.S. Senate during the subsequent debates on the legislation.
645:
The Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004 protects unborn infants against violence and murder, and any individual responsible for the death or harm of a child in utero is charged separately from the offense towards the pregnant woman.
593:, voted against the bill, saying, "I have serious concerns about this legislation because the law cannot simultaneously provide that a fetus is a human being and protect the right of the mother to choose to terminate her pregnancy."
406:, Majority Leader, attempted to acknowledge a similar legislation to the Senate floor in July 2003 prohibiting amendments, however, the Democratic party objected. After several amendments were rejected, it was passed in the
1861:
3302:
866:"Some Cases of Homicides of Unborn Children under Federal or Military Jurisdiction," May 8, 2003. (Examples of fetal-death cases that could not be prosecuted prior to enactment of the Unborn Victims of Violence Act.)
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1497:
2579:
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added in a concurrence, "When the constitutional invalidity of a State's abortion statute actually turns upon the constitutional validity of Roe, there will be time enough to reexamine Roe, and to do so
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1592:
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The appellant conceded as much on reargument. On the other hand, the appellee conceded on reargument that no case could be cited that holds that a fetus is a person within the meaning of the Fourteenth
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in utero as a legal victim, if they are injured or killed during the commission of any of over 60 listed federal crimes of violence. The law defines "child in utero" as "a member of the species
1664:
352:
629:, 492 US 490 (1989). Until such language becomes the basis for laws that specify penalties for abortion, the issue is not even before the court, of whether or not such language conflicts with
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additional consequences for harming a fetus. The legislation was co-sponsored by 136 other members of the House before it passed by a vote of 254 in favor to 163 against on February 26, 2004.
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2512:
1332:
2307:
2174:
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921:
Testimony of Tracy Marciniak on the Unborn Victims of Violence Act (H.R. 1997), Subcommittee on the Constitution, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives, July 8, 2003
1197:
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said must be established for legal abortion to end. Several state supreme courts have ruled that sections (a) through (c) are not threatened by Roe, but no court has addressed whether
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or other Supreme Court precedents, have been uniformly rejected by both the federal and the state courts, including the supreme courts of California, Pennsylvania, and Minnesota.
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If this suggestion of personhood is established, the appellant's case, of course, collapses, for the fetus' right to life would then be guaranteed specifically by the Amendment.
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The law is enforced for any individual who causes death or injury of an unborn child in the utero at the time the conduct takes place, is to be guilty of a separate offense.
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It is not necessary to show that the offender meant to damage the unborn child or that they knew or should have known that the victim of the underlying conduct was pregnant
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balance, each deserving protection, and each deserving justice. If the crime is murder and the unborn child's life ends, justice demands a full accounting under the law."
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An Act To amend title 18, United States Code, and the Uniform Code of Military Justice to protect unborn children from assault and murder, and for other purposes.
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president Serrin Foster submitted her own testimony, as well as that of Sharon Rocha. In addition, Foster argued against passage of an alternative bill by Rep.
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364:(R-SC). It passed the House of Representatives in 1999 and 2001, but not the Senate. In 2003, the bill was reintroduced in the House as H.R. 1997 by Rep.
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A principle that allows language in law to not conflict with Roe, which logically should trigger Roe's "collapse" clause, was explained in
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1021:
402:
The senate cleared the House Bill, 61-38, on March 25, 2004 after the Republicans succeeded in defeating two Democratic amendments.
307:
The legislation was both hailed and vilified by various legal observers who interpreted the measure as a step toward granting legal
1038:"The Unborn Victims of Violence Act and Roe v. Wade â Read what these supporters of legal abortion say about "fetal homicide" laws"
2901:
2016:
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276:
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engaging in conduct related to an abortion for which the pregnant woman's consent has been obtained or is implied by law;
2153:
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1905:
1750:
1420:
1233:
71:
3198:
449:
Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2003 or Laci and Conner's Law; Subcom on Constitution, Committee on Judiciary. House
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86:
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The Unborn Victims of Violence Act was first introduced in Congress in 1999 by then-Congressman (later Senator)
43:
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1919:
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2717:
2709:
2701:
2519:
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Providing for Consideration of H.R. 1997, Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004; Committee on Rules. House
296:, although 38 states also recognize the fetus or "unborn child" as a crime victim, at least for purposes of
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2009:
1074:
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95:
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1789:
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1133:
1017:
247:
670:
protection of unborn children which describes that any harm to a child in utero is an offense
3294:
3147:
3072:
919:
686:
engaging in conduct related to the pregnant woman's or her unborn child's medical treatment.
601:
506:
164:
1202:
864:
3048:
2197:
2002:
1169:
1162:
1098:
992:
935:
828:
756:
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17:
1179:
842:"South Carolina's 6th Congressional District - SC-06 Representatives & District Map"
3360:
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2300:
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to human fetuses, even though the bill explicitly contained a provision excepting
156:
148:
1175:
Remarks by the President at Signing of the Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004
3024:
2733:
2624:
2114:
2086:
2037:
1953:
1122:"The right to live, the right to choose, and the Unborn Victims of Violence Act"
841:
570:
549:
317:
279:) §919a (Article 119a). The law applies only to certain offenses over which the
586:
403:
308:
293:
285:
275:: Title 18, Chapter 1 (Crimes), §1841 (18 USC 1841) and Title 10, Chapter 22 (
210:
1137:
292:, federal criminal law does not apply to crimes prosecuted by the individual
1121:
329:
can survive the suggested triggering of its collapse clause by section (d).
1145:
1099:"The Unborn Victims of Violence Act and its Impact on Reproductive Rights"
1868:
993:
Constitutional Challenges to State Unborn Victims (Fetal Homicide) Laws."
829:"Constitutional Challenges to State Unborn Victims (Fetal Homicide) Laws"
722:
312:
301:
297:
31:
117:
3231:
United States Catholic Conference v. Abortion Rights Mobilization, Inc.
609:
3303:
Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania
251:
1182:
Case studies that figured in the congressional debate over the bill.
410:
by a vote of 61-38 on March 25, 2004. Following the Senate hearing,
2870:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
961:"The Unborn Victims of Violence Act: Testimony of Serrin M. Foster"
2580:
Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act
505:
351:
259:
255:
939:
560:
The Unborn Victims of Violence Act was strongly opposed by most
414:
signed the Legislation, which then became law on April 1, 2004.
2628:
2274:
White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships
1206:
907:"Fetal Protection Bill Cleared As Democrats' Substitute Fails."
574:
decision said that the human fetus is not a "person" under the
540:
organizations strongly supported the act. On July 3, 2003, the
2854:
Planned Parenthood Assn. of Kansas City, Mo., Inc. v. Ashcroft
2527:
Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration
1103:
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice
932:"President Bush Signs Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004"
616:, have written that fetal homicide laws do not conflict with
589:, who was a main opponent of President George W. Bush in the
264:, at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb."
3172:
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra
2308:
Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001
1163:
Details on consideration of bill by Congress in 2003â2004
909:. Vol. 62, 3. Congressional Quarterly Almanac. 2004.
888:. Vol. 61, 2. Congressional Quarterly Almanac. 2003.
457:
Laci and Conner's Law; Committee on the Judiciary. House
661:
Section 1841 Addresses the protection of unborn children
27:
Law that recognizes an embryo or fetus as a legal victim
2982:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
2477:
Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005
2230:
President's Council on Service and Civic Participation
2161:
Higher Education Relief Opportunities For Students Act
284:
certain crimes of terrorism. Due to the principles of
2846:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
2315:
Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003
544:
heard testimony for and against passage of the UVVA.
2950:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
1927:
Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007
982:"State Homicide Laws That Recognize Unborn Victims."
770:"State Homicide Laws That Recognize Unborn Victims."
3341:
3182:
3091:
3008:
2685:
2678:
2662:
2493:
2283:
1936:
1575:
1481:
1241:
596:Some prominent legal scholars who strongly support
162:
137:
129:
124:
104:
82:
77:
66:
58:
50:
3207:Weinberger v. Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc.
2774:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
1012:. New York, NY: Morgan James Publishing. pp.
1005:
680:A person cannot be prosecuted under this Act for:
649:The operative portion of the law, now codified as
524:Signing ceremony at the White House, April 1, 2004
87:
3140:Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York
1126:The Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy
356:Hearing of Unborn Victims of Violence Act in 2003
336:The legislation contained the alternate title of
2080:National Security Entry-Exit Registration System
1498:Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks)
3271:Scheidler v. National Organization for Women II
3327:Cameron v. EMW Women's Surgical Center, P.S.C.
3263:Scheidler v. National Organization for Women I
3081:Dalton v. Little Rock Family Planning Services
2412:Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002
2382:Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002
489:Senate consideration and passage of H.R. 1997
3355:Helms Amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act
2640:
1218:
576:Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
481:House consideration and passage of H.R. 1997
8:
3255:National Organization for Women v. Scheidler
3239:Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.
2998:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
2902:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
2440:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
2419:Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007
2352:Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
1008:Abortion: The Ultimate Exploitation of Women
36:
2366:Financial Literacy and Education Commission
1989:Government response to September 11 attacks
1975:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
3416:United States federal criminal legislation
3411:United States federal abortion legislation
3108:Carey v. Population Services International
2798:Carey v. Population Services International
2682:
2647:
2633:
2625:
2405:Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
1947:Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act
1247:
1225:
1211:
1203:
633:, and if so, which should be struck down.
2359:Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act
1982:Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
1616:JordanâUnited States Free Trade Agreement
32:Feticide § Laws in the United States
3406:Acts of the 108th United States Congress
3247:Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic
1196:) is being considered for deletion. See
519:
416:
2886:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
2587:Water Resources Development Act of 2007
2324:Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act
1349:Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
1109:(1): 285 – via Scholarly Commons.
739:
626:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
3379:Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003
2670:Abortion in the United States by state
2484:Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006
2094:Secondary Security Screening Selection
750:Text of Unborn Victims of Violence Act
497:Enacted. Congress 108-2 and signed by
244:Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004
37:Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004
35:
3132:Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.
2024:National Construction Safety Team Act
1783:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
7:
3116:Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp.
2557:MagnusonâStevens Reauthorization Act
2456:Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule
2073:U.S. Department of Homeland Security
901:
899:
897:
895:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
824:
822:
800:
798:
745:
743:
321:, by establishing what they suggest
3287:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.
2990:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
2966:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
2246:Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003
1723:Darfur Peace and Accountability Act
564:organizations, on grounds that the
2398:Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004
2294:American Jobs Creation Act of 2004
1665:Dominican RepublicâCentral America
92:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
25:
3373:Born-Alive Infants Protection Act
3199:Missouri ex rel. Hurwitz v. North
3156:Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus
1968:Born-Alive Infants Protection Act
1200:to help reach a consensus. âș
2175:Criticism of government response
2154:Higher Education Opportunity Act
2045:President's Surveillance Program
1180:"Crimes That Claim Two Victims."
1046:National Right to Life Committee
886:"Penalties for Harming a Fetus."
277:Uniform Code of Military Justice
42:
3311:Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson
2571:Renewable Identification Number
2389:Forest Land Enhancement Program
2331:Credit Rating Agency Reform Act
2253:Public Service Loan Forgiveness
2031:NIST WTC Disaster Investigation
3384:Unborn Victims of Violence Act
2543:Diesel Emissions Reduction Act
2463:SAFE Transportation Equity Act
2426:Pension Protection Act of 2006
2260:Unborn Victims of Violence Act
2223:Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act
2145:Election Assistance Commission
2052:Terrorist Surveillance Program
1961:Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
1456:State funeral of Ronald Reagan
473:House agreement to H. Res 529
1:
2656:Abortion in the United States
2447:Troubled Asset Relief Program
2338:Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
2066:Homeland Security Act of 2002
340:after the California mother (
2108:Terrorist Screening Database
2059:NSA warrantless surveillance
1906:H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004
1751:Vision for Space Exploration
1463:State funeral of Gerald Ford
1234:Presidency of George W. Bush
1193:Presidency of George W. Bush
1120:M, Holzapfel (Sep 9, 2008).
1097:Alongi, April (2008-09-01).
1049:. 2004-02-02. Archived from
783:. National Pro-life Alliance
72:108th United States Congress
2910:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
2129:FISA Amendments Act of 2008
2122:Protect America Act of 2007
1913:L-1 Visa Reform Act of 2004
209:on February 26, 2004 (
3437:
2550:Healthy Forests Initiative
2191:Medicare Modernization Act
2101:Terrorist Screening Center
1996:Rescue and recovery effort
1832:August 2001 daily briefing
1449:Presidential proclamations
606:Duke University Law School
591:2004 presidential election
290:United States Constitution
246:(Public Law 108-212) is a
29:
18:Laci and Conner's Law
3421:Legal issues in pregnancy
2596:
2506:Clean Boating Act of 2008
2345:Energy Policy Act of 2005
2214:Highly qualified teachers
1630:Trade promotion authority
1490:Joint session of Congress
1250:
1004:Fisher, Brian E. (2014).
171:
41:
2679:U.S. Supreme Court cases
2603:â Clinton administration
2207:No Child Left Behind Act
1920:Secure Fence Act of 2006
1377:Supreme Court candidates
1342:Legislation and programs
1198:templates for discussion
781:"Life at Conception Act"
728:Murder of pregnant women
612:, and Sherry F. Colb of
542:U.S. Judiciary Committee
499:President George W. Bush
412:President George W. Bush
281:United States government
219:on March 25, 2004 (
2718:United States v. Vuitch
2702:Griswold v. Connecticut
2564:Renewable Fuel Standard
1818:Pre-attack intelligence
271:in two sections of the
198:Committee consideration
3319:United States v. Texas
2862:Simopoulos v. Virginia
2766:Connecticut v. Menillo
2710:Molinaro v. New Jersey
2612:Obama administration â
2520:Clear Skies Initiative
651:Title 18, Section 1841
525:
512:
380:House Committee Action
357:
2534:Executive Order 13432
2513:Climate change policy
2138:Help America Vote Act
1899:Executive Order 13470
1892:Executive Order 13355
1370:Judicial appointments
523:
509:
433:Introduced in Senate
355:
338:Laci and Conner's Law
62:Laci and Conner's Law
2934:Mazurek v. Armstrong
2894:Hodgson v. Minnesota
2830:Bellotti v. Baird II
2814:Colautti v. Franklin
1804:Communication issues
1797:September 11 attacks
1513:Mission Accomplished
963:. Feminists for Life
938:, Washington, D.C.:
657:, reads as follows:
608:, Richard Parker of
441:Introduced in House
3342:Federal legislation
3279:Lefemine v. Wideman
3164:McCullen v. Coakley
3100:Bigelow v. Virginia
2958:Gonzales v. Carhart
2942:Stenberg v. Carhart
2926:Lambert v. Wicklund
2782:Bellotti v. Baird I
2726:Eisenstadt v. Baird
2267:2006 VRA Amendments
1607:by Condoleezza Rice
1593:International trips
1428:Impeachment efforts
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425:Legislative Action
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348:Legislative History
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2433:Public Law 110-343
1730:Mexico City policy
1168:2004-11-01 at the
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1825:Phoenix Memo
1744:Space policy
1506:Axis of evil
1398:Samuel Alito
1384:John Roberts
1191:
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1069:
1058:. Retrieved
1051:the original
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942:. 2004-04-01
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785:. Retrieved
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718:Fetal rights
693:Section 919a
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370:Pennsylvania
366:Melissa Hart
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261:Homo sapiens
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184:Melissa Hart
175:
125:Codification
3092:Free speech
3025:Beal v. Doe
2734:Roe v. Wade
2115:Real ID Act
2087:No Fly List
2038:Patriot Act
1954:Amber alert
1707:South Korea
1236:(2001â2009)
1186:âč The
1078:carefully."
967:19 December
846:GovTrack.us
816:Amendment."
805:Roe v. Wade
618:Roe v. Wade
598:Roe v. Wade
580:Roe v. Wade
571:Roe v. Wade
550:Zoe Lofgren
318:Roe v. Wade
294:U.S. states
267:The law is
157:§ 919a
149:§ 1841
3400:Categories
1256:Transition
1060:2019-10-13
946:2019-10-13
851:2022-11-17
734:References
641:Provisions
600:, such as
587:John Kerry
556:Opposition
404:Bill Frist
309:personhood
286:federalism
176:Introduced
83:Public law
51:Long title
30:See also:
2017:criticism
1848:2001 AUMF
1700:Singapore
1637:Australia
1138:0882-1046
112:118
78:Citations
59:Nicknames
3367:FACE Act
1869:Iraq War
1658:Colombia
1482:Speeches
1277:Timeline
1243:Timeline
1188:template
1166:Archived
1146:12173443
787:26 April
753:Archived
723:Feticide
707:See also
585:Senator
313:abortion
302:feticide
298:homicide
269:codified
1672:Morocco
1644:Bahrain
1421:Cabinet
1414:Pardons
1333:2008â09
1190:below (
653:of the
610:Harvard
533:Support
516:Signing
211:254â163
88:Pub. L.
3386:(2004)
3375:(2002)
3369:(1994)
3363:(1976)
3357:(1973)
3351:(1873)
3330:(2022)
3322:(2021)
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3298:(2016)
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2713:(1970)
2705:(1965)
2697:(1961)
2497:policy
2010:report
1737:PEPFAR
1686:Panama
1500:(2001)
1492:(2001)
1144:
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1020:
702:child.
674:mother
408:Senate
252:embryo
155:
147:
139:U.S.C.
133:18, 10
116:
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3183:Other
2237:award
1651:Chile
1054:(PDF)
1041:(PDF)
808:'
422:Date
256:fetus
221:61â38
114:Stat.
99:(PDF)
1693:Peru
1679:Oman
1326:2007
1319:2006
1312:2005
1305:2004
1298:2003
1291:2002
1284:2001
1142:PMID
1134:ISSN
1018:ISBN
969:2017
940:NARA
789:2012
242:The
120:â570
70:the
631:Roe
604:of
568:'s
372:.
368:of
327:Roe
323:Roe
300:or
254:or
200:by
182:by
118:568
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949:.
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831:.
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223:)
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190:-
188:R
186:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
