48:
300:. The use of gut microbes as probiotics in food is aimed towards preventing and treating various health problems. Among these health problems allergies, neoplastic growth, and inflammatory bowel disease are included. Recent areas of study have focused on the influence of probiotics on metabolic functions of their host. One area has been the metabolism of
430:
atherosclerosis development. Several mechanisms may contribute to the antioxidant effect of ME-3: the strain modulates the ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione in the blood, and increases the levels of paraoxonase, an antioxidant enzyme which protects LDL particles from oxidative modifications.
360:
may remove cholesterol through in vivo is by the absorption of cholesterol, which as a result accelerates cholesterol metabolism. Another method is by the incorporation of cholesterol in the host body into its cell membrane or walls. This would also increase resistance of the bacterial cell membranes
509:
was found to only be resistant to amikacin and norfloxacin. Others studies have reported that most LABs are also resistant to these antibiotics, which led to the conclusion that it was a common characteristic of LABs. The resistance to these antibiotics can be considered natural or intrinsic. So far
424:
characteristics. These include acetic, lactic and succinic acids. Research on the antioxidant properties of strain ME-3 in soft cheese products revealed that it prevented spoilage. Experimentation has also been conducted on the consumption of the ME-3 strain. The consumption had a positive influence
575:
was measured. It was concluded that pectins are the main tomato juice constituents that protect the bacteria cells against destruction from heating. The breakdown of pectin from enzymic action would make the bacteria cells more susceptible to heat. However, it was found in previous research that
566:
Although LABs have been associated with potential health advantages, they are also responsible for negative outcomes. They are the main organisms involved in the spoilage of tomato products. Lactobacilli have been identified to be the causative organisms. Research was carried out to observe the
437:
that has the ability to protect its host against food-derived infections and also help in the prevention of oxidative damage of food. Its multi-abilities have been tested and proven. Mice treated with a combination of ofloxacin and ME-3 revealed a reduction in liver and spleen granulomas of
429:
in comparison to those who were given non-fermented milk. Several human clinical studies performed on ME-3 focused on parameters related to cardiovascular disease development. Consumption of ME-3 indeed results in a reduction of oxidized LDL cholesterol, which is a major contributor to
450:
In general, lactobacilli have been considered safe because of their association with food and because they are normal inhabitants of the human microbiota. They have also been identified to have a low pathogenic potential further reinforcing the idea that they are safe microbes.
656:
resistant properties, other studies have demonstrated that strains of the species are sensitive to some common antibiotics such as gentamicin, cefazolin, penicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, carbenicillin, erythromycin, amikacin, and choloramphenicol.
291:
by meeting certain characteristics, such as being of human origin, non-pathogenic, having high resistance to passing through the intestine, and being beneficial to the immune system. In general, they are seen as beneficial to the host's body and the human health.
466:
in terms of blood biochemistry, protein, albumin, glucose, and cholesterol. Also no negative side effects during the experiment such as change in body weight, feed intake, or clinical signs such as diarrhea and ruffled fur, were observed. The ingestion
401:
ME-3 has a tolerance to survive drops of pH levels. It can withstand a drop in values from 4.0 to 2.5 without decreasing in numbers. These characteristics of tolerance to bile concentrations and pH levels serve to classify ME-3 as a
392:
was discovered from the analysis of human fecal samples in 1994. One of the important characteristics of a probiotic microbe is the tolerance to conditions in the digestive tract. Tests conducted on the ME-3 strain in different
425:
on the microbiota of the gut. Volunteers were given goat milk fermented by strain ME-3 and capsulated ME-3. After three weeks analysis of fecal samples revealed that the ME-3 strain increased the number of beneficial
1289:
Pan, Dao Dong; Zeng, Xiao Qun; Yan, Yu Ting (February 2011). "Characterisation of
Lactobacillus fermentum SM-7 isolated from koumiss, a potential probiotic bacterium with cholesterol-lowering effects".
701:
Zheng, Jinshui; Wittouck, Stijn; Salvetti, Elisa; Franz, Charles M.A.P.; Harris, Hugh M.B.; Mattarelli, Paola; O’Toole, Paul W.; Pot, Bruno; Vandamme, Peter; Walter, Jens; Watanabe, Koichi (2020).
580:
remained heat resistant. Heat resistance has also been found to correlate with the medium in which the bacteria are cultured, the better the medium used will result in a higher resistance to heat.
462:
while a control group was also observed. After twenty-eight days blood samples were taken from the mice and analyzed. There was no health difference observed between the control mice and those fed
442:
Typhimurium. ME-3 is commercialized in the US, in Europe and in Asia in dietary supplement products for cardiovascular health, immune support or detoxification, under the brandname Reg'Activ.
256:
differs from most or all other species in the genus as it has a nomadic lifestyle and is not a stable member of human or animal intestinal microbiota. It has been found that some strains for
1721:
252:
Species in this genus are heterofermentative and adapted to the intestinal tract of vertebrates but also used for a wide variety of applications including food and feed fermentation.
221:
or "friendly" bacteria in animals and at least one strain has been applied to treat urogenital infections in women. Some strains of lactobacilli formerly mistakenly classified as
1123:
Duar, Rebbeca M.; Lin, Xiaoxi B.; Zheng, Jinshui; Martino, Maria Elena; Grenier, Théodore; Pérez-Muñoz, María Elisa; Leulier, François; Gänzle, Michael; Walter, Jens (2017-08-01).
501:, it must not contain any transferable antibiotic resistance genes. If a resistance gene is transferable, it could lessen the effect of the use of antibiotics. Out of ten common
1006:"Persistence of Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 but Not L. rhamnosus GG in the Human Vagina as Demonstrated by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA"
505:
genes that were tested (gatamicin, cefazolin, penicillin, trimethoprim/sulfmethoxazole, ampicillin, carbenicillin, erythromycin, amikacin, chloramphenicol, and norfloxacin),
1084:
324:
concentration solutions revealed that it has a strong pH tolerance by its ability to grow and survive a few hours after being incubated in a 3-pH level solution. Strains of
567:
chemical constituents of tomato juice that stimulate the growth of bacteria that are responsible for the spoilage. These bacteria can resist high temperatures. A strain of
1695:
365:
would interfere with the recycling of bile salt and facilitate its elimination, which as a result would increase the demand for bile salt made from cholesterol.
1443:
Juven, B.J.; Ben-Shalom, N.; Weisslowicz, H. (June 1983). "Identification of chemical constituents of tomato juice which affect the heat resistance of
1682:
1325:
Jong-Hwan, Park; Yeonhee, Lee; Enpyo, Moon; Seung-Hyeok, Seok; Min-Won, Baek; Hui-Young, Lee; Dong-Jae, Kim; Chang-Hwan, Kim; Jae-Hak, Park (2005).
1708:
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strains such as ME-3 in goat milk revealed that it was actually favorable to the host, resulting in an increase in number of beneficial
526:
into dairy products as a probiotic ingredient revealed that it was able to suppress the reputed contaminants of food such as pathogenic
481:
has been identified in a rare case of cholecystitis but is included in the EFSA list of bacteria with qualified presumed safety (QPS).
571:
was extracted from a tomato juice concentrate. Meanwhile, eight different tomato juice mixtures were heated and the survival rate of
352:
is by its ability to reduce cholesterol levels. Tests conducted using several lactobacilli and cholesterol broths demonstrated that
847:
1088:
47:
1482:
Zhang, Shenwei; Oh, Jee-Hwan; Alexander, Laura M.; Özçam, Mustafa; van
Pijkeren, Jan-Peter (2018-04-23). Becker, Anke (ed.).
1713:
1400:
Zeng, Xiao Qun; Pan, Dao Dong; Zhou, Pei Dong (19 May 2010). "Functional
Characteristics of Lactobacillus fermentum F1".
1484:"D-Alanyl-D-Alanine Ligase as a Broad-Host-Range Counterselection Marker in Vancomycin-Resistant Lactic Acid Bacteria"
1634:
308:
through various ways such as assimilation, binding to the surface cells, and incorporation into cellular membranes.
1767:
871:. Special Issue: Seventh International Symposium on Sourdough: Health & Wealth through sourdough innovation.
260:
have natural resistances to certain antibiotics and chemotherapeutics. They are considered potential vectors of
1175:
Klein, Günter (February 2011). "Antibiotic
Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Probiotic and Clinical
397:
concentrations found that it was able to survive without large loss in numbers. It has also been found that
1327:"Safety Assessment of Lactobacillus fermentum PL9005, a Potential Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacterium, in Mice"
1596:
1004:
Gardiner, Gillian E.; Heinemann, Christine; Bruce, Andrew W.; Beuerman, Dee; Reid, Gregor (January 2002).
920:"Functional role of yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria in cocoa fermentation processes"
413:
336:
has been found to survive in these conditions further supporting the idea that it can act as a probiotic.
304:
by LABs acting as probiotics. Research has shown that lactobacilli have been proven to remove cholesterol
1059:
Zentralblatt für
Bakteriologie: I. Abt. Originale C: Allgemeine, angewandte und ökologische Mikrobiologie
617:
261:
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demonstrated uniform resistance patterns demonstrating resistance to glycopeptide and to tetracycline.
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concentrations and demonstrated to have good bile tolerance when incubated with 3 g L-1 of bile salt.
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to environmental challenge. A third mechanism is by causing the body to consume more cholesterol.
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865:"Lifestyles of sourdough lactobacilli – Do they matter for microbial ecology and bread quality?"
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Reque, Elizete de F.; Pandey, Ashok; Franco, Sebastião G.; Soccol, Carlos R. (October 2000).
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has been carried out on mice. Mice were fed (intragastrically) different concentrations of
514:
strains have been observed to have transferable resistance or acquired resistance genes.
416:. To a lesser extent, ME-3 has also been observed to be able to suppress enterococci and
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against clinically important agents by using broth dilution tests. Different strains of
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lesions. It is also commonly found in fermenting animal and plant material including
210:
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1125:"Lifestyles in transition: evolution and natural history of the genus Lactobacillus"
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Chery, Josue; Dvoskin, Dmitriy; Morato, Fernando P.; Fahoum, Bashar (13 May 2013).
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strains has revealed the existence of tetracycline and erythromycin resistance
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had the largest removal of cholesterol. One of the mechanisms by which
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420:. This would serve a beneficial purpose to the host. ME-3 has several
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707:: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus
471:
in mice appeared safe which led to further support that the use of
412:
ME-3 has also been found to have the capability to suppress mainly
1350:"Lactobacillus fermentum, a pathogen in documented cholecystitis"
1053:
Kandler, Otto; Stetter, Karl-Otto; Köhl, Ruth (September 1980). "
726:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
576:
heating had inactivated natural pectolytic enzymes and therefore
394:
329:
1674:
1594:
1057:
sp. nov., a New
Species of Heterofermentative Lactobacilli".
838:
Golden, David M.; Jay, James M.; Loessner, Martin J. (2005).
433:
Properties of the strain ME-3 can serve to classify it as a
321:
264:
genes from the environment to humans or animals to humans.
779:
Dickson, E M; Riggio, M P; Macpherson, L (1 March 2005).
522:
Experiments conducted by introducing the strain ME-3 of
489:
One important consideration to determine the safety of
380:
ME-3 has recently been discovered and identified as an
1179:
Strains in
Relation to Safety Aspects of Probiotics".
969:"Isolation, identification and physiological study of
538:
spp., and urinary tract infections that are caused by
1543:"Drug resistance plasmids in Lactobacillus fermentum"
596:
is inherently vancomycin resistant, as are all other
217:
and cocoa fermentation. A few strains are considered
1239:
ME-3 – an antimicrobial and antioxidative probiotic"
781:"A novel species-specific PCR assay for identifying
1603:
1233:Mikelsaar, Marika; Zilmer, Mihkel (11 July 2009).
235:used as probiotics include PCC, ME-3 and CECT5716
863:Gänzle, Michael G.; Zheng, Jinshui (2019-08-02).
225:(such as RC-14) have since been reclassified as
1547:The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology
1292:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
493:is transferable resistant genes. In order for
1354:International Journal of Surgery Case Reports
1085:"Probiomics - PROBIOMICS' PROBIOTIC PRODUCTS"
918:De Vuyst, Luc; Leroy, Frédéric (2020-07-01).
8:
1494:(13): e00607–17, /jb/200/13/e00607–17.atom.
454:Recent research in regards to the safety of
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869:International Journal of Food Microbiology
31:
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1373:
1331:Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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600:with exception of species in the genera
205:species in the heterofermentative genus
1586:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
1395:
1393:
1243:Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease
690:
1284:
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973:LPB for use as probiotic in chickens"
187:Beijerinck 1901 (Approved Lists 1980)
7:
1541:Ishiwa, Hiromi; Iwata, Shin (1980).
696:
694:
328:have also been tested in different
1461:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1983.tb02625.x
25:
977:Brazilian Journal of Microbiology
881:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.019
842:. Berlin: Springer. p. 179.
296:has been identified as potential
497:to be considered as a potential
46:
1449:Journal of Applied Bacteriology
1181:Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
1010:Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
990:10.1590/S1517-83822000000400012
789:Journal of Medical Microbiology
703:"A taxonomic note on the genus
550:spp. Also the introduction of
1:
1110:"Otsing | Tartu Ülikool"
1071:10.1016/S0172-5564(80)80007-8
485:Transferable resistance genes
479:Limosilactobacillus fermentum
410:Limosilactobacillus fermentum
370:Limosilactobacillus fermentum
245:Limosilactobacillus fermentum
209:It is associated with active
198:Limosilactobacillus fermentum
142:Limosilactobacillus fermentum
36:Limosilactobacillus fermentum
824:Online Medical Dictionary -
592:has antibiotic resistances.
231:. Commercialized strains of
179:. 1953 (Approved Lists 1980)
1366:10.1016/j.ijscr.2013.04.034
1022:10.1128/cdli.9.1.92-96.2002
228:Limosilactobacillus reuteri
1789:
1773:Bacteria described in 1901
644:Sensitivity to antibiotics
388:probiotic. This strain of
271:have been associated with
1414:10.1007/s00284-010-9669-3
1255:10.1080/08910600902815561
1129:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
924:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
749:10067/1738330151162165141
612:. DNA was isolated from
344:One of the ways in which
172:Lactobacillus cellobiosus
168:
161:
138:
131:
43:Scientific classification
41:
34:
840:Modern food microbiology
628:Drug resistance plasmids
588:Studies have shown that
1727:lactobacillus-fermentum
1635:Lactobacillus fermentum
1605:Lactobacillus fermentum
1580:Lactobacillus fermentum
1488:Journal of Bacteriology
1445:Lactobacillus fermentum
1237:Lactobacillus fermentum
971:Lactobacillus fermentum
826:Lactobacillus Fermentum
783:Lactobacillus fermentum
652:has been found to have
184:Lactobacillus fermentum
18:Lactobacillus fermentum
937:10.1093/femsre/fuaa014
739:10.1099/ijsem.0.004107
475:in food is also safe.
414:gram-negative bacteria
1193:10.1089/fpd.2010.0672
1142:10.1093/femsre/fux030
1055:Lactobacillus reuteri
802:10.1099/jmm.0.45770-0
618:antibiotic resistance
584:Antibiotic resistance
418:Staphylococcus aureus
340:Cholesterol reduction
312:pH and bile tolerance
262:antibiotic resistance
248:belongs to the genus
1402:Current Microbiology
667:Lactic acid bacteria
250:Limosilactobacillus.
207:Limosilactobacillus.
27:Species of bacterium
1501:10.1128/JB.00607-17
1135:(Supp_1): S27–S48.
348:has been seen as a
111:Limosilactobacillus
1560:10.2323/jgam.26.71
610:Amylolactobacillus
320:against different
1750:
1749:
1735:Open Tree of Life
1597:Taxon identifiers
1304:10.1002/jsfa.4214
713:
632:Research done on
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124:L. fermentum
16:(Redirected from
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287:is considered a
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1177:Lactobacillus
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1091:on 2011-02-20
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709:Lactobacillus
706:
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673:Lactobacillus
670:
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634:L. fermentum
627:
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623:
619:
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595:
591:
583:
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578:L. fermentum
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427:Lactobacilli
423:
422:antimicrobial
419:
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387:
386:antioxidative
383:
382:antimicrobial
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363:L. fermentum
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318:L. fermentum
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285:microorganism
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211:dental caries
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203:Gram-positive
200:
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185:
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133:Binomial name
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19:
1604:
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1579:
1553:(1): 71–74.
1550:
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1477:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1408:(1): 27–31.
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1320:
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1093:. Retrieved
1089:the original
1079:
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1048:
1016:(1): 92–96.
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650:L. fermentum
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569:L. fermentum
568:
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556:lactobacilli
552:L. fermentum
551:
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539:
533:
527:
524:L. fermentum
523:
521:
511:
510:no observed
507:L. fermentum
506:
495:L. fermentum
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334:L. fermentum
333:
326:L. fermentum
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294:L. fermentum
293:
282:
275:metabolism.
269:L. fermentum
268:
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258:L. fermentum
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254:L. fermentum
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233:L. fermentum
232:
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223:L. fermentum
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206:
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176:
171:
153:
152:1901) Zheng
141:
139:
123:
122:
110:
35:
29:
1629:Wikispecies
1249:(1): 1–27.
606:Holzapfelia
464:L.fermentum
376:The strain
316:Testing of
302:cholesterol
273:cholesterol
1763:Probiotics
1757:Categories
1095:2010-09-13
685:References
654:antibiotic
529:Salmonella
503:antibiotic
440:Salmonella
150:Beijerinck
1510:0021-9193
1151:0168-6445
946:0168-6445
889:0168-1605
875:: 15–23.
758:1466-5026
679:Probiotic
499:probiotic
435:probiotic
404:probiotic
350:probiotic
298:probiotic
289:probiotic
279:Probiotic
219:probiotic
215:sourdough
118:Species:
70:Bacillota
1701:10033710
1620:Q2134039
1614:Wikidata
1528:29686137
1430:21602321
1422:20490496
1384:23792476
1312:21218486
1273:19381356
1201:21034236
1159:28673043
1040:11777835
954:32420601
905:52143236
897:30172443
811:15713615
766:32293557
661:See also
638:plasmids
535:Shigella
306:in vitro
163:Synonyms
96:Family:
66:Phylum:
60:Bacteria
56:Domain:
1688:3227298
1644:BacDive
1519:5996685
1469:6874623
1375:3710909
1264:2670518
541:E. coli
175:Rogosa
106:Genus:
86:Order:
80:Bacilli
76:Class:
1740:733854
1714:962778
1675:976090
1582:at Bac
1526:
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1310:
1271:
1261:
1199:
1157:
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1031:119863
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952:
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903:
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887:
846:
809:
764:
756:
648:While
532:spp.,
446:Safety
156:. 2020
1696:IRMNG
1662:3RSR8
1426:S2CID
983:(4).
901:S2CID
201:is a
177:et al
154:et al
1722:LPSN
1709:ITIS
1683:GBIF
1649:6458
1584:Dive
1524:PMID
1506:ISSN
1465:PMID
1418:PMID
1380:PMID
1308:PMID
1269:PMID
1197:PMID
1155:PMID
1147:ISSN
1036:PMID
950:PMID
942:ISSN
893:PMID
885:ISSN
844:ISBN
807:PMID
762:PMID
754:ISSN
718:and
608:and
544:and
395:bile
384:and
372:ME-3
330:bile
1670:EoL
1657:CoL
1555:doi
1514:PMC
1496:doi
1492:200
1457:doi
1447:".
1410:doi
1370:PMC
1362:doi
1300:doi
1259:PMC
1251:doi
1189:doi
1137:doi
1067:doi
1026:PMC
1018:doi
985:doi
932:doi
877:doi
873:302
797:doi
744:hdl
734:doi
1759::
1737::
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467:of
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322:pH
283:A
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148:(
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