3051:, especially within the capitalism (I. chapter, 2. §). Marx stated that the time in itself separated from other people's time is not suitable to measure the value of work. The value "is constituted, not by the time needed to produce it by itself, but in relation to the quota of each and every other product which can be created at the same time" (3.§. A.). According to Marx, the introduction of labour vouchers would create a lazy society and economy as there would not be concurrency between employers and employees, so nobody would be able to tell what the optimal (minimal) time which was needed to produce something would be. For example, what if "Peter" works 12 hours per day, meanwhile "Paul" works only 6 hours. This means that "Peter" worked 6 unnecessary hours and his labour vouchers are not worth anything as this is regarded +6 hours, not to mention other factors of the work. To summarize Marx's opinion in the
2999:(parecon). A difference is that in parecon credits are generally awarded based on both the time spent working and the amount of effort and sacrifice spent during labour, rather than simple contribution. Some later advocates of participism and parecon have also proposed awarding more based on job difficulty or danger. In contrast to the physical note or cheque format used for labour vouchers in the past, parecon credits are proposed as being entirely digital in keeping with advances with technology and are stored in electronic accounts and usable through cards similar to current day debit cards.
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individual producer is the part of the social working day contributed by him, his share in it. He receives a certificate from society that he has furnished such-and-such an amount of labour (after deducting his labour for the common funds); and with this certificate, he draws from the social stock of means of consumption as much as the same amount of labour cost. The same amount of labor which he has given to society in one form, he receives back in another.
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labour voucher that entitled them to take from the bazaar any item or items which had taken the same time to produce after taking into account the costs of the raw materials. These bazaars were ultimately failures, but the idea of labour vouchers appeared in substantially similar forms in France in the writings of
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The followers of Owen stood for a society of co-operative communities. Each community would own its own means of production and each member of a community would work to produce what had been agreed was needed and in return would be issued with a labour voucher certifying for how many hours he or she
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Labour vouchers would tend to maintain the idea that our human worth is determined by how much or how many goods we can own (or produce). Labour vouchers imply that a very huge administrative organisation must police who takes the goods produced by society. In other words, there must be people who
3186:
Inclusive
Democracy is unique in proposing two kinds of vouchers. Basic vouchers issued to each citizen according to need are used for essential goods and services such as health care while non-basic vouchers awarded to each worker for labor contributed are used to pay for non-essential commercial
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he individual producer receives back from society—after the deductions have been made—exactly what he gives to it. What he has given to it is his individual quantum of labour. For example, the social working day consists of the sum of the individual hours of work; the individual labour time of the
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finance-minister and banker) applied a kind of labour-voucher named MEFO-bond, whose aim was to hide the rearmament program's expenditures before the
Western world as the big trusts did not pay by money-transfer to each other, but bought MEFO bonds from the state and changed these bonds in closed
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Owen believed that this co-operative commonwealth could begin to be introduced under capitalism and in the first half of the 1830s some of his followers established labour bazaars on a similar principle in which workers brought the products of their labour to the bazaar and received in exchange a
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The following political and economic systems propose the adoption of labour vouchers (in some form or another) either permanently or as a temporary means of remuneration during a transitional stage between a monetary economy and a completely moneyless economy based on free association.
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has argued against using labour vouchers as either a permanent or a temporary system while transitioning to their desired anarcho-communist economy based on free access. They claim that seeing as most of the occupations that currently exist under capitalism will no longer exist,
3067:, Proudhon himself tried to introduce the labour voucher system in 1849, but his attempt collapsed soon. Marx was adamant in saying that labour vouchers were not a form of money as they could not circulate—a problem he pointed out with Owen's system of labour-time notes.
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where goods could be purchased with labor vouchers representing an agreement to perform labor. However, he folded the store in 1830 in order to devote his effort to establishing communities that implemented his principles of labour-based prices.
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or after having proclaimed the abolition of private property, and the possession in common of all means of production, how can they uphold the wages system in any form? It is, nevertheless, what collectivists are doing when they recommend
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Such a system is proposed by many as a replacement for traditional money while retaining a system of remuneration for work done. It is also a way of ensuring that there is no way to make money out of money as in a capitalist
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3015:. Two early attempts at implementing labour vouchers (called labour notes at the time by their proponents) were made by both following their experiences attempting to establish a utopian community at
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had worked. A person could then use this labour voucher to obtain from the community's stock of consumer goods any product or products which had taken the same number of hours to produce.
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spend their time ensuring that other people do not take things without paying for them. That is normal in a profit-oriented society, but a waste of human labour in socialism.
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Beginning in 1832, Owen and his followers attempted to implement labour notes in London and
Glasgow by establishing marketplaces and banks that accepted them.
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3399:"Beyond the Market Economy and Statist Planning: Towards Democratic Planning as part of a Confederal Inclusive Democracy"
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Unlike money, vouchers cannot circulate and are not transferable between people. They are also not exchangeable for any
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The
Complete Idiot's Guide to Barter and Trade Exchanges: Get the Things Your Business Needs Without Spending a Dime
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This article is about an alternative to money and currency. For proposed method of economic calculation, see
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2968:(arket) for mostly non-productive goods and services. As with the dissolution of
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have proposed a similar system of remuneration in their economic system of
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provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject
3329:"The Report of the Industrial Commission: Does it Solve Anything?"
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which would by necessity occur with the adoption of vouchers.
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were implemented in the United States starting in the 1970s.
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advocated for a similar monetary scheme in his 1934 book
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would also likely cease to exist with the abolition of
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3455:. World Socialist Movement. Last updated: 2006-08-13.
3352:
Howell, Jerry; Chmielewski, Tom (December 1, 2009).
3297:
Cockshott, William Paul; Cottrell, Allin F. (1993).
3007:
Labour vouchers were first proposed in the 1820s by
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3403:The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy
3076:the amount of labour they contribute to society
3233:would no longer be an issue. They also state:
2744:and to replace some of the tasks performed by
3418:. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons).
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1172:
8:
3420:Chapter XIII - The Collectivist Wages System
3195:The system has also been criticized by many
2890:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2794:Learn how and when to remove these messages
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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3327:Pingrey, Darrius H. (February 27, 1902).
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3358:(Kindle ed.). Penguin. p. 46.
3306:. England: Spokesman Books. p. 25.
3118:circuit. More modern implementations as
3397:Takis Fotopoulos (Spring Summer 2010).
3289:
3045:Marx initially refused the idea in the
2944:, hence they are not transmutable into
1202:
311:
3070:However, they were later advocated by
206:Please improve this article by adding
3126:Systems that advocate labour vouchers
2826:providing more context for the reader
2470:International socialist organizations
1418:To each according to his contribution
7:
2888:adding citations to reliable sources
106:adding citations to reliable sources
3019:in which currency was prohibited.
2732:) are a device proposed to govern
25:
3334:The National Corporation Reporter
2960:. Additionally, the only kind of
2775:This section has multiple issues.
52:This article has multiple issues.
3022:In 1827, Warren established the
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3381:Critique of the Gotha Programme
3081:Critique of the Gotha Programme
2783:or discuss these issues on the
421:Concepts, theory and techniques
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
1:
3269:Local Exchange Trading System
3207:with the value determined by
1303:Critique of political economy
208:secondary or tertiary sources
27:Proposed alternative to money
3468:"The Marxist Market Economy"
2573:Socialist calculation debate
2543:List of socialist economists
2518:Economic calculation problem
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3061:existing capitalist system
2976:could no longer exist and
29:
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18:Labor notes (currency)
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3120:time-based currencies
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3405:. Vol. 6. No. 2/3.
3378:Karl Marx (1875).
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1373:Production for use
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472:Industrial complex
467:Middle income trap
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3099:Leo Chiozza Money
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2991:and economist
2989:Michael Albert
2978:labour markets
2958:market economy
2936:
2935:
2918:
2917:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2851:
2813:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2718:labour cheques
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2598:
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2594:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:Libertarianism
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:Related topics
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2466:
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2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
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2221:
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2209:
2204:
2199:
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2174:
2169:
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2159:
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2124:
2119:
2114:
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2069:
2064:
2059:
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2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
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1395:
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1370:
1365:
1360:
1358:Labour voucher
1355:
1350:
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1128:
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1103:
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1024:
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984:
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729:
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725:
722:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
640:Organizational
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
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542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
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502:
497:
492:
486:
484:By application
483:
482:
479:
478:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
423:
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406:
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396:
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377:
372:
367:
362:
356:
350:
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345:
344:
343:
338:
333:
325:
324:
316:
315:
309:
308:
296:
295:
278:
277:
192:
190:
183:
176:
175:
158:September 2012
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3516:
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3461:
3454:
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3434:
3428:
3425:
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3411:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3365:9781101152010
3361:
3357:
3356:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3302:
3301:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3275:
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3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3234:
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3227:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
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3188:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3115:Adolf Hitlers
3112:
3108:
3104:
3103:Product Money
3100:
3096:
3090:
3085:
3084:, Marx said:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:Josiah Warren
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2932:
2929:
2914:
2911:
2903:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2869:This section
2867:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2848:
2845:
2837:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:This section
2812:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Related lists
2604:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Progressivism
2561:
2559:
2558:Nanosocialism
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:Organizations
2459:
2458:
2451:
2450:Ocasio-Cortez
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:van der Lubbe
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
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2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
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2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
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2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
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2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Chernyshevsky
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:Intellectuals
1788:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Revolutionary
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:Laissez-faire
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:Authoritarian
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:Strike action
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Equal liberty
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
742:de Mandeville
740:
739:
734:
728:
727:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
671:
670:Public choice
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
645:Participation
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
605:Institutional
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
555:Expeditionary
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:Environmental
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
481:
480:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
418:
417:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
381:
378:
376:
375:International
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
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1497:Lange model
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1239:Development
947:von Neumann
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540:Engineering
520:Development
515:Demographic
457:Game theory
399:Methodology
3478:Categories
3285:References
3191:Criticisms
3176:Neomarxism
2982:wage labor
2780:improve it
2750:capitalism
2621:Socialists
2616:By country
2498:Capitalism
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1822:Saint-Just
1817:Buonarroti
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3078:. In the
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2900:June 2023
2871:does not
2834:June 2021
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2415:Gorbachev
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2260:Bernstein
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2017:Pannekoek
2007:Luxemburg
1962:Plekhanov
1937:Carpenter
1932:Kropotkin
1729:Ricardian
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1699:Nkrumaism
1689:Municipal
1589:Communism
1584:Christian
1569:Blanquism
1559:Anarchism
1502:Mutualism
1204:Socialism
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260:June 2023
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3484:Exonumia
3243:See also
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2137:Thompson
2122:Bookchin
2112:Montseny
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2027:Einstein
1997:Landauer
1902:Saltykov
1897:Lassalle
1857:Proudhon
1639:Gandhian
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1574:Buddhist
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1532:Variants
1196:a series
1194:Part of
1115:journals
1101:Glossary
1052:Stiglitz
1017:Rothbard
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982:Friedman
972:Koopmans
962:Leontief
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827:Marshall
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679:Regional
655:Planning
630:Monetary
560:Feminist
505:Cultural
500:Business
305:a series
303:Part of
3141:Marxism
3136:Owenism
3057:utopian
3003:History
2946:capital
2892:removed
2877:sources
2756:Outline
2445:Sánchez
2430:Sankara
2390:Mandela
2375:Kreisky
2365:Allende
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2355:Douglas
2340:Durruti
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2092:Marcuse
2077:Gramsci
2067:Bordiga
2057:Polanyi
2012:Russell
2002:Berkman
1992:Goldman
1982:Du Bois
1952:Kautsky
1947:Bellamy
1912:Tolstoy
1887:Wallace
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1862:Greeley
1852:Blanqui
1832:Fourier
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1769:Utopian
1709:Popular
1704:Owenism
1684:Marxism
1664:Liberal
1649:Islamic
1609:Ethical
1604:Digital
1579:Chinese
1544:African
1228:Outline
1223:History
1121:Schools
1113: (
1072:Piketty
1067:Krugman
932:Kuznets
922:Kalecki
897:Polanyi
787:Cournot
782:Bastiat
767:Ricardo
757:Malthus
747:Quesnay
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360:Applied
336:Outline
331:History
244:scholar
142:scholar
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3215:said:
2962:market
2748:under
2734:demand
2440:Marcos
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2385:Nasser
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2102:Orwell
2052:Korsch
2047:Lukács
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1967:Ferrer
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1892:Lavrov
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1679:Market
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1027:Sowell
1007:Baumol
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2207:Saito
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2042:Volin
1987:Gorky
1977:Wells
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1957:Wilde
1942:Sorel
1927:Jones
1837:Cabet
1807:Paine
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1422:needs
1277:Ideas
1094:Lists
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1047:Lucas
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1002:Arrow
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957:Lange
952:Hicks
927:Röpke
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867:Pigou
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752:Smith
714:Urban
694:Socio
684:Rural
384:Macro
380:Micro
341:Index
251:JSTOR
237:books
149:JSTOR
135:books
3440:2023
3360:ISBN
3339:XXIV
3308:ISBN
3224:The
3011:and
2875:any
2873:cite
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