367:". However, recent research has questioned the relationship between the Bishop score and a successful induction, finding that a poor Bishop score actually may improve the chance for a vaginal delivery after induction. A Bishop Score is done to assess the progression of the cervix prior to an induction. In order to do this, the cervix must be checked to see how much it has effaced, thinned out, and how far dilated it is. The score goes by a points system depending on five factors. Each factor is scored on a scale of either 0–2 or 0–3, any total score less than 5 holds a higher risk of delivering by caesarean section.
360:, waiting for the labour to start naturally with careful monitoring of the woman and baby is more likely to lead to healthier outcomes. For women over 37 weeks pregnant whose babies are suspected of not coping well in the womb, it is not yet clear from research whether it is best to have an induction or caesarean immediately, or to wait until labour happens by itself. Similarly, there is not yet enough research to show whether it is best to deliver babies prematurely if they are not coping in the womb or whether to wait so that they are less premature when they are born.
269:
index finger into the opening of the cervix or neck of the womb. They then use a circular movement to try to separate the membranes of the amniotic sac, containing the baby, from the cervix. This action, which releases hormones called prostaglandins, may prepare the cervix for birth and may initiate labour. While this process causes great discomfort for the patient, even causing bleeding, irregular contractions and the risk of breaking the amniotic sack, many would still choose to have membrane sweeping carried out for their next birth.
309:
However, researchers have found that multiparous women who undergo labor induction without medical indicators are not predisposed to caesarean sections. Doctors and pregnant women should have a discussion of risks and benefits when considering an induction of labor in the absence of an accepted medical indication. There is insufficient evidence to determine if inducing a woman's labor at home is a safe and effective approach for both the women and the baby.
378:, when their caesarean scar re-opens. Uterine rupture is very serious for the woman and the baby, and induction of labour increases this risk further. There is not yet enough research to determine which method of induction is safest for a woman who has had a caesarean section before. There is also no research to say whether it is better for these women and their babies to have an elective caesarean section instead of being induced.
406:
that elective induction in women who were not post-term increased a woman's chance of a C-section by two to three times. A more recent study indicated that induction may increase the risk of caesarean section if performed before the 40th week of gestation, but it has no effect or actually lowers the risk if performed after the 40th week.
325:
determined that the risk of stillbirth per 1000 births after 40, 41 and 42 weeks of gestation were 0.42, 0.61 and 1.08, respectively. Thus, it is important to acknowledge the probabilistic evidence when discussing formal medical inductions, because it highlights the how small the likelihood of having a stillbirth post-term is.
390:
500 inductions are performed in order to avoid 1 stillbirth. Many of these unnecessary inductions could potentially provoke other risks, forcing medical practitioners to perform other interventions such as caesarean sections. These additional interventions could cause labor to be more risky for the pregnant person.
289:
Cook
Medical Double Balloon known as the Cervical Ripening Balloon with Stylet for assisted placement is FDA approved. The Double balloon provides one balloon to be inflated with saline on one side of the Uterine side of the cervix and the second balloon to be inflated with saline on the vaginal side
405:
delivery for the baby. However, studies into this matter show differing results. One study indicated that while overall caesarean section rates from 1990 to 1997 remained at or below 20 per cent, elective induction was associated with a doubling of the rate of
Caesarean section. Another study showed
170:
Mechanical and physical approaches can include artificial rupture of membranes or membrane sweeping. Membrane sweeping may lead to more women spontaneously going into labor (and fewer women having labor induction) but it may make little difference to the risk of maternal or neonatal death, or to the
312:
Studies have shown a slight increase in risk of infant mortality for births in the 41st and particularly 42nd week of gestation, as well as a higher risk of injury to the mother and child. Due to the increasing risks of advanced gestation, induction appears to reduce the risk for caesarean delivery
389:
The medical rationale for performing an induction is decreasing the risk of stillbirth. However, as mentioned in the above section, the probability of having a stillbirth post-term is very small, meaning that for the vast majority of post-term pregnancies, inductions are unnecessary. Approximately
308:
by 12%, and also reduces fetal death. Some observational/retrospective studies have shown that non-indicated, elective inductions before the 41st week of gestation are associated with an increased risk of requiring a caesarean section. Randomized clinical trials have not addressed this question.
268:
Membrane sweep, also known as membrane stripping, Hamilton maneuver, or "stretch and sweep". The procedure is carried out by a midwife or doctor as part of an internal vaginal examination. The midwife or doctor puts a couple of lubricated, gloved fingers into the women's vagina and inserts their
235:
preparations is used to artificially induce labor if it is deemed medically necessary. A high dose of oxytocin does not seem to have greater benefits than a standard dose. There are risks associated with IV oxytocin induced labor. Risks include the women having induced contractions that are too
324:
Although there has been a recorded increase in the risk of perinatal death and stillbirth after 41 weeks of gestation, this risk is small. In fact, a study conducted in 2012 examined stillbirth rates in the state of
California, and excluded babies with genetic or congenital problems. The study
874:
Guinn DA, Davies JK, Jones RO, Sullivan L, Wolf D (2004). "Labor induction in women with an unfavorable Bishop score: Randomized controlled trial of intrauterine Foley catheter with concurrent oxytocin infusion versus Foley catheter with extra-amniotic saline infusion with concurrent oxytocin
175:
or spontaneous vaginal births. There are also risks associated with membrane sweeping. The risks include irregular contractions, bleeding, and in 1 out of every 10 women an amniotic sac rupture, which can lead to a formal induction within 24 hours of the rupture if labor hasn't been induced.
82:
and delivery. Inducing (starting) labor can be accomplished with pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical methods. In
Western countries, it is estimated that one-quarter of pregnant women have their labor medically induced with drug treatment. Inductions are most often performed either with
220:
is the most studied compound and with most evidence behind it. A range of different dosage forms are available with a variety of routes possible. The use of misoprostol has been extensively studied but normally in small, poorly defined studies. Only a very few countries have approved
370:
Sometimes when a woman's waters break after 37 weeks she is induced instead of waiting for labour to start naturally. This may decrease the risks of infection for the woman and baby but more research is needed to find out whether inducing is good for women and babies longer term.
179:
The use of intrauterine catheters are also indicated. These work by compressing the cervix mechanically to generate release on prostaglandins in local tissues. There is no direct effect on the uterus. Results from a 2021 systematic review found no differences in
328:
Inducing labor before 39 weeks in the absence of a medical indication (such as hypertension, IUGR, or pre-eclampsia) increases the risk of complications of prematurity including difficulties with respiration, infection, feeding,
393:
Another criticism of inductions is that the pregnant person's bodily autonomy is overlooked. Many pregnant people might not want to be induced, and rather share in the decision-making process with their medical practitioner.
303:
has recommended against elective induction before 39 weeks if there is no medical indication and the cervix is unfavorable. One recent study indicates that labor induction at term (41 weeks) or post-term reduces the rate of
409:
A 2014 systematic review and meta analysis on the subject of induction and its effect on cesarean section indicate that after 41 weeks of gestation there is a reduction of cesarean deliveries when the labour is induced.
1626:
1137:
Caughey AB, Sundaram, V, Kaimal, AJ, Gienger, A, Cheng, YW, McDonald, KM, Shaffer, BL, Owens, DK, Bravata, DM (Aug 18, 2009). "Systematic review: elective induction of labor versus expectant management of pregnancy".
397:
Induced labor may be more painful for the woman as one of the side effects of intravenous oxytocin is increased contraction pains, mainly due to the rigid onset. This may lead to the increased use of
1222:
240:. There is no high quality evidence to indicate if IV oxytocin should be stopped once a woman reaches active labor in order to reduce the incidence of women requiring caesarean sections.
236:
vigorous, too close together (frequent), or that last too long, which may lead to added stress on the baby (changes in baby's heart rate) and may require the mother to have an emergency
919:
1849:
Simpson
Kathleen R., Thorman Kathleen E. (2005). "Obstetric 'Conveniences' Elective Induction of Labor, Cesarean Birth on Demand, and Other Potentially Unnecessary Interventions".
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Ekaterina
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957:
300:
352:) may lead to better outcomes for the woman but does not improve or worsen outcomes for the baby. More research is needed to produce more certain results. If waters break (
386:
Membrane sweeping, a common method of labor induction, can cause bleeding and irregular contractions and is often done without informed consent by the pregnant person.
3066:
1317:"Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeks' gestation for improving pregnancy outcome"
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Clark K, Ji H, Feltovich H, Janowski J, Carroll C, Chien EK (May 2006). "Mifepristone-induced cervical ripening: structural, biomechanical, and molecular events".
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953:
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2196:
503:
Allahyar, J. & Galan, H. "Premature
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201:
122:
1476:"Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37 weeks or more)"
3222:
2792:
2752:
2251:
2070:
334:
2021:
155:
Induction of labor in those who are either at or after term improves outcomes for newborns and decreases the number of
3702:
2621:
2432:
197:
2405:
1767:"Rates for obstetric intervention among private and public patients in Australia: population based descriptive study"
3744:
3351:
2827:
2664:
2422:
2347:
2317:
1935:
1366:"Planned early delivery versus expectant management of the term suspected compromised baby for improving outcomes"
3517:
3464:
3308:
3217:
3192:
3164:
3127:
2877:
2489:
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2153:
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a "high-alert medication" because of the high likelihood of "significant patient harm when it is used in error."
3237:
3653:
3232:
2239:
2060:
1415:"Immediate versus deferred delivery of the preterm baby with suspected fetal compromise for improving outcomes"
1268:"Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term"
349:
3404:
2055:
3739:
3690:
3154:
3044:
2812:
2677:
2415:
2176:
2143:
2102:
1236:
125:(PROM); this is when the membranes have ruptured, but labor does not start within a specific amount of time.
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3099:
2931:
2747:
2312:
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and other pain-relieving pharmaceuticals. These interventions may also lead to an increased likelihood of
565:
Finucane EM, Murphy DJ, Biesty LM, Gyte GM, Cotter AM, Ryan EM, Boulvain M, Devane D (27 February 2020).
167:
Methods of inducing labor include both pharmacological medication and mechanical or physical approaches.
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3634:
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2782:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2551:
2504:
2499:
2467:
2287:
1735:
1714:
1579:"Elective repeat caesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous caesarean birth"
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Boie S, Glavind J, Velu AV, Mol BW, Uldbjerg N, de Graaf I, Thornton JG, Bor P, Bakker JJ (2018-08-20).
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Bond DM, Middleton P, Levett KM, van der Ham DP, Crowther CA, Buchanan SL, Morris J (3 March 2017).
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2203:
2163:
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2682:
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2095:
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Alfirevic Z, Gyte GM, Nogueira Pileggi V, Plachcinski R, Osoti AO, Finucane EM (27 August 2020).
705:
103:
188:
outcomes in women with low-risk pregnancies between inpatient nor outpatient cervical ripening.
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996:
965:
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856:
789:
740:
697:
648:
621:
596:
544:
515:"Use of labour induction and risk of cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
486:
402:
305:
237:
181:
156:
141:
47:
1893:
3620:
3334:
3273:
3104:
2872:
2484:
2357:
2352:
2246:
2080:"Catecholamines – blood ." National Library of Medicine . N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2011. <
1966:
1905:
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1823:
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217:
209:
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2400:
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2074:
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Boulvain M, Stan CM, Irion O (2005-01-24). Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group (ed.).
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Inducing labour after 34 weeks and before 37 weeks in women with hypertensive disorders (
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mnemonic; ARNOP: Antiprogesterone, relaxin, nitric oxide donors, oxytocin, prostaglandins
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Women who have had a caesarean section for a previous pregnancy are at risk of having a
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591:
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539:
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481:
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279:
1827:
668:"High-dose versus low-dose oxytocin infusion regimens for induction of labour at term"
3723:
3596:
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3197:
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709:
513:
Mishanina E, Rogozinska E, Thatthi T, Uddin-Khan R, Khan KS, Meads C (Jun 10, 2014).
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Deherder E, Delbaere I, MacEdo A, Nieuwenhuijze MJ, Van Laere S, Beeckman K (2022).
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Clinicians assess the odds of having a vaginal delivery after labor induction by a "
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33:
992:
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3207:
3202:
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2556:
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222:
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140:
Previous health conditions that puts risk on the woman and/or her child such as
1909:
1676:
1640:
1123:
888:
736:
615:
457:"Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour"
3666:
3639:
3533:
3419:
3361:
3325:
3080:
3008:
2526:
2448:
2327:
2122:
1530:"Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section"
775:
318:
172:
115:
There are health risks to the woman in continuing the pregnancy (e.g. she has
79:
2067:
1782:
1173:
Middleton P, Shepherd E, Morris J, Crowther CA, Gomersall JC (15 July 2020).
87:
drug treatment alone, or with a combination of prostaglandin and intravenous
17:
3615:
3212:
3076:
2118:
2041:
1971:
1954:
1364:
Bond DM, Gordon A, Hyett J, de Vries B, Carberry AE, Morris J (2015-11-24).
426:
398:
357:
345:
2087:
2037:
1980:
1932:
Induction of labor for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term
1917:
1870:
1835:
1800:
1695:
1612:
1563:
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1000:
896:
860:
793:
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652:
625:
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548:
490:
286:
and the distal portion expanded to dilate it and to release prostaglandins.
3541:
2887:
2603:
330:
232:
185:
88:
1063:"Home versus inpatient induction of labour for improving birth outcomes"
530:
65:
3298:
2410:
964:(7th ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
414:
252:
2081:
1955:"Induction of labour: does it increase the risk of cesarean delivery?"
1627:"EBB 151 - Updated Evidence on the Pros and Cons of Membrane Sweeping"
2916:
2378:
2373:
283:
1892:
Caughey AB, Nicholson JM, Cheng YW, Lyell DJ, Washington E (2006).
1474:
Middleton P, Shepherd E, Flenady V, McBain RD, Crowther CA (2017).
2982:
2962:
2626:
2395:
134:
3506:
3048:
2091:
106:, i.e. if the pregnancy has gone past the end of the 42nd week.
1894:"Induction of labor and caesarean delivery by gestational age"
1647:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). March 2002.
1241:
32:"Medically induced" redirects here. For the type of coma, see
255:
has been investigated, but is not currently commonly used.
2022:"Current Trends in Cervical Ripening and Labor Induction"
321:
compared with waiting for labour to start spontaneously.
99:
Commonly accepted medical reasons for induction include:
131:
Fetal death in utero and previous history of stillbirth.
1413:
Stock SJ, Bricker L, Norman JE, West HM (2016-07-12).
1175:"Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation"
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Roberts Christine L, Tracy Sally, Peat Brian (2000).
1577:
Dodd JM, Crowther CA, Grivell RM, Deussen AR (2017).
920:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
2068:
Methods for cervical ripening and induction of labor
934:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
916:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
413:
The Institute for Safe Medication Practices labeled
301:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
3652:
3595:
3562:
3553:
3473:
3440:
3418:
3390:
3342:
3333:
3324:
3286:
3266:
3185:
3120:
3113:
3087:
3026:
2991:
2955:
2909:
2900:
2860:
2655:
2612:
2581:
2574:
2441:
2366:
2335:
2326:
2260:
2217:
2162:
2129:
1266:Cluver C, Novikova N, Koopmans CM, West HM (2017).
1237:"Doctors To Pregnant Women: Wait At Least 39 Weeks"
958:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
46:
41:
278:Extra-amniotic saline infusion (EASI), in which a
247:has been described but is rarely used in practice.
128:Premature termination of the pregnancy (abortion).
3518:
3060:
2103:
1816:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1112:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
877:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
8:
2001:The Institute for Safe Medication Practices
1641:"Management of Prolonged Pregnancy: Summary"
78:is the process or treatment that stimulates
1583:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1534:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1480:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1419:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1370:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1321:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1272:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1179:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
910:
908:
906:
827:"Membrane sweeping for induction of labour"
672:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
617:Cervical Ripening in the Outpatient Setting
571:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
567:"Membrane sweeping for induction of labour"
461:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3559:
3525:
3511:
3503:
3339:
3330:
3228:Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling
3117:
3067:
3053:
3045:
2906:
2578:
2332:
2110:
2096:
2088:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
666:Budden A, Chen LJ, Henry A (Oct 9, 2014).
519:CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal
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1851:Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing
1790:
1685:
1675:
1602:
1553:
1499:
1438:
1389:
1340:
1291:
1198:
1086:
850:
783:
691:
590:
538:
480:
1898:Am Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1152:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00007
1067:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
831:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
758:Kelly AJ, Kavanagh J, Thomas J (2001).
438:
38:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1469:
1467:
1261:
1259:
275:(AROM or ARM) ("breaking the waters")
137:pregnancy continuing beyond 38 weeks.
110:Intrauterine fetal growth restriction
7:
1528:West HM, Jozwiak M, Dodd JM (2017).
1036:The Journal of Reproductive Medicine
560:
558:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
27:Artificial stimulation of childbirth
2942:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
2082:https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus
273:Artificial rupture of the membranes
61:
123:Premature rupture of the membranes
25:
3075:Tests and procedures relating to
1741:Having a Great Birth in Australia
337:admissions, and perinatal death.
231:(IV) administration of synthetic
2947:Postpartum physiological changes
2647:Postpartum physiological changes
2172:Assisted reproductive technology
1863:10.1097/00005237-200504000-00010
3357:Artificial rupture of membranes
2999:Adaptation to extrauterine life
2007:ISMP.org. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
1726:July 2008, retrieved 2012-04-10
2642:Maternal physiological changes
1934:, 2009, The Cochrane Library,
1746:Australian College of Midwives
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1546:10.1002/14651858.CD009792.pub3
1492:10.1002/14651858.CD005302.pub3
1431:10.1002/14651858.CD008968.pub3
1382:10.1002/14651858.CD009433.pub2
1333:10.1002/14651858.CD004735.pub4
1284:10.1002/14651858.CD009273.pub2
1191:10.1002/14651858.CD004945.pub5
1079:10.1002/14651858.CD007372.pub4
954:American Academy of Pediatrics
843:10.1002/14651858.CD000451.pub2
684:10.1002/14651858.CD009701.pub2
583:10.1002/14651858.CD000451.pub3
473:10.1002/14651858.CD012274.pub2
350:pregnancy-induced hypertension
225:for use in induction of labor.
1:
2197:partner-assisted reproduction
1828:10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70265-6
962:Guidelines for perinatal care
812:www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au
202:extra-amniotic administration
3246:Lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio
3223:Fetal scalp stimulation test
1664:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
1223:"The Evidence on: Due Dates"
993:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181b48ef5
335:neonatal intensive care unit
2433:Traditional birth attendant
1140:Annals of Internal Medicine
981:Obstetrics & Gynecology
356:) between 24 and 37 weeks'
3761:
2665:Brain health and pollution
2056:Inducing Labor – WebMD.com
1910:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.07.003
1677:10.1186/s12884-022-04890-x
1124:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.05.015
889:10.1016/j.ajog.2003.12.039
764:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
737:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.11.026
31:
3680:
3465:Resuscitative hysterotomy
3352:Assisted vaginal delivery
3309:External cephalic version
3218:Fetal scalp blood testing
3193:Chorionic villus sampling
3165:Vibroacoustic stimulation
3128:Obstetric ultrasonography
2878:Chorionic villus sampling
2230:Obstetric ultrasonography
2154:Pre-conception counseling
2026:American Family Physician
1953:Caughey A. (8 May 2013).
776:10.1002/14651858.CD003103
62:
2768:Intrahepatic cholestasis
1783:10.1136/bmj.321.7254.137
3428:Manual placenta removal
3155:Contraction stress test
3150:Fetal movement counting
2838:Motor vehicle emissions
2699:Concomitant conditions
2673:environmental toxicants
2416:Auxiliary nurse midwife
2177:artificial insemination
2144:Natural family planning
1972:10.1111/1471-0528.12329
1771:British Medical Journal
927:: an initiative of the
382:Criticisms of induction
171:number of women having
3735:Obstetrical procedures
3256:Fetal fibronectin test
2932:Postpartum confinement
2192:in vitro fertilisation
987:(2, Part 1): 386–397.
725:Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol
3654:Contraction induction
3405:Wood's screw maneuver
2927:Postpartum depression
2808:Pruritic folliculitis
2552:Unassisted childbirth
1146:(4): 252–63, W53-63.
282:is inserted into the
3420:Third stage of labor
3238:Kleihauer–Betke test
3175:Amniotic fluid index
3034:Gravidity and parity
3014:Congenital disorders
2973:Lactation consultant
2843:Pre-existing disease
2522:Childbirth positions
2512:Rupture of membranes
2209:Unintended pregnancy
2187:fertility medication
2020:Harman, Kim (1999).
1930:A GĂĽlmezoglu et al,
1225:. 13 September 2017.
1118:(4): 421.e1–421.e7.
940:on September 1, 2013
163:Methods of induction
3475:Postpartum bleeding
3455:On maternal request
3392:Dystocia management
3372:Obstetrical forceps
3251:Lamellar body count
3170:Biophysical profile
3100:Leopold's maneuvers
2937:Sex after pregnancy
2744:Endocrine diseases
2690:Prenatal depression
2562:Placental expulsion
2480:Uterine contraction
2463:cervical effacement
2204:Fertility awareness
2061:Induction of labour
808:"Stretch and sweep"
531:10.1503/cmaj.130925
429:, labor suppressant
146:high blood pressure
3707:Never to phase III
3410:Zavanelli maneuver
3400:McRoberts maneuver
2713:Hypercoagulability
2542:Natural childbirth
2391:Postterm pregnancy
2149:Male contraceptive
2073:2008-05-16 at the
1940:2010-06-18 at the
1629:. 27 October 2020.
263:Non-pharmaceutical
200:, endocervical or
104:Postterm pregnancy
3745:Medical mnemonics
3717:
3716:
3648:
3647:
3587:Methylergometrine
3555:Cervical ripening
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3442:Caesarean section
3436:
3435:
3377:Vacuum extraction
3282:
3281:
3143:Crown-rump length
3042:
3041:
3027:Obstetric history
3022:
3021:
2983:Confinement nanny
2896:
2895:
2763:Acute fatty liver
2570:
2569:
2458:cervical dilation
2066:Josie L. Tenore:
971:978-1-58110-734-0
641:Chin Med J (Engl)
403:caesarean section
354:membranes rupture
306:caesarean section
238:caesarean section
182:cesarean delivery
73:
72:
16:(Redirected from
3752:
3560:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3504:
3340:
3335:Vaginal delivery
3331:
3274:Cardiotocography
3118:
3105:Prenatal testing
3069:
3062:
3055:
3046:
2907:
2873:Cardiotocography
2579:
2485:Vaginal delivery
2358:Nesting instinct
2333:
2318:Rudimentary horn
2247:Prenatal testing
2112:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2040:. Archived from
2008:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1974:
1950:
1944:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1777:(7254): 137–41.
1762:
1756:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1713:. Archived from
1706:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1679:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1525:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1471:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1376:(11): CD009433.
1361:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1007:
1004:
975:
948:
947:
945:
936:, archived from
912:
901:
900:
871:
865:
864:
854:
822:
816:
815:
814:. 24 March 2021.
804:
798:
797:
787:
755:
749:
748:
720:
714:
713:
695:
678:(10): CD009701.
663:
657:
656:
636:
630:
629:
611:
605:
604:
594:
562:
553:
552:
542:
510:
504:
501:
495:
494:
484:
452:
218:Prostaglandin E2
66:edit on Wikidata
39:
21:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3697:Clinical trials
3676:
3644:
3628:
3621:Dinoprostone/E2
3600:
3591:
3564:Ergot alkaloids
3549:
3531:
3501:
3492:
3469:
3432:
3414:
3386:
3320:
3304:Podalic version
3278:
3262:
3181:
3109:
3083:
3073:
3043:
3038:
3018:
2987:
2951:
2922:Postpartum care
2892:
2856:
2759:Liver diseases
2753:Thyroid disease
2651:
2637:Gestational age
2608:
2566:
2532:Labor induction
2437:
2428:Perinatal nurse
2401:Birth attendant
2362:
2322:
2256:
2252:Medical imaging
2213:
2182:fertility fraud
2158:
2125:
2116:
2075:Wayback Machine
2047:
2045:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2000:
1996:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1942:Wayback Machine
1929:
1925:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1589:(7): CD004906.
1576:
1575:
1571:
1540:(6): CD009792.
1527:
1526:
1517:
1486:(1): CD005302.
1473:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1425:(7): CD008968.
1412:
1411:
1407:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1327:(3): CD004735.
1314:
1313:
1309:
1278:(1): CD009273.
1265:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1185:(8): CD004945.
1172:
1171:
1167:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1010:
978:
972:
952:
943:
941:
929:ABIM Foundation
925:Choosing Wisely
914:
913:
904:
873:
872:
868:
837:(1): CD000451.
824:
823:
819:
806:
805:
801:
770:(2): CD003103.
757:
756:
752:
722:
721:
717:
665:
664:
660:
638:
637:
633:
613:
612:
608:
577:(2): CD000451.
564:
563:
556:
512:
511:
507:
502:
498:
467:(8): CD012274.
454:
453:
440:
436:
423:
384:
376:uterine rupture
315:perinatal death
297:
265:
194:
165:
97:
76:Labor induction
69:
42:Labor induction
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3758:
3756:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3740:Theriogenology
3737:
3732:
3722:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3640:Carboprost/F2α
3637:
3630:
3629:
3626:Sulprostone/E2
3623:
3618:
3613:
3611:Misoprostol/E1
3606:
3604:
3597:Prostaglandins
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3538:labor inducers
3532:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3488:B-Lynch suture
3485:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3460:EXIT procedure
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3242:Lung maturity
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3162:
3160:Nonstress test
3157:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3124:
3122:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:Pregnancy test
3091:
3089:
3088:Maternal tests
3085:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2968:Health visitor
2965:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2883:Nonstress test
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:Skin diseases
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2589:Amniotic fluid
2585:
2583:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2537:Multiple birth
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2343:Bradley method
2339:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2235:Pregnancy test
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2015:
2014:External links
2012:
2010:
2009:
1994:
1965:(6): 658–661.
1945:
1923:
1904:(3): 700–705.
1884:
1841:
1806:
1757:
1728:
1701:
1650:
1632:
1618:
1569:
1515:
1463:
1454:
1405:
1356:
1307:
1255:
1228:
1214:
1165:
1129:
1102:
1053:
1042:(5): 399–403.
1026:
1008:
1006:
1005:
976:
970:
949:, which cites
902:
883:(1): 225–229.
866:
817:
799:
750:
715:
658:
631:
606:
554:
505:
496:
437:
435:
432:
431:
430:
422:
419:
383:
380:
296:
295:When to induce
293:
292:
291:
290:of the cervix.
287:
280:Foley catheter
276:
270:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
250:
248:
241:
226:
193:
190:
164:
161:
153:
152:
149:
138:
132:
129:
126:
120:
113:
107:
96:
93:
71:
70:
63:
60:
59:
50:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3757:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:Dinoprost/F2α
3632:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Symphysiotomy
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3316:Amnioinfusion
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Fetal surgery
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:Interventions
3285:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Amniocentesis
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Monthly nurse
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Amniocentesis
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Vaginal flora
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:Substance use
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Fundal height
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:Preterm birth
2382:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Hypnobirthing
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:3D ultrasound
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Birth control
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2044:on 2011-09-27
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:(2): 477–84.
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:(2): 134–44.
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:(3): 628–33.
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1754:0-9751674-3-X
1751:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1736:Vernon, David
1732:
1729:
1717:on 2012-04-22
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
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1654:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
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1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
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1468:
1464:
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1455:
1450:
1446:
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1428:
1424:
1420:
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1406:
1401:
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1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
973:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:
939:
935:
931:
930:
926:
921:
917:
911:
909:
907:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
870:
867:
862:
858:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
818:
813:
809:
803:
800:
795:
791:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
754:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:(5): 1391–8.
730:
726:
719:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
659:
654:
650:
647:(3): 449–52.
646:
642:
635:
632:
627:
623:
619:
618:
610:
607:
602:
598:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
561:
559:
555:
550:
546:
541:
536:
532:
528:
525:(9): 665–73.
524:
520:
516:
509:
506:
500:
497:
492:
488:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
439:
433:
428:
425:
424:
420:
418:
416:
411:
407:
404:
400:
395:
391:
387:
381:
379:
377:
372:
368:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:pre-eclampsia
338:
336:
332:
326:
322:
320:
316:
310:
307:
302:
294:
288:
285:
281:
277:
274:
271:
267:
266:
262:
257:
254:
251:
249:
246:
242:
239:
234:
230:
227:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:prostaglandin
203:
199:
196:
195:
191:
189:
187:
183:
177:
174:
168:
162:
160:
158:
150:
147:
143:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:pre-eclampsia
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
100:
94:
92:
90:
86:
85:prostaglandin
81:
77:
67:
58:
54:
51:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
18:Labor inducer
3616:Gemeprost/E1
3581:Syntometrine
3572:Acetergamine
3537:
3483:Hysterectomy
3343:
3138:Anomaly scan
2708:Hypertension
2695:Immunization
2678:in pregnancy
2594:Amniotic sac
2547:Silent birth
2531:
2490:Presentation
2453:Bishop score
2423:Obstetrician
2313:Interstitial
2240:home testing
2046:. Retrieved
2042:the original
2029:
2025:
2003:
1997:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1931:
1926:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1739:
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:the original
1704:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1621:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1537:
1533:
1483:
1479:
1457:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1275:
1271:
1247:. Retrieved
1245:. 2011-07-18
1240:
1231:
1217:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1039:
1035:
1029:
984:
980:
961:
942:, retrieved
938:the original
923:
880:
876:
869:
834:
830:
820:
811:
802:
767:
763:
753:
728:
724:
718:
675:
671:
661:
644:
640:
634:
616:
609:
574:
570:
522:
518:
508:
499:
464:
460:
412:
408:
396:
392:
388:
385:
373:
369:
365:Bishop score
362:
339:
327:
323:
311:
298:
245:mifepristone
210:dinoprostone
198:Intravaginal
178:
169:
166:
154:
98:
75:
74:
34:Induced coma
29:
3693:from market
3672:Demoxytocin
3577:Ergometrine
3534:Uterotonics
3382:Odon device
3203:Triple test
3133:Nuchal scan
3114:Fetal tests
3004:Apgar score
2788:Hepatitis C
2774:Infections
2614:Development
2599:Endometrium
2557:Water birth
2475:Bloody show
2406:Men's roles
2336:Preparation
2288:Heterotopic
875:infusion".
229:Intravenous
223:misoprostol
214:misoprostol
159:performed.
91:treatment.
3730:Childbirth
3724:Categories
3667:Carbetocin
3362:Episiotomy
3081:childbirth
3009:Child care
2902:Postpartum
2861:Procedures
2813:Dermatoses
2669:Nutrition
2527:Home birth
2449:Pelvimetry
2328:Childbirth
2308:Unintended
2164:Conception
2123:childbirth
2048:2004-09-18
1721:2012-04-10
1670:(1): 551.
1249:2011-08-20
434:References
399:analgesics
319:stillbirth
208:, such as
192:Medication
173:c-sections
157:C-sections
80:childbirth
3703:Phase III
3691:Withdrawn
3602:analogues
3542:oxytocics
3344:Induction
3213:Fetoscopy
3208:Quad test
3077:pregnancy
2517:Caesarean
2283:Abdominal
2119:Pregnancy
944:August 1,
710:205201341
427:Tocolytic
358:gestation
346:eclampsia
151:High BMI.
3662:Oxytocin
3450:Elective
3326:Delivery
3233:Apt test
3186:Sampling
2910:Maternal
2888:Abortion
2833:Bleeding
2783:COVID-19
2748:Diabetes
2733:Cannabis
2683:prenatal
2604:Placenta
2575:Prenatal
2505:shoulder
2500:cephalic
2468:position
2442:Delivery
2303:Postterm
2268:Cervical
2131:Planning
2071:Archived
2038:10465223
1989:33295368
1981:24738892
1938:Archived
1918:16949399
1879:19239366
1871:15923963
1836:10076139
1801:10894690
1748:, 2005,
1696:35804308
1613:28744896
1564:28599068
1510:28050900
1449:27404120
1400:26599471
1351:28257562
1302:28106904
1209:32666584
1160:19687492
1097:32852803
1048:12063879
1001:19623003
960:(2012).
897:15295370
861:15674873
794:11406079
745:16647925
702:25300173
653:15043790
626:33818996
601:32103497
549:24778358
491:30125998
421:See also
331:jaundice
233:oxytocin
186:neonatal
142:diabetes
89:oxytocin
48:ICD-9-CM
3299:Fetendo
3121:Imaging
2819:Others
2793:Malaria
2738:Opioids
2728:Alcohol
2723:Smoking
2582:Anatomy
2411:Midwife
2379:Newborn
2298:Ovarian
2278:Ectopic
2273:Cryptic
2218:Testing
1687:9264300
1604:6483152
1555:6481365
1501:6464808
1440:6457969
1391:8935540
1342:6464692
1293:6465052
1200:7389871
1088:8094591
852:7032890
785:8693181
693:8932234
592:7044809
540:4049989
482:6513418
415:pitocin
253:Relaxin
243:Use of
112:(IUGR).
3686:WHO-EM
2992:Infant
2917:Lochia
2703:Anemia
2622:Embryo
2495:breech
2374:Mother
2353:Lamaze
2036:
1987:
1979:
1916:
1877:
1869:
1834:
1799:
1789:
1752:
1694:
1684:
1611:
1601:
1562:
1552:
1508:
1498:
1447:
1437:
1398:
1388:
1349:
1339:
1300:
1290:
1207:
1197:
1158:
1095:
1085:
1046:
999:
968:
895:
859:
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792:
782:
743:
708:
700:
690:
651:
624:
599:
589:
547:
537:
489:
479:
284:cervix
95:Causes
3267:Other
2963:Doula
2956:Roles
2848:Sleep
2823:Drugs
2803:Lupus
2627:Fetus
2396:Doula
2367:Roles
2293:Molar
2261:Types
2084:>.
1985:S2CID
1875:S2CID
1792:27430
1073:(8).
706:S2CID
64:[
3546:G02A
3079:and
2657:Care
2121:and
2034:PMID
1977:PMID
1959:BJOG
1914:PMID
1867:PMID
1832:PMID
1797:PMID
1750:ISBN
1692:PMID
1609:PMID
1587:2017
1560:PMID
1538:2017
1506:PMID
1445:PMID
1423:2016
1396:PMID
1374:2016
1347:PMID
1325:2017
1298:PMID
1205:PMID
1156:PMID
1093:PMID
1071:2020
1044:PMID
997:PMID
966:ISBN
946:2013
893:PMID
857:PMID
835:2005
790:PMID
768:2010
741:PMID
698:PMID
649:PMID
622:PMID
597:PMID
545:PMID
487:PMID
465:2018
317:and
299:The
184:nor
135:Twin
57:73.1
53:73.0
3633:F:
3609:E:
3599:and
2778:HIV
1967:doi
1963:121
1906:doi
1902:195
1859:doi
1824:doi
1820:180
1787:PMC
1779:doi
1775:321
1682:PMC
1672:doi
1599:PMC
1591:doi
1550:PMC
1542:doi
1496:PMC
1488:doi
1435:PMC
1427:doi
1386:PMC
1378:doi
1337:PMC
1329:doi
1288:PMC
1280:doi
1242:NPR
1195:PMC
1187:doi
1148:doi
1144:151
1120:doi
1116:199
1083:PMC
1075:doi
989:doi
985:114
885:doi
881:191
847:PMC
839:doi
780:PMC
772:doi
733:doi
729:194
688:PMC
680:doi
645:117
587:PMC
579:doi
535:PMC
527:doi
523:186
477:PMC
469:doi
212:or
204:of
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529::
493:.
471::
148:.
68:]
55:-
36:.
20:)
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