368:(Pub.L. 99–198). Under this law, it was not permitted for a single animal to be used in more than one major operative experiment, from which it was also allowed adequate time to recover as guided by a veterinarian with proper training. This amendment directed new minimum standards for the handling, housing, sanitation, feeding and other care practices. The psychological well-being of the animals was now taken into consideration as it never had been before. One provision that stood out at this time was the requirement for the exercise of dogs and psychological well being of primates. The law also requires research facilities to be able to describe painful practices as well as implement practices that minimize pain and stress to the animals. Another requirement made under this law was for each research facility to establish an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) to oversee research proposals and provide oversight of animal experimentation. The Food Security Act also established an information center at the National Agricultural Library, the
380:
applies to operated pounds, research facilities, or private organizations. It also requires that a written certification with the animal's background be provided to the recipient. Details should include a description of the animal, history of the animal's transfers, records, and modifications, and signatures from the dealer and recipient. Repeat violations of this section are subject to a $ 5000 fine per cat or dog acquired or sold. Three or more violations could result in the dealer's license being permanently revoked. Prior to the Animal
Welfare Act, animal welfare law was largely reactive and action could only be taken once an animal had suffered unnecessarily.
38:
480:
licenses are given to breeders who deal only in animals they breed and raise. Class B licenses are given to people who buy and sell animals they did not raise. Exempt from the law and regulations are retail pet stores, those who sell pets directly to pet owners, hobby breeders, animal shelters, and boarding kennels. The annual license fee for licensed animal dealers (Class A or B) ranges from $ 30 to $ 750, depending on the annual dollar volume of business in regulated animals. An annual application fee of $ 10 must be paid with all yearly license renewal applications.
411:, added several new amendments to the Animal Welfare Act (Pub.L. 110–246). It added more prohibitions to training, possessing and advertising animals or sharp objects for use in animal fighting. The penalties for these crimes were raised to 3–5 years imprisonment. The 2008 amendments also prohibited imports for resale of dogs unless they were at least six months of age, have all necessary vaccinations and are in good health. Furthermore, fines for violations of the Animal Welfare Act increased from $ 2500 to $ 10,000 per violation, per animal and per day.
239:
of the 1985 AWA amendment, all research facilities covered by the Animal
Welfare Act have been required to establish a specialized committee that includes at least one person trained as a veterinarian and one not affiliated with the facility. Such committees regularly assess animal care, treatment, and practices during research, and are required to inspect all animal study areas at least once every six months. The committees are also required to ensure that alternatives to animal use in experimentation would be used whenever possible.
757:
admission fee, and the cats were used in promotional advertising. Under USDA regulations, the museum is required to obtain a USDA exhibitor's license, give each cat a tag for identification purposes, provide additional resting surfaces within their existing enclosures, and introduce one of several specified improvements required to ensure the cats remain contained to the museum's grounds. The museum challenged on several grounds the USDA's authority in the case, noting that the
Hemingway cats do not have an effect on
357:
with an investigation of an experimentation facility. Those found guilty of assaulting or killing
Federal inspectors responsible for such tasks also faced additional sentencing. Basic treatment was expanded to include humane and reasonable handling of the animals, and required shelter from weather and temperature extremes, proper ventilation, adequate housing, decent sanitation, and adequate veterinary care at all stages in the animal's life.
526:
333:(Public Law 92-522) of 1972, which prevented extinction or depletion from indiscriminate taking, including hunting, harassment, capture, and killing (permitted takings, including for subsistence and research purposes, must be accomplished humanely, with "the least degree of pain and suffering practicable to the animal"). Endangered and threatened species were also protected with the passage in 1973 of the
580:
exhibitor, research facility, handler, carrier, or operator of an auction sale, to determine if they have violated provisions under this chapter. Under the Animal
Welfare Act, these facilities are to be inspected at least once a year, with follow-up inspections conducted until deficiencies are corrected. If deficiencies are found, failure to correct them could result in fines,
442:) requires businesses that either buy or sell warmblooded animals, exhibit them to the public, transport them commercially, or use them in teaching or experiments, must be licensed or registered. Failure to become licensed or registered is a punishable violation of the Animal Welfare Act. Depending on the basis of the business, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection services (
472:
711:), for the inhumane treatment of a primate named Barney at a Long Island game farm park and zoo. A man named Marc Jurnove had visited this park on a regular basis and noticed this primate had been neglected. He filed suit against the USDA for failing to meet the minimum standards under the AWA and his allegations were supported by investigations. The
543:
regulated in the original law. Purpose-bred rats of the genus Rattus and mice of the genus Mus are not covered by the Animal
Welfare Act, but are regulated under PHS policy which applies only to research receiving federal funding from certain federal agencies, including the NIH. These are not federal laws but conditions of funding.
508:, hunting events, and private collectors who do not exhibit. The annual license fee for Class C licensed animal exhibitors ranges from $ 30 to $ 300, depending on the number of regulated animals held. In addition to the annual license fee, an application fee of $ 10 must be paid with all yearly license renewal applications.
675:. Edward Taub was convicted of six animal cruelty charges, which were appealed in the second trial. They proved to be significant in the understanding of the law. While this case provided an advancement in neurology research, it was doing so only by risking inhumane treatment of animals. As the court wrote in its opinion:
566:. Among other things, Moss's article asserted that the center had no veterinarians on its staff, with surgical procedures done by workers without veterinary degrees or licenses; and that the Act contains an exemption for farm animals used in agricultural research, which exemption covers the USMARC's activities.
777:
Animal care seeks to educate the public and create a cooperative relationship with licensed and registered entities, the animal protection community, and other
Federal and State agencies. To accomplish this goal, Animal care conducts workshops regarding minimum care standards as outlined in the AWA.
679:
To imply a cause of action in these plaintiffs might entail serious consequences. It might open the use of animals in biomedical research to the hazards and vicissitudes of courtroom litigation. It may draw judges into the supervision and regulation of laboratory research. It might unleash a spate of
600:
Any dealer, carrier, exhibitor, handler, operator, or research facility that violates any provision of the AWA may be assessed a penalty of no more than $ 10,000 for each violation. Any person who knowingly fails to obey an order made by the
Secretary of Agriculture is subject to a civil penalty of $
542:
There is much debate as to the actual definition of an animal, but for the purpose of AWA, birds, rats, mice, horses, and other farm animals were excluded from its protection as initially legislated in 1966. The most commonly used animals in laboratories are rats and mice, and therefore they were not
360:
The Act was further amended in 1976 (Pub.L. 94–279) to further regulate animal treatment during transportation. Animals were to be kept in adequately sized traveling accommodations, and to be kept from fighting amongst one another. The definition of animal was broadened to rid the law of the possible
356:
In 1970, the Act was amended (Pub.L. 91–579) to include all warm-blooded animals used in testing, experimentation, exhibition, as pets or sold as pets. Certain cases could be exempted from such definitions unless they used live animal in substantial numbers. Fines were increased for those interfering
533:
Research facilities are those that use animals for teaching, experimentation, surgery, or testing purposes. Research facilities must be registered, and include state and local government-run research laboratories, universities, and colleges, diagnostic laboratories, and pharmaceutical firms. Federal
458:
If any facility does not meet federal standards when they apply for a license or registration, they can receive up to three inspections within a period 90 days to correct any problems. The licenses are not issued until all problems are corrected. The facilities have to wait for a minimum of 6 months
403:
In 2007, The Animal
Fighting Prohibition Reinforcement Act amended section 26 of the Animal Welfare Act (Pub.L. 110–22). Its purpose was to strengthen prohibitions against animal fighting, and under the provisions of the AWA it made animal fighting a felony with punishment of up to 3 years in prison
301:
magazine published an article documenting the housing conditions at animal dealer facilities. The article, titled "Concentration Camp for Dogs", featured pictures of skeletal dogs and described the neglectful conditions that the investigative journalists and
Maryland State Police found at a Maryland
579:
APHIS's Animal Care (AC) program oversees the AWA, which includes about 10,300 facilities. These AC officials make unannounced facility inspections to ensure they are in compliance with regulations, and to identify unregistered facilities. They make such inspections or investigations of any dealer,
238:
As enacted in 1966, the AWA required all animal dealers to be registered and licensed as well as liable to monitoring by Federal regulators and suspension of their license if they violate any provisions of the Animal Welfare Act and imprisonment of up to a year accompanied by a fine of $ 1,000. As
189:
that regulates the treatment of animals in research and exhibition. Other laws, policies, and guidelines may include additional species coverage or specifications for animal care and use, but all refer to the Animal Welfare Act (otherwise known as the "AWA") as the minimally acceptable standard for
631:
In 2011, the Dollarhite family of Nixa, Missouri, were fined $ 90,643 for selling several thousand dollars worth of rabbits without a license, which is required of people selling more than $ 500 worth of rabbits sold as pets. The USDA has increased enforcement of the law in recent years, targeting
293:
introduced H.R. 9743 into the House of Representatives, a bill that would require dog and cat dealers, as well as the laboratories that purchased the animals to be licensed and inspected by the USDA. A hearing was held on September 30, 1965, and similar legislation was sponsored in the Senate. The
454:
Federal animal care standards mainly cover humane handling, housing, space, feeding, sanitation, shelter from extremes of weather, adequate veterinary care, transportation, and handling in transit. The same standards of animal care apply to all registered and licensed businesses. To make sure the
516:
A person with a commercial business that moves animals from one location to another is considered a transporter under the AWA. Animal transporters must be registered, including general carriers such as trucking companies, airlines, and railroads. Businesses that contract to transport animals for
379:
was amended by adding SEC. 2503, Protection of Pets (Pub.L. 101–624). This section established a holding period for cats and dogs of not less than 5 days at a holding facility of the dealer, so that the animal could be adopted or recovered by their original owner before it is sold. The provision
786:
Many animal welfare groups and animal activists support strengthening and further enforcement of the act. The act is often criticized for its exclusions of rats and mice, which are the most widely used laboratory animals. Although the act was amended to include all warmblooded animals in 1970,
773:
The USDA enforces the AWA and conducts regular inspections. Animal care will perform inspections in response to public concerns for the conditions of regulated facilities. They encourage individuals to report unregulated facilities that may require licenses or registration. Many state and local
479:
Animal dealers are people who sell animals bred at their facility. Examples of dealers include pet and laboratory animal breeders and brokers, auction operators, and everyone who sells exotic or wild animals, or dead animals or their parts. They must be licensed under class "A" or "B". Class A
756:
was given as a pet when he lived there during the 1930s. Following a complaint by a museum visitor, the USDA visited the museum and in October 2003, determined that the Museum was an animal exhibitor subject to regulation under the AWA because the Museum exhibited the cats for the cost of an
596:
has any reason to suspect that any licensed dealer, carrier, or operator violates any provision of the AWA, then their license may be suspended temporarily, but not to exceed 21 days, until a hearing is held. After the hearing, the license may be revoked if the violation is determined to have
462:
Under the Animal Welfare Act, exhibitors and animal dealers must obtain a license, for which an annual fee is charged. APHIS does not issue a license until it inspects the facility and finds it to be in compliance with its regulations. Research facilities and animal transporters do not need a
305:
There was increasing evidence that dogs and cats kept as pets were being stolen by dealers, taken across states lines, and resold to research institutions for scientific experimentation. Many sportsmen supported national legislation because it was their hunting dogs that often went missing.
670:
was conducting research on monkeys for neuroplasticity purposes at that center. While Alex spent time at the research center, he noticed the inhumane treatment of the monkeys under the AWA and reported it to the police. He filed suit against Edward Taub, who was researching afferent
404:
under Title 18 of the U.S Code( Crimes and Criminal Procedure). The act also made it a felony to trade, have knives, gaffs or other objects that aided in use of animal fighting. Also, these provisions were designed to close the loopholes from the 2002 amendments.
686:] science in the alleviation of human suffering. To risk consequences of this magnitude in the absence of clear direction from the Congress would be ill-advised. In fact, we are persuaded that Congress intended that the independence of medical [
1231:"Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990: To Extend and Revise Agricultural Price Support and Related Programs, to Provide for Agricultural Export, Resource Conservation, Farm Credit, and Agricultural Research and Related Programs, to Ensure"
787:
birds, mice, and rats were subsequently excluded in 2002. Some, however, feel that additional animals that are not warmblooded, should be included in the act's protection. Some members of Congress have supported additional funding for enforcing the act.
1079:"An Act to Authorize the Secretary of Agriculture to Regulate the Transportation, Sale, and Handling of Dogs, Cats, and Certain Other Animals Intended to Be Used for Purposes of Research and Experimentation, and for Other Purposes : 89-544"
313:(public Law 91-929) was passed in 1970 and protected horses against various damaging practices designed to produce aesthetically appealing horses, for example, "soring" the ankles to produce a high-stepping gait. Marine mammals as a class (
416:
an owner of a common, domesticated household pet who derives less than a substantial portion of income from a nonprimary source (as determined by the Secretary) for exhibiting an animal that exclusively resides at the residence of the pet
1568:
337:(Public Law 93-205), which made illegal the purchase, sale, or transportation in interstate or foreign commerce any species found to be endangered, and also closely regulated commerce in any species threatened with extinction.
387:
amended the Animal Welfare Act of 1966 by changing the definition of animal (Pub.L. 107–171). Section 2 of the Animal Welfare Act (7 U.S.C. 2132) was amended by changing exclusions specifically to birds, rats of the genus
1869:
1175:"An Act to Amend the Act of August 24, 1966, as Amended, to Increase the Protection Afforded Animals in Transit and to Assure Humane Treatment of Certain Animals, and for Other Purposes : Public Law 94-279"
712:
1705:
Krinke, George J. (June 15, 2000). "History, Strains and Models". The Laboratory Rat (Handbook of Experimental Animals). Gillian R. Bullock (series ed.), Tracie bunton (series ed.). Academic Press. pp. 3–16.
198:
oversee the AWA and the House and Senate Agriculture Committees have primary legislative jurisdiction over the Act. Animals covered under this Act include any live or dead cat, dog, hamster, rabbit, nonhuman
1491:
1257:
546:
Certain conditions are also excluded from coverage by AWA. Animals that are killed prior to usage, such as frogs used in a biology class, are also not included, so long as they are killed humanely.
48:
Animal Welfare Act of 1966 intended to regulate the transport, sale and handling of dogs, cats, guinea pigs, nonhuman primates, hamsters and rabbits intended to use for research or other purposes.
1572:
289:. It was later discovered that Pepper had been stolen by "dog-nappers", was bought by a Bronx hospital, and had died during an experimental surgical procedure. On July 9, 1965, Representative
255:. It established a central governing body that reviewed and approved all animal use in research. After that, numerous countries in Europe adopted regulations regarding research with animals.
639:
had improperly transported over a thousand monkeys without federal permission in insecure crates. The airline was forced to pay $ 26,038 worth of fines after over a dozen of them died.
1661:
1623:
762:
1149:"An Act to Amend the Act of August 24, 1966 Relating to the Care of Certain Animals Used for Purposes of Research, Experimentation, or Held for Sale as Pets : Public Law 91-579"
376:
1644:
790:
There have been numerous sanctions taken against individuals and agencies that have been found in violation. A database of violations, reports, and sanctions on behalf of the
459:
before reapplying for a license if they do not pass inspection within the 90-day period. Legal action results if the facility operates a regulated business without a license.
446:) determines whether the business should be licensed, registered, or both. Business owners are responsible for knowing about registration and licensing requirements.
1548:
1287:
949:
384:
1593:
1495:
1265:
488:
An exhibitor is a business or a person that displays animals to the public. Exhibitors must be licensed by APHIS under Class C licenses. Exhibitors include
302:
dog dealer's farm. As a result of these articles, the public lobbied Congress to pass a Federal law that would institute animal housing and care standards.
881:
282:
1692:
737:
408:
350:
258:
Although Congress discussed laboratory animal welfare in the early 1960s, there was not enough interest to pass legislation until articles published by
919:
1395:
1477:
400:, making it a misdemeanor to ship, exhibit, or sponsor birds for fighting purposes. Penalties under this section could result in a fine of $ 15000.
1827:
817:
791:
346:
1362:
708:
593:
1426:
1780:
1668:
837:
273:
The first article, written by Coles Phinizy, appeared in the November 29, 1965, issue of Sports Illustrated. The piece detailed the story of
1859:
330:
628:
kennel which treated dogs inhumanely, violating the Act. The owners of the kennel were fined over $ 200,000 as the result of a USDA suit.
1041:
Stevens, C. (1990). Laboratory Animal Welfare. In: Animals and Their Legal Rights, Animal Welfare Institute: Washington, D.C., p. 66-111.
1723:
455:
regulation and standards are followed, APHIS field inspectors make periodic unannounced visits to all locations where animals are held.
1616:
1711:
604:
Any dealer, exhibitor, carrier, handler, auction operator, or research facility may seek a review of an order within 60 days at the
1008:
1804:
563:
252:
1795:
584:
orders, suspensions, confiscation of animals and loss of licensing. There are also penalties for interfering with inspections.
534:
facilities, elementary and secondary schools, and agricultural research institutions are among those exempt from registration.
98:
605:
1727:
1200:
1363:"Licensing and Registration Under the Animal Welfare Act Guidelines for Dealers, Exhibitors, Transporters, and Researchers"
1032:
Brown, Congressman G.E. (1997). 30 Years of the Animal Welfare Act. Animal Welfare Information Center Bulletin 8: 1-2, 23.
1823:
1301:
310:
1739:
795:
719:, 204 F.3d 229 (2001), in which the Court rejected Jurnove's argument and upheld the validity of the USDA regulations.
1864:
1452:
248:
70:
1052:
927:
169:
207:
animal determined by the Secretary of Agriculture for research, pet use or exhibition. Excluded from the Act are
625:
365:
37:
888:
842:
812:
1135:
1262:
Public Law 101-624, Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990, Section 2503 - Protection of Pets
1512:
1508:
807:
663:
659:
636:
345:
The Act was amended eight times (1970, 1976, 1985, 1990, 2002, 2007, 2008, and 2013) and is enforced by the
1403:
741:
731:
334:
1617:"Case: 11-14217: 907 Whitehead Street, Inc. vs U.S. Secretary of Agriculture and Dr. Chester A. Gipson"
426:
Legislative and regulatory documents tracing the history of the Animal Welfare Act can be found on the
361:
interpretation that dogs used for hunting, security, and breeding were not included in its protection.
1369:
758:
847:
1009:"Legislative History of the Animal Welfare Act - Introduction: Animal Welfare Information Center"
558:
414:
In 2013, "An Act to Amend the Animal Welfare Act to Modify the Definition of 'Exhibitor'," added
260:
115:
1776:
1707:
1686:
1638:
1281:
943:
692:] research be respected and that administrative enforcement govern the Animal Welfare Act.
290:
182:
138:
1105:
475:
Dealers that breed animals for sale to pet stores must be in compliance with AWA regulations.
17:
1528:"International Primate Protection League v. Institute for Behavioral Research, 799 F.2d 934"
753:
715:
ruled that he had standing to sue. The merits of the case were determined by a later case:
581:
1527:
525:
372:, to assist researchers in searching scientific literature for alternatives to animal use.
704:
501:
397:
278:
266:
224:
216:
1012:
973:
1786:
761:
sufficient to merit federal regulation. As of December 2012, the case had reached the
504:. The law and regulations exempt agricultural shows and fairs, horse shows, pet shows,
1853:
505:
186:
1819:
553:
286:
274:
204:
178:
1230:
1208:
1174:
1148:
1078:
549:
Facilities that do not receive Federal funding were also not covered by the Act.
667:
294:(Laboratory) Animal Welfare Act of 1966 was signed into law on August 24, 1966.
1322:
An Act to Amend the Animal Welfare Act to Modify the Definition of "Exhibitor."
703:
In 1998, a court case was argued on behalf of the Animal Legal Defense Fund v.
529:
Humane care and treatment of research animals are important aspects of the AWA.
1492:"USDA fines Missouri family $ 90k for selling a few rabbits without a license"
745:
326:
1844:
1747:
1832:
649:
International Primate Protection League v. Institute for Behavioral Research
232:
228:
562:
published an exposé on the alleged mistreatment of research animals at the
1511:
charged with violations of the Animal Welfare Act of 1966. Retrieved from
749:
471:
1806:
Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science: Essential principles and practices
1361:
USDA - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) (August 2005).
981:. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. NTIS order #PB86-183134
497:
322:
318:
1746:. United States Department of Agriculture. 29 April 2010. Archived from
924:
United States Department of Agriculture - National Agricultural Library
672:
200:
53:
1106:"Pets for sale cheap—no questions asked: Concentration camps for dogs"
736:(USDA), the plaintiff challenged the jurisdiction of the USDA and its
680:
private lawsuits that would impede advances made by medical [
396:
to use in research. Additionally, this law expanded the regulation of
1321:
493:
920:"Public Law 107-171--Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002"
1333:
427:
1453:"CHAPTER 54—TRANSPORTATION, SALE, AND HANDLING OF CERTAIN ANIMALS"
524:
470:
443:
314:
195:
1302:"Public Law 110-246 - Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008"
1838:
972:
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (February 1986).
655:
439:
369:
329:), for the most part, found protection under the passage of the
247:
Worldwide, the first law to regulate animal experimentation was
208:
191:
154:
P.L. 91-579, P.L. 94-279, P.L. 91-579, P.L. 99-198, P.L. 107-171
975:
Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing, and Education
688:
682:
617:
489:
1427:"U.S. Research Lab Lets Livestock Suffer in Quest for Profit"
882:"The Animal Welfare Act: Background and Selected Legislation"
517:
compensation are considered dealers and must have licenses.
1626:. 7 December 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19
724:
907 Whitehead Street, Inc. v. U.S. Secretary of Agriculture
270:
in 1965 and 1966, respectively, generated a public outcry.
1870:
Animal welfare and rights legislation in the United States
1402:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
1368:. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) p. Archived from
1264:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
926:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
744:
as an animal exhibitor. The museum is home to dozens of
492:, educational displays or exhibits, marine mammal shows,
763:
United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
185:
on August 24, 1966. It is the main federal law in the
377:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
1571:. Strokeassociation.org. 2012-04-18. Archived from
774:governments have animal welfare laws of their own.
148:
125:
114:
109:
97:
89:
84:
76:
65:
52:
44:
1549:"animal welfare act 1966 primate - Google Scholar"
796:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service website
170:
1522:
1520:
632:magicians who perform magic tricks with rabbits.
1797:Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare
1643:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
887:. Congressional Research Service. Archived from
1611:
1609:
1334:"Animal Welfare Act History Digital Collection"
1201:"Food Security Act of 1985. Part 2 Public Laws"
765:, which upheld earlier district court rulings.
1744:The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
1136:Animal Welfare, Animal Rights, and Agriculture
624:documents an undercover operation targeting a
353:(Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service).
281:, a dog that disappeared from the yard of the
1835:from the National Agricultural Library (U.S.)
1833:Animal Welfare Act History Digital Collection
1594:"animal welfare act of 1966 - Google Scholar"
1235:Animal Welfare Act History Digital Collection
1205:Animal Welfare Act History Digital Collection
1179:Animal Welfare Act History Digital Collection
1153:Animal Welfare Act History Digital Collection
1083:Animal Welfare Act History Digital Collection
918:107th Congress, H.R. 2646 (23 January 2002).
428:Animal Welfare Act History Digital Collection
8:
1773:Filling the Ark: Animal Welfare in Disasters
463:license, but must be registered with APHIS.
30:
1286:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1138:, American Society 68, no. 3456–3461 (1990)
948:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1624:U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit
738:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
409:Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
1775:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1356:
1354:
713:U.S. Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit Court
1656:
1654:
1828:United States Department of Agriculture
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
828:
818:The Humane Society of the United States
792:United States Department of Agriculture
1841:, National Agricultural Library (USDA)
1691:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1684:
1636:
1279:
941:
913:
911:
909:
662:, volunteered at a research center in
385:Farm Security and Rural Investment Act
29:
1569:"Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy"
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
717:Animal Legal Defense Fund v. Glickman
698:Animal Legal Defense Fund v. Glickman
383:In 2002, Title X, Subtitle D, of the
166:Laboratory Animal Welfare Act of 1966
7:
349:through the Animal Care division of
1800:, vol. 1, 2nd ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2010).
1513:China Southern Airlines#Controversy
1258:"PUBLIC LAW 101-624--NOV. 28, 1990"
1256:101ST CONGRESS (28 November 1990).
1207:. December 20, 1985. Archived from
1007:Animal Welfare Information Center.
438:The U.S Department of Agriculture (
181:) was signed into law by President
1425:Moss, Michael (January 19, 2015).
880:Tadlock Cowan (9 September 2010).
175:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
25:
1839:Animal Welfare Information Center
450:Businesses and activities covered
370:Animal Welfare Information Center
1803:Jann Hau and G. L. Van Hoosier,
1457:United States Code, 2009 Edition
742:Ernest Hemingway Home and Museum
734:vs U.S. Secretary of Agriculture
654:In 1981, a graduate student and
564:U.S. Meat Animal Research Center
253:Parliament of the United Kingdom
36:
1304:. awic.nal.usda.gov. 2008-06-18
1104:Wyman, Stan (4 February 1966).
190:animal treatment and care. The
1011:. Nal.usda.gov. Archived from
606:United States Court of Appeals
575:Investigations and inspections
1:
1728:"Animal Welfare Enforcement."
1494:. 24 May 2011. Archived from
1338:National Agricultural Library
1051:Daniel Engber (1 June 2009).
838:"Spotlight on Animal Welfare"
635:In 2013, the USDA found that
18:Laboratory Animal Welfare Act
1791:(White Lotus Co. Ltd, 1997).
836:Pritt, Stacy (20 May 2015).
331:Marine Mammal Protection Act
203:, guinea pig, and any other
1860:89th United States Congress
794:(USDA) can be found on the
364:The Act was amended in the
249:Cruelty to Animals Act 1876
71:89th United States Congress
1886:
1824:Animal Welfare Regulations
1396:"Home > Animal Welfare"
989:– via princeton.edu.
732:907 Whitehead Street, Inc.
434:Licensing and registration
31:Animal Welfare Act of 1966
1059:. Washington Post Company
366:Food Security Act of 1985
153:
130:
35:
1459:. United States Congress
813:Animal Welfare Institute
729:In 2012, in the case of
709:Secretary of Agriculture
601:1,500 for each offense.
594:Secretary of Agriculture
392:, and mice of the genus
1509:China Southern Airlines
1394:Staff (22 March 2010).
858:– via alnmag.com.
808:Animal Welfare Act 2006
664:Silver Spring, Maryland
637:China Southern Airlines
121:7 U.S.C. § 2131 et seq.
1771:Irvine, Leslie. 2009.
694:
530:
476:
335:Endangered Species Act
677:
528:
474:
219:), mice of the genus
1211:on November 26, 2020
894:on 27 September 2013
311:Horse Protection Act
283:Lakavage family home
211:, rats of the genus
1155:. December 24, 1970
782:Proposed amendments
759:interstate commerce
521:Research facilities
126:Legislative history
32:
1865:Cruelty to animals
1820:Animal Welfare Act
1431:The New York Times
1237:. October 28, 1990
559:The New York Times
531:
477:
261:Sports Illustrated
162:Animal Welfare Act
141:on August 24, 1966
1781:978-1-59213-834-0
1726:(March 3, 2012),
1085:. August 24, 1966
1053:"Where's Pepper?"
423:in section 2(h).
291:Joseph Y. Resnick
183:Lyndon B. Johnson
158:
157:
139:Lyndon B. Johnson
100:Statutes at Large
16:(Redirected from
1877:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1740:"Animal Welfare"
1736:
1730:
1721:
1715:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1667:. Archived from
1666:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1330:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1181:. April 22, 1976
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1004:
991:
990:
988:
986:
980:
969:
954:
953:
947:
939:
937:
935:
915:
904:
903:
901:
899:
893:
886:
877:
860:
859:
857:
855:
833:
769:Public relations
754:Ernest Hemingway
740:to regulate the
582:cease and desist
552:In January 2015
251:, passed by the
176:
172:
149:Major amendments
118:sections created
101:
58:
40:
33:
27:U.S. federal law
21:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1850:
1849:
1816:
1768:
1766:Further reading
1763:
1753:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1722:
1718:
1704:
1700:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1662:"Archived copy"
1660:
1659:
1652:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1507:
1503:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1406:on 14 June 2012
1393:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1375:on 16 June 2012
1372:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1006:
1005:
994:
984:
982:
978:
971:
970:
957:
940:
933:
931:
917:
916:
907:
897:
895:
891:
884:
879:
878:
863:
853:
851:
835:
834:
830:
826:
804:
784:
771:
727:
705:Daniel Glickman
701:
666:. At the time,
652:
645:
614:
590:
577:
572:
540:
523:
514:
486:
469:
452:
436:
398:animal fighting
343:
245:
225:laboratory mice
217:laboratory rats
174:
144:
135:Signed into law
99:
80:August 24, 1966
66:Enacted by
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:grants.nih.gov
1842:
1836:
1830:
1815:
1814:External links
1812:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1794:Bekoff, Marc,
1792:
1783:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1750:on 1 July 2012
1731:
1716:
1698:
1650:
1605:
1585:
1560:
1540:
1516:
1501:
1498:on 2011-05-28.
1483:
1479:New York Times
1470:
1451:Staff (2009).
1436:
1417:
1386:
1350:
1325:
1314:
1293:
1268:on 3 June 2013
1248:
1222:
1192:
1166:
1140:
1134:B. E. Rollin,
1127:
1096:
1070:
1043:
1034:
1025:
992:
955:
930:on 7 July 2012
905:
861:
850:on 24 May 2015
846:Archived from
827:
825:
822:
821:
820:
815:
810:
803:
800:
783:
780:
770:
767:
752:of a cat that
726:
721:
700:
695:
651:
646:
644:
641:
613:
610:
589:
586:
576:
573:
571:
568:
539:
536:
522:
519:
513:
510:
506:game preserves
485:
482:
468:
467:Animal dealers
465:
451:
448:
435:
432:
342:
339:
244:
241:
156:
155:
151:
150:
146:
145:
143:
142:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
112:
111:
107:
106:
103:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
67:
63:
62:
59:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1882:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1712:0-12-426400-X
1709:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1674:on 2012-05-14
1670:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1625:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1575:on 2016-11-07
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1115:
1111:
1110:Life Magazine
1107:
1100:
1097:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1015:on 2013-03-02
1014:
1010:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
977:
976:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
956:
951:
945:
929:
925:
921:
914:
912:
910:
906:
890:
883:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
862:
849:
845:
844:
839:
832:
829:
823:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
801:
799:
797:
793:
788:
781:
779:
775:
768:
766:
764:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
733:
725:
722:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
699:
696:
693:
691:
690:
685:
684:
676:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
647:
642:
640:
638:
633:
629:
627:
623:
619:
611:
609:
607:
602:
598:
595:
587:
585:
583:
574:
569:
567:
565:
561:
560:
555:
550:
547:
544:
537:
535:
527:
520:
518:
511:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
483:
481:
473:
466:
464:
460:
456:
449:
447:
445:
441:
433:
431:
429:
424:
422:
418:
412:
410:
407:In 2008, the
405:
401:
399:
395:
391:
386:
381:
378:
375:In 1990, The
373:
371:
367:
362:
358:
354:
352:
348:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
303:
300:
295:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
268:
263:
262:
256:
254:
250:
242:
240:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
193:
188:
187:United States
184:
180:
173:
167:
163:
152:
147:
140:
137:by President
136:
133:
132:
129:
124:
120:
117:
113:
108:
104:
102:
96:
92:
88:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1772:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:the original
1743:
1734:
1719:
1701:
1676:. Retrieved
1669:the original
1628:. Retrieved
1597:. Retrieved
1588:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:the original
1563:
1552:. Retrieved
1543:
1532:. Retrieved
1504:
1496:the original
1486:
1478:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1456:
1430:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:the original
1399:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1370:the original
1343:November 18,
1341:. Retrieved
1337:
1328:
1317:
1306:. Retrieved
1296:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:the original
1261:
1251:
1241:November 18,
1239:. Retrieved
1234:
1225:
1215:November 18,
1213:. Retrieved
1209:the original
1204:
1195:
1185:November 18,
1183:. Retrieved
1178:
1169:
1159:November 18,
1157:. Retrieved
1152:
1143:
1130:
1120:27 September
1118:. Retrieved
1113:
1109:
1099:
1089:November 18,
1087:. Retrieved
1082:
1073:
1061:. Retrieved
1056:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1017:. Retrieved
1013:the original
983:. Retrieved
974:
932:. Retrieved
928:the original
923:
896:. Retrieved
889:the original
852:. Retrieved
848:the original
841:
831:
789:
785:
776:
772:
730:
728:
723:
716:
702:
697:
687:
681:
678:
660:Alex Pacheco
653:
648:
634:
630:
622:Dealing Dogs
621:
615:
603:
599:
591:
578:
557:
554:Michael Moss
551:
548:
545:
541:
532:
515:
512:Transporters
487:
478:
461:
457:
453:
437:
425:
420:
415:
413:
406:
402:
393:
389:
382:
374:
363:
359:
355:
344:
308:
304:
298:
296:
287:Pennsylvania
272:
265:
259:
257:
246:
237:
233:cold-blooded
229:farm animals
220:
212:
205:warm-blooded
165:
161:
159:
134:
110:Codification
105:80 Stat. 350
57:(colloquial)
1788:Lethal Laws
1785:Alix Fano,
1724:Chris Smith
668:Edward Taub
643:Court cases
570:Enforcement
502:animal acts
327:polar bears
93:P.L. 89-544
1854:Categories
1678:2012-04-26
1630:2012-12-17
1599:2012-06-08
1579:2012-06-08
1554:2012-06-08
1534:2012-06-08
1308:2012-06-08
1019:2012-06-08
824:References
748:cats, the
746:polydactyl
707:(then the
597:occurred.
588:Violations
538:Exclusions
484:Exhibitors
341:Amendments
231:, and all
90:Public law
45:Long title
1826:from the
1530:. Apa.org
626:"Class B"
616:The 2006
612:Incidents
498:carnivals
319:porpoises
297:In 1966,
279:Dalmatian
235:animals.
85:Citations
77:Effective
1687:cite web
1639:cite web
1282:cite web
944:cite web
843:ALN Mag.
802:See also
658:member,
494:circuses
54:Acronyms
1116:(5): 22
750:progeny
673:ganglia
592:If the
421:stores,
243:History
201:primate
171:Pub. L.
1779:
1754:1 July
1710:
1463:1 July
1410:2 June
1379:2 June
1272:1 July
1063:1 July
985:1 June
934:1 July
898:1 June
854:21 May
500:, and
419:after
417:owner,
390:Rattus
325:, and
315:whales
275:Pepper
213:Rattus
179:89–544
177:
116:U.S.C.
1672:(PDF)
1665:(PDF)
1620:(PDF)
1373:(PDF)
1366:(PDF)
1057:Slate
979:(PDF)
892:(PDF)
885:(PDF)
620:film
444:APHIS
351:APHIS
323:seals
209:birds
196:APHIS
1822:and
1777:ISBN
1756:2012
1708:ISBN
1693:link
1645:link
1465:2012
1412:2012
1400:USDA
1381:2012
1345:2020
1288:link
1274:2012
1243:2020
1217:2020
1187:2020
1161:2020
1122:2015
1091:2020
1065:2012
987:2012
950:link
936:2012
900:2012
856:2015
656:PETA
490:zoos
440:USDA
347:USDA
309:The
299:Life
277:the
267:Life
264:and
194:and
192:USDA
160:The
69:the
689:sic
683:sic
618:HBO
556:of
394:Mus
285:in
227:),
221:Mus
61:AWA
1856::
1742:.
1689:}}
1685:{{
1653:^
1641:}}
1637:{{
1622:.
1608:^
1519:^
1455:.
1439:^
1429:.
1398:.
1353:^
1336:.
1284:}}
1280:{{
1260:.
1233:.
1203:.
1177:.
1151:.
1114:60
1112:.
1108:.
1081:.
1055:.
995:^
958:^
946:}}
942:{{
922:.
908:^
864:^
840:.
798:.
608:.
496:,
430:.
321:,
317:,
168:,
1809:.
1758:.
1714:.
1695:)
1681:.
1647:)
1633:.
1602:.
1582:.
1557:.
1537:.
1467:.
1433:.
1414:.
1383:.
1347:.
1311:.
1290:)
1276:.
1245:.
1219:.
1189:.
1163:.
1124:.
1093:.
1067:.
1022:.
952:)
938:.
902:.
223:(
215:(
164:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
