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Snowfall provides the water for the lake, with the average precipitation measured at 118 millimetres (4.6 in) between 2002–2007. According to estimates in 1955, slightly more than half of the lake water leaves the lake through seepage and the rest through evaporation. It is possible in the past
415:, 85 metres (280 ft) long at discovery. In 2002, the lake covered a surface area of 7,000 square metres (75,000 sq ft). The lake is maximally 5.2 metres (17 ft) deep, although it varied considerably between 1990–2010. It lies at an altitude of 5,900 metres (19,300 ft). Its
438:
Water temperatures range from 1.4 to 4.3 °C (34.5 to 39.7 °F). Water temperatures are highest at the shore and decrease towards the centre of the lake. The lake is sometimes covered with ice, contrasting with other crater lakes in the region which were usually frozen. Currently, an ice
525:
Air temperatures at
Licancabur Lake range from 5 to −25 °C (41 to −13 °F) during the daytime and −25 to −45 °C (−13 to −49 °F) at night. The air pressure is less than half that at sea level. Water temperatures at the lake bottom are almost always below 0 °C (32 °F)
331:
of
Bolivia and Chile can be found at high altitude, some close to or exceeding 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). Such lakes often are poor in nutrients and exposed to strong ultraviolet radiation, partly due to high insolation and partly because their waters tend to be transparent to ultraviolet
671:
Cyanobacterial genomic sequences resemble these of geothermal and cold environments. Most genomic sequences isolated in
Licancabur lake have less than 95% similarity to cultured species, with about 37% of all cyanobacteria observed being new species.
1525:
Scheihing, Rodrigo; Cardenas, Leyla; Nespolo, Roberto F.; Krall, Paola; Walz, Katherina; Kohshima, Shiro; Labarca, Pedro (20 November 2009). "Morphological and molecular analysis of centropagids from the high Andean plateau (Copepoda: Calanoidea)".
1269:
Hock, A. N.; Cabrol, N. A.; Grin, E. A.; Fike, D. A.; Paige, D. A. (2003-04-01). "Hydrothermal circulation at the world's highest lake? An environmental study of the
Licancabur Volcano crater lake as a terrestrial analog to martian paleolakes".
403:
of
Licancabur, at a depth of 46 metres (150 ft) beneath the crater rim. Little dissolved material renders its waters clear. It is one of the highest lakes in the world and one of the highest volcanic lakes; another Andean volcanic lake,
439:
cover exists from April to
September; it can reach a thickness of 80 centimetres (31 in). Furthermore, night frosts can generate a thin ice cover that thaws in the morning. The water is clear and the bottom visible.
968:
Mundt, C.W.; Montgomery, K.N.; Udoh, U.E.; Barker, V.N.; Thonier, G.C.; Tellier, A.M.; Ricks, R.D.; Darling, R.B.; Cagle, Y.D.; Cabrol, N.A.; Ruoss, S.J.; Swain, J.L.; Hines, J.W.; Kovacs, G.T.A. (September 2005).
431:
that the lake overflowed its southwestern rim through a channel there, when the climate was wetter and water depth reached 40 metres (130 ft). This would explain the lack of salt deposits. There are also past
1652:
1616:; Lim, Darlene; Woosley, Clayton; Morris, Robert L.; Tambley, Cristian; Gaete, Victor; Galvez, Matthieu E.; Smith, Eric; Uskin-Peate, Ingrid; Salazar, Carlos; Dawidowicz, G.; Majerowicz, J. (June 2009).
766:, two species of copepods, and three species of cladocerans were reported in 2009. The larva of the chironomid midge is also the highest find of a chironomid midge, surpassing Tibetan specimens.
529:
Most precipitation falls during the so-called "Altiplanic winter" in summer, but winter storms also bring some water to the
Licancabur region. The region experiences a high insolation with
1821:
498:
liquids into the lake, and degassing was observed in 2006, linked with higher water temperatures in the area of the degassing in the northeastern part of the lake. During 2002-2006,
276:
of
Licancabur and was discovered by climbers in 1953, when it was 85 metres (280 ft) long. While the waterbody may have overflowed in the past, presently it is only drained by
450:
10 lb/cu in). The original discoverers of
Licancabur Lake considered it to have a low salt content, given that typical salt deposits were missing. The high quantities of
379:
people and climbing it is discouraged. Nevertheless, stone buildings were found by climbers on the crater rim in 1953. Contemporary legend has it that a golden
419:
covers a surface area of 22,000 square metres (240,000 sq ft) and was probably larger before the crater began to erode. The shore is formed by sand,
98:
1890:
Burton, Kathleen, "NASA SCIENTISTS TO STUDY LAKE'S PRIMITIVE LIFE TO LEARN ABOUT MARS." Oct. 22, 2003, NASA Ames
Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
1612:; Minkley, Edwin; Hock, Andrew N.; Yu, Youngseob; Bebout, Leslie; Fleming, Erich; Häder, Donat P.; Demergasso, Cecilia; Gibson, John; Escudero, Lorena;
526:
although one measurement in 1984 indicated a temperature of 6 °C (43 °F). Such warming may be caused by geothermal heat from the volcano.
1711:; Grin, Edmond; Minkley, Edwin Jr.; Yu, Yeoungeob (2007-09-13). Hoover, Richard B; Levin, Gilbert V; Rozanov, Alexei Y; Davies, Paul C. W (eds.).
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1937:
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Demergasso, Cecilia; Dorador, Cristina; Meneses, Daniela; Blamey, Jenny; Cabrol, Nathalie; Escudero, Lorena; Chong, Guillermo (June 2010).
544:
influences the Licancabur area. The environment at Licancabur Lake, with low temperatures, precipitation and atmospheric pressure and high
1488:"The Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of six high altitude water bodies in the North Chilean Andes, with discussion of Andean endemism"
679:
were observed to form swarms in the lake; some in November 2006 were found at the lake surface and others hidden between rocks. Two
287:
The lake's waters are clear and slightly saline. Temperature readings recorded at the lake bottom in 2006 suggest it is subject to
634:
dominate the community of Licancabur Lake bacteria, something that has also been found in other lakes in similar environments in
54:
522:
and strong evaporation is prevalent. Shorelines around numerous lakes indicate that in the past, water levels were higher.
336:-poor. These and other environmental properties are similar to the conditions that had existed on Mars. At the end of the
1653:"Mitigation of environmental extremes as a possible indicator of extended habitat sustainability for lakes on early Mars"
810:"The Licancabur Project: Exploring the Limits of Life in the Highest Lake on Earth as an Analog to Martian Paleolakes"
1822:"On a New Species of Euglyphid Testate Amoeba, Scutiglypha cabrolae, from the Licancabur Caldera Lake, Central Andes"
1916:
284:. Lake levels are variable; in 2002 it covered a surface area of 7,000 square metres (75,000 sq ft).
642:. There are more bacterial species in the lake than archean ones. Cyanobacteria are mostly taxa which display
250:
1932:
1771:
1713:"Investigating microbial diversity and UV radiation impact at the high-altitude Lake Aguas Calientes, Chile"
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572:. Despite the high ultraviolet radiation, organisms can be found in the radiation-exposed parts of the
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metabolism. There are noticeable differences in the bacterial communities in shallow and deep waters.
1792:
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Diving at extreme altitude: dive planning and execution during the 2006 High Lakes Science Expedition
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548:, has been compared to that of ancient lakes on Mars, raising interest in its lifeforms. In 2002, a
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1808:
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619:
471:
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1432:"Characterization of cyanobacterial communities from high-elevation lakes in the Bolivian Andes"
971:"A Multiparameter Wearable Physiologic Monitoring System for Space and Terrestrial Applications"
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1655:. In Hoover, Richard B.; Levin, Gilbert V.; Rozanov, Alexei Y.; Davies, Paul C. W. (eds.).
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Reinhard, Johan, "Sacred Mountains: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of High Andean Ruins."
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was placed on the shores of the lake to record weather and ultraviolet radiation data.
164:
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1926:
1883:
Barón, Ana Maria and Johan Reinhard, "Expedición Arqueológica al Volcán Licancabur."
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604:
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273:
269:
1676:"Prokaryotic diversity pattern in high-altitude ecosystems of the Chilean Altiplano"
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514:, strong insolation and strong temperature fluctuations. The entire region has been
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The lake was first discovered by climbers in 1953. The lake is at the bottom of the
41:
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615:
580:
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511:
1707:
Escudero, Lorena; Chong, Guillermo; Demergasso, Cecilia; Farías, María Eugenia;
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808:; Demergasso, C.; Kisse, K.; Grigorszky, I.; Ocampo Friedmann, R. (2003-03-01).
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1783:
Rudolph, William E. (1955-01-01). "Licancabur: Mountain of the Atacameños".
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in Licancabur Lake during 2006. The lake has been used as a testing ground.
1651:
Cabrol, Nathalie A.; Grin, Edmond A.; Hock, Andrew N. (13 September 2007).
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at the foot of Licancabur may be due to prolonged water-rock interactions.
1911:
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found in sediments of the lake increases with the depth of the sediments;
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1642:
1617:
1486:
Kotov, Alexey A.; Sinev, Artem Y.; Berrios, Viviana Lorena (2010-04-19).
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Licancabur Lake is exposed to extreme climatic conditions, including low
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356:
304:
1876:
Reinhard, Johan, "High-Altitude Archaeology and Andean Mountain Gods."
1774:: American Academy of Underwater Sciences. pp. 155–167 – via
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Animal species that have been identified in Licancabur Lake include the
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of high-altitude lakes like Licancabur Lake has been studied. A total
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622:. Overall, at such high lakes only a limited amount of bacterial
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10 lb/cu in) has been found in the lake. The amount of
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In 1981, archeologists discovered that Licancabur Lake hosts
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and the surrounding region. This volcano formed in the late
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species were originally discovered in Licancabur Lake. The
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are only present beneath 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in).
499:
1587:
Cabrol, Nathalie A.; Grin, Edmond A. (15 September 2010).
975:
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
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in the waters of the lake compared to the quantities in
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indicating past depths of 10–12 metres (33–39 ft).
332:
radiation. Further, the atmosphere at such altitudes is
291:. The local climate is arid, cold and subject to strong
1885:
Revista de Corporación para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia
1430:
Fleming, Erich D.; Prufert-Bebout, Leslie (June 2010).
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American Academy of Underwater Sciences 26th Symposium
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Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology X
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Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology X
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in the region. Licancabur Lake is located inside the
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695:species identified at Licancabur are widespread in
579:Owing to the extreme environmental conditions, the
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261:and also very close to the border of Chile with
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1680:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
1622:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
1436:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
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841:
363:, and is potentially active. Two other lakes,
159:22,000 square metres (240,000 sq ft)
1862:Brush, Charles, "The Licancabur Expedition."
1762:Morris, R.; Berthold, R.; Cabrol, N. (2007).
8:
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804:; Grin, E. A.; McKay, C. P.; Friedmann, I.;
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395:Licancabur Lake in 2012, viewed from the rim
351:Licancabur Lake is located on Licancabur, a
1274:. 2002 Licancabur Expedition Team: 13586.
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355:whose cone dominates the Bolivian-Chilean
344:has studied several such lakes, including
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564:Lake in 2012, viewed from the lake shore
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268:The lake is among several high altitude
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742:to the lake, the cladoceran crustacean
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1608:Cabrol, Nathalie A.; Grin, Edmond A.;
408:, is even higher but is poorly known.
192:0.007 km (0.0027 sq mi)
7:
1661:. Vol. 6694. pp. 335–346.
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906:Glausiusz, Josie (5 December 2019).
893:
607:have been found on the lake bottom.
446:content is 1.2 grams per litre (4.3
340:, the Andes became much drier. The
1215:Morris, Berthold & Cabrol 2007
1167:Morris, Berthold & Cabrol 2007
956:Morris, Berthold & Cabrol 2007
664:. Other organisms are involved in
208:5–6 m (16–20 ft) approx.
25:
1871:Mountain Research and Development
1820:SMET, Willem H. DE (2009-04-30).
817:Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIV
587:of 2.44 milligrams per litre (8.8
502:values of 8-4-6.9 were measured.
383:head can be found in the crater.
1910:
537:of organisms. Occasionally, the
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1272:EGS – AGU – EUG Joint Assembly
726:, alternatively identified as
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411:The lake has the shape of an
216:5,900 m (19,400 ft)
78:
1571:Cabrol, Grin & Hock 2007
842:Cabrol, Grin & Hock 2007
303:. Despite these conditions,
1938:Lakes of Antofagasta Region
610:Typical bacterial taxa are
257:). It is close to the city
1954:
932:10.1038/d41586-019-03706-x
486:concentrations are small.
1540:10.1007/s10750-009-9983-6
1504:10.11646/zootaxa.2430.1.1
748:, and the testate amoeba
48:
39:
1618:"The High-Lakes Project"
987:10.1109/TITB.2005.854509
908:"Life on a higher plane"
754:. One species each of a
585:dissolved carbon content
506:Environmental conditions
1878:American Alpine Journal
1772:Dauphin Island, Alabama
699:, in one case reaching
533:, which can damage the
342:NASA High Lakes Project
245:located on the volcano
200:5.2 m (17 ft)
182:85 metres (280 ft)
149:Seepage and evaporation
1418:Demergasso et al. 2010
1323:Demergasso et al. 2010
1296:Demergasso et al. 2010
1227:Cabrol & Grin 2010
1200:Cabrol & Grin 2010
1188:Cabrol & Grin 2010
1106:Cabrol & Grin 2010
1094:Cabrol & Grin 2010
873:Cabrol & Grin 2010
565:
494:indicate the input of
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327:Volcanic lakes in the
1887:1(4):31–38, Santiago.
735:Daphniopsis chilensis
563:
531:ultraviolet radiation
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297:ultraviolet radiation
251:Región de Antofagasta
114:22.83389°S 67.88361°W
1919:at Wikimedia Commons
1700:10.1029/2008jg000836
1643:10.1029/2008JG000818
1457:10.1029/2008JG000817
1391:Escudero et al. 2007
1379:Escudero et al. 2007
1335:Escudero et al. 2007
1254:Escudero et al. 2007
782:Escudero et al. 2007
751:Scutiglypha cabrolae
729:Boeckella gracilipes
259:San Pedro de Atacama
136:Volcanic crater lake
119:-22.83389; -67.88361
27:Crater lake in Chile
1873:5(4):299–317, 1985.
1829:Acta Protozoologica
1797:1955GeoRv..45..151R
1785:Geographical Review
1729:2007SPIE.6694E..0ZE
1709:Cabrol, Nathalie A.
1692:2010JGRG..115.0D09D
1634:2009JGRG..114.0D06C
1448:2010JGRG..115.0D07F
1280:2003EAEJA....13586H
924:2019Natur.576..174G
829:2003LPI....34.1393C
723:Boeckella titicacae
387:Physical properties
295:, including strong
110: /
1897:2016-11-04 at the
1471:Cabrol et al. 2009
1406:Cabrol et al. 2009
1362:Cabrol et al. 2009
1350:Cabrol et al. 2009
1311:Cabrol et al. 2009
1043:Cabrol et al. 2009
854:Cabrol et al. 2009
626:can be found. The
620:Betaproteobacteria
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319:live in the lake.
289:geothermal heating
1915:Media related to
1866:62(1):4–13, 1984.
1864:Explorers Journal
1850:on 28 March 2017.
1737:10.1117/12.736970
1667:10.1117/12.731506
1614:Dorador, Cristina
1600:978-0-08-093162-3
732:, the cladoceran
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16:(Redirected from
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1899:Wayback Machine
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1933:Lakes of Chile
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1905:External links
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1244:, p. 121.
1231:
1229:, p. 351.
1219:
1217:, p. 156.
1204:
1202:, p. 358.
1192:
1190:, p. 359.
1171:
1169:, p. 157.
1159:
1157:, p. 164.
1144:
1142:, p. 162.
1125:
1123:, p. 120.
1110:
1108:, p. 349.
1098:
1096:, p. 357.
1079:
1077:, p. 156.
1062:
1060:, p. 154.
1047:
1022:
1020:, p. 122.
1007:
1005:, p. 151.
992:
960:
958:, p. 155.
945:
898:
896:, p. 119.
877:
875:, p. 350.
858:
846:
834:
806:Diaz, G. Chong
786:
773:
771:
768:
756:testate amoeba
689:testate amoeba
638:and northwest
628:Pseudomonadota
612:Actinomycetota
601:Microbial mats
557:
554:
507:
504:
388:
385:
324:
321:
270:volcanic lakes
253:, Province of
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
161:
160:
157:
155:Catchment area
151:
150:
147:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
94:
88:
87:
81:
77:
76:
67:
66:
59:
58:
52:
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1950:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1590:Lakes on Mars
1585:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:Hydrobiologia
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1473:, p. 13.
1472:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1408:, p. 11.
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1364:, p. 10.
1363:
1358:
1355:
1352:, p. 12.
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
964:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
918:(7785): 174.
917:
913:
909:
902:
899:
895:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
865:
863:
859:
855:
850:
847:
843:
838:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
811:
807:
803:
802:Cabrol, N. A.
797:
795:
793:
791:
787:
783:
778:
775:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:
747:
746:
741:
738:which may be
737:
736:
731:
730:
725:
724:
719:
715:
714:
709:
704:
702:
698:
697:South America
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
669:
667:
663:
662:
657:
656:
651:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
605:cyanobacteria
602:
598:
594:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
562:
555:
553:
551:
547:
543:
540:
536:
532:
527:
523:
521:
517:
513:
505:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
445:
440:
436:
434:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
402:
393:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
373:holy mountain
370:
366:
365:Laguna Blanca
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
274:summit crater
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
227:
223:
219:
215:
207:
199:
197:Average depth
191:
189:
181:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
156:
152:
148:
146:
140:
137:
134:
132:
128:
123:
95:
89:
85:
82:
56:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1845:the original
1832:
1828:
1788:
1784:
1776:Academia.edu
1767:
1763:
1720:
1716:
1683:
1679:
1657:
1625:
1621:
1593:. Elsevier.
1589:
1573:, p. 6.
1566:
1549:10533/141296
1534:(1): 45–52.
1531:
1527:
1520:
1495:
1491:
1466:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1420:, p. 9.
1413:
1393:, p. 8.
1386:
1381:, p. 7.
1357:
1337:, p. 6.
1330:
1325:, p. 2.
1318:
1313:, p. 7.
1298:, p. 1.
1271:
1256:, p. 5.
1249:
1222:
1195:
1162:
1155:Rudolph 1955
1140:Rudolph 1955
1101:
1075:Rudolph 1955
1058:Rudolph 1955
1045:, p. 3.
1003:Rudolph 1955
978:
974:
963:
915:
911:
901:
856:, p. 2.
849:
844:, p. 4.
837:
820:
816:
784:, p. 3.
777:
749:
743:
733:
727:
721:
711:
705:
674:
670:
659:
653:
647:
632:Bacteroidota
616:Bacteroidota
609:
581:biodiversity
578:
574:water column
567:
546:UV radiation
528:
524:
512:air pressure
509:
441:
437:
429:
410:
398:
369:Laguna Verde
350:
338:last ice age
326:
286:
267:
234:
233:
188:Surface area
29:
1746:11336/92123
1628:(G2): n/a.
1498:(1): 1–66.
1442:(G2): n/a.
710:crustacean
693:zooplankton
603:containing
361:Pleistocene
346:scuba dives
315:and even a
313:crustaceans
282:evaporation
239:crater lake
117: /
92:Coordinates
1927:Categories
1857:References
1723:: 66940Z.
981:(3): 388.
760:chironomid
708:cladoceran
701:Antarctica
681:cladoceran
542:ozone hole
496:geothermal
433:shorelines
293:insolation
247:Licancabur
205:Max. depth
179:Max. width
84:Licancabur
1841:1689-0027
1755:123492194
1512:1175-5334
1242:SMET 2009
1121:SMET 2009
1018:SMET 2009
894:SMET 2009
675:Coloured
655:Nodularia
649:Calothrix
640:Argentina
539:Antarctic
484:phosphate
464:magnesium
417:catchment
377:Atacameno
131:Lake type
105:67°53′1″W
102:22°50′2″S
1895:Archived
1558:40744958
940:31796908
823:: 1393.
720:copepod
718:calanoid
687:and one
685:ostracod
677:copepods
646:such as
570:plankton
520:Holocene
488:Chloride
452:aluminum
442:Overall
357:frontier
305:bacteria
80:Location
1793:Bibcode
1725:Bibcode
1688:Bibcode
1630:Bibcode
1580:Sources
1492:Zootaxa
1444:Bibcode
1276:Bibcode
920:Bibcode
825:Bibcode
764:rotifer
740:endemic
556:Biology
492:sulfate
480:nitrate
476:Nitrite
472:springs
456:calcium
413:ellipse
381:guanaco
375:by the
353:volcano
323:Context
309:archaea
278:seepage
263:Bolivia
86:volcano
1892:NASA -
1839:
1813:212227
1811:
1753:
1686:(G2).
1597:
1556:
1510:
938:
912:Nature
716:, the
683:, two
666:sulfur
661:Nostoc
618:, and
597:archea
468:sodium
401:crater
334:oxygen
255:El Loa
225:Frozen
1848:(PDF)
1835:(2).
1825:(PDF)
1809:JSTOR
1751:S2CID
1554:S2CID
813:(PDF)
770:Notes
636:Tibet
593:cells
425:talus
421:scree
329:Andes
317:midge
243:Chile
237:is a
170:Chile
165:Basin
1837:ISSN
1595:ISBN
1508:ISSN
1496:2430
936:PMID
762:, a
758:, a
658:and
630:and
624:taxa
516:arid
490:and
482:and
466:and
460:iron
444:salt
423:and
367:and
301:Mars
280:and
1801:doi
1741:hdl
1733:doi
1696:doi
1684:115
1663:doi
1638:doi
1626:114
1544:hdl
1536:doi
1532:637
1500:doi
1452:doi
1440:115
983:doi
928:doi
916:576
535:DNA
241:in
1929::
1833:48
1831:.
1827:.
1807:.
1799:.
1789:45
1787:.
1770:.
1766:.
1749:.
1739:.
1731:.
1719:.
1715:.
1694:.
1682:.
1678:.
1636:.
1624:.
1620:.
1552:.
1542:.
1530:.
1506:.
1494:.
1490:.
1478:^
1450:.
1438:.
1434:.
1398:^
1369:^
1342:^
1303:^
1288:^
1261:^
1234:^
1207:^
1174:^
1147:^
1128:^
1113:^
1082:^
1065:^
1050:^
1025:^
1010:^
995:^
977:.
973:.
948:^
934:.
926:.
914:.
910:.
880:^
861:^
821:34
819:.
815:.
789:^
703:.
652:,
614:,
500:pH
478:,
462:,
458:,
454:,
427:.
311:,
307:,
265:.
1815:.
1803::
1795::
1778:.
1757:.
1743::
1735::
1727::
1721:1
1702:.
1698::
1690::
1669:.
1665::
1646:.
1640::
1632::
1603:.
1560:.
1546::
1538::
1514:.
1502::
1460:.
1454::
1446::
1282:.
1278::
989:.
985::
979:9
942:.
930::
922::
831:.
827::
589:×
448:×
249:(
20:)
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