334:
554:. Colours range from green-yellow over orange to snow white, and the structures have the appearance of rocks strewn onto and emerging from the shallow lake. The oncoids have a concentrically layered internal structure, with the various layers often having different colours; the colour variations relate to compositional differences. The microscopic texture has been described as sparry, "micritic" and "botryoidal". Other growth forms are laminar crusts and column-shaped or flat stromatoliths. Oncoids also occur in the Salado river north of Laguna Tres Quebradas.
346:
57:
64:
38:
572:
family. Layered microbial mats, where different layers have different colours, are found within 3–10 centimetres (1.2–3.9 in) deep ponds. So-called "diatom blooms" are linked to white carbonate precipitates that form bright spots on the coloured mats. The colours of the microbial constructs are
549:
that are accompanied by microbial mats. These microbialites are found mainly in the northeastern
Stromatolite Belt, while its central and western portions feature abiotic carbonate precipitation. A subdivision in a plant-grown sector, a non-mineralized sector and a carbonate precipitation sector is
326:
separates Laguna Verde from Laguna Tres
Quebradas. Together these two lakes have a water surface of 26.2 square kilometres (10.1 sq mi). Lava flows from surrounding volcanoes have closed off the southern outlet of the valley occupied by the lakes. Smaller lakes exist nearby such as Laguna
321:
Laguna Negra is the southernmost of three lakes aligned in north–south direction; the other two are Laguna de la Salina/Laguna Tres
Quebradas to the north and Laguna Verde in the middle. They form the Laguna Verde Saline Complex, also known as Laguna Verde Complex or Salar de la Laguna Verde. The
2239:
Gutiérrez-Preciado, Ana; Vargas-Chávez, Carlos; Reyes-Prieto, Mariana; Ordoñez, Omar F.; Santos-García, Diego; Rosas-Pérez, Tania; Valdivia-Anistro, Jorge; Rebollar, Eria A.; Saralegui, Andrés; Moya, Andrés; Merino, Enrique; Farías, María
Eugenia; Latorre, Amparo; Souza, Valeria (19 April 2017).
654:
Precipitation of carbonates is often associated with life and may be induced by the latter for various reasons, although at Laguna Negra it can also occur independently from biological activity. Subtle environmental variations and changes influence the life in the lake and the structure of the
550:
possible. Oncoids make up the bulk of the
Stromatolite Belt. They can have smooth forms and ridged, pillar- or shrub-like protrusions and reach dimensions of over 10 centimetres (3.9 in). They can be buried in mud, submerged or partially emerged, and sometimes covered with
2452:
Shalygin, Sergei; Pietrasiak, Nicole; Gomez, Fernando; Mlewski, Cecilia; Gerard, Emmanuelle; Johansen, Jeffrey R. (2 October 2018). "Rivularia halophila sp. nov. (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria): the first species of
Rivularia described with the modern polyphasic approach".
226:
It covers a surface of 8.6 square kilometres (3.3 sq mi) and has the rough shape of a rectangle. The average depth of the lake does not exceed 2 metres (6 ft 7 in). The lake periodically floods its beaches. To the northwest, a
493:
have been observed in ponds; both are linked to areas with lower salinity. The lakes are an important bird conservation site, and were added to the "South Sub-site of the Ramsar Sites, Lagunas
Altoandinas y Puneñas de Catamarca"
2490:
Warden, John G.; Coshell, Lee; Rosen, Michael R.; Breecker, Daniel O.; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Omelon, Christopher R. (September 2019). "The importance of groundwater flow to the formation of modern thrombolitic microbialites".
2434:
Rubiolo, Daniel; Pereyra, Fernando Xavier; Martínez, Liliana del Valle; Seggiaro, Raúl E.; Hongn, Fernando D.; Fernández Seveso, Fernando; Velasco, María S.; Sruoga, Patricia; Prieri, Ana; González Díaz, Emilio F. (2003).
741:
Values of UV irradiation recorded at Laguna Negra reach 10.8 watts per square metre (0.00135 hp/sq ft), although extremely high values of UV irradiation in the region may be exaggerated by instrument
557:
Microbial mats have colours ranging from back over pinkish-orange to greenish, and their structure ranges from pustular to stratified. Most are associated with oncoids. Greenish mats occur next to groundwater
1913:
Buongiorno, Joy; Gomez, Fernando J.; Fike, David A.; Kah, Linda C. (13 December 2018). "Mineralized microbialites as archives of environmental evolution, Laguna Negra, Catamarca
Province, Argentina".
643:. There is a layering in metabolic activity, with regular photosynthesis at the surface, anoxygenic photosynthesis in intermediary layers and sulfate reduction at depth. Many microorganisms are
333:
149:. The lake is less than 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) deep and forms a rough rectangle with a surface of 8.6 square kilometres (3.3 sq mi). Laguna Negra loses its water through
541:, a 0.3 square kilometres (0.12 sq mi) large area at the southeastern part of the lake where water depths do not exceed 10 centimetres (3.9 in), they form laminar crusts,
415:. Evidence from other lakes in the region suggests that the environment was wetter than today between about 15,000–14,000 and 13,500–11,300 years before becoming dry during the middle
408:
with strong winds. Temperature is highly variable, ranging between 30 – −10 °C (86–14 °F) in summer and between 8 – −30 °C (46 – −22 °F) in winter.
1993:"A baseline soil survey of two peatlands associated with a lithium-rich salt flat in the argentine puna: Physico-chemical characteristics, carbon storage and biota"
530:
precipitates. Laguna Tres
Quebradas north of Laguna Negra also features microbialites, which cover an area of 14,000 square metres (150,000 sq ft) in the
526:
formation has been observed, making Laguna Negra one of only two lakes in the region where it takes place. White incrustations are formed by evaporation, when
2024:
Clark, Nicola; Wallis, Simon (May 2017). "Flamingos, salt lakes and volcanoes: hunting for evidence of past climate change on the high
Altiplano of Bolivia".
258:
is present at high concentrations. The high salinity prevents the water from freezing except at the margins of Laguna Negra, where salinity is lower due to
2381:
Mora-Ruiz, M. del R.; Cifuentes, A.; Font-Verdera, F.; Pérez-Fernández, C.; Farias, M. E.; González, B.; Orfila, A.; Rosselló-Móra, R. (1 March 2018).
2120:
655:
microbial mats. The microbial mats are found in the less saline sector of Laguna Negra, implying that reduced salt stress favours their development.
562:
and often are found floating on bubbles, and black mats are found on partially exposed carbonates. The black mats are formed mainly by filamentous
2242:"The genomic sequence of Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha str. N139 reveals a species that thrives in cold waters and extreme environmental conditions"
97:
2623:
2080:
372:
generated separated drainage basins separated by north–south trending mountain ranges. The terrain consists mainly of volcanic rocks such as
345:
235:
borders Laguna Negra to the southeast and its northward growth has generated a shallow water area at the southeastern margin of the lake (
2547:
Mineralized microbialites as archives of environmental evolution of a hypersaline lake basin: Laguna Negra, Catamarca Province, Argentina
2293:
Lencina, Agustina I.; Soria, Mariana N.; Colla, M. Florencia; Cury, Leonardo Fadel; Farías, M. Eugenia; Gomez, Fernando J. (June 2023).
184:. These structures have a layered internal structure and colours ranging from green to orange-pink to black. They have been compared to
693:
processes at Laguna Negra also demonstrate that oxygen and carbon isotope variations are not necessarily proof of biological activity.
56:
705:
capsules where carbonates precipitate. Living diatoms are often found at the margin of aggregates while their interiors feature "
2178:
Gomez, Fernando Javier; Mlewski, Cecilia; Boidi, Flavia Jaquelina; Farías, María Eugenia; Gérard, Emmanuelle (26 June 2018).
380:; some summits exceed 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) elevation above sea level such as the 6,795 metres (22,293 ft) high
2561:"Characterization of Pustular Mats and Related Rivularia-Rich Laminations in Oncoids From the Laguna Negra Lake (Argentina)"
751:
Fossilized microorganisms that form laminated structures. These fossils are generated either through the precipitation of
701:
Cyanobacteria and diatoms form aggregates together and with other microorganisms. The aggregates in turn are embedded in
2181:"Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Diatom-rich Microbial Mats: The Laguna Negra Hypersaline Lake, Catamarca, Argentina"
301:; the lake waters evaporate in the strong wind and at high temperatures, leading to the precipitation of salts such as
2642:
2064:
Microbial Ecosystems in Central Andes Extreme Environments: Biofilms, Microbial Mats, Microbialites and Endoevaporites
721:
2615:
Tolerancia y acumulación de As en cultivos de rivularia halophila aislada de la Laguna Negra (Catamarca, Argentina)
514:
occur at Laguna Negra and have diverse shapes. Their formation results mainly from the localized precipitation of
2121:"Microbialites in a High-Altitude Andean Lake: Multiple Controls on Carbonate Precipitation and Lamina Accretion"
640:
628:
568:
445:
limit the complexity of life at Laguna Negra, in particular of nonmicrobial life. In this sector of the Andes,
2555:
Mlewski, Estela C.; Pisapia, Céline; Gomez, Fernando; Lecourt, Lena; Soto Rueda, Eliana; Benzerara, Karim;
2647:
840:
669:. They are considered to be among the oldest forms of life on Earth and a key indicator in the search for
624:
592:
798:
711:
2180:
690:
670:
620:
339:
Laguna Negra, with Laguna Verde in the middle and Laguna Tres Quebradas/Laguna de la Salina to the north
293:
and by runoff that enters mainly from the southwestern side. The water mainly originates through annual
274:
precipitation mainly along the southeastern margin of the lake. Conditions in the lake environments are
231:
separates the lake from its neighbours to the north and covers over half of the lake basin. A prominent
22:
2556:
2384:"Biogeographical patterns of bacterial and archaeal communities from distant hypersaline environments"
2383:
2295:
1855:
2500:
2462:
2308:
2193:
2132:
2033:
1867:
1856:"Controls of extreme isotopic enrichment in modern microbialites and associated abiogenic carbonates"
457:
200:
2338:"Diatomeas (Bacillariophyceae) en humedales de altura de la Provincia de Catamarca (Argentina). III"
2337:
1950:
Carmona, F.; Rivas, R.; Faramiñán, A. M. G.; Mancino, C.; Bayala, M.; Perez, W. (23 December 2019).
434:
anticyclone conversely transports moister and warmer air to the area, resulting in the formation of
812:
451:
411:
Annual precipitation is less than 250 millimetres per year (9.8 in/year) and falls mainly as
2524:
2478:
2324:
2296:"In situ growth of modern oncoids from Salado river, Salar de la Laguna Verde Complex, Argentina"
2227:
2166:
2086:
2049:
1938:
1901:
889:
588:
559:
424:
323:
259:
228:
212:
204:
146:
134:
805:
1952:"Evaporation process study through in situ and remote sensing data at Tres Quebradas Salt flat"
874:
2619:
2600:
2582:
2516:
2440:
2422:
2414:
2369:
2281:
2263:
2219:
2158:
2107:
2076:
2012:
1979:
1951:
1930:
1893:
1842:
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919:
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702:
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2508:
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2359:
2349:
2316:
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2209:
2201:
2148:
2140:
2068:
2041:
2004:
1969:
1959:
1922:
1883:
1875:
1824:
953:
945:
719:
species known from hypersaline inland waters. Another species identified and named there is
247:
2436:
2559:; Borensztajn, Stephan; Jamme, Frédéric; Réfrégiers, Matthieu; Gérard, Emmanuelle (2018).
1991:
Chiappero, María Fernanda; Vaieretti, Maria Victoria; Izquierdo, Andrea Elisa (May 2021).
901:
768:
463:
2504:
2466:
2312:
2197:
2136:
2119:
Gomez, Fernando J.; Kah, Linda C.; Bartley, Julie K.; Astini, Ricardo A. (1 June 2014).
2037:
1871:
796:
Diatom taxa vary between the various mat types. Taxa identified at Laguna Negra include
591:
of the carbonate structures is difficult owing to the scarcity of datable material, but
37:
2595:
2560:
2276:
2241:
907:
887:
Bacterial taxa vary between the various mat types. Taxa identified at Laguna Negra are
662:
636:
283:
279:
270:
reach saturation concentration at points where groundwater enters the lake, leading to
154:
2636:
2618:. V Reunión Argentina de Geoquímica de la Superficie (RAGSU) (in Spanish). La Plata.
2528:
2328:
2231:
2170:
2090:
2062:
2053:
1905:
913:
658:
616:
612:
563:
511:
507:
2482:
2354:
1942:
2008:
925:
756:
648:
644:
582:
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442:
381:
361:
232:
220:
188:
169:
42:
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1793:
1781:
1230:
1177:
1141:
706:
441:
Climatic conditions together with the thin atmosphere at high elevations and high
2320:
689:
and could thus be used as an analogue to interpret deposits on Mars. Analyses of
2545:
2400:
1992:
682:
681:
stromatolites, and the conditions encountered at the lake may resemble these of
678:
674:
666:
608:
531:
495:
427:
369:
298:
290:
243:
185:
158:
150:
2613:
1854:
Beeler, Scott R.; Gomez, Fernando J.; Bradley, Alexander S. (15 January 2020).
1083:
1081:
2099:
2072:
1879:
1811:
Albarracín, Virginia Helena; Gärtner, Wolfgang; Farias, María Eugenia (2016).
846:
833:
578:
574:
519:
480:
435:
423:
precipitation has increased again. Presently, the climate is dominated by the
310:
251:
2586:
2577:
2444:
2418:
2373:
2267:
2223:
2162:
2111:
2016:
1983:
1897:
1838:
1020:
112:
99:
1964:
1243:
1241:
1239:
931:
867:
853:
826:
819:
785:
752:
515:
468:
385:
357:
271:
267:
208:
173:
142:
138:
2604:
2520:
2426:
2285:
1934:
1846:
1297:
1295:
599:. Observations indicate that the growth of the oncoliths is still ongoing.
2144:
199:
Laguna Negra lies at an elevation of 4,131 metres (13,553 ft) in the
1618:
1616:
1614:
1601:
1599:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1531:
1529:
860:
596:
485:
446:
431:
416:
377:
365:
364:
at an elevation of 3,700 metres (12,100 ft) where a dry climate and
294:
275:
181:
162:
2205:
1974:
1888:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1282:
1280:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
522:
crusts are found; they might form at sites of groundwater entry. Active
2409:
2364:
2258:
2214:
2153:
1813:"Forged Under the Sun: Life and Art of Extremophiles from Andean Lakes"
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
772:
490:
263:
255:
2512:
2045:
1926:
1829:
1812:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
518:
where new water enters Laguna Negra. At the southern end of the lake,
2612:
Soto Rueda, Eliana; Mlewski, Estela Cecilia; Borgnino, Laura (2019).
1324:
1322:
632:
551:
542:
373:
306:
302:
177:
1214:
1212:
1210:
784:
Such as these of the Strelley Pool and Tumbiana Formations, both in
595:
performed on one oncolite indicates that it began to develop in the
1004:
1002:
1000:
635:
deposits form during the process. Heterotrophic organisms include
472:
216:
686:
527:
523:
476:
412:
405:
393:
389:
2100:"La biósfera primitiva, la tierra actual y vida extraterrestre"
1769:
1271:
1087:
449:
are the key ecosystems, with the dominant plant species being
2336:
Maidana, Nora I.; Seeligmann, Claudia T. (14 December 2015).
1492:
1490:
755:
or the clumping of detrital material. They are also known as
725:, although that species was originally discovered elsewhere.
1259:
1247:
673:. The forms found at Laguna Negra resemble these of ancient
1381:
1369:
1301:
420:
1685:
172:
grow in the shallow water. These are structures formed by
581:
pigments, which serve to protect the microorganisms from
1757:
1745:
1634:
1622:
1605:
1590:
1554:
1535:
1445:
1340:
1108:
991:
430:
which draws dry air into the region. During summer, an
1661:
1645:
1643:
1469:
1457:
1406:
1313:
1286:
1153:
1072:
368:
uplift generated the Laguna Verde Saline Complex when
191:, which were among the oldest forms of life on Earth.
1721:
1709:
1673:
1578:
1481:
1433:
1357:
1328:
1165:
1129:
1043:
1041:
956:
and refers to the cold environment of Laguna Negra.
615:microorganisms in Laguna Negra. Autotrophs include
89:
81:
30:
2382:
2294:
2179:
1733:
1218:
1201:
1008:
313:in a sequential manner from carbonates to salts.
715:was discovered at Laguna Negra; it is the first
161:which ultimately originate to a large part from
90:
297:. Laguna Negra has no surface outflow and is a
21:For the Uruguayan lagoon of the same name, see
8:
2342:Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica
2067:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
1496:
661:have been found elsewhere in the Puna, at
489:grow at the southern end of the lake, and
351:Laguna Negra, up is to the north-northwest
27:
2594:
2576:
2408:
2363:
2353:
2275:
2257:
2213:
2152:
1973:
1963:
1887:
1828:
1382:Chiappero, Vaieretti & Izquierdo 2021
1370:Chiappero, Vaieretti & Izquierdo 2021
1302:Chiappero, Vaieretti & Izquierdo 2021
145:high plateau next to two other lakes and
677:stromatolites more than these of recent
969:
734:
647:and tolerate high salinity and intense
329:
250:, although they have been described as
168:On the southeastern shore of the lake,
1697:
1566:
1520:
1508:
1189:
1649:
1341:Albarracín, Gärtner & Farias 2016
1047:
1032:
404:The climate at Laguna Negra is cold,
286:facilitates carbonate precipitation.
16:Lake in Catamarca Province, Argentina
7:
2098:Gomez, Fernando Javier (June 2012).
165:. The waters of the lake are salty.
63:
2389:Systematic and Applied Microbiology
2061:Farías, María Eugenia, ed. (2020).
952:means "cold/freezing lake/pond" in
396:cover the terrain around the lake.
2550:(Master). University of Tennessee.
356:The lakes lie in the southernmost
14:
709:" diatoms. The bacterial species
603:Biology and scientific importance
327:Azul northeast of Laguna Negra.
2437:Hoja Geológica 2769- IV Fiambalá
1734:Beeler, Gomez & Bradley 2020
1219:Beeler, Gomez & Bradley 2020
1202:Beeler, Gomez & Bradley 2020
479:are their most important fauna.
344:
332:
62:
55:
36:
2355:10.31055/1851.2372.v50.n4.12908
2186:Journal of Sedimentary Research
1860:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1817:Photochemistry and Photobiology
2009:10.19189/MaP.2020.OMB.StA.2126
1794:Gutiérrez-Preciado et al. 2017
1782:Gutiérrez-Preciado et al. 2017
1231:Gutiérrez-Preciado et al. 2017
1178:Gutiérrez-Preciado et al. 2017
1142:Gutiérrez-Preciado et al. 2017
1:
2475:10.1080/09670262.2018.1479887
2455:European Journal of Phycology
1009:Maidana & Seeligmann 2015
502:Carbonates and microbial mats
400:Climate, vegetation and fauna
176:and microorganisms including
153:, and is replenished through
80:
2321:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2023.106396
2401:10.1016/j.syapm.2017.10.006
722:Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha
438:clouds and precipitation.
242:The waters of the lake are
219:and Argentina. The path to
2664:
419:. After about 4,000 years
289:The lake is fed mainly by
246:, their principal salt is
223:passes close to the lake.
45:cover part of Laguna Negra
20:
2565:Frontiers in Microbiology
2073:10.1007/978-3-030-36192-1
1958:(in Spanish) (54): 1–14.
1880:10.1016/j.gca.2019.10.022
1748:, pp. 732, 735, 737.
641:sulfate-reducing bacteria
629:anoxygenic photosynthesis
50:
35:
2578:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00996
2544:Buongiorno, Joy (2014).
1956:Revista de Teledetección
322:Salar de Tres Quebradas
2344:(in European Spanish).
1965:10.4995/raet.2019.12264
1497:Clark & Wallis 2017
278:and the consumption of
2439:(Report). p. 69.
1662:Buongiorno et al. 2018
1470:Buongiorno et al. 2018
1458:Buongiorno et al. 2018
1407:Buongiorno et al. 2018
1314:Buongiorno et al. 2018
1287:Buongiorno et al. 2018
1154:Buongiorno et al. 2018
1073:Buongiorno et al. 2018
949:
625:purple sulfur bacteria
593:uranium-thorium dating
2145:10.2110/palo.2013.049
1021:Mora-Ruiz et al. 2018
691:isotope fractionation
671:extraterrestrial life
621:green sulfur bacteria
534:of the Salado River.
483:grasses of the genus
113:27.64694°S 68.54528°W
23:Laguna Negra, Uruguay
1770:Shalygin et al. 2018
1760:, pp. 732, 735.
1088:Shalygin et al. 2018
841:Haloroundia speciosa
201:Tinogasta Department
118:-27.64694; -68.54528
2505:2019Gbio...17..536W
2467:2018EJPhy..53..537S
2313:2023SedG..45106396L
2301:Sedimentary Geology
2206:10.2110/jsr.2018.37
2198:2018JSedR..88..727G
2137:2014Palai..29..233G
2038:2017GeolT..33..101C
1872:2020GeCoA.269..136B
1676:, pp. 243–244.
1579:Lencina et al. 2023
1329:Lencina et al. 2023
1272:Rubiolo et al. 2003
1260:Carmona et al. 2019
1248:Carmona et al. 2019
799:Achnanthes brevipes
712:Rivularia halophila
452:Distichia muscoides
109: /
2643:Lakes of Argentina
2259:10.7717/peerj.3162
1686:Warden et al. 2019
890:Desulfobacteraceae
589:Radiometric dating
425:South Pacific High
213:San Francisco Pass
205:Catamarca Province
195:Regional and local
135:Catamarca Province
2625:978-987-96296-7-3
2513:10.1111/gbi.12344
2082:978-3-030-36191-4
2046:10.1111/gto.12186
1927:10.1111/gbi.12327
1830:10.1111/php.12555
1758:Gomez et al. 2018
1746:Gomez et al. 2018
1722:Gomez et al. 2014
1710:Gomez et al. 2014
1674:Gomez et al. 2014
1635:Gomez et al. 2018
1623:Gomez et al. 2018
1606:Gomez et al. 2018
1591:Gomez et al. 2018
1555:Gomez et al. 2018
1536:Gomez et al. 2018
1482:Gomez et al. 2014
1446:Gomez et al. 2018
1434:Gomez et al. 2014
1358:Gomez et al. 2014
1166:Gomez et al. 2014
1130:Gomez et al. 2014
1109:Gomez et al. 2018
992:Gomez et al. 2018
920:Verrucomicrobiota
896:Flavobacteriaceae
703:exopolysaccharide
539:Stromatolite Belt
282:by degassing and
237:Stromatolite Belt
141:. It lies on the
133:is a lake in the
128:
127:
2655:
2629:
2608:
2598:
2580:
2557:Ménez, Bénédicte
2551:
2532:
2486:
2448:
2430:
2412:
2386:
2377:
2367:
2357:
2332:
2298:
2289:
2279:
2261:
2235:
2217:
2183:
2174:
2156:
2115:
2094:
2057:
2020:
1987:
1977:
1967:
1946:
1909:
1891:
1850:
1832:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1609:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1539:
1533:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1410:
1404:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1112:
1106:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1051:
1045:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
995:
989:
957:
942:
936:
885:
879:
794:
788:
782:
776:
766:
760:
749:
743:
739:
348:
336:
317:Regional context
248:calcium chloride
124:
123:
121:
120:
119:
114:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
92:
66:
65:
59:
40:
28:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2611:
2554:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2489:
2451:
2433:
2380:
2335:
2292:
2238:
2177:
2118:
2097:
2083:
2060:
2023:
1990:
1949:
1912:
1853:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1612:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1542:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1413:
1405:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1262:, pp. 3–4.
1258:
1254:
1246:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1115:
1107:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1054:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
998:
990:
971:
966:
961:
960:
943:
939:
902:Rhodothermaceae
886:
882:
795:
791:
783:
779:
769:Laguna Colorada
767:
763:
750:
746:
740:
736:
731:
699:
607:There are both
605:
504:
464:Plantago rigida
458:Oxychloe andina
402:
352:
349:
340:
337:
319:
211:, and near the
197:
117:
115:
111:
108:
103:
100:
98:
96:
95:
77:
76:
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
67:
46:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2661:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2609:
2552:
2539:
2538:External links
2536:
2534:
2533:
2499:(5): 536–550.
2487:
2461:(4): 537–548.
2449:
2431:
2395:(2): 139–150.
2378:
2348:(4): 447–466.
2333:
2290:
2236:
2192:(6): 727–742.
2175:
2131:(6): 233–249.
2116:
2106:(in Spanish).
2095:
2081:
2058:
2032:(3): 101–107.
2021:
1997:Mires and Peat
1988:
1947:
1921:(2): 199–222.
1910:
1851:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1772:, p. 537.
1762:
1750:
1738:
1736:, p. 147.
1726:
1724:, p. 246.
1714:
1712:, p. 245.
1702:
1700:, p. 184.
1690:
1688:, p. 546.
1678:
1666:
1664:, p. 214.
1654:
1639:
1637:, p. 740.
1627:
1625:, p. 737.
1610:
1608:, p. 735.
1595:
1593:, p. 733.
1583:
1571:
1569:, p. 188.
1559:
1557:, p. 732.
1540:
1538:, p. 731.
1525:
1523:, p. 185.
1513:
1511:, p. 256.
1501:
1499:, p. 106.
1486:
1484:, p. 241.
1474:
1472:, p. 207.
1462:
1460:, p. 199.
1450:
1448:, p. 727.
1438:
1436:, p. 239.
1411:
1409:, p. 202.
1386:
1374:
1362:
1360:, p. 233.
1345:
1333:
1318:
1316:, p. 218.
1306:
1291:
1289:, p. 200.
1276:
1264:
1252:
1235:
1223:
1221:, p. 137.
1206:
1204:, p. 142.
1194:
1192:, p. 240.
1182:
1170:
1168:, p. 243.
1158:
1156:, p. 213.
1146:
1134:
1132:, p. 234.
1113:
1111:, p. 729.
1092:
1090:, p. 538.
1077:
1075:, p. 201.
1052:
1037:
1025:
1023:, p. 141.
1013:
1011:, p. 450.
996:
994:, p. 728.
968:
967:
965:
962:
959:
958:
937:
908:Saprospiraceae
880:
789:
777:
761:
744:
733:
732:
730:
727:
698:
695:
639:degrading and
637:polysaccharide
627:which conduct
604:
601:
508:microbial mats
503:
500:
401:
398:
370:block faulting
354:
353:
350:
343:
341:
338:
331:
318:
315:
284:photosynthesis
280:carbon dioxide
196:
193:
155:surface runoff
126:
125:
93:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
69:
68:
61:
60:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2660:
2649:
2648:Stromatolites
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:Geology Today
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1784:, p. 18.
1783:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1652:, p. 27.
1651:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1384:, p. 10.
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1343:, p. 16.
1342:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1274:, p. 54.
1273:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1180:, p. 16.
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:, p. 14.
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1050:, p. 26.
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1035:, p. 25.
1034:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
970:
963:
955:
951:
947:
941:
938:
934:
933:
928:
927:
922:
921:
916:
915:
914:Spirochaetota
910:
909:
904:
903:
898:
897:
892:
891:
884:
881:
878:
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
857:
855:
850:
848:
843:
842:
837:
835:
830:
828:
823:
821:
816:
814:
813:Campilodiscus
809:
807:
802:
800:
793:
790:
787:
781:
778:
774:
770:
765:
762:
758:
757:stromatoliths
754:
748:
745:
738:
735:
728:
726:
724:
723:
718:
714:
713:
708:
704:
696:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:Stromatolites
656:
652:
650:
646:
645:extremophiles
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
619:, as well as
618:
617:cyanobacteria
614:
613:heterotrophic
610:
602:
600:
598:
597:Late Holocene
594:
590:
586:
584:
580:
576:
571:
570:
565:
564:cyanobacteria
561:
555:
553:
548:
547:stromatolites
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:microbialites
509:
501:
499:
497:
492:
488:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:
460:
459:
454:
453:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
347:
342:
335:
330:
328:
325:
316:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
194:
192:
190:
189:stromatoliths
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:microbialites
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
122:
94:
88:
84:
58:
49:
44:
43:Stromatolites
39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
2614:
2568:
2564:
2546:
2496:
2492:
2458:
2454:
2392:
2388:
2345:
2341:
2304:
2300:
2249:
2245:
2189:
2185:
2128:
2124:
2103:
2063:
2029:
2025:
2000:
1996:
1975:11336/111944
1955:
1918:
1914:
1889:11336/140930
1863:
1859:
1823:(1): 14–28.
1820:
1816:
1796:, p. 1.
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1630:
1586:
1581:, p. 1.
1574:
1562:
1516:
1504:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1377:
1372:, p. 3.
1365:
1336:
1331:, p. 3.
1309:
1304:, p. 2.
1267:
1255:
1250:, p. 3.
1233:, p. 2.
1226:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1028:
1016:
940:
930:
926:Deinococcota
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
883:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
792:
780:
775:is the other
764:
747:
737:
720:
716:
710:
700:
667:Tolar Grande
657:
653:
649:UV radiation
606:
587:
583:UV radiation
567:
556:
538:
536:
505:
484:
462:
456:
450:
443:UV radiation
440:
410:
403:
382:Cerro Pissis
362:high plateau
355:
320:
288:
241:
236:
233:alluvial fan
225:
221:Monte Pissis
198:
180:and various
167:
131:Laguna Negra
130:
129:
70:Laguna Negra
31:Laguna Negra
18:
2410:11336/82334
2365:11336/19500
2215:11336/88307
2154:11336/32075
2104:Ciencia Hoy
1866:: 136–149.
1698:Farías 2020
1567:Farías 2020
1521:Farías 2020
1509:Farías 2020
1190:Farías 2020
950:chiriqhucha
935:less common
683:Early Earth
679:Proterozoic
675:Precambrian
609:autotrophic
532:river delta
496:Ramsar Site
467:as well as
428:anticyclone
299:closed lake
291:groundwater
244:hypersaline
186:Precambrian
159:groundwater
151:evaporation
116: /
91:Coordinates
2637:Categories
2493:Geobiology
2307:: 106396.
1915:Geobiology
1650:Gomez 2012
1048:Gomez 2012
1033:Gomez 2012
964:References
847:Mastogloia
834:Halamphora
806:Brachisira
753:carbonates
687:Early Mars
579:scytonemin
575:carotenoid
520:travertine
516:carbonates
481:Salt marsh
469:graminoids
436:convective
386:Evaporites
311:polyhalite
252:mesosaline
147:salt flats
104:68°32′43″W
101:27°38′49″S
2587:1664-302X
2529:162181645
2445:0328-2333
2419:0723-2020
2374:1851-2372
2329:258297521
2268:2167-8359
2252:: e3162.
2232:133963337
2224:1527-1404
2171:129869937
2163:0883-1351
2112:1666-5171
2091:218912960
2054:133683379
2017:1819-754X
1984:1988-8740
1906:210614482
1898:0016-7037
1839:1751-1097
944:The name
932:Bacillota
875:Striatula
868:Surirella
854:Nitzschia
827:Diploneis
820:Denticula
786:Australia
717:Rivularia
569:Rivularia
498:in 2009.
447:peatlands
272:carbonate
268:aragonite
229:salt flat
209:Argentina
174:carbonate
139:Argentina
85:Argentina
2605:29872427
2521:31119865
2483:91497121
2427:29352612
2286:28439458
1943:56488004
1935:30548907
1847:26647770
861:Navicula
707:entombed
697:Microbes
491:copepods
486:Spartina
432:Atlantic
417:Holocene
378:andesite
366:Cenozoic
324:salt pan
295:snowmelt
276:alkaline
215:between
182:bacteria
163:snowmelt
82:Location
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