2206:
8893:
200:
3279:, person and number. That is, a single Keresan verb prefix codes who initiated the action and how implicated that entity is (the subject/case), whom underwent the effects of the action (the direct object), the speaker's assessment of the action (the modality) and whether it occurred or not (polarity). On the other hand, information about when the action took place (i.e.
188:
4470:
Selected Proto-Keresan reconstructions of plants, animals, and toponyms by Miller and Davis (1963) are given below. The IPA transcription is based on the authors' description. Underlined consonants in reconstructions refer to uncertainties by the authors regarding aspiration (p. 312); these are shown
1839:
Traditional
Keresan beliefs postulate that Keres is a sacred language that must exist only in its spoken form. The language's religious connotation and years of persecution of Pueblo religion by European colonizers may also explain why no unified orthographic convention exists for Keresan. However, a
3380:
like
English, all intransitive verbs behave similarly (‘They sneeze/breathe/dive/think’/etc.). In Keresan, actions that take no object are conceptualized in two distinct ways depending on how the initiator of the action is implicated. More active-like intransitive verbs (e.g. ‘to sneeze’) are coded
1430:
Most
Keresan syllables take a CV(V) shape. The maximal syllable structure is CCVVC and the minimal syllable is CV. In native Keresan words, only a glottal stop /ʔ/ ⟨ʼ⟩ can close a syllable, but some loanwords from Spanish have syllables that end in a consonant, mostly a nasal (i.e. /m n/ but words
1328:
in certain positions. The phonemic status of these vowels is controversial. Maring (1967) considers them to be phonemes of Áákʼu Keres, whereas other authors disagree. There are phonetic grounds for vowel devoicing based on the environment they occur, for instance word-finally, but there are also
3011:, but also how the initiator is implicated in the action. For instance, the three verbs that describe Tammy's actions in “Tammy kicked the ball” vs. “Tammy jumped” vs. “Tammy sneezed” require different levels of effort from Tammy, that is when
2586:
count as single letters, although ejective consonants are not listed separately; occurring after their non-ejective counterparts. The symbol for the glottal stop ⟨ʼ⟩, for long vowels (e.g. ⟨aa ee ii⟩ etc.) are not treated as separate letters.
3478:’. In such “actions”, the entity that is characterized by them is not implicated in the action directly (i.e. it's beyond their control), and thus belong in the Inactive intransitive category. The different sets of prefixes are shown below:
3473:
Ideas expressed in Indo-European languages with adjectives are most often encoded by verbs in
Keresan. That is, in Keresan one express the idea in the sentence ‘He is selfish’ by saying something along the lines of ‘He
1103:: all vowels can be long or short. Additionally, short vowels can also be voiceless. The vowel chart below contains the vowel phonemes and allophones from the information of the Keresan languages combined from
1302:
Western Keres does not have phonemic /oː/ or /o/, though both vowels may occur phonetically. Eastern Keres words containing /o/ show /au/ in
Western Keres. For instance, the first vowel in the word-sentence
9960:
9955:
5983:
9914:
8940:
3315:(a non-salient, unknown or indefinite entity being talked about, also known as obviative) persons. The plural and dual forms are often marked by reduplication of part of the stem (
547:
and voicelessness. Thus, a single vowel quality may occur with seven distinct realizations: /é è e̥ éː èː êː ěː/, all of which are used to distinguish words in the language.
1329:
exceptions. Vowels in final position are nearly always voiceless and medial vowels occurring between voiced consonants, after nasals and ejectives are nearly always voiced.
8931:
3381:
through one set of morphemes, whereas actions conceptualized as involving the initiator at a lesser degree (e.g. ‘to believe’) are coded using a separate set of prefixes.
1847:
represent both palatal consonants (written using a sequence of C and ⟨y⟩), and retroflex consonants, which are represented using a sequence of C and the letter ⟨r⟩. These
8763:
2288:
Vowel sounds are represented straightforwardly in the existing spellings for
Keresan. Each vowel sound is written using a unique letter or digraph (for long vowels and
5897:
9924:
8628:
9820:
1553:) that occurs in native Keresan words is a sequence of a fricative /ʃ ʂ/ and a stop or affricate. Clusters are restricted to beginnings of syllables (i.e. the
2509:
Tone may or may not be represented in the orthography of
Keresan. When represented, four diacritics may be used above the vowel. Unlike the system used for
9965:
6730:
210:
9919:
5991:
324:
with its closest neighbors. There are significant differences between the
Western and Eastern groups, which are sometimes counted as separate languages.
1840:
practical spelling system has been developed for Laguna (Kʼawaika) and more recently for Acoma (Áakʼu) Keres, both of which are remarkably consistent.
1030:
3983:
New words are coined through a number of roots that are combined to pre-existing ones. Compounding is a common strategy for word building, although
8924:
8944:
8756:
6467:
6286:
6055:
4298:
3995:
The
Keresan numeral system is a base 10 system. Numerals 11–19, as well as those between the multiple of tens, are formed by adding the word
2578:
Although
Keresan is not normally written, there exists one dictionary of the language in which words are listed in any given order. In this
8253:
3337:
Languages encode two main types of actions: those in which the main participant initiates an action that produces change in an object (e.g.
8143:
7724:
6267:
290:
2202:
Signs at Acoma Pueblo sometimes use special diacritics for ejective consonants that differ from the symbols above, as shown in the table:
1023:
3034:, as in “I think Tammy arrived from class” vs. “Tammy arrived from class”). Finally, the internal temporal structure of the action (i.e.
563:& Davis (1963) based on a comparison of Acoma, Santa Ana, and Santo Domingo, as well as other features of the dialects compiled from
9793:
2300:
does not occur in Keresan). Voiceless vowels have also been represented in two ways; either underlined or with a dot below (see table).
1525:
Due to extensive vowel devoicing, several Keresan words may be perceived as ending in consonants or even containing consonant clusters.
7225:
2815:
are marked differently if they are perceived as actors than from when they are perceived as undergoers of the action being described.
993:
915:
502:
9873:
8410:
8917:
5616:
8386:
1843:
In the Keres spelling system, each symbol represents a single phoneme. The letters ⟨c q z f⟩ and sometimes also ⟨v⟩ are not used.
9929:
8897:
8749:
7625:
954:
847:
9323:
3906:
The category of tense is expressed in Keresan via adverbs that indicate when the action about which one is speaking took place.
9990:
9292:
7544:
7480:
6723:
6666:
Nathan Romero, "Chochiti Keres: About Me and My Language: The politics of saving a vanishing language: The politics of writing"
2293:
8157:
7908:
7399:
5920:
5873:
4309:
and concepts that were unknown to the peoples living in the area. Words for the new ideas introduced by Spaniards were often
8270:
7405:
6277:
Maring, Joel M. (1975). "Speech variation in Acoma Keresan". In Kinkade, M. Dale; Hale, Kenneth L.; Werner, Oswald (eds.).
8806:
8623:
7230:
7016:
7010:
6934:
961:
854:
8317:
7605:
8633:
8618:
7618:
7376:
7337:
1355:: high, low, falling and rising. Falling and rising tones only occur in long vowels and voiceless vowels bear no tones:
1000:
947:
922:
840:
316:. If it is considered a language isolate, it would be the most widely spoken language isolate within the borders of the
163:
9641:
8392:
7250:
3053:
According to Maring (1967), the Keresan verb is organized around the following grammatical categories (pp. 39–40)
8821:
8613:
8607:
7665:
7583:
7556:
7260:
986:
970:
908:
9878:
8179:
7637:
7295:
7255:
7245:
6416:. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 40. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
3280:
9985:
9950:
9259:
7840:
7435:
7265:
6951:
6716:
4302:
1569:
s, which suggest a complementary distribution. Consonant clusters may occur both word-initially and word-medially.
1037:
714:
707:
8398:
8374:
8349:
8322:
8305:
7213:
6784:
9970:
8591:
7315:
7270:
7240:
6739:
3296:
721:
489:
in a superstock called Keresiouan. None of these proposals has been validated by subsequent linguistic research.
9739:
8967:
8070:
7902:
6957:
6773:
6477:
Sims, Christine P.; Valiquette, Hilaire (1990). "More on male and female speech in (Acoma and Laguna) Keresan".
9888:
9721:
9384:
8638:
8445:
8082:
6964:
5549:"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and over: 2009-2013"
3984:
3276:
317:
6665:
8909:
497:
Keresan has between 42 and 45 consonant sounds, and around 40 vowel sounds, adding up to a total of about 85
8772:
7643:
7568:
6971:
6921:
3377:
3026:
Additionally, the person and number of the undergoer of the action are all coded on the verb (e.g. the word
3008:
2851:
730:
9980:
9715:
9673:
9482:
9448:
9166:
8878:
8826:
8657:
8505:
8300:
8295:
8076:
8029:
7659:
7576:
7235:
7219:
7027:
6928:
6791:
6767:
5548:
3268:
2859:
2855:
2808:
2746:
Letters〈f q x z〉are not used to write Keres, whereas the letters ⟨ɨ o v⟩ are only used in some dialects.
801:
794:
6993:
9975:
9883:
9829:
9748:
9726:
9367:
9249:
8801:
8703:
8601:
8290:
8093:
7883:
7872:
7834:
7441:
7415:
7320:
7310:
6909:
6760:
5528:
5516:
5058:
2835:
2583:
2145:
1844:
1012:
808:
639:
632:
321:
31:
9781:
9774:
8404:
8129:
3311:(the speaker), second (the hearer), third (a known, definite or salient entity being talked about) and
3030:
means “S/he sees her/him”, a full sentence in English). The ways the speaker assesses the action (i.e.
6689:
5821:
Brandt, Elizabeth (1981). "Native American Attitudes toward Literacy and Recording in the Southwest".
3356:); and those in which the action produces no (perceived) change in the world or that have no object (
9708:
9556:
9122:
9088:
8678:
8563:
8435:
8243:
8216:
8199:
8167:
8065:
7779:
7704:
7631:
7410:
7387:
7359:
7290:
7201:
6982:
4314:
2996:
2839:
646:
2292:). However, there are two competing representations for the vowel /ɨ/. Some versions simply use the
9893:
9732:
9690:
9630:
9609:
9403:
9339:
9282:
9230:
9215:
9188:
9156:
8972:
8862:
8857:
8455:
8359:
8259:
8248:
8210:
8189:
8087:
8046:
7821:
7803:
7797:
7772:
7765:
7758:
7671:
7654:
7393:
7059:
7046:
6940:
6890:
6747:
2173:
2095:
2024:
1975:
1877:
1052:
934:
888:
881:
874:
827:
817:
776:
767:
760:
753:
746:
604:
529:
525:
517:
5511:
Keres was one of the seven languages sung in the Coca-Cola "It's Beautiful" commercial during the
9804:
9760:
9684:
9584:
9570:
9500:
9390:
9206:
9150:
9143:
9054:
9038:
8791:
8369:
8364:
8354:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8311:
8280:
8275:
8228:
8222:
8173:
8118:
8041:
7925:
7889:
7850:
7792:
7599:
7594:
7305:
7064:
7033:
6999:
6987:
6946:
6821:
6552:
6523:
6494:
6446:
6400:
6371:
6342:
6313:
6246:
6196:
6167:
6082:
6050:. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. Vol. 4. New York: Oxford University Press.
6034:
5965:
5891:
5803:
3308:
3292:
3003:, Keresan verbs code not only person and number of the initiator of the action (e.g. “Tammy drink
2847:
2801:
2000:
1352:
787:
594:
544:
521:
428:
9027:
8466:
8429:
2205:
6690:
Grammatical and Lexical Notes on the Keres Language (Acoma-Laguna Dialect) of the Keresan Stock
2768:/ ɑ́ì títʼîːʃù ʂpíkɑ̀ kʼɑ́nɑ̂ːjɑ̀ cɑ́ʔɑ̂ʔù | ʃʼéː ʂpíkɑ̀ ɑ́ì cěǐtsʰi̥ ɑ́ì nɑ́jɑ́ː ʃcɨ̀ cɑ́ʔɑ̀ /
9868:
9810:
9563:
9546:
9521:
9507:
9362:
9225:
9220:
9182:
9065:
8796:
8471:
8460:
8440:
8380:
8285:
8265:
8204:
8184:
7895:
7856:
7827:
7815:
7752:
7698:
7676:
7649:
7589:
7562:
7381:
7342:
7332:
7300:
7173:
7099:
7081:
7075:
6977:
6895:
6809:
6778:
6463:
6417:
6282:
6263:
6107:
6051:
5926:
5916:
5879:
5869:
5622:
5612:
5512:
3638:
3365:
2812:
1943:
1887:
1872:
1550:
694:
614:
599:
360:
5868:. Perkins, Revere D. (Revere Dale), Pagliuca, William. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
9898:
9843:
9836:
9754:
9695:
9623:
9616:
9535:
9493:
9458:
9416:
9397:
9372:
9333:
9312:
9306:
9269:
9176:
9074:
9020:
9013:
9006:
8985:
8688:
8548:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8487:
8481:
8476:
8450:
8343:
8238:
8162:
8100:
8052:
7987:
7980:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7948:
7932:
7867:
7862:
7845:
7786:
7680:
7612:
7523:
7490:
7468:
7458:
7354:
7326:
7275:
7196:
7180:
7166:
7148:
7141:
7127:
7087:
7069:
7053:
7039:
6861:
6844:
6644:
6634:
6607:
6582:
6544:
6515:
6486:
6438:
6392:
6363:
6334:
6305:
6238:
6217:
6188:
6159:
6136:
6074:
6026:
5957:
5795:
4686:
4306:
3624:
3361:
3304:
3272:
3267:
In Keres, the verbal prefix carries information from five different grammatical categories:
3035:
2843:
2793:
1864:
589:
470:
466:
450:
398:
309:
260:
227:
93:
6095:
9701:
9658:
9651:
9528:
9514:
9464:
9378:
9353:
9276:
9242:
9236:
9133:
9099:
8999:
8961:
8816:
8811:
8683:
8558:
8543:
8512:
8233:
8194:
8059:
8005:
7877:
7739:
7505:
7500:
7365:
7280:
7161:
7154:
7134:
7116:
7021:
7004:
6803:
5645:
The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo, Smithsonian Bulletin 191, Anthropological Papers, No. 69
5567:
3204:
2510:
1894:
1882:
621:
609:
458:
313:
305:
85:
5866:
The evolution of grammar : tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world
2999:
in Keres, conveying the most information about events in communicative acts. Through its
501:, depending on the analysis and the language variety. Based on the classification in the
9767:
9599:
9577:
9430:
9409:
9301:
9195:
9115:
9108:
9047:
8992:
8786:
8693:
8553:
8522:
8493:
8124:
8010:
7993:
7943:
7938:
7746:
7516:
7510:
7430:
7425:
7371:
7348:
7093:
6915:
6872:
6855:
6849:
6827:
6815:
5945:
2862:
and inalienable possession. Other than possession, Keresan nouns show no comprehensive
1073:
1066:
1059:
680:
673:
666:
560:
556:
533:
478:
462:
349:
4007:/tsɪtʂa/ 'more'). Numerals 20 and above are formed by adding a multiplicative adverb (
155:
9944:
9471:
9437:
9423:
9081:
8978:
8841:
8836:
8577:
8517:
8499:
8015:
7999:
7953:
7710:
7530:
7495:
7485:
7463:
7420:
7285:
6866:
6798:
6556:
6527:
6498:
6450:
6404:
6375:
6346:
6317:
6250:
6200:
6086:
6038:
5969:
5807:
5274:
5030:
4788:
4524:
3197:
3031:
2827:
2765:⟨Ái dítʼîishu srbígà kʼánâaya dyáʼâʼu. Shʼée srbígà ái dyěitsị ái náyáa shdyɨ dyáʼa.⟩
1949:
1325:
1210:
700:
513:
297:
8831:
7474:
6338:
6309:
5562:
4921:
2797:
1100:
737:
540:
454:
417:
294:
66:
6612:
6595:
6548:
6221:
6141:
6120:
5799:
6673:
6694:
6229:
Kroskrity, Paul V. (1983). "On male and female speech in the Pueblo Southwest".
6208:
Hawley, Florence (1950). "Keresan patterns of kinship and social organization".
5086:
4670:
1256:
1183:
1156:
371:
199:
176:
171:
17:
7121:
6573:
Walker, Willard (1967). "Acoma Grammar and Texts. By Wick R. Miller". Review.
5168:
4610:
3150:
3110:
3073:
marked by a prefix that distinguishes 3-4 persons in the singular (see below).
3067:
marked by a prefix that distinguishes 3-4 persons in the singular (see below).
2875:
2863:
2289:
1233:
387:
301:
56:
6421:
6111:
2800:) behave differently from those indexing actions, especially in terms of the
6708:
6150:
Davis, Irvine (1968). "Acoma Grammar and Texts. By Wick R. Miller". Review.
5930:
5883:
5626:
5289:
3312:
3157:
3114:
1848:
1206:
1179:
512:
The great number of consonants relates to the three-way distinction between
486:
148:
122:
6668:, Language Documentation Training Center, University of Hawaii, Manoa (UHM)
6639:
6622:
8741:
138:
131:
5582:
5465:
5382:
4310:
3000:
1554:
2924:
2920:
187:
6048:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
5410:
1096:
498:
482:
6171:
524:
consonants (e.g. /t tʰ tʼ/), and to the larger than average number of
8698:
8596:
6462:. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5101:
4820:
4744:
3300:
3132:
is marked on the verb by a series of prefixes that also encode number
3080:
2823:
2819:
474:
207:
6649:
6102:. Bulletin (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
6065:
Davis, Irvine (1963). "Bibliography of Keresan linguistic sources".
3109:
can be marked by a prefix, partial reduplication, by suffixes or by
6586:
6519:
6490:
6442:
6396:
6367:
6325:
Miller, Wick R. (1959). "Some notes on Acoma kinship terminology".
6242:
6192:
6163:
6078:
6030:
5961:
4434:
tamîikụ, rûunishị, mâatịsị, mérikụsị, sruwêewesị, yêenịsị, sâawaru
4370:
workmate, king, black person, white person, community house, money
539:
The large number of vowels derives from a distinction made between
6429:
Miller, Wick R.; Davis, Irvine (1963). "Proto-Keresan phonology".
4878:
3079:
marked by a prefix that combines with the subject prefix, or by a
2804:
1565:, whereas the retroflex alveolar /ʂ/ precedes bilabial and velar C
4626:
2992:
2955:
Negation is doubly marked in Keresan. In addition to the adverb
2831:
543:
and short vowels (e.g. /e eː/), as well as from the presence of
8913:
8745:
8717:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
6712:
6281:. Lisse, Netherlands: Peter de Ridder Press. pp. 473–485.
4442:
Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday
3103:
can be marked by a prefix, partial reduplication or by suffixes
4804:
2842:
as word classes. Nouns in Keresan do not normally distinguish
2579:
1851:
used for writing Western Keres are shown between ⟨...⟩ below.
281:
6703:
6106:(69). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press: 53–190.
532:, the latter also showing the three-way distinction found in
5984:"Native Language Spotlighted During Coca-Cola Super Bowl Ad"
6535:
Spencer, Robert F. (1947). "Spanish loanwords in Keresan".
2811:
marking is based on a split-intransitive pattern, in which
2296:⟨ɨ⟩ whereas others use the letter ⟨v⟩ (the sound /v/ as in
275:
269:
242:
236:
206:
Acoma-Laguna is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
6383:
Miller, Wick R. (1960). "Spanish loanwords in Acoma: II".
4438:
domingo, lunes, martes, miércoles, jueves, viernes, sábado
4348:
camarita, cuchara, colchón, mesa, ventana, cubeta (Mexico)
4317:, and a large number of these persists in Modern Keresan.
30:"Keresan" redirects here. For the US Navy cargo ship, see
6354:
Miller, Wick R. (1959). "Spanish loanwords in Acoma: I".
3283:) is expressed elsewhere in a clause, mostly by adverbs.
1111:(1946), and Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics (1987).
332:
In 2007, there was an estimate total of 10,670 speakers.
304:. Depending on the analysis, Keres is considered a small
6279:
Linguistics and Anthropology: In Honor of C. F. Voegelin
5786:
Spencer, Robert (1947). "Spanish Loanwords in Keresan".
2513:, diacritics for tone are not repeated in long vowels.
4366:
compañero, rey, mulato, americano(a), comunidad, dinero
4362:
gumbanêerụ, rái, murâatụ, merigâanạ, kumanirá, ninêeru
2591:
Alphabetical order in the Acoma Keres Audio Dictionary
320:. The varieties of each of the seven Keres pueblos are
9961:
Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States
6506:
Spencer, Robert F. (1946). "The phonemes of Keresan".
5823:
Journal of the Linguistic Association of the Southwest
4344:
kamárîita, kuchâaru, kujûuna, méesa, mendâan, kuwêeta
3364:, whereas those that take no object are expressed via
6623:"A comparative sketch of Pueblo languages: Phonology"
6179:
Davis, Irvine (1974). "Keresan–Caddoan comparisons".
5720:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Dissertation.
3360:, etc.). Actions that take an object are encoded by
1557:). When the alveolo-palatal consonant /ʃ/ occurs as C
1431:
containing these sequences are rare in the language.
278:
266:
245:
233:
9956:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
4388:
cheese, rice, coffee, cilantro, butter, lard/butter
4352:
bed, spoon, mattress, table, window (glass), bucket
272:
239:
9907:
9861:
9819:
9792:
9672:
9640:
9598:
9545:
9481:
9447:
9352:
9322:
9291:
9258:
9205:
9165:
9132:
9098:
9064:
9037:
8951:
8871:
8850:
8779:
8671:
8648:
8576:
8420:
8142:
8110:
8028:
7917:
7723:
7690:
7543:
7451:
7195:
7109:
6886:
6837:
6746:
5840:
5662:
A Comparative Sketch of Pueblo Languages: Phonology
4460:
4455:
4380:géesu, arûusị, kawé, kurántụ, mantạgîiyụ, mandêegạ
263:
230:
162:
146:
120:
115:
100:
82:
72:
62:
52:
44:
39:
6699:
6296:Mickey, Barbara H. (1956). "Acoma kinship terms".
4384:queso, arroz, café, cilantro, mantequilla, manteca
4398:kawâayu, kanêeru, kujíinu, kurá, dûura, wáakạshị
3385:Degrees of involvement of the initiator in Keres
3113:(i.e. singular and plural forms are not related
2878:language, though word order is rather flexible.
2783:Baanaʼa, egu kauʼseeʼe, atsi sʼaama-ee srayutse.
555:The chart below contains the consonants of the
4416:míisa, Háasus Kuríistị, nachạwêena, guréesima
2959:, verbs index negation through a suffix (e.g.
2796:language in which verbs denoting states (i.e.
8925:
8757:
6724:
6575:International Journal of American Linguistics
6508:International Journal of American Linguistics
6479:International Journal of American Linguistics
6431:International Journal of American Linguistics
6385:International Journal of American Linguistics
6356:International Journal of American Linguistics
6231:International Journal of American Linguistics
6181:International Journal of American Linguistics
6067:International Journal of American Linguistics
6019:International Journal of American Linguistics
5950:International Journal of American Linguistics
5664:. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics. 1987.
5583:"Keres language, alphabet, and pronunciation"
4402:caballo, carnero, cochino, corral, toro, vaca
192:Pre-contact distribution of Keresan languages
27:Language isolate of New Mexico, United States
8:
8727:Families with more than 30 languages are in
6114:– via U.S. Government Printing Office.
5896:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3840:Aspect in Keresan is signalled by suffixes.
3050:in class”) is also coded in Keresan verbs.
9816:
9637:
9542:
9255:
9034:
8932:
8918:
8910:
8764:
8750:
8742:
8584:
8150:
8034:
7731:
7549:
7206:
6901:
6752:
6731:
6717:
6709:
5915:(Rev. ed.). Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
5611:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
4475:
583:
198:
186:
36:
8941:Indigenous language families and isolates
6648:
6638:
6611:
6140:
4420:misa, Jesús Cristo, Noche Buena, Cuaresma
3291:Keresan verbs distinguish three numbers:
1561:, it combines with alveolar and palatal C
6262:(PhD thesis). University of New Mexico.
4319:
4021:
3908:
3611:
3480:
3383:
2589:
2574:Keres orthography and alphabetical order
2515:
2302:
2212:
2204:
1858:
1571:
1433:
1357:
1113:
413:: total of 3,391 speakers (1990 census)
345:: total of 4,580 speakers (1990 census)
211:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
6675:Child's catechism in English and Laguna
6596:"Summary report of field work at Acoma"
6568:(PhD thesis). University of New Mexico.
6566:A study for a lexicon of Laguna Keresan
5944:Miller, Wick R.; Davis, Irvine (1963).
5913:Syntax : an introduction. Volume 1
5746:A study for a lexicon of Laguna Keresan
5540:
4471:as capitalized consonants in the IPA.
6017:Boas, Franz (1923). "A Keresan text".
5889:
4452:
1549:The only sequence of consonants (i.e.
6460:The Languages of Native North America
5781:
5779:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5711:
5709:
3812:
99:
7:
6627:Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics
6537:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology
6327:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology
6298:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology
5788:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology
5739:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5673:
5671:
5656:
5654:
5638:
5636:
4929:/*héːmíʃíː-tsʰi̥/, */*héːmíʃíː-tsé/
4424:mass, Jesus Christ, Christmas, Lent
4406:horse, sheep, pen/corral, bull, cow
3358:sneezing, breathing, growing, diving
3303:(more than two entities); and four
2818:The morphology of Keresan is mostly
569:Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics
3613:Transitive verb - Indicative mood (
3482:Intransitive Prefixes by Verb Type
9966:Indigenous languages of New Mexico
6695:English-Queres Language Vocabulary
6096:"The language of Santa Ana Pueblo"
5988:Indian Country Today Media Network
5772:. Indiana University Dissertation.
4015:) to the base number and the word
2858:, with distinct constructions for
2830:also occur. Keresan distinguishes
503:World Atlas of Language Structures
25:
6564:Valiquette, Hilaire Paul (1990).
1533:‘stomach’ /jˀɑ̂ːkḁʂûːni/ > ~
1072:
1065:
1058:
1036:
1029:
1022:
999:
992:
985:
969:
960:
953:
946:
921:
914:
907:
887:
880:
873:
853:
846:
839:
816:
807:
800:
793:
775:
766:
759:
752:
736:
729:
720:
713:
706:
679:
672:
665:
645:
638:
631:
8892:
8891:
2773:Orthography without tone marking
1324:All Keresan short vowels may be
1105:The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo
565:The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo
259:
226:
3910:Time adverbials in Acoma Keres
559:-Keresan (or pre-Keresan) from
6339:10.1086/soutjanth.15.2.3628805
6310:10.1086/soutjanth.12.3.3629083
5568:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3065:Subject of intransitive verbs:
528:(i.e. /s sʼ ʂ ʂʼ ʃ ʃʼ h/) and
1:
6613:10.1525/aa.1928.30.4.02a00020
6549:10.1086/soutjanth.3.2.3628729
6222:10.1525/aa.1950.52.4.02a00050
6142:10.1525/aa.1966.68.3.02a00450
5800:10.1086/soutjanth.3.2.3628729
505:, Keres is a language with a
8802:Keresan Pueblo Sign Language
5990:. 2014-02-03. Archived from
5841:"The Keres Language Project"
5744:Valiquette, Hilaire (1990).
4053:dyúya-kʼátsi-íisrkʼé-dzidra
3071:Subject of transitive verbs:
1513:expression of fear, workmate
465:suggested a connection with
6621:Yumitani, Yukihiro (1987).
5678:Spencer, Robert F. (1946).
4926:*héˑmíšíˑ-cɪ, *héˑmíšíˑ-zé
3329:‘the two of them saw it’).
3077:Object of transitive verbs:
457:grouped it together with a
10007:
5845:The Keres Language Project
3097:usually marked by a prefix
3046:in class” vs. “Tammy sneez
2807:they take. This system of
1540:‘baby’; /úwɑ̀ːkḁ/ > ~
449:Keres is now considered a
29:
8887:
8712:
8587:
8153:
8037:
7734:
7552:
7209:
6904:
6755:
6740:Primary language families
6594:White, Leslie A. (1928).
6458:Mithun, Marianne (1999).
6260:A grammar of Laguna Keres
5946:"Proto-Keresan Phonology"
4313:into Keres directly from
4227:kʼátsi-kukʼúmishu-dzidra
4026:
3917:
3914:
3821:
3804:
3748:
3725:
3711:
3694:
3679:
3671:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3621:
3507:
3501:
3491:
3488:
2982:'S/he didn't see her/him'
2740:
2566:
2551:⟨âa⟩, ⟨ûu⟩ or ⟨aà⟩, ⟨uù⟩
2548:⟨ǎa⟩, ⟨ǔu⟩ or ⟨aá⟩, ⟨uú⟩
2311:
2308:
2305:
2144:
2094:
2023:
1942:
1893:
1861:
1828:
1784:
1693:
1649:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1574:
1255:
1121:
1118:
1011:
933:
826:
693:
620:
586:
197:
185:
7557:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
6412:Miller, Wick R. (1965).
6258:Lachler, Jordan (2006).
5864:L., Bybee, Joan (1994).
5770:Grammar of Acoma Keresan
5768:Maring, Joel M. (1967).
5716:Lachler, Jordan (2005).
5607:Ian., Maddieson (1984).
4201:kʼátsi-mʼáidyana-dzidra
4079:dyúya-kʼátsi-dyú-dzidra
3059:Subject/Object relations
3007:decaf”) as is common in
2755:Orthography marking tone
1339:Word-medial devoicing:
291:Native American language
8773:Languages of New Mexico
8724:have no living members.
6600:American Anthropologist
6414:Acoma Grammar and Texts
6210:American Anthropologist
6129:American Anthropologist
6123:Acoma Grammar and Texts
6046:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
5718:Grammar of Laguna Keres
5680:The Phonemes of Keresan
4253:kʼátsi-máiyúkʼa-dzidra
4175:kʼátsi-shchʼísa-dzidra
3902:Time (tense) adverbials
3395:Intransitive verb type
3378:Indo-European languages
3009:Indo-European languages
2545:⟨àa⟩, ⟨ùu⟩ or unmarked
2209:Signage at Acoma Pueblo
2198:Signage at Acoma Pueblo
1529:Word-internal cluster:
1381:here, matrilineal uncle
1333:Word-final devoicing:
1109:The Phonemes of Keresan
577:Grammar of Laguna Keres
573:The Phonemes of Keresan
435:: 2,060 speakers (2007)
424:: 1,930 speakers (2007)
383:: 2,850 speakers (2007)
367:: 2,340 speakers (2007)
9991:Pueblo linguistic area
9925:Unclassified languages
8879:American Sign Language
8704:Unclassified languages
8658:list of sign languages
7626:Northeastern Tasmanian
6704:Keres Audio Dictionary
6700:Keres Language Project
6640:10.17161/KWPL.1808.514
6119:Davis, Irvine (1966).
6100:Anthropological Papers
6094:Davis, Irvine (1964).
5643:Davis, Irvine (1964).
4461:Reconstruction of
4294:Loanwords from Spanish
3492:Inactive intransitive
2210:
1095:Keresan vowels have a
8679:Constructed languages
5911:Givón, Talmy (2001).
5529:Keresan Sign Language
5517:America the Beautiful
4328:Modern Western Keres
4149:kʼátsi-táamʼa-dzidra
4123:kʼátsi-dyáana-dzidra
4045:kʼátsi-írskʼá-dzidra
3999:(/ kʼátsʰɪ / 'ten')
3111:suppletive stem forms
2760:Woodpecker and Coyote
2564:⟨à⟩, ⟨ù⟩ or unmarked
2208:
1351:Acoma Keres has four
509:consonant inventory.
445:Genetic relationships
405:: 390 speakers (2007)
394:: 500 speakers (2007)
356:: 600 speakers (2007)
322:mutually intelligible
32:USS Keresan (ID-1806)
8807:Mescalero-Chiricahua
7226:Binanderean–Goilalan
6672:John Menaul (1880).
4334:English translation
4315:Early Modern Spanish
4235:kukʼúmishuwa-kʼátsi
4097:kʼátsi-chami-dzidra
4003:ollowed by the word
2997:grammatical category
377:Santo Domingo Pueblo
142: – Western
135: – Eastern
9874:Algonquian–Wakashan
8863:New Mexican Spanish
8858:New Mexican English
8508:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
8411:Tequiraca–Canichana
8254:Harákmbut–Katukinan
7017:Northwest Caucasian
7011:Northeast Caucasian
6935:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
4321:
4299:European colonizers
4209:mʼáidyanawa-kʼátsi
4023:
3911:
3850:
3799:s/he sees something
3618:
3483:
3410:to steal as a thief
3386:
3299:(two entities) and
2943:subject object verb
2940:John Bill 3S-3S-see
2592:
2517:
2505:Diacritics for tone
2214:
473:grouped Keres with
9862:Proposed groupings
8952:Language families
8130:Tarascan/Purépecha
7619:Northern Tasmanian
7377:South Bougainville
7338:North Bougainville
5609:Patterns of sounds
5571:. Merriam-Webster.
4412:Religious concepts
4320:
4305:brought with them
4261:máiyúkʼuwa-kʼátsi
4183:shchʼísawa-kʼátsi
4071:kʼátsi-dyú-dzidra
4022:
3971:day after tomorrow
3909:
3843:
3612:
3489:Active intransive
3481:
3384:
3372:Intransitive verbs
3366:intransitive verbs
3164:Negative hortative
3139:Modality relations
3124:Temporal relations
2970:'S/he saw her/him'
2850:, but they can be
2590:
2582:of Western Keres,
2516:
2213:
2211:
1680:/ʃtʼìcɑ̀ːtʰɪ̥ʃɪ̥/
1426:Syllable structure
177:Rio Grande Keresan
78:13,190 (2013)
9986:Language families
9951:Keresan languages
9938:
9937:
9920:Extinct languages
9857:
9856:
9853:
9852:
9668:
9667:
9594:
9593:
9348:
9347:
9324:Takelma–Kalapuyan
8907:
8906:
8739:
8738:
8689:Language isolates
8667:
8666:
8572:
8571:
8138:
8137:
8024:
8023:
7719:
7718:
7666:Western Tasmanian
7584:Eastern Tasmanian
7539:
7538:
7261:East Geelvink Bay
7191:
7190:
6882:
6881:
6469:978-0-521-29875-9
6288:978-90-316-0079-3
6125:. Wick R. Miller"
6057:978-0-19-509427-5
5502:
5501:
4468:
4467:
4464:Keresan languages
4446:
4445:
4291:
4290:
3976:
3975:
3899:
3898:
3833:
3832:
3794:s/he sees her/him
3605:
3604:
3471:
3470:
3322:‘s/he saw it’ vs
3263:The verbal prefix
2987:Verbal morphology
2934:John Bill gukacha
2744:
2743:
2571:
2570:
2502:
2501:
2312:Voiceless vowels
2281:
2280:
2245:⟨nʼ shʼ srʼ tyʼ⟩
2195:
2194:
2176:
2152:
2125:
2102:
2075:
2053:
2031:
2003:
1978:
1952:
1923:
1901:
1855:Consonant symbols
1832:
1831:
1551:consonant cluster
1536:Word-final coda:
1523:
1522:
1423:
1422:
1296:
1295:
1086:
1085:
1055:
1019:
980:
941:
902:
868:
834:
790:
749:
703:
662:
628:
365:Katishtya dialect
361:San Felipe Pueblo
219:
218:
16:(Redirected from
9998:
9971:Puebloan peoples
9930:Linguistic areas
9817:
9638:
9543:
9256:
9035:
8934:
8927:
8920:
8911:
8895:
8894:
8822:Plains Sign Talk
8766:
8759:
8752:
8743:
8585:
8539:Huaorani/Waorani
8423:(extant in 2000)
8387:Esmeralda–Yaruro
8158:Andoque–Urequena
8151:
8035:
7841:Plateau Penutian
7732:
7707:(Northern Daly?)
7550:
7436:Northwest Papuan
7400:Trans–New Guinea
7266:East New Britain
7241:Central Solomons
7207:
6952:Great Andamanese
6902:
6753:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6710:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6654:
6652:
6642:
6617:
6615:
6590:
6569:
6560:
6531:
6502:
6473:
6454:
6425:
6408:
6379:
6350:
6321:
6292:
6273:
6269:978-05-4273622-3
6254:
6225:
6204:
6175:
6146:
6144:
6115:
6090:
6061:
6042:
6025:(3–4): 171–180.
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5895:
5887:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5783:
5774:
5773:
5765:
5750:
5749:
5741:
5722:
5721:
5713:
5684:
5683:
5675:
5666:
5665:
5658:
5649:
5648:
5640:
5631:
5630:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5545:
5507:In popular media
4957:*/*híʂɨ̥skʼáwa/
4687:Santa Ana Pueblo
4476:
4453:
4430:Days of the week
4394:Animal husbandry
4358:Social structure
4325:Semantic domain
4322:
4307:material culture
4301:arriving in the
4287:kʼádzawa-kʼátsi
4157:táamʼawa-kʼátsi
4131:dyáanawa-kʼátsi
4024:
3912:
3884:it keeps raining
3851:
3842:
3619:
3608:Transitive verbs
3484:
3414:to have diarrhea
3387:
3362:transitive verbs
3089:Number relations
2946:'John saw Bill.'
2937:J. B. g-Ø-ukacha
2926:
2922:
2593:
2518:
2303:
2215:
2172:
2150:
2123:
2100:
2073:
2051:
2029:
1999:
1974:
1948:
1921:
1899:
1859:
1825:'female in-law'
1787:/ʂkɑ́ʂkɑ́ʊ̯kʼa/
1572:
1434:
1358:
1320:Voiceless vowels
1313:Kʼawaika Keres:
1114:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1051:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1017:
1003:
996:
989:
978:
973:
964:
957:
950:
939:
925:
918:
911:
900:
891:
884:
877:
866:
857:
850:
843:
832:
820:
811:
804:
797:
786:
779:
770:
763:
756:
745:
740:
733:
724:
717:
710:
699:
683:
676:
669:
660:
649:
642:
635:
626:
584:
575:(1946), and the
471:Joseph Greenberg
451:language isolate
399:Santa Ana Pueblo
310:language isolate
293:, spoken by the
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
213:
202:
190:
158:
141:
134:
125:
94:Language isolate
88:
37:
21:
10006:
10005:
10001:
10000:
9999:
9997:
9996:
9995:
9941:
9940:
9939:
9934:
9903:
9849:
9815:
9797:linguistic area
9796:
9788:
9677:linguistic area
9676:
9664:
9636:
9590:
9541:
9486:linguistic area
9485:
9477:
9451:linguistic area
9450:
9443:
9344:
9318:
9287:
9254:
9201:
9161:
9128:
9094:
9060:
9033:
8953:
8947:
8938:
8908:
8903:
8883:
8867:
8846:
8775:
8770:
8740:
8735:
8734:
8708:
8694:Mixed languages
8663:
8644:
8579:
8568:
8422:
8416:
8271:Katembri–Taruma
8145:
8134:
8106:
8020:
7913:
7726:
7715:
7686:
7535:
7447:
7406:Turama–Kikorian
7316:Lower Mamberamo
7271:East Strickland
7199:
7187:
7105:
6893:
6888:
6878:
6833:
6742:
6737:
6680:
6678:
6671:
6662:
6657:
6620:
6593:
6572:
6563:
6534:
6505:
6476:
6470:
6457:
6428:
6411:
6382:
6353:
6324:
6295:
6289:
6276:
6270:
6257:
6228:
6207:
6178:
6149:
6118:
6093:
6064:
6058:
6045:
6016:
6012:
6007:
6006:
5997:
5995:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5923:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5888:
5876:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5849:
5847:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5785:
5784:
5777:
5767:
5766:
5753:
5743:
5742:
5725:
5715:
5714:
5687:
5677:
5676:
5669:
5660:
5659:
5652:
5642:
5641:
5634:
5619:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5591:
5589:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5525:
5513:2014 Super Bowl
5509:
4678:*/*tapínu̥sKḁ/
4451:
4340:Household items
4331:Modern Spanish
4296:
4105:chamiya-kʼátsi
3993:
3981:
3904:
3838:
3743:you see her/him
3610:
3429:(-shdyuwàan’i)
3374:
3335:
3289:
3265:
3186:Voice relations
3176:Future negative
3038:, as in “Tammy
2989:
2953:
2948:
2932:
2911:
2897:
2883:
2872:
2790:
2775:
2757:
2752:
2576:
2507:
2286:
2200:
1857:
1837:
1801:/ʂkʰɨ́tútsʰɪ̥/
1690:'plot of land'
1666:/ʃtʰéràʃtʼíká/
1583:
1579:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1547:
1457:I have it, left
1428:
1418:and, whole part
1349:
1322:
1307:– “I see you”:
1099:distinction in
1093:
553:
495:
461:–Siouan stock.
453:. In the past,
447:
442:
433:Kawaika dialect
403:Tamaiya dialect
330:
328:Family division
306:language family
262:
258:
229:
225:
215:
214:
205:
193:
181:
154:
137:
136:
130:
129:
121:
96:
89:
86:Language family
84:
75:
74:Native speakers
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Laguna language
15:
12:
11:
5:
10004:
10002:
9994:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9943:
9942:
9936:
9935:
9933:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9915:Classification
9911:
9909:
9905:
9904:
9902:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9889:Macro-Chibchan
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9865:
9863:
9859:
9858:
9855:
9854:
9851:
9850:
9848:
9847:
9840:
9833:
9825:
9823:
9814:
9813:
9808:
9800:
9798:
9790:
9789:
9787:
9786:
9778:
9771:
9764:
9757:
9752:
9745:
9744:
9743:
9736:
9724:
9722:Tequistlatecan
9719:
9712:
9705:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9680:
9678:
9670:
9669:
9666:
9665:
9663:
9662:
9655:
9647:
9645:
9635:
9634:
9627:
9620:
9613:
9605:
9603:
9596:
9595:
9592:
9591:
9589:
9588:
9581:
9574:
9567:
9560:
9552:
9550:
9540:
9539:
9532:
9525:
9518:
9511:
9504:
9497:
9489:
9487:
9479:
9478:
9476:
9475:
9468:
9461:
9455:
9453:
9445:
9444:
9442:
9441:
9434:
9427:
9420:
9413:
9406:
9401:
9394:
9387:
9385:Tequistlatecan
9382:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9359:
9357:
9350:
9349:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9342:
9337:
9329:
9327:
9320:
9319:
9317:
9316:
9309:
9304:
9298:
9296:
9289:
9288:
9286:
9285:
9280:
9273:
9265:
9263:
9253:
9252:
9247:
9246:
9245:
9240:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9212:
9210:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9199:
9192:
9185:
9180:
9172:
9170:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9159:
9154:
9147:
9139:
9137:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9126:
9119:
9112:
9104:
9102:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9092:
9085:
9078:
9070:
9068:
9062:
9061:
9059:
9058:
9051:
9043:
9041:
9032:
9031:
9024:
9017:
9010:
9003:
8996:
8989:
8982:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8957:
8955:
8949:
8948:
8939:
8937:
8936:
8929:
8922:
8914:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8901:
8888:
8885:
8884:
8882:
8881:
8875:
8873:
8869:
8868:
8866:
8865:
8860:
8854:
8852:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8783:
8781:
8777:
8776:
8771:
8769:
8768:
8761:
8754:
8746:
8737:
8736:
8733:
8732:
8725:
8718:
8714:
8713:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8675:
8673:
8669:
8668:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8661:
8652:
8650:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8642:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8619:Indo-Pakistani
8616:
8611:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8588:
8582:
8574:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8567:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8502:
8497:
8490:
8485:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8426:
8424:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8408:
8402:
8396:
8390:
8384:
8378:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8318:Piaroa–Saliban
8315:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8219:
8214:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8154:
8148:
8140:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8114:
8112:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8104:
8097:
8090:
8085:
8083:Tequistlatecan
8080:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8056:
8049:
8044:
8038:
8032:
8026:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7996:
7991:
7984:
7977:
7970:
7963:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7929:
7921:
7919:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7911:
7906:
7899:
7892:
7887:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7831:
7824:
7819:
7812:
7807:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7783:
7776:
7769:
7762:
7755:
7750:
7743:
7735:
7729:
7721:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7702:
7694:
7692:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7674:
7669:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7641:
7634:
7629:
7622:
7615:
7610:
7606:Marrku–Wurrugu
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7580:
7573:
7565:
7560:
7553:
7547:
7541:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7528:
7520:
7514:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7472:
7466:
7461:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7396:
7391:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7216:
7210:
7204:
7193:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7177:
7170:
7164:
7159:
7151:
7146:
7138:
7131:
7124:
7119:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7097:
7091:
7085:
7079:
7073:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7031:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6968:
6965:Hurro-Urartian
6961:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6937:
6932:
6925:
6918:
6913:
6905:
6899:
6884:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6859:
6852:
6847:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6796:
6788:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6764:
6756:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6728:
6721:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6669:
6661:
6660:External links
6658:
6656:
6655:
6618:
6606:(4): 559–568.
6591:
6587:10.1086/464971
6581:(3): 254–257.
6570:
6561:
6543:(2): 130–146.
6532:
6520:10.1086/463918
6514:(4): 229–236.
6503:
6491:10.1086/466144
6485:(1): 162–166.
6474:
6468:
6455:
6443:10.1086/464748
6437:(4): 310–330.
6426:
6409:
6397:10.1086/464552
6380:
6368:10.1086/464521
6362:(3): 147–153.
6351:
6333:(2): 179–184.
6322:
6304:(3): 249–256.
6293:
6287:
6274:
6268:
6255:
6243:10.1086/465769
6226:
6216:(4): 499–512.
6205:
6193:10.1086/465321
6187:(3): 265–267.
6176:
6164:10.2307/411485
6158:(1): 185–189.
6147:
6135:(3): 810–811.
6116:
6091:
6079:10.1086/464745
6073:(3): 289–293.
6062:
6056:
6043:
6031:10.1086/463743
6013:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6004:
5975:
5962:10.1086/464748
5956:(4): 310–330.
5936:
5921:
5903:
5874:
5856:
5832:
5813:
5794:(2): 130–146.
5775:
5751:
5723:
5685:
5667:
5650:
5632:
5617:
5599:
5574:
5554:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5524:
5521:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4662:*/tʃʼɨ́ːɾíka/
4660:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4485:Proto-Keresan
4483:
4480:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4449:Proto-language
4447:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4435:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4363:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4027:Western Keres
3992:
3989:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3945:once, formerly
3942:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3718:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3662:(‘her’/‘him’)
3657:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3635:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:he is sleeping
3597:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3583:kashdyuwàanʼi
3581:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3463:(-dyúmidruwi)
3441:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3373:
3370:
3334:
3331:
3288:
3285:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3154:
3147:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:etymologically
3104:
3098:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3074:
3068:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2971:
2952:
2949:
2912:
2898:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2871:
2868:
2794:split-ergative
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2250:Acoma signage
2247:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1813:
1811:'mound, hill'
1799:
1785:
1783:
1769:
1767:'mockingbird'
1755:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1722:
1708:
1694:
1692:
1678:
1664:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:syllable onset
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:Kotyit Keres:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
981:
975:
974:
967:
965:
958:
951:
944:
942:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
919:
912:
905:
903:
897:
896:
894:
892:
885:
878:
871:
869:
863:
862:
860:
858:
851:
844:
837:
835:
830:
824:
823:
821:
814:
812:
805:
798:
791:
783:
782:
780:
773:
771:
764:
757:
750:
742:
741:
734:
727:
725:
718:
711:
704:
697:
691:
690:
688:
686:
684:
677:
670:
663:
657:
656:
654:
652:
650:
643:
636:
629:
624:
618:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
552:
549:
494:
491:
463:Morris Swadesh
446:
443:
441:
440:
439:
438:
437:
436:
425:
408:
407:
406:
395:
384:
368:
357:
354:Kotyit dialect
350:Cochiti Pueblo
334:
329:
326:
217:
216:
204:
203:
195:
194:
191:
183:
182:
180:
179:
174:
168:
166:
160:
159:
152:
144:
143:
126:
118:
117:
116:Language codes
113:
112:
111:
110:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
90:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
46:
45:Native to
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10003:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9981:Laguna Pueblo
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9912:
9910:
9906:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9866:
9864:
9860:
9846:
9845:
9841:
9839:
9838:
9834:
9832:
9831:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9822:
9818:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9806:
9802:
9801:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9784:
9783:
9779:
9777:
9776:
9772:
9770:
9769:
9765:
9763:
9762:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9741:
9737:
9735:
9734:
9730:
9729:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9717:
9713:
9711:
9710:
9706:
9704:
9703:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9686:
9682:
9681:
9679:
9675:
9671:
9661:
9660:
9656:
9654:
9653:
9649:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9642:Calusa–Tunica
9639:
9633:
9632:
9628:
9626:
9625:
9621:
9619:
9618:
9614:
9612:
9611:
9607:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9597:
9587:
9586:
9582:
9580:
9579:
9575:
9573:
9572:
9568:
9566:
9565:
9561:
9559:
9558:
9554:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9544:
9538:
9537:
9533:
9531:
9530:
9526:
9524:
9523:
9519:
9517:
9516:
9512:
9510:
9509:
9505:
9503:
9502:
9498:
9496:
9495:
9491:
9490:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9474:
9473:
9469:
9467:
9466:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9456:
9454:
9452:
9446:
9440:
9439:
9435:
9433:
9432:
9428:
9426:
9425:
9421:
9419:
9418:
9414:
9412:
9411:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9399:
9395:
9393:
9392:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9380:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9351:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9335:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9321:
9315:
9314:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9290:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9278:
9274:
9272:
9271:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9257:
9251:
9248:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9238:
9234:
9233:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9204:
9198:
9197:
9193:
9191:
9190:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9178:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9164:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9152:
9148:
9146:
9145:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9131:
9125:
9124:
9120:
9118:
9117:
9113:
9111:
9110:
9106:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9097:
9091:
9090:
9086:
9084:
9083:
9079:
9077:
9076:
9072:
9071:
9069:
9067:
9063:
9057:
9056:
9052:
9050:
9049:
9045:
9044:
9042:
9040:
9036:
9030:
9029:
9025:
9023:
9022:
9018:
9016:
9015:
9011:
9009:
9008:
9004:
9002:
9001:
8997:
8995:
8994:
8990:
8988:
8987:
8983:
8981:
8980:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8963:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8950:
8946:
8945:North America
8942:
8935:
8930:
8928:
8923:
8921:
8916:
8915:
8912:
8900:
8899:
8890:
8889:
8886:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8874:
8870:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8849:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8827:Southern Tiwa
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8767:
8762:
8760:
8755:
8753:
8748:
8747:
8744:
8730:
8726:
8723:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8711:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8674:
8670:
8660:
8659:
8654:
8653:
8651:
8647:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8629:Original Thai
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8609:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8589:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8575:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8495:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8419:
8412:
8409:
8406:
8403:
8400:
8397:
8394:
8393:Hibito–Cholón
8391:
8388:
8385:
8382:
8379:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8345:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8313:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8261:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8224:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8212:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8175:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8141:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8120:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8109:
8103:
8102:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8061:
8057:
8055:
8054:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8027:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
8001:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7989:
7985:
7983:
7982:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7964:
7962:
7961:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7934:
7930:
7928:
7927:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7916:
7910:
7909:Yuman–Cochimí
7907:
7905:
7904:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7858:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7836:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7805:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7788:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7748:
7744:
7742:
7741:
7737:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7722:
7712:
7709:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7700:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7689:
7682:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7644:Southern Daly
7642:
7640:
7639:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7585:
7581:
7579:
7578:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7569:Darwin Region
7566:
7564:
7561:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7542:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7521:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7476:
7473:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7389:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7251:Demta–Sentani
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7198:
7194:
7184:
7182:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7101:
7098:
7095:
7092:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6972:Indo-European
6969:
6967:
6966:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6922:Austroasiatic
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6892:
6885:
6874:
6871:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6734:
6729:
6727:
6722:
6720:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6705:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6677:
6676:
6670:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6659:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6571:
6567:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6475:
6471:
6465:
6461:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6280:
6275:
6271:
6265:
6261:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6124:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6063:
6059:
6053:
6049:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6015:
6014:
6009:
5994:on 2014-03-01
5993:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5940:
5937:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5914:
5907:
5904:
5899:
5893:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5867:
5860:
5857:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5833:
5829:(2): 185–195.
5828:
5824:
5817:
5814:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5771:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5747:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5646:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5618:9780521113267
5614:
5610:
5603:
5600:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5555:
5550:
5544:
5541:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5506:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5275:bighorn sheep
5273:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:mountain lion
5029:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4886:*/háʔástʃʼá/
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4856:*/káwi̥TSi̥/
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4722:*/tíːskʰámí/
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4648:*/tʃʼájâːnì/
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4525:cholla cactus
4523:
4520:
4519:
4516:*/ʔíʔìːcàwà/
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4463:
4459:
4456:Proto-Keresan
4454:
4448:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:dyúwa-kʼátsi
4278:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3990:
3988:
3987:also occurs.
3986:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:it is raining
3872:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:s/he sees you
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:(‘she’/‘he’)
3751:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3706:I see her/him
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3625:Direct object
3620:
3616:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:you were born
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3425:(-srbiitsa),
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3333:Argument role
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3269:argument role
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3032:evidentiality
3029:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2995:is a central
2994:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2882:Laguna Keres:
2879:
2877:
2874:Keresan is a
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2828:reduplication
2825:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2798:stative verbs
2795:
2792:Keresan is a
2787:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2532:Falling tone
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:⟨ɨɨ⟩ or ⟨vv⟩
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2309:Short vowels
2304:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:Vowel symbols
2283:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1815:/ʂkʼàpɪ́hɪ́/
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1662:'frog, toad'
1660:
1659:
1657:
1652:/ʃtáʊ̯rákʊ̥/
1651:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1573:
1570:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:yʼâakạ srûunị
1528:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:Syllable type
1436:
1435:
1432:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:lexical tones
1346:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
988:
984:
982:
977:
976:
972:
968:
966:
963:
959:
956:
952:
949:
945:
943:
938:
936:
932:
929:
927:
924:
920:
917:
913:
910:
906:
904:
899:
898:
895:
893:
890:
886:
883:
879:
876:
872:
870:
865:
864:
861:
859:
856:
852:
849:
845:
842:
838:
836:
831:
829:
825:
822:
819:
815:
813:
810:
806:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
785:
784:
781:
778:
774:
772:
769:
765:
762:
758:
755:
751:
748:
744:
743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
726:
723:
719:
716:
712:
709:
705:
702:
698:
696:
692:
689:
687:
685:
682:
678:
675:
671:
668:
664:
659:
658:
655:
653:
651:
648:
644:
641:
637:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
585:
582:
581:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
550:
548:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
434:
431:
430:
429:Laguna Pueblo
426:
423:
422:Áakʼu dialect
420:
419:
415:
414:
412:
411:Western Keres
409:
404:
401:
400:
396:
393:
392:Ts'ia dialect
390:
389:
385:
382:
378:
374:
373:
369:
366:
363:
362:
358:
355:
352:
351:
347:
346:
344:
343:Eastern Keres
341:
340:
339:
336:
335:
333:
327:
325:
323:
319:
318:United States
315:
312:with several
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:Pueblo people
296:
292:
286:
256:
250:
223:
212:
209:
201:
196:
189:
184:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
151:
150:
145:
140:
133:
127:
124:
119:
114:
108:
105:
104:
103:
95:
91:
87:
81:
77:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
48:United States
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
9976:Acoma Pueblo
9879:Aztec–Tanoan
9842:
9835:
9830:Guanahatabey
9828:
9821:Pre-Arawakan
9803:
9780:
9773:
9766:
9759:
9747:
9738:
9731:
9716:Oto-Manguean
9714:
9707:
9700:
9683:
9674:Mesoamerican
9657:
9650:
9629:
9622:
9615:
9608:
9583:
9576:
9569:
9562:
9555:
9534:
9527:
9520:
9513:
9506:
9499:
9492:
9483:Coahuiltecan
9470:
9463:
9436:
9429:
9422:
9415:
9408:
9396:
9389:
9377:
9332:
9311:
9293:Coast Oregon
9275:
9268:
9235:
9194:
9187:
9175:
9167:Macro-Siouan
9149:
9142:
9121:
9114:
9107:
9087:
9080:
9073:
9053:
9046:
9026:
9019:
9012:
9005:
8998:
8991:
8984:
8977:
8960:
8954:and isolates
8896:
8728:
8721:
8720:Families in
8655:
8606:
8504:
8492:
8342:
8310:
8301:Pano-Tacanan
8258:
8221:
8209:
8180:Arutani–Sape
8172:
8117:
8099:
8092:
8077:Oto-Manguean
8075:
8058:
8051:
7998:
7986:
7979:
7972:
7965:
7958:
7931:
7924:
7901:
7894:
7882:
7855:
7833:
7826:
7814:
7809:
7802:
7785:
7778:
7771:
7764:
7757:
7745:
7738:
7697:
7664:
7660:Western Daly
7638:Pama–Nyungan
7636:
7624:
7617:
7604:
7582:
7577:Eastern Daly
7575:
7567:
7522:
7398:
7386:
7364:
7347:
7325:
7296:Kaure–Kosare
7256:Doso–Turumsa
7246:Chimbu–Wahgi
7236:Bulaka River
7220:Austronesian
7218:
7179:
7172:
7153:
7140:
7133:
7126:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7028:Sino-Tibetan
7026:
7009:
6992:
6970:
6963:
6956:
6939:
6929:Austronesian
6927:
6920:
6908:
6854:
6792:Nilo-Saharan
6790:
6783:
6768:Austronesian
6766:
6759:
6679:. Retrieved
6674:
6630:
6626:
6603:
6599:
6578:
6574:
6565:
6540:
6536:
6511:
6507:
6482:
6478:
6459:
6434:
6430:
6413:
6391:(1): 41–49.
6388:
6384:
6359:
6355:
6330:
6326:
6301:
6297:
6278:
6259:
6237:(1): 88–91.
6234:
6230:
6213:
6209:
6184:
6180:
6155:
6151:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6103:
6099:
6070:
6066:
6047:
6022:
6018:
6010:Bibliography
5996:. Retrieved
5992:the original
5987:
5978:
5953:
5949:
5939:
5912:
5906:
5865:
5859:
5848:. Retrieved
5844:
5835:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5791:
5787:
5769:
5745:
5717:
5679:
5661:
5644:
5608:
5602:
5590:. Retrieved
5586:
5577:
5566:
5557:
5543:
5510:
5496:*y̍úˑskúm̍á
5416:*w̍a̍ˑbɨ́nɪ
5294:*sk̍áʔáˑdʸᴜ
5225:*sc̐úy̍úˑná
4954:*híẓᵻsk̍áwa
4922:Jemez Pueblo
4675:*dabínᴜsk̠ᴀ
4642:medicine man
4618:*/tsʼíːjˀá/
4588:*/tsʰúsKi̥/
4532:*/ʔiːpáni̥/
4513:*ʔíʔìˑdʸawa
4469:
4437:
4429:
4419:
4411:
4401:
4393:
4383:
4375:
4365:
4357:
4347:
4339:
4303:Southwest US
4297:
4282:
4274:
4266:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4204:
4196:
4193:mʼáiʼdyàana
4188:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4100:
4092:
4084:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3962:
3952:
3944:
3934:
3926:
3905:
3893:
3883:
3873:
3863:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3827:
3816:
3808:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3784:s/he sees me
3783:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3752:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3729:
3720:
3715:
3712:
3705:
3700:
3689:
3683:
3675:
3672:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3614:
3599:
3591:
3586:
3578:
3568:
3560:
3555:
3552:srúuchʼáwʼa
3547:
3537:
3529:
3524:
3516:
3475:
3472:
3460:
3457:to be afraid
3456:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3416:(-ushchʼi),
3413:
3412:(-chʼáwʼa),
3409:
3408:(-dyàatra),
3405:
3400:
3375:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3324:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3290:
3266:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3240:Continuative
3239:
3234:
3229:
3225:Imperfective
3224:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3175:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3004:
2990:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2873:
2864:noun classes
2817:
2791:
2788:Morphosyntax
2750:Sample texts
2745:
2633:
2577:
2556:
2537:
2529:Rising tone
2508:
2498:⟨u̱⟩ or ⟨ụ⟩
2493:
2485:
2477:
2472:⟨o̱⟩ or ⟨ọ⟩
2467:
2459:
2451:
2446:⟨a̱⟩ or ⟨ạ⟩
2441:
2433:
2425:
2420:⟨ɨ̱⟩ or ⟨ṿ⟩
2415:
2407:
2399:
2394:⟨e̱⟩ or ⟨ẹ⟩
2389:
2381:
2373:
2368:⟨i̱⟩ or ⟨ị⟩
2363:
2355:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2306:Long vowels
2297:
2287:
2201:
1842:
1838:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1781:'it's full'
1780:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:/ʂpʰɑ̀ːtʼi/
1753:'water jug'
1752:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:/ʃtʃʰúmúná/
1705:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1603:Postalveolar
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1575:
1548:
1545:Phonotactics
1537:
1530:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1473:
1469:
1466:dedza, ashi
1456:
1445:translation
1437:
1429:
1417:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1369:translation
1361:
1350:
1340:
1334:
1323:
1304:
1297:
1286:
1279:
1268:
1261:
1245:
1238:
1222:
1215:
1195:
1188:
1168:
1161:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1108:
1104:
1094:
576:
572:
571:(1987), and
568:
564:
554:
538:
511:
506:
496:
455:Edward Sapir
448:
432:
427:
421:
418:Acoma Pueblo
416:
410:
402:
397:
391:
386:
381:Kewa dialect
380:
376:
370:
364:
359:
353:
348:
342:
337:
331:
254:
221:
220:
172:Acoma-Laguna
147:
9884:Macro-Mayan
9749:Uto-Aztecan
9727:Totozoquean
9557:Coahuilteco
9368:Palaihnihan
9250:Tsimshianic
8614:Germanosign
8518:Mura-Pirahã
8399:Lule–Vilela
8375:Bora-Witoto
8350:Uru–Chipaya
8323:Ticuna–Yuri
8306:Peba–Yaguan
8291:Nambikwaran
8094:Uto-Aztecan
8030:Mesoamerica
7884:Uto-Aztecan
7873:Tsimshianic
7835:Palaihnihan
7705:Malak-Malak
7442:Papuan Gulf
7416:West Papuan
7321:Lower Sepik
7311:Lakes Plain
7214:Arai–Samaia
7202:the Pacific
6910:Afroasiatic
6785:Niger–Congo
6761:Afroasiatic
6633:: 119–139.
5515:featuring "
5356:flea, louse
5320:*sk̍úrúˑná
5183:grasshopper
5106:*peséc̍uru
5087:prairie dog
5073:hummingbird
5035:*mûˑk̍aiẓᴀ
5020:*k̍ámᴀsk̠ᵻ
4981:*hùˑsk̍ani
4978:yucca fruit
4943:*/héjḁci̥/
4671:horned toad
4659:*č̇ɨ́ˑríga
4602:*/tsʼíːkà/
4560:*/pêːɾàKḁ/
4502:*/ʔáʂáni̥/
4219:kukʼúmishu
3967:naháayashi
3923:tsikʼínuma
3828:one sees it
3587:s/he sweats
3459:(-tyishu),
2822:, although
2557:Short Vowel
2542:⟨áa⟩, ⟨úu⟩
2412:⟨ɨ⟩ or ⟨v⟩
2174:glottalized
2146:Approximant
1922:glottalized
1835:Orthography
1771:/ʂpʼeruru/
1517:"compañero"
1509:í, banêeru
1487:I'm not fat
1474:cooking pot
1341:white paint
1305:Sraúka̠cha̠
1053:glottalized
1013:Approximant
661:glottalized
372:Kewa Pueblo
9945:Categories
9740:Mixe–Zoque
9709:Misumalpan
9631:Chitimacha
9123:Algonquian
9089:Athabaskan
8968:Yuki–Wappo
8780:Indigenous
8608:Francosign
8456:Chiquitano
8436:Alacalufan
8244:Guaicuruan
8217:Chapacuran
8200:Cahuapanan
8168:Araucanian
8071:Mixe–Zoque
8066:Misumalpan
7780:Comecrudan
7632:Nyulnyulan
7411:Upper Yuat
7388:Torricelli
7360:Senu River
7291:Foja Range
7197:New Guinea
7122:Burushaski
6983:Kartvelian
6958:Hmong–Mien
6774:Khoe–Kwadi
6127:. Review.
5998:2014-02-26
5922:1588110656
5875:0226086631
5850:2018-03-18
5535:References
5429:*w̍âˑyuṣᴀ
5346:*šâˑwit̠ᴀ
5330:dwarf corn
5279:*skàˑsk̠ᴜ
5209:wild honey
5199:*sc̐ɨ́r̍á
5169:meadowlark
5142:woodpecker
5116:salamander
4968:*húˑʔùˑga
4913:*/hâːniː/
4897:*ha̍ˑbánɪ
4883:*háʔásc̐á
4870:*/kúhájḁ/
4842:*/kánàmì/
4828:*/*cúːpí/
4812:*/cɨ́ːʂḁ/
4796:*/cèiTSi̥
4789:piñon pine
4752:*/cáːcu̥/
4719:*díˑskámí
4694:*/támájá/
4645:*č̇áyâˑni
4611:Zia Pueblo
4574:*/tsʰinḁ/
4557:*bêˑrak̠ᴀ
4546:*/ʔiːʂʼá/
3985:derivation
3738:you see me
3617:'to see')
3565:kɨdrâidyá
3521:sudyàatra
3452:to sleep (
3448:to be born
3444:to believe
3423:to whistle
3255:Perfective
3250:Inchoative
3235:Repetitive
3211:Reciprocal
3151:Dubitative
3145:Indicative
2917:g-Ø-ukacha
2876:verb-final
2870:Word order
2856:possession
2580:dictionary
2538:Long Vowel
2523:High tone
2290:diphthongs
1724:/ʃtʃʼísḁ/
1686:idyàatịshị
1676:'cricket'
1672:érashtʼígá
1257:Back-close
551:Consonants
530:affricates
526:fricatives
388:Zia Pueblo
375:(formally
302:New Mexico
109:West Keres
106:East Keres
57:New Mexico
9894:Tolatecan
9794:Caribbean
9782:Alagüilac
9775:Purépecha
9761:Cuitlatec
9733:Totonacan
9691:Jicaquean
9610:Muskogean
9585:Mamulique
9571:Comecrudo
9501:Karankawa
9404:Jicaquean
9391:Chimariko
9340:Kalapuyan
9283:Sahaptian
9231:Yok-Utian
9216:Chinookan
9189:Iroquoian
9157:Chimakuan
8973:Chumashan
8792:Jicarilla
8639:Tanzanian
8580:languages
8477:Hodï/Joti
8421:Isolates
8360:Yanomaman
8296:Otomákoan
8260:Jirajaran
8249:Guajiboan
8211:Catacaoan
8190:Barbacoan
8119:Cuitlatec
8088:Totonacan
8047:Jicaquean
7926:Chimariko
7822:Muskogean
7804:Kalapuyan
7798:Iroquoian
7773:Chumashan
7766:Chinookan
7759:Chimakuan
7677:Yangmanic
7672:Worrorran
7655:Wagaydyic
7545:Australia
7394:Trans-Fly
7060:Yeniseian
7047:Tyrsenian
6941:Dravidian
6681:25 August
6557:164169397
6528:144257720
6499:143626730
6451:143519987
6422:0068-6484
6405:224808846
6376:222527399
6347:146921018
6318:156497463
6251:144870648
6201:143862548
6112:0082-8882
6087:145202838
6039:144375478
5970:143519987
5892:cite book
5808:164169397
5592:April 28,
5483:*yúʔúbɨ́
5455:*yáˑčínɪ
5439:corn silk
5333:*spíníní
5307:*sk̍àˑšᵻ
5290:bullsnake
5264:*síyan̍ᵻ
5186:*sc̐ár̍ɪ
5173:*sc̐áˑná
5119:*p̍águra
5048:*múšêiẓᴀ
5007:*k̍ákana
4994:*kɨ́ˑc̠ɪ
4940:*héyᴀdʸɪ
4907:pine tree
4853:*gáwɪc̠ɪ
4809:*dʸɨ́ˑṣᴀ
4793:*dʸèic̠ɪ
4780:*/cáːwí/
4766:*/cánˀé/
4749:*dʸáˑdʸᴜ
4716:corn husk
4708:*/tâːnì/
4634:*/tʃícá/
4615:*c̍íˑy̍á
4540:porcupine
4529:*ʔiˑbánɪ
4510:centipede
4089:chameʼée
4063:dyúuwʼée
3963:yesterday
3894:it rained
3848:'to rain'
3701:I see you
3556:you steal
3538:I believe
3534:srkuhima
3476:selfishes
3467:Inactive
3461:to forget
3446:(-hima),
3230:Inceptive
3205:Reflexive
3158:Hortative
3095:Singular:
3001:morphemes
2860:alienable
2852:inflected
2840:particles
2834:, verbs,
2820:prefixing
2778:Boas text
2561:⟨á⟩, ⟨ú⟩
2526:Low tone
2322:Grapheme
2101:voiceless
2096:Fricative
2052:aspirated
2030:voiceless
2025:Affricate
1976:aspirated
1950:voiceless
1878:Retroflex
1869:Alveolar
1849:graphemes
1793:ásrgáukʼa
1743:/ʂpúːná/
1706:'upward'
1515:(Spanish
1470:young boy
1442:examples
1393:young boy
1366:examples
1150:Voiceless
940:voiceless
935:Fricative
867:aspirated
833:voiceless
828:Affricate
747:aspirated
701:voiceless
605:Retroflex
518:aspirated
514:voiceless
493:Phonology
487:Iroquoian
149:Glottolog
123:ISO 639-3
63:Ethnicity
9805:Arawakan
9685:Chibchan
9564:Cotoname
9522:Quinigua
9508:Maratino
9207:Penutian
9151:Wakashan
9144:Salishan
9055:Eskimoan
9039:Eskaleut
8898:Category
8851:European
8672:See also
8649:Isolates
8624:Japanese
8564:Yuracaré
8446:Candoshi
8405:Macro-Jê
8370:Zaparoan
8365:Zamucoan
8355:Witotoan
8338:Tucanoan
8333:Tiniguan
8328:Timotean
8312:Quechuan
8281:Matacoan
8276:Mascoian
8266:Jivaroan
8229:Chibchan
8223:Charruan
8174:Arawakan
8111:Isolates
8042:Chibchan
7918:Isolates
7890:Wakashan
7851:Salishan
7793:Eskaleut
7699:Giimbiyu
7691:Isolates
7600:Jarrakan
7595:Iwaidjan
7452:Isolates
7306:Kutubuan
7174:Sumerian
7110:Isolates
7065:Yukaghir
7034:Tungusic
7000:Mongolic
6988:Koreanic
6947:Eskaleut
6838:Isolates
6822:Ubangian
6650:1808/514
6152:Language
5931:70727915
5884:29387125
5627:10724704
5587:Omniglot
5523:See also
5493:corn cob
5470:*yêˑt̠ᴜ
5466:mesquite
5442:*yábášɪ
5400:*ṣûˑwiˑ
5383:blue jay
5251:*síˑdʸᴀ
5248:squirrel
5222:mosquito
5212:*sc̐úmᵻ
5158:*sbíˑná
5132:*rèˑdʸᴀ
5091:*nɨ́t̠ɪ
5076:*m̍îˑzᴀ
5059:soapweed
4991:antelope
4910:*hâˑniˑ
4867:*gúháyᴀ
4839:*gánami
4825:*dʸúˑbí
4777:*dʸáˑwí
4763:*dʸán̍é
4736:/*tíjḁ/
4691:*dámáyá
4631:*c̆ídʸá
4599:*c̍íˑga
4585:*cúsk̠ɪ
4543:*ʔiˑṣ̍á
4499:*ʔáṣánɪ
4311:borrowed
4245:máyúkʼu
4005:dzidra (
3991:Numerals
3953:tomorrow
3949:nacháma
3927:long ago
3890:káajatú
3870:káajáni
3864:it rains
3809:(‘one’)
3766:-ukạchạ
3760:-ukạchạ
3732:-ukạchạ
3723:-ukạchạ
3716:(‘you’)
3656:(‘you’)
3632:Singular
3596:dzíibái
3508:Example
3502:Example
3450:(-dyá),
3427:to sweat
3419:to leave
3406:to write
3392:Actions
3293:singular
3277:polarity
3273:modality
3245:Habitual
3171:Negative
3021:sneezing
2951:Negation
2836:numerals
2824:suffixes
2813:subjects
2809:argument
2720:TYʼ tyʼ
2714:TSʼ tsʼ
2708:TRʼ trʼ
2699:SRʼ srʼ
2691:SHʼ shʼ
2664:NYʼ nyʼ
2605:CHʼ chʼ
2584:digraphs
2341:Grapheme
2331:Grapheme
2218:General
2124:ejective
2074:ejective
2001:ejective
1845:Digraphs
1797:'quail'
1593:Alveolar
1588:Bilabial
1483:srátsʼa
1453:, shv́v
1411:Falling
1326:devoiced
1145:Phonetic
1140:Phonemic
1135:Phonetic
1130:Phonemic
1107:(1964),
1101:duration
1097:phonemic
979:ejective
901:ejective
788:ejective
595:Alveolar
579:(2005).
567:(1964),
522:ejective
499:phonemes
314:dialects
289:), is a
253:), also
156:kere1287
101:Dialects
9869:Amerind
9844:Ciguayo
9837:Macorix
9811:Cariban
9785: ?
9644: ?
9624:Atakapa
9617:Natchez
9602: ?
9549: ?
9547:Pakawan
9536:Tonkawa
9494:Aranama
9449:Pueblo
9417:Salinan
9398:Esselen
9363:Shastan
9356: ?
9334:Takelma
9326: ?
9313:Siuslaw
9295: ?
9270:Klamath
9262: ?
9260:Plateau
9226:Maiduan
9221:Wintuan
9209: ?
9183:Caddoan
9169: ?
9136: ?
9075:Tlingit
9066:Na-Dene
9021:Waikuri
9014:Timucua
9007:Kutenai
8986:Beothuk
8817:Picuris
8797:Keresan
8722:italics
8699:Pidgins
8684:Creoles
8634:Swedish
8602:Chinese
8549:Urarina
8534:Puinave
8488:Itonama
8482:Irantxe
8451:Chimane
8381:Chimuan
8286:Nadahup
8205:Cariban
8185:Aymaran
8146:America
7988:Waikuri
7981:Tonkawa
7974:Timucua
7967:Takelma
7960:Siuslaw
7949:Kutenai
7933:Esselen
7896:Wintuan
7857:Shastan
7828:Na-Dene
7816:Maiduan
7753:Caddoan
7727:America
7681:Wagiman
7679:(incl.
7650:Tangkic
7590:Garawan
7563:Bunuban
7524:Tambora
7491:Maybrat
7459:Abinomn
7382:Teberan
7343:Pauwasi
7333:Mairasi
7301:Kiwaian
7181:Tambora
7167:Shompen
7149:Kusunda
7142:Kenaboi
7128:Elamite
7100:Siangic
7082:Kho-Bwa
7076:Hrusish
6994:Kra–Dai
6978:Japonic
6887:Eurasia
6862:Sandawe
6845:Bangime
6810:Songhay
5563:"Keres"
5411:abalone
5387:*ṣúisɪ
5372:*šúˑdá
5359:*šínaˑ
5238:*síˑʔí
5155:chicken
5145:*sbíga
5045:buffalo
4705:*dâˑni
4271:kʼátsi
4167:shʼísa
4141:táam'a
4115:dyáana
4037:ísrkʼé
3979:Lexicon
3935:tonight
3918:Future
3880:kájásɨ
3860:kájáni
3819:ukạchạ
3778:ukạchạ
3772:ukạchạ
3692:ukạchạ
3686:ukạchạ
3650:('me’)
3640:Subject
3615:-ukạchạ
3544:Second
3525:I write
3505:Prefix
3499:Prefix
3454:-bái),
3433:Active
3421:(-mi),
3351:, read
3347:, cook
3305:persons
3198:Passive
3130:Future:
3107:Plural:
3028:gukacha
3017:jumping
3013:kicking
2977:gukacha
2968:Gukacha
2914:gukacha
2895:subject
2805:affixes
2336:Phoneme
2326:Phoneme
2318:Phoneme
1944:Plosive
1888:Glottal
1873:Palatal
1807:v́dútsị
1720:'wasp'
1696:/ʃtʃɨ/
1500:bluejay
1405:because
1399:Rising
1335:because
1298:Notes:
1211:central
695:Plosive
615:Glottal
600:Palatal
483:Caddoan
467:Wichita
255:Keresan
128:Either:
40:Keresan
9899:Waroid
9755:Xincan
9696:Lencan
9659:Calusa
9652:Tunica
9529:Solano
9515:Naolan
9459:Tanoan
9373:Pomoan
9307:Coosan
9302:Alsean
9277:Molala
9237:Yokuts
9177:Siouan
9028:Pericú
9000:Cayuse
8812:Navajo
8597:BANZSL
8559:Yamana
8544:Trumai
8513:Movima
8467:Fulniô
8430:Aikanã
8344:Tupian
8239:Chonan
8163:Arauan
8101:Xincan
8053:Lencan
8006:Yokuts
7903:Yukian
7868:Tanoan
7863:Siouan
7846:Pomoan
7787:Coosan
7613:Mirndi
7506:Porome
7501:Pawaia
7355:Senagi
7327:Madang
7276:Eleman
7231:Border
7162:Nihali
7155:Minoan
7135:Hattic
7117:Basque
7088:Mijiic
7070:Digaro
7054:Uralic
7040:Turkic
6891:Europe
6748:Africa
6555:
6526:
6497:
6466:
6449:
6420:
6403:
6374:
6345:
6316:
6285:
6266:
6249:
6199:
6172:411485
6170:
6110:
6085:
6054:
6037:
5968:
5929:
5919:
5882:
5872:
5806:
5625:
5615:
5343:parrot
5129:rabbit
5102:bedbug
5063:*múšɪ
5017:spider
4951:willow
4937:turtle
4821:badger
4745:bobcat
4733:*díyᴀ
4702:squash
4596:locust
4571:*cinᴀ
4568:turkey
4017:kʼátsi
3997:kʼátsi
3931:kúsra
3846:-ajanu
3836:Aspect
3806:Fourth
3713:Second
3676:(‘I’)
3666:Fourth
3654:Second
3575:Third
3513:First
3353:a book
3349:a dish
3345:a gift
3343:, buy
3341:a ball
3313:fourth
3301:plural
3287:Number
3219:Aspect
3192:Active
3081:suffix
3036:aspect
2975:Dzaadi
2957:dzaadi
2909:object
2848:number
2802:person
2738:Yʼ yʼ
2732:Wʼ wʼ
2729:(V v)
2717:TY ty
2711:TS ts
2705:TR tr
2694:SR sr
2688:SH sh
2685:Sʼ sʼ
2679:Rʼ rʼ
2673:Pʼ pʼ
2667:(O o)
2661:NY ny
2658:Nʼ nʼ
2652:Mʼ mʼ
2644:Kʼ kʼ
2617:DZ dz
2614:DY dy
2611:DR dr
2602:CH ch
2511:Navajo
2494:/ ʊ̥ /
2478:/ uː /
2468:/ o̥ /
2452:/ oː /
2426:/ ɑː /
2416:/ ɨ̥ /
2400:/ ɨː /
2390:/ e̥ /
2374:/ eː /
2364:/ ɪ̥ /
2348:/ iː /
2233:⟨tsʼ⟩
2151:voiced
2086:⟨trʼ⟩
2083:⟨chʼ⟩
2080:⟨tsʼ⟩
1932:⟨nyʼ⟩
1900:voiced
1865:Labial
1734:'six'
1658:áurákụ
1642:/tʃʼ/
1639:/tʃʰ/
1538:úwàakạ
1122:Short
1091:Vowels
1018:voiced
627:voiced
590:Labial
561:Miller
485:, and
475:Siouan
208:UNESCO
53:Region
9908:Lists
9768:Huave
9702:Mayan
9578:Garza
9465:Keres
9431:Washo
9410:Karuk
9379:Yuman
9354:Hokan
9243:Utian
9196:Yuchi
9134:Mosan
9116:Yurok
9109:Wiyot
9100:Algic
9048:Aleut
8993:Bidai
8962:Haida
8872:Other
8787:Jemez
8554:Warao
8523:Nukak
8494:Kunza
8472:Guató
8461:Cofán
8441:Camsá
8234:Choco
8195:Boran
8144:South
8125:Huave
8060:Mayan
8011:Yuchi
7994:Washo
7944:Karuk
7939:Haida
7878:Utian
7810:Keres
7747:Alsea
7740:Algic
7725:North
7517:Taiap
7511:Sulka
7366:Sepik
7281:Engan
7022:Ongan
7005:Nivkh
6873:Shabo
6856:Jalaa
6850:Hadza
6804:Mande
6553:S2CID
6524:S2CID
6495:S2CID
6447:S2CID
6401:S2CID
6372:S2CID
6343:S2CID
6314:S2CID
6247:S2CID
6197:S2CID
6168:JSTOR
6083:S2CID
6035:S2CID
5966:S2CID
5804:S2CID
5413:shell
5397:snake
5369:goose
5261:mouse
4879:yucca
4836:beans
4774:gourd
4496:wheat
4482:gloss
3959:súwa
3941:háma
3915:Past
3764:kudrù
3750:Third
3673:First
3660:Third
3648:First
3561:kɨdr-
3517:s(i)-
3339:kick
3327:kacha
3320:kacha
3309:first
3281:tense
3101:Dual:
3042:sneez
2832:nouns
2702:T tʼ
2486:/ u /
2482:⟨uu⟩
2460:/ o /
2456:⟨oo⟩
2442:/ ḁ /
2434:/ ɑ /
2430:⟨aa⟩
2408:/ ɨ /
2382:/ e /
2378:⟨ee⟩
2356:/ i /
2352:⟨ii⟩
2265:⟨tś⟩
2256:⟨t́⟩
2242:⟨yʼ⟩
2239:⟨wʼ⟩
2236:⟨mʼ⟩
2230:⟨sʼ⟩
2227:⟨kʼ⟩
2224:⟨tʼ⟩
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2064:⟨tr⟩
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2042:⟨dr⟩
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1929:⟨nʼ⟩
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2006:⟨pʼ⟩
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1987:⟨ty⟩
1969:⟨ʼ⟩
1961:⟨dy⟩
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