Lake Galilee (Queensland) - Knowledge (XXG)

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as ducks, parrots, owls, bats and reptiles. Disturbance of nesting birds by human activity in the heat of a summer's day can result in the death of unhatched chicks. Unleashed pet dogs can also be devastating to ground-nesting waterbirds and can also disturb wading birds and ground-dwelling fauna. Some visitors also create new vehicle tracks, which tend to draw others to continually expand their presence and impact. Other issues include the inappropriate disposal of rubbish and human excrement.

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major wetland complex. It plays an important role in the natural functioning of a major wetland complex. It is important habitat for animal taxa at a vulnerable stage in their life cycles, or provides a refuge when adverse conditions such as drought prevail. It supports native plants, animals and ecological communities considered endangered or vulnerable at the national level.

449:. Regional ecosystems are classified as endangered if the area of remnant vegetation for the regional ecosystem is less than 10% of the pre-clearing extent of the regional ecosystem or the area of remnant vegetation for the regional ecosystem is 10% to 30% of the pre-clearing extent of the regional ecosystem and less than 10,000 hectares. 1466:

the lakebed, the main aim is to prevent parthenium reaching the lake and to have the infestation completely controlled within five years. The 2011-2012 Caring For Our Country funding has also enabled landholders to control 12 kilometres of parthenium along streambanks using a selective herbicide for the control of broadleaved weeds.

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centre and erosion control work. To date, their pro-active pest control actions have reduced the weed infestations to half the area. The “Friends of Lake Galilee” group includes the landholders and managers of seven properties surrounding Lake Galilee: Oakvale, Oaketokes, Fleetwood, Lake Dunn, Swanlea, Eastmere and Hazelmere.

357:. In dry times, playas consist of cracking clay flats that can be crusted and hardened to varying degrees depending on their substrate and position in the landscape, and sometimes might be covered in a thin layer of soluble salt deposits. Some lakebeds are devoid of vegetation, but others support diverse communities of 1445:

Fungus inoculation trials are being conducted on “Eastmere” and other properties further north. Capsules containing a fungus that causes dieback in parkinsonia are inserted into a hole drilled into the base of the tree. Early results have been mixed, but Desert Channels Queensland and researchers are

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More and more tourists are venturing into western Queensland and the most preferred campsites are on the edges of lakes and waterholes. Visitors use the riparian timber for campfire fuel, especially hollow branches and logs and over a long period totally degrade habitat for hollow-dwelling fauna such

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Migratory waterbirds make round trip migrations of up to 26,000 km each year between their breeding grounds in the Northern Hemisphere and their non-breeding areas in the south. These trips are made in several weeks, with brief stops at staging sites along the way to rest and refuel for the next

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is due to the pre-existence of salts in the soil and weathered bedrock, and salinity levels range from low (hyposaline) to high (hypersaline). Only a few lakes are distinctly saline for most of the wetting and drying cycle and a single lake may exhibit a mix of both fresh and saline water conditions

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The water is fresh when full but becomes brackish from leached terrestrial salts as it dries. Water varies from fresh and milky coloured when recently inundated and well into the dry season, to hyposaline in the deepest, southern parts of the lake, which take the longest to dry out. The northern half

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The lake covers approximately 25,700 hectares with a perimeter of 236.7 kilometres. It extends 36 km in a northeast-southwest direction, and is up to 12.5 km wide, with a maximum depth of less than two metres. It has a complex shoreline characterised by many small bays. There are three

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and mother-of-millions that are being closely monitored and managed. Parkinsonia, parthenium and rubber vine are listed as Weeds of National Significance (WONS) and as declared Class 2 pest plants under Pest and Stock Route Management Act 2002. Management of weeds in the Lake Galilee catchment is a

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Pastoral settlement began on the eastern side of Lake Galilee in 1877, when Charles Bowly acquired the Oakley run and stocked it with cattle. The following year he also acquired the “Northmere”, “Powala”, “Eastmere”, “Westmere” and “Southmere” runs with “Eastland” being added in 1883. Together these

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occur in internal (closed) drainage basins where the annual average rainfall is less than 500 mm. Water supply is mainly from the creeks of local catchments with infrequent major rain events providing most of the inflows. In-flowing water is invariably fresh, but becomes brackish or saline over

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is posing as an environmental threat to the lake as are feral animals, grazing impacts and tourism pressures. The group of property owners adjacent to the lake are working with local natural resource management groups (Desert Uplands Committee and Desert Channels Queensland) to manage these threats.

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was transported into the Lake Galilee area from the north with cattle during drought times. About 430 hectares of parthenium exists on one property and one hectare on another property about 10 km upstream (north) of the lake. Because of its potential to spread around the lake edge and across

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tree that was planted in the garden of the “Eastmere” homestead in the late 1800s. It has been spread around the lake's edge during various flood events (e.g. 1974, 1991, 2008, 2010), receding floodlines and prevailing winds. The parkinsonia is currently in several stages of treatment and ranges in

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funds for the improved management of the Lake Galilee catchment through implementation of the management plan. Management actions carried out by the “Friends of Lake Galilee” include chemical treatment of weed infestations, trials of biological controls for weeds, signage for a tourist information

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As the prevailing wind is from the south-eastern edges of the lake towards the north and west, the “Friends of Lake Galilee” group decided it was best to control the southern and eastern infestations first as they are “source infestations”. Some landholders have spent years controlling parkinsonia

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Tree clearing, some overgrazing and the introduction of buffel grass has occurred near the lake in the past and has created some impacts on biodiversity, water quality, erosion and changes in sedimentation and substrate composition. The lake fringes are highly productive and are regularly used for

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Parthenium is an annual herb with a deep taproot and an erect stem that becomes woody with age. It is a vigorous species that colonises weak pastures with sparse ground cover and will readily colonise disturbed, bare areas along roadsides and heavily stocked areas around yards and watering points.

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therefore decreasing the biodiversity of ecosystems Another aspect of invasion by buffel grass is that this plant species is very phosphorus- and nitrogen-dependent and a long term run down of phosphorus in the already phosphorus deficient soils of the Desert Uplands may occur leading to a further

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was introduced into the Desert Uplands bioregion the late 1960s. Many pastoralists regard it highly because in many situations it greatly increases pasture productivity for cattle. However, it is also widely seen as having negative environmental impacts through competition with native species and

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Lake Galilee fulfilled four of the six criteria for inclusion as follows. It is a good example of a seasonal/intermittent saline lake with seasonal/intermittent freshwater ponds and marshes on inorganic soils in the Desert Uplands Region. It plays an important role in the natural functioning of a

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There are more than 80 Indigenous cultural heritage sites recorded in association with arid and semi-arid lakes in Queensland. However, most arid and semi-arid zone lakes have not been systematically surveyed or assessed for cultural heritage significance. The information available suggests that

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The new owners of “Eastmere” reached the same conclusion and began introducing sheep two years after purchase and had completely changed to sheep in 1913. Charles Bowly was fortunate in selling when he did. The cattle tick invaded the district soon afterwards, killing up to 50% of cattle on some

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Gidgee woodlands on lakeside dunes (10.3.19). This ecosystem is an unusual occurrence, having significant geomorphic values indicative of past climates. It is endemic to Lake Galilee. The deep fine sandy topsoils have very low fertility and are extremely susceptible to wind erosion. It is largely

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Other management actions carried out by the ‘Friends of Lake Galilee’ include signage for a tourist information centre (to control public access to the lake from stock route adjacent to Hazelmere Station); construction of bollards; a parking area; an information shelter and erosion control work.

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The corridor through which these waterbirds migrate is known as the East Asian - Australasian Flyway (the Flyway) . It extends from within the Arctic Circle, through East and South-east Asia, to Australia and New Zealand. Stretching across 22 countries, it is one of eight major waterbird flyways

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The 2011-2012 Caring For Our Country funding has enabled the participating landholders to tackle 620 hectares of parkinsonia, which is approximately twelve per cent of the total mapped infestation area around the lake. Combined with the additional control works carried out by landholders it is

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All wetland ecosystems are of material and cultural importance to Indigenous people and many will have profound cultural significance and values. The Indigenous peoples of inland Queensland have strong cultural associations with arid and semi-arid lakes (fresh and salt) dating back thousands of

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The survey in May 2008 also recorded 50 species and at least 20,000 individuals and confirming the international-level importance of Lake Galilee in terms of numbers of waterbirds supported. This survey also discovered internationally important numbers (at least 1% of the Flyway population) of

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Grazing management practices are already promoted in the Desert Uplands via a number of initiatives including a group of graziers using the International Standards for Environmental Management (ISO 14001) and a Natural Heritage Trust project sponsored through the Desert Uplands Development and

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Parkinsonia forms dense, impenetrable thickets which restrict waterbird access to shoreline feeding and roosting sites, and provide a haven for feral pigs, which in turn disturb waterbird habitats. It is regarded as one of the worst weeds in Australia because of its invasiveness, potential for

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are the biggest threat to the ecological values of Lake Galilee, which has the largest infestation of parkinsonia known in Australia. It covers approximately 5,000 hectares around the entire edge of the lake. Parthenium is also an issue in and adjacent to the catchment. There are also small

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The Desert Uplands Committee and the landholders surrounding Lake Galilee produced the Lake Galilee Management Plan 2011-2016. The priority of the management plan and the “Friends of Lake Galilee”* is to significantly reduce the infestations of parkinsonia and parthenium and to maintain the

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As with all other wetland systems in the Desert Uplands bioregion, only limited monitoring systems are in place; although Lake Galilee was amongst the four most important wetland systems counted in annual aerial surveys across south-east Australia in 1988, 1989, 1993, 1997 (estimated 62,000

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Six are implementing five-year pest management plans. Their aim is to eradicate parthenium and to contain and eradicate, if possible, the source infestations of parkinsonia around the lake. As well as funded weed projects, landholders have carried out additional control works from their own

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Cattle were reintroduced in very different market conditions in the 1950s and sheep were removed from “Eastmere” in 1966. Over the years other properties were taken up around the lake including “Fleetwood” to the north and west, “Lake Dunn” to the west, and “Clare” and Clunies Creek” – now

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The grazing properties surrounding Lake Galilee manage grazing pressure through stocking rates. Some fencing has been erected and alternative watering points have been placed adjacent to the lake to provide better quality water for stock and reduce trampling impacts at the lake edge.

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Hunting, trapping and baiting activities reduce the numbers of pigs to some degree and all property managers surrounding the lake are actively engaged in pest management. Some landholders have found that the extreme drought years have the biggest effect on reducing pig numbers.

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In the early 2000s a biodiversity audit suggested some concern about over-clearing in some ecosystems and said, "the most quantifiable threatening process is broad scale tree clearing", although data collated for 1999 indicated that 87% of the bioregion remained uncleared.

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spread, and economic and environmental impacts. Wetlands are particularly vulnerable because parkinsonia can invade watercourses, cause erosion, lower watertables and take over vast tracts of floodplain. At Lake Galilee it germinates freely on the moist edges of the lake.

1165:“I, to my regret, got tired of sheep and wanted to ride after cattle. I sold out with 6000 cattle and 220 horses after going through five droughts and working for 21 years for the Bank, got £6000 left after 21 years hard work and hard living too, and that is Queensland.” 894:

Birdlife Australia recognizes Lake Galilee as an Important bird areas (IBA) as it regularly supports more than 1% of the world population of freckled duck and grey teal and occasionally may support more than 1% of the world population of other waterbirds and shorebirds.

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Only young plants may be palatable to animals as they accumulate salt over time. They also act as sediment and nutrient traps and stabilise the lake edge. While they are capable of withstanding harsh climatic conditions, they are easily destroyed by physical trampling.

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estimated that the parkinsonia infestation is now down to half its original mapped area. Other control methods and chemicals are being used and trialed with varying degrees of success and the best methods for different circumstances are yet to be determined.

1232:“Clunievale” - to the south. “Eastmere” first pulled (cleared trees) in 1967, while “Fleetwood” first pulled in 1963. (The clearing of trees is a method of increasing productivity and sustainability of pastoral grazing enterprises in the Desert Uplands). 1408:

size of infestation from large, dense clumps of trees; to thickets of small trees; to isolated plants and mats of seedlings. Weed control is effective only in the summer (wet season) when the plants are growing and not in a stressed physiological state.

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and grasses as they dry out, which make them a valuable potential grazing resource. When they contain water, arid and semi-arid lakes can also support highly productive aquatic plant beds and algal turfs that are an important component of the food chain.

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Fencing of the whole lake area at this stage is not considered an economic proposition or a high priority for protection of the ecological values of the area; especially given the saline nature of the water and its corrosive effect on fencing materials.

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Birds are listed as migratory species under the Environment Protection Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), if they are listed under the Japan - Australia (JAMBA) and China - Australia (CAMBA) Migratory Bird Agreements and the Bonn Convention.

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Biodiversity Audit – Bioregional Case Study, Desert Uplands bioregion. Queensland Queensland Government Environment Protection Agency, Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service and National Land and Water Resources Audit (A program of the National Heritage

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to the north, Lake Galilee represents a rare type of lake in Australia. Both lake basins represent tectonic depressions created by movements deep in the earth's crust; they have relatively small catchments and are bordered by the Great Dividing Range.

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cleared for pasture development. Remnants are heavy infested with buffel grass. In December 2006, remnant extent was < 10,000 ha and 10-30% of the pre-clearing area remained, endangered under the VMA (Vegetation Management Act) and the Biodivstat;

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Jaensch, R. and Reid, J. (unpublished 2008) Waterbirds in wetlands of the Desert Uplands bioregion May 2008. A survey conducted by Wetlands International in collaboration with Australian National University. Report to EPA by Wetlands International,

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of the lake is more persistently fresh. Lake Galilee falls within the 508 to 610 mm isohyets, with the rain predominantly falling in the summer months from December to March. However, in 2010 there was over 1,000 mm in the catchment.

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While five Asian-breeding shorebirds listed under the EPBC Act were recorded at Lake Galilee during a survey conducted by Jaensch and Reid (2008) for Wetlands International in collaboration with Australian National University. They include

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spp.) in broad margins across the lake bed and on islands. Samphires are succulent, perennial erect or spreading shrubs to one metre tall, often growing in waterlogged and saline areas. They belong on the Chenopod family so are related to

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Palustrine wetland. Mostly water or bare ground. Scattered forbs and grasses including Sclerolaena spp. may occur during dry periods. Occurs on infrequently flooded alluvial plains or fringing sandy closed depressions. (BVG1M: 34d)

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Roger Jaensch conducted an aerial bird survey by helicopter around the lake in August 1998 (unpublished) and recorded at least 56,000 individual waterbirds at a series of shallow water bodies in the southern bed of the lake.

330:, around the lake. Landforms and vegetation may be exposed or covered by water depending on depth of water. Diversity and complexity are likely to be greatest when the lake is below maximum depth but above half-full depth. 862:

Lake Galilee represents a rare type of lake in Australia and provides an important refuge and breeding site for waterbirds. Periodically, high numbers of waterbirds occur, ranging from small-bodied species such as

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In 1995, the Desert Uplands Build-up and Development Committee was established and has worked with landholders to enhance grazing and ecological sustainability, enterprise profitability and community resilience.

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cause damage by disturbing nesting birds, predation on frogs and aquatic species (e.g. mussels) and uprooting lakebed and riparian vegetation. Their role as a host or vector for diseases of cattle such as

626:. Stems and branches are green to reddish-purple, and made up of numerous articulated segments. They do not have obvious leaves; flowers are minute and grow in rows at the base of the fruiting segments. 1511:

It is a much smaller lake with facilities such as powered and unpowered camping sites and two small chalets available for hire. Water activities include swimming, water skiing, windsurfing and fishing.

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years. Lakes were important for Indigenous peoples of the arid and semi-arid interior, providing seasonal water, food and other material resources, as well as having ceremonial and spiritual values.

1761:. Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia information sheet. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved on 9 November. 597:(DIWA). The criteria for determining these nationally important wetlands are agreed to by the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) Wetlands Network in 1994. 1344:

grazing, particularly after spring or early summer rainfall. Constant grazing can damage forbs and grasses that grow naturally on the lake fringes and may create a buffel grass monoculture.

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with some properties now being relatively clean. Of the “Friends of Lake Galilee” group six landholders have parkinsonia on their properties and two of the six also have parthenium.

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there is a greater diversity of evidence of traditional occupation and use associated with temporary arid and semi-arid zone freshwater lakes than with arid and semi-arid salt lakes.

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Lake Galilee is registered on the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia (DIWA) and provides an important refuge and breeding site for waterbirds. It has been identified by

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Gardiner, S. (updated 2010) Wetland Management Profile – Arid and semi-arid lakes. Queensland Wetlands Program (Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management).

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A 2008 Wetlands International/ ANU bird survey of Lake Galilee found that the two habitats which support the most breeding waterbirds, are the inundated groves of belalie

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The Regional Ecosystem Description Database (REDD) lists the Biodiversity Status and the Vegetation Management Class (VM class) of each regional ecosystem.

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properties. In 1899 the worst drought Queensland had ever experienced set in, and by the time it broke in 1903, 80% of cattle in the district had died.

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Miyan (Mian) is a language of North/Central Queensland.The Miyan language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the

2117:. (reprinted from Jaensch 1999). The status and importance of Queensland’s south-western wetlands. Report by Wetlands International-Oceania to EPA. 2072: 284:

to the west and north. The 255,480 hectare catchment is a closed, internally draining basin, which is fed by some 20 seasonal streams. It is in the

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Other surveys and monitoring not yet carried out at Lake Galilee are aquatic ecology base-line surveys, followed by five to ten year monitoring.

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sharp-tailed sandpiper across the four main wetlands of the Desert Uplands bioregion; Lakes Galilee, Buchanan and Dunn and Cauckingburra Swamp.

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Because of the presence of a caretaker and Lake Dunn's smaller size and more accessible shoreline, it is easier to manage tourism impacts.

1508:(commonly known as “The Lake”); it lies about 30 km to the southwest of Lake Galilee and is a popular bird watching and tourist spot. 1985: 2194: 2322: 2091: 1841: 1673: 1751: 452:

Out of the 52 regional ecosystems represented in the Lake Galilee catchment, the eight (listed below), are considered endangered.

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Charles Bowly later regretted having invested in cattle. He wrote to the daughter of Robert Christison, his first employer:

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The characteristic landform of an almost flat, shallow, terminal lakebed in an arid and semi-arid zone is commonly called a

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Invertebrates occur in low diversity, but in high abundance at middle salinities (they vary with salinity) and include

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waterbirds) but systematic surveys combining aerial and ground surveys have only been undertaken in 1998 and 2008.

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Ironwood +/- beefwood low open woodland on lake fringing dunes over a calcrete hardpan adjacent to lake (10.3.17a);

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in the Desert Uplands bioregion of Central West Queensland. It highlights the steps being taken to preserve the

2147: 2033: 2043:. Field Guide to Common Saltmarch Plants of Queensland. The State of Queensland. Retrieved on 10 November 2012. 1928: 1890: 1462: 1391: 1307: 1268: 2169: 1594: 225:. The lake is about 36 kilometres long, up to 12.5 kilometres wide and covers approximately 25,700 hectares. 2069: 643:

forms tall open shrubland or low woodland in parts of the northern half and in south-eastern bays. The weed

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at one time depending on its topography and the location of the tributaries that carry water into the lake.

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To help look after Lake Galilee and its important waterbird habitats, tourists are encouraged to camp at

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with up to 40 nests, and colonies of breeding pelicans, the largest of which had 2,200 breeding pairs.

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Queensland Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation (DEEDI), (2011). PR11–5578,

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Australian Government, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities.

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working with landholders to assess the potential of using fungus inoculation to control parkinsonia.

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thickets occur in the northern lake bed and on southern islands, dense marshes of ribbed spike-rush (

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Regional ecosystems are assigned a conservation status based on their current extent in a particular

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infestations pose the largest threat to the ecological integrity of this significant wetland.

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Many ecosystems in the Desert Uplands are being invaded by buffel grass, which forms a dense

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makes control of feral pigs particularly desirable for landholders and the wider community.

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cut-stump and basal barking with a mix of herbicide and diesel for less dense thickets; and

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http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/ecosystems/biodiversity/regional-ecosystems/how_to_download_redd

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nonselective, broad spectrum herbicides for larger trees where there are no native trees;

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and dry islands. The inundated belalie groves supported three mixed-species colonies of

244:. and possibly more than 1% of the world population of other waterbirds and shorebirds. 1636:

Protecting critical aquatic ecosystems, site: Lake Galilee, Lake Eyre drainage division

370: 285: 214: 139: 126: 2137:. Land and Water Resources Audit. Australian Terrestrial Biodiversity Assessment 2002. 1735:

Desert Uplands Build-up and Development Strategy Committee and Desert Channels Group.

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The local natural resource management (NRM) body, Desert Channels Queensland, secured

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under shrubs in some south-eastern inlets and creeks. Some of the lake bed is bare.

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occurs extensively together with Belalie in dense thickets in the south-east inlets;

446: 237: 113: 1848:. Department of Environment and Resource Management. Retrieved on 15 November 2012. 1683:. Department of Environment and Heritage Protection. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 921: 374: 297: 131: 854: 1859:

http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/ecosystems/biodiversity/regional-ecosystems/status.html

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Australian Government, Caring for our Country, Business Plan. (2012-2013)

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Lake Galilee is a semi-arid, saline, playa tectonic, depressional lake at

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Brigalow and blackbutt low forests grassy or shrubby woodlands (10.4.3a);

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Lake Galilee (Qld) Map showing location and vegetation management status.

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Disturbance to the wetland areas from pest animals is mainly from pigs.

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Other flora species found in the Lake Galilee area include cane grass (

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occur at low salinities and frogs occur when the lakes are over-full.

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Case study: Desert Uplands (1, 2 & 3) Second lowest stress class

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Sandy beaches around the edge of the lake, supporting a woodland of

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Fringing saline flats on the edges of the lake floor covered by low

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Weed Management Guide Parkinsonia (Parkinsonia aculeata) Fact Sheet

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trialling aerial applications of herbicides for thick infestations;

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The status and importance of Queensland’s south-western wetlands.

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Build-up Strategy group promoting on-ground nature conservation.

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sands and clays, which have been carried in by numerous streams.

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False sandalwood low open woodland on alluvial plains (10.3.25);

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Migratory waterbirds and the East-Asian - Australasian Flyway

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Sharp-tailed sandpipers were recorded in a survey at the lake

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Fringing areas of open wattle scrub in the saline flood zone.

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This large lake has six major wetland habitats and include:

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large islands to the south formed by partial infilling by

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The costs and benefits of buffel grass and its management

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Mitchell, C.; Egan, S. and Leverington, A. (Draft: 2002)

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Blackbutt open woodland on Cainozoic lake beds (10.4.3b);

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Environmental Protection Agency Queensland (EPA) (1999)

2101:. BirdLife International. Retrieved on 10 November 2012. 1891:

Mitchell, C.; Egan S. & Leverington A. (Draft: 2002)

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Blackbutt open woodland on Mesozoic sediments (10.9.3a);

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Semi-permanent saline lakes of south-western Queensland

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Semi-permanent saline lakes of south-western Queensland

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resources. Chemical methods of control have included:

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have formed accompanying low fringing dunes, known as

2281:(2011) Desert Channels Queensland (DCQ) News Update. 1479:

Habitat restoration, land and agricultural management

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major priority for the landholders in the catchment.

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Red dunes around the southern part of the lake with

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Parthenium weed Parthenium hysterophorus Fact sheet

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Atlas of living Australia. Retrieved 13 March 2013.

1802:Environmental Protection Agency Queensland (1999). 1167: 1026: 959: 674: 493: 389:

Dry saline clay flats which are seasonally flooded;

188: 180: 172: 164: 156: 152: 138: 125: 112: 73: 59: 23: 1881:, Qld Dept of Environment and Heritage Protection. 1362:ecological integrity of this significant wetland. 486:A further 13 regional ecosystems are “Of Concern” 479:Brigalow woodland on Mesozoic sediments (10.9.3b). 2215:Kirby, N and South West NRM Ltd. (updated 2007). 1810:Report by Wetlands International-Oceania to EPA. 1674:Cooper Creek basin - wetland summary information 1403:The current infestation possibly stems from one 858:The lake is an important site for freckled ducks 74: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 2059:(S9 Shrub) Sustainable grazing on saline land. 2087: 2085: 292:drainage division, being included within the 8: 1983:Important Bird Areas factsheet: Lake Galilee 1458:Parthenium weed at Lake Galilee (Queensland) 595:Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia 2234: 2232: 2167:Build-Up and Development Strategy Committee 2018: 1789: 1787: 639:) which is extensive in the northern half. 365:This profile covers the habitat types of a 2109: 2107: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 20: 1877:Regional Ecosystem Description Database, 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 369:termed semi-arid saline lake, located on 272:, about 76 kilometres north-east of 2257: 2255: 2187:"Indigenous languages map of Queensland" 2146:CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences (updated 2011) 1746: 1744: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 66:, 76 km (47 mi) North East of 2157:. CSIRO. Retrieved on 10 November 2012. 1737:Lake Galilee Management Plan 2011-2016. 1568: 2051: 2049: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1952:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1945: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 2126:Sattler, P. and Creighton, C. (2002) 1419:Parkinsonia Field Day at Lake Galilee 7: 2226:. Community Information Sheet No 16. 1576:Environmental Protection Agency, QLD 1159:runs were named “Eastmere” Station. 41: 2055:SALTdeck series LWW and AWI (2006) 2313:Important Bird Areas of Queensland 1269:Central Highlands Regional Council 593:Lake Galilee is registered on the 184:<2 metres (6 ft 7 in) 14: 2217:Parkinsonia -Parkinsonia aculeata 2197:from the original on 10 July 2021 1601:. Birds Australia. Archived from 2272:. (Declared class 2 pest plant). 2176:. Retrieved on 15 November 2012. 1806:. Reprinted from Jaensch 1999. 1537: 40: 33: 586:Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae 187: 179: 176:~25,700 hectares (64,000 acres) 171: 163: 155: 1981:BirdLife International (2012) 1839:Vegetation Management Act 1999 1437:foliar spraying for seedlings. 1382:Parkinsonia on the lake's edge 1251:loss of native plant species. 437:Rare and threatened ecosystems 324:Wind-borne clay, silt and sand 1: 945:recognised around the globe. 58: 16:Lake in Queensland, Australia 2092:East Asia/Australasia Flyway 490:Nationally important wetland 343:time as the lake dries out. 2238:CRC Weed Management (2003) 2191:State Library of Queensland 1154:Pastoral settlement history 875:, to large species such as 727:Malacorhynchus membranaceus 2339: 1558:List of lakes of Australia 1243:changes to fire regimes . 777:Phalacrocorax sulcirostris 536:Phalacrocorax sulcirostris 334:Wetland management profile 315:Together with the smaller 168:12.5 km (7.8 mi) 2323:Saline lakes of Australia 1298:, an invasive species in 1170: 1029: 962: 677: 609:There are large areas of 496: 371:cattle grazing properties 28: 2057:Samphire Halosarcia spp. 2034:Glasswort, Halosarcia sp 1655:Desert Uplands bioregion 807:Threskiornis spinicollis 767:Pelicanus conspicillatus 659:) with aquatics such as 556:Threskiornis spinicollis 526:Pelicanus conspicillatus 192:279 m (915 ft) 2318:Central West Queensland 1132:Daphnia queenslandensis 1124:Boeckella triarticulata 982:Charadrius ruficapillus 636:Eragrostis australasica 425:behind the dunes, with 278:Central West Queensland 219:Central West Queensland 160:36 km (22 mi) 1500:Tourism and recreation 1459: 1420: 1383: 1348:Recreation and tourism 1303: 1140:Tanytarsus barbitarsis 1116:Mytilocypris splendida 1114:or seed shrimps (e.g. 1075:Sharp-tailed sandpiper 1014:sharp-tailed sandpiper 953: 941:leg of their journey. 859: 833:Sharp-tailed sandpiper 773:Little black cormorant 532:Little black cormorant 377:and natural heritage. 265: 230:BirdLife International 1857:Biodiversity status, 1752:Lake Galilee – QLD083 1457: 1418: 1381: 1291: 1279:Threatening processes 1097:Other fauna (animals) 951: 857: 793:Australian white ibis 743:Australasian shoveler 263: 1757:10 July 2021 at the 1295:Parkinsonia aculeata 1031:Migratory shorebirds 992:Erythrogonys cinctus 932:Migratory waterbirds 847:Erythrogonys cinctus 797:Threskiornis molucca 733:Australian wood duck 403:, other grevilleas, 282:Great Dividing Range 97:22.3325°S 145.8230°E 2308:Lakes of Queensland 2283:Parkinsonia Dieback 1595:"IBA: Lake Galilee" 1206:Black-tailed godwit 1196:Great-crested grebe 1045:Black-tailed godwit 964:Resident shorebirds 679:Abundant waterbirds 447:vegetation clearing 234:Important Bird Area 205:in the locality of 93: / 2288:2015-07-07 at the 2268:2012-06-05 at the 2245:2013-02-03 at the 2222:2013-04-21 at the 2172:2013-01-14 at the 2153:2012-10-21 at the 2133:2011-06-03 at the 2097:2015-09-06 at the 2075:2012-10-10 at the 2039:2013-04-18 at the 1988:2016-03-04 at the 1896:2013-04-27 at the 1864:2013-07-27 at the 1844:2010-07-14 at the 1825:2016-03-04 at the 1679:2013-04-30 at the 1660:2012-06-15 at the 1641:2012-11-03 at the 1581:2008-02-15 at the 1460: 1421: 1384: 1367:Caring for Country 1304: 1300:Northern Australia 1220:Calidris melanotos 1216:Pectoral sandpiper 1200:Podiceps cristatus 1190:Sticonetta naevosa 1130:(e.g., water flea 1089:Calidris melanotos 1085:Pectoral sandpiper 1079:Calidris acuminata 1059:Tringa stagnatilis 1018:pectoral sandpiper 988:Red-kneed dotterel 954: 901:Acacia stenophylla 877:Australian pelican 860: 843:Red-kneed dotterel 837:Calidris acuminata 763:Australian pelican 703:Pacific black duck 576:Hydroprogne caspia 522:Australian pelican 266: 102:-22.3325; 145.8230 68:Aramac, Queensland 1545:Queensland portal 1259:Cultural heritage 1225: 1224: 1094: 1093: 1065:Common greenshank 1010:common greenshank 997: 996: 978:Red-capped plover 852: 851: 803:Straw-necked ibis 737:Chenonetta jubata 707:Anas superciliosa 697:Anas gibberifrons 661:Monochoria cyanea 591: 590: 552:Straw-necked ibis 498:Breeding colonies 296:catchment of the 211:Barcaldine Region 196: 195: 189:Surface elevation 2330: 2293: 2279: 2273: 2259: 2250: 2236: 2227: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2183: 2177: 2164: 2158: 2144: 2138: 2124: 2118: 2111: 2102: 2089: 2080: 2066: 2060: 2053: 2044: 2030: 2024: 2020: 1993: 1979: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1934:on 27 April 2013 1933: 1927:. Archived from 1926: 1917: 1900: 1888: 1882: 1875: 1869: 1855: 1849: 1836: 1830: 1817: 1811: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1762: 1748: 1739: 1733: 1684: 1671: 1665: 1652: 1646: 1632: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1591: 1585: 1573: 1553:Lake Yamma Yamma 1547: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1390:infestations of 1306:Parkinsonia and 1181:Scientific name 1168: 1105:Nematolosa erebi 1069:Tringa nebularia 1040:Scientific name 1027: 973:Scientific name 960: 717:Aythya australis 688:Scientific name 675: 656:Eleocharis plana 507:Scientific name 494: 381:Wetland habitats 108: 107: 105: 104: 103: 98: 94: 91: 90: 89: 86: 76: 44: 43: 37: 21: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2290:Wayback Machine 2280: 2276: 2270:Wayback Machine 2260: 2253: 2247:Wayback Machine 2237: 2230: 2224:Wayback Machine 2214: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2174:Wayback Machine 2165: 2161: 2155:Wayback Machine 2145: 2141: 2135:Wayback Machine 2125: 2121: 2112: 2105: 2099:Wayback Machine 2090: 2083: 2077:Wayback Machine 2067: 2063: 2054: 2047: 2041:Wayback Machine 2031: 2027: 2021: 1996: 1990:Wayback Machine 1980: 1963: 1944: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1924: 1922:"Archived copy" 1920: 1918: 1903: 1898:Wayback Machine 1889: 1885: 1876: 1872: 1866:Wayback Machine 1856: 1852: 1846:Wayback Machine 1837: 1833: 1827:Wayback Machine 1818: 1814: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1765: 1759:Wayback Machine 1749: 1742: 1734: 1687: 1681:Wayback Machine 1672: 1668: 1662:Wayback Machine 1653: 1649: 1643:Wayback Machine 1633: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1583:Wayback Machine 1574: 1570: 1566: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1521: 1502: 1481: 1472: 1452: 1401: 1376: 1374:Weed management 1359: 1350: 1341: 1339:Grazing impacts 1324: 1292:The flowers of 1286: 1281: 1261: 1156: 1099: 1055:Marsh sandpiper 1006:marsh sandpiper 934: 873:pink-eared duck 813:Royal spoonbill 747:Anas rhynchotis 723:Pink-eared duck 673: 607: 562:Royal spoonbill 492: 439: 383: 336: 290:Lake Eyre Basin 288:bioregion, the 258: 201:is a semi-arid 146:Lake Eyre Basin 142: countries 101: 99: 95: 92: 87: 84: 82: 80: 79: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 49: 45: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2336: 2334: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2274: 2251: 2228: 2208: 2178: 2159: 2139: 2119: 2103: 2081: 2061: 2045: 2025: 1994: 1961: 1901: 1883: 1870: 1850: 1831: 1820:Acacia excelsa 1812: 1795: 1763: 1740: 1685: 1666: 1647: 1616: 1605:on 6 July 2011 1586: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1532: 1529: 1520: 1519:Knowledge gaps 1517: 1501: 1498: 1480: 1477: 1471: 1468: 1451: 1448: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1400: 1397: 1387:Invasive weeds 1375: 1372: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1323: 1320: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1260: 1257: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1172:Uncommon birds 1155: 1152: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033: 995: 994: 989: 985: 984: 979: 975: 974: 971: 967: 966: 933: 930: 850: 849: 844: 840: 839: 834: 830: 829: 827:Grus rubicunda 824: 820: 819: 817:Platalea regia 814: 810: 809: 804: 800: 799: 794: 790: 789: 784: 780: 779: 774: 770: 769: 764: 760: 759: 754: 750: 749: 744: 740: 739: 734: 730: 729: 724: 720: 719: 714: 710: 709: 704: 700: 699: 694: 690: 689: 686: 682: 681: 672: 669: 606: 603: 589: 588: 583: 579: 578: 573: 569: 568: 566:Platalea regia 563: 559: 558: 553: 549: 548: 543: 539: 538: 533: 529: 528: 523: 519: 518: 516:Cygnus atratus 513: 509: 508: 505: 501: 500: 491: 488: 481: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 461: 458: 438: 435: 434: 433: 430: 419: 412: 409:Acacia excelsa 407:and ironwood ( 397: 390: 382: 379: 335: 332: 286:Desert Uplands 257: 254: 238:freckled ducks 215:Desert Uplands 194: 193: 190: 186: 185: 182: 178: 177: 174: 170: 169: 166: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 150: 149: 143: 136: 135: 129: 127:Catchment area 123: 122: 116: 110: 109: 77: 71: 70: 61: 57: 56: 47: 46: 39: 38: 32: 31: 30: 29: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2335: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1955: 1949: 1930: 1923: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1572: 1569: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1478: 1476: 1470:Feral animals 1469: 1467: 1464: 1456: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1388: 1380: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1356: 1354: 1347: 1345: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1333:leptospirosis 1329: 1322:Feral animals 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1290: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210:Limosa limosa 1208: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1186:Freckled duck 1185: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1096: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1049:Limosa limosa 1047: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 993: 990: 987: 986: 983: 980: 977: 976: 972: 969: 968: 965: 961: 958: 950: 946: 942: 938: 931: 929: 927: 923: 922:Caspian terns 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 902: 896: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 869:freckled duck 866: 856: 848: 845: 842: 841: 838: 835: 832: 831: 828: 825: 822: 821: 818: 815: 812: 811: 808: 805: 802: 801: 798: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787:Ardea modesta 785: 782: 781: 778: 775: 772: 771: 768: 765: 762: 761: 758: 755: 753:Eurasian coot 752: 751: 748: 745: 742: 741: 738: 735: 732: 731: 728: 725: 722: 721: 718: 715: 712: 711: 708: 705: 702: 701: 698: 695: 692: 691: 687: 684: 683: 680: 676: 670: 668: 666: 662: 658: 657: 652: 651: 646: 642: 638: 637: 631: 627: 625: 621: 616: 612: 604: 602: 598: 596: 587: 584: 581: 580: 577: 574: 571: 570: 567: 564: 561: 560: 557: 554: 551: 550: 547: 546:Ardea modesta 544: 541: 540: 537: 534: 531: 530: 527: 524: 521: 520: 517: 514: 511: 510: 506: 503: 502: 499: 495: 489: 487: 484: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 462: 459: 455: 454: 453: 450: 448: 444: 436: 431: 428: 424: 420: 417: 413: 410: 406: 402: 398: 395: 391: 388: 387: 386: 380: 378: 376: 372: 368: 363: 360: 356: 351: 348: 344: 341: 333: 331: 329: 325: 321: 318: 317:Lake Buchanan 313: 309: 307: 301: 299: 295: 294:Thomson River 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 262: 255: 253: 250: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 226: 224: 220: 216: 213:, within the 212: 208: 204: 200: 191: 183: 175: 167: 159: 151: 147: 144: 141: 137: 133: 130: 128: 124: 121: 117: 115: 111: 106: 78: 72: 69: 65: 62: 36: 27: 22: 19: 2277: 2211: 2199:. Retrieved 2190: 2181: 2162: 2142: 2122: 2064: 2056: 2028: 1936:. Retrieved 1929:the original 1886: 1873: 1853: 1834: 1815: 1807: 1798: 1736: 1669: 1650: 1607:. Retrieved 1603:the original 1598: 1589: 1571: 1526: 1522: 1514: 1510: 1503: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1473: 1461: 1444: 1440: 1422: 1410: 1402: 1385: 1364: 1360: 1351: 1342: 1325: 1316: 1312: 1305: 1293: 1273: 1266: 1262: 1253: 1245: 1240:Buffel grass 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1219: 1209: 1199: 1189: 1171: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1147: 1139: 1131: 1123: 1115: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1088: 1078: 1068: 1058: 1048: 1030: 1022: 998: 991: 981: 963: 955: 943: 939: 935: 899: 897: 893: 861: 846: 836: 826: 816: 806: 796: 786: 776: 766: 756: 746: 736: 726: 716: 706: 696: 678: 660: 655: 648: 635: 632: 628: 614: 608: 599: 592: 585: 575: 572:Caspian tern 565: 555: 545: 535: 525: 515: 497: 485: 482: 451: 440: 408: 405:sally wattle 384: 375:biodiversity 364: 352: 345: 340:saline lakes 337: 322: 314: 310: 302: 298:Cooper Basin 267: 246: 227: 199:Lake Galilee 198: 197: 173:Surface area 132:Cooper Creek 48:Lake Galilee 24:Lake Galilee 18: 1405:parkinsonia 1399:Parkinsonia 1392:rubber vine 1248:monoculture 1178:Common name 1128:Cladocerans 1037:Common name 970:Common name 783:Great egret 757:Fulica atra 685:Common name 645:parkinsonia 582:Silver gull 542:Great egret 504:Common name 457:(10.3.16d); 421:Freshwater 256:Description 249:Parkinsonia 157:Max. length 148:, Australia 118:Semi-arid, 100: / 88:145°49′23″E 75:Coordinates 2302:Categories 2201:21 January 1938:8 November 1564:References 1463:Parthenium 1450:Parthenium 1357:Management 1328:Feral pigs 1308:parthenium 1142:) and the 1102:Bony bream 918:cormorants 906:spoonbills 889:spoonbills 881:black swan 624:bluebushes 620:saltbushes 615:Halosarcia 605:Vegetation 512:Black swan 338:Semi-arid 242:grey teals 181:Max. depth 165:Max. width 85:22°19′57″S 2023:Brisbane. 1506:Lake Dunn 1112:Ostracods 865:grey teal 693:Grey teal 611:samphires 443:bioregion 427:coolabahs 418:woodland; 247:The weed 223:Australia 203:salt lake 134:catchment 120:salt lake 2286:Archived 2266:Archived 2243:Archived 2220:Archived 2195:Archived 2193:. 2020. 2170:Archived 2151:Archived 2131:Archived 2095:Archived 2073:Archived 2037:Archived 1986:Archived 1948:cite web 1894:Archived 1862:Archived 1842:Archived 1823:Archived 1755:Archived 1677:Archived 1658:Archived 1639:Archived 1579:Archived 1531:See also 1148:Coxiella 1120:Copepods 713:Hardhead 671:Birdlife 650:Sesbania 401:beefwood 394:samphire 347:Salinity 328:lunettes 306:alluvial 217:area of 60:Location 2032:(2006) 1959:Trust). 1609:26 July 1599:Birdata 1144:Mollusc 1136:insects 1134:) some 924:and/or 641:Belalie 396:bushes; 367:wetland 270:Galilee 207:Galilee 64:Galilee 1750:2010. 1138:(e.g. 1122:(e.g. 1002:godwit 914:ibises 910:egrets 885:waders 823:Brolga 665:nardoo 423:swamps 416:gidgee 274:Aramac 232:as an 1932:(PDF) 1925:(PDF) 1284:Weeds 1150:sp.) 926:gulls 359:forbs 355:playa 276:, in 140:Basin 2203:2020 1954:link 1940:2012 1611:2011 1016:and 916:and 887:and 871:and 663:and 622:and 429:and; 240:and 114:Type 1126:), 1118:), 2304:: 2254:^ 2231:^ 2189:. 2106:^ 2084:^ 2048:^ 1997:^ 1964:^ 1950:}} 1946:{{ 1904:^ 1766:^ 1743:^ 1688:^ 1619:^ 1597:. 1020:. 1012:, 1008:, 1004:, 912:, 908:, 883:, 879:, 867:, 411:); 300:. 221:, 209:, 2292:. 2249:. 2205:. 2079:. 1992:. 1956:) 1942:. 1664:. 1645:. 1613:. 1302:. 1146:( 613:(

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Index