832:
etimologijos zodynas I, Vilnius 1988, 231). The ending -o corresponds to Common
Prussian nominative singular -o (long), well attested in known Old Prussian Written Monuments (so-called "Elbing Vocabulary"). The diphthong au in German Drausen points to the same long *-(Dr)ū-, regularly diphthongized in later Prussian. No problem persists for modern Prussologists as concerns Truso. Such a restoration shows the continuity of Western Baltic on this territory in course of several hundred years, probably even before the attested Truso, which is the first known settlement name in the coastal region. The possible originating cultures are not diminished by this restoration, but the linguistic evidence points to the presence of Balts on this territory.
494:) where the traces of some workshops have been found that were on the then edge of the lake. A large abundance of finished and partly finished artifacts in antler and amber have been found. They were manufactured in structures of about 5 by 10 metres (16 ft × 33 ft), and long houses about 6 by 21 metres (20 ft × 69 ft) above ground, three rooms, made of wood, believed to be residences also. A cache of wrecked boats has been found. The artifacts are similar to both Slavic and Scandinavian equivalents. Some archaeologists suggest that this may be the site of Truso; however, the name may have referred to a collection of settlements.
477:. It runs through a dredged channel in the lake and becomes an overland canal to the south; that is, the canal is composed of sections connected by tracks for lifting and lowering vessels. It joins a number of lakes to the south, but they are not drained by the canal. During its life the canal was used mainly to haul timber to the coast. After destruction in World War II the canal was restored in 1948 but finds little commercial use now. Instead the entire route has been converted into a recreational area featuring nature preserves such as Lake Druzno.
381:, the main right branch of the lower Vistula, at the edge of the lowland of the delta (Żuławy Wiślane), which is a region of shifting sediments and channels partly controlled by dikes, dams and ditches. The lake is about 181 square kilometres (70 sq mi) in area and sometimes up to 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) below sea level. The delta ends at Elbląg upland (Wysoczyzna Elbląska), much of which is wooded. The delta itself is sparsely populated, despite the presence of large cities nearby (
562:. The order's modus operandi was to sack and burn an Old Prussian town and then hold it against reoccupation with a stone keep nearby, around which a new town of Germanic or mixed ethnicity would grow. There is no evidence yet that they practiced that method on Truso, although the question is still open. According to the Museum at Elbląg, Truso was burned down by pirates or robbers two centuries before. Its relationship to the order at Elbing remains unknown.
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On the right bank of the
Vistula the Proto-Baltic speakers had been gradually giving ground to the Proto-Slavs in the east and lost Pomerania to Germanic expansion. They divided into West and East Baltic in the middle of the 1st millennium. The Goths achieved domination over the West Balts for a time
666:
This passage tells us that the topography was more or less modern. The lake is not named, but it is considered a lake drained by the Ilfing River. Being east of the
Weissel, Truso, the lake and the river must be in Witland, but Wulfstan does not say that. He describes the Estonians (Balts) as being a
651:
to Truso in seven days keeping
Weonodland ("Wendland") on the right as far as the mouth of the Weissel (Vistula). These Venedi are on the opposite bank of the Vistula from the Greater Venedi of Ptolemy. By mouth of the Vistula Wulfstan explains that he means the passage between Frisches Haff and the
396:
The
Prussians called Vistula Lagoon by the name "fresh-water bay", which it was in those days. Since then the greatly diminished egress of Vistula water, due to human uses, has brought Baltic water into the bay, now brackish. As a result, back currents in the river bring intrusions of brackish water
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is in fact Proto-Slavic. By 1000 AD it was showing traces of influence by regional dialects. By that time the Slavs had been on the Baltic coast for some time; i.e., Wulfstan's
Weonods were speakers of Proto-Slavic. They were probably there before Charlemagne, but he encouraged them to settle along
457:
In ancient times the lake was deeper and of wider extent. In the troubled Viking Age and the conflicts and acts of piracy between the various tribes of the Balts and voyagers from
Scandinavia and elsewhere, the lake would have been an ideal masked route for shallow-draft vessels, such as the Viking
497:
The settlement is dated from the late 8th century to the early 10th by pottery. Trenches nearby have uncovered two layers of peat sandwiching a layer of peat and sand over a thick layer of silt. The layers have been dated by a variety of methods. The history of the lake is roughly reconstructed as
822:
The Slavs had been moving in on the Old
Prussians but had been stopped by them. The different duchies made hypocritical claims to lands they never controlled and invited the Teutonic Order to suppress "rebellions" there. It is possible therefore that the Kashubian Duchy of Gdańsk was asserting a
419:
Twelve streams empty into the lake radially, with water from another twelve canals being pumped into it. They bring about 6.9 cubic metres per second (240 cu ft/s) into the lake (1970) with about 7 draining through the river (1975). Variability in these figures as well as wind and back
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If the place was named from the reeds, which are still there, it probably acquired the name Trusom during the growth of the second lake, evolving into the Old
Prussian reconstruction from which came the Germanic Drusen, High German Drausen. Such a derivation still does not pinpoint the language
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The name of the settlement has been restored in Old
Prussian by prominent worldwide acknowledged Balticists, on the basis of Wulfstan's German (t/d), as *Drūsā - cf. Druso first by Georg Gerullis (Die altpreußischen Ortsnamen, Berlin 1922, 187), and recently - by Vytautas Maziulis (Prūsu kalbos
392:
The lake today is a 13 to 29 square kilometres (5.0 to 11.2 sq mi). body of water with a mean depth of about 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) and a maximum depth of 3 metres (9.8 ft). The lake is drained by the Elbląg River. There is only a 0.1 metres (3.9 in) difference in altitude
393:
between the lake and Elbląska Bay, which projects from Vistula Lagoon. The surface altitude of these bodies varies for a few reasons, such as wind. When there is a strong wind blowing to the south the bay can be a meter or so higher than the lake, which causes back currents in the river.
547:, who came with Boleslaw Chrobrie's soldiers, had been beheaded further north-east at the coast of the Baltic Sea near (Fischhausen), now Rybaki, for cutting down the sacred groves of the Old Prussians as part of an effort to conquer them under guise to convert them in (997
313:, which stood within the lands now occupied by Elbląg. The lake is greatly reduced from its original size partly due to large building expansion of housing in the last few decades, but mainly because of the natural death of the lake by sedimentation. The lake is the site of a
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The Ilfing River runs east of the Weisel from a lake on the banks of which stands Truso into the Estmere (Eastern Sea-Ostsee), where it is incorporated into the Weissel; i.e., Wulfstan sees the Ilfing as a tributary of the Weissel and Estmere as the lower Weissel.
640:. It is the first mention of the lake in history and also briefly describes the Prussians of the times, which he calls "Aesti" .Aisti- Aesti (meaning easterners) was the name used for Baltic Prussian in records starting 800 years earlier.
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Delta. The combined lake and bay might have served as a natural border in antiquity but whether it was one remains to be demonstrated. Truso must have been settled between the 2000 BP and 1000 BP lake maxima. Truso might well have been at
596:
might have been there under that name. There is no explicit mention of a town of Danzig and he does not give his usual list of river towns for the Vistula and eastward. Truso was at a location where already in the
843:. It might have been named from being a place of gathering and resting for the caravan traders of various nationalities. However the name Drużno is nothing else as a later polonizing of the original Baltic name.
881:. War years and the take-over by communists stopped further research. Recently excavations near Gut Hansdorf (now Janowo) were resumed by Polish authorities and the site of 20 hectares (49 acres) unearthed.
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and then were gone. After 1000 Old Prussian Galindian and Sudovian existed. In East Baltic Lithuanian and Latvian were distinct. Between east and west was Curonian. This was the ethnic distribution when the
851:
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573:, writing in the period of the initial lake, refers to the entire Gulf of Gdańsk as Venedicus Bay and states that the Greater Venedae occupied its coast. The name is known also among the Slavic
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rich and populous nation divided into towns, each of which was ruled by a king. The passage does not pinpoint Truso as being in Weonodland or Eastland and does not say if they are Estonians.
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Weonodland extends as far as the Weissel, after which Witland, the westernmost part of Eastland, begins. It is generally agreed that Wulfstan is interpreting the source of Tacitus'
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into the lake. Generally the southern end remains fresh. There probably always were reversals of river current, which must have speeded traffic between Frisches Haff and the lake.
466:. It rose to prominence as that. The remains of Truso may be one of the archaeological sites in the area, or it may be under Elblag, or may have been obliterated by construction.
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A second advance of the delta created the current configuration by 1000 BP except that the lake was larger and deeper. It has been filling in and growing over since then.
733:. East of them were the Venedae, south of whom were the Galindae (one of the Prussian tribes). The Venedae therefore must have been the coastal Estonians of Wulfstan,
706:, Ptolemy's border between Greater Germany and European Sarmatia. On the left bank Ptolemy lists only peoples he considers Germans. There is no sign of any Venedi,
577:, but he may have meant by "Greater" that Balts were to be included; if not, one would have to ask where the historical Balts came from. There were some historical
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and from the pope. The papal bull also granted them the government of all the Balts, as well as the Finnic Estonians, with consequences that continue today.
416:. It should have sedimented over long ago but the high throughput of water from various sources brings fresh Oxygen into the lake, retarding its aging.
759:(742-814 AD), which became the Slavic word for king, entered Proto-Slavic, and other indicators used by historical linguists, it has been deduced that
729:
On the right bank are the Gythones. It would not be surprising to find Goths there too, but if the Gythones are Danzigers, they must have extended to
959:
Marek Jagodzinski & Maria Kasprzycka, "The early mediaeval craft and commercial centre at Janow Pomorski near Elblag on the South Baltic Coast",
691:, perhaps even into dialects. As the greater Venedi and the Weonods cannot have spoken the same language the name must once have applied to both
35:
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currents cause expansion and contraction of the lake over wide areas. The total capacity is about 22.4 million cubic metres (18,200
744:
had abandoned the left bank of the Vistula. Some may have remained in and around the Vistula Delta, especially Danzig, possibly Truso. The
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the Baltic. Adalbert's Danzig was not only Christian but very recently under Slavic control, if not to some degree Slavic speaking.
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as Eastland. The Estonians ultimately inherited the name, but in Wulfstan it has to mean at least the Prussians, perhaps further.
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290:. As it is currently not deep enough to qualify as a lake hydrologically and receives some periodic inflow of sea water from the
298:, some suggest that it be termed an estuary reservoir. A village of recent origin also called Drużno is situated near the lake.
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803:, which spit into others including Kashubian-speaking areas west of Gdańsk. Kashubian is distinguished by a large number of
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brought a number of archaeological finds to light and it was assumed that it was Truso. These artifacts were kept at the
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Janow Pomorski was after 1945 the name of the village of Hansdorf about 7 km to the southeast of Elbing (now
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The lake in this view is seen as a transitory phenomenon created by accidents of topography and the growth of the
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had expanded north into Pomerania. Proto-Slavic began to differentiate after the Slavs expanded beyond their
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The lake is valuable currently mainly as a nature preserve. Some 20,000 migratory waterfowl use it, chiefly
1002:, article by Roman Cieslinski on the flow of sea water into the lake published by Acta Geophysica Polonica.
528:, but the artifacts give no indication that the native populations were Prussian, Slavic or Scandinavian.
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history it is known, that Northmen, Danes came to Prussia and intermarried. A number of swords along the
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nominal claim over Lake Drużno and Truso, but it was never one recognized by the Old Prussians.
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ships. When the lake became useless for that purpose Elblag was still a port with access to the
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in the report of sailor Wulfstan from the end of the 9th century. The report was included in
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To display the characters of the site correctly set the coding to Baltic from the View menu.
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opened hostilities against the Old Prussians, putting down a castle at the future
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27:"Drusensee" redirects here. For the lake in Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, see
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726:(Elbingers?, local name is to this day Albinger) dwell on the lower Vistula.
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left an account of a voyage dated to about 880 AD as told to
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It is true that in 1237 the entire right bank of the lower
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later in Latvia, who may have been their descendants.
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274:) is a body of water historically considered a
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858:root, not used in English, but appearing in
309:, is connected to the ancient trade city of
846:On the other hand, the historical linguist
839:in origin: "(Z)Drużno" means "together" in
873:In 1897 and in the 1920s excavations near
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866:words from a Balto-Slavic form *trusom.
346:The central coordinates of the lake are
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172:13–29 km (5.0–11.2 sq mi)
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775:had formed and was contending with the
427:Further information on the river:
404:thickets. On its surface are floating
1027:Lakes of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
799:. Eastern Pomerania was the Duchy of
702:Each were on a different bank of the
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671:Languages of the ethnic populations
331:The Voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan
148:1,084 km (419 sq mi)
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976:(Birdlife International website).
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377:. It lies to the east of the
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699:(unless Ptolemy was wrong).
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621:Wulfstan and the prehistory
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683:language had divided into
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987:"...SEA WATERS INFLOW..."
934:Encyclopædia Britannica,
906:Sites Information Service
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462:and through there to the
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925:3.5 on European Sarmatia
286:delta, near the city of
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180:1.2 m (3.9 ft)
963:, Volume 65, Number 248
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1037:Ramsar sites in Poland
936:Languages of the World
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399:
395:
391:
345:
329:
325:
323:
306:
302:
300:
296:Elbląg River
278:in northern
247:
246:
169:Surface area
974:Druzno Lake
757:Charlemagne
708:Pomeranians
410:Potamogeton
368: /
336:King Alfred
129: /
104:Coordinates
80:Druzno Lake
55:Drużno Lake
44:Druzno Lake
18:Lake Drużno
1016:Categories
996:(855
954:References
864:Lithuanian
805:Low German
797:Slovincian
789:Pomeranian
750:Carpathian
724:Aelvaeones
712:Kashubians
607:Carnuntium
603:Amber Road
452:Chlidonias
414:Phragmites
338:'s reign.
303:Drausensee
294:along the
268:Lithuanian
264:Drausensee
214:Designated
185:Max. depth
961:Antiquity
801:Pomerelia
793:Kashubian
769:Pomerania
638:Histories
586:Prussians
541:Pomesania
498:follows:
429:Kowalewka
342:Geography
307:Drusensee
95:Northern
29:Drüsensee
911:25 April
827:The name
781:Lekhitic
406:Nymphaea
92:Location
807:loans.
716:Ruticli
704:Vistula
677:Ptolemy
649:Jutland
634:Orosius
615:Nemunas
571:Ptolemy
533:Vistula
521:Vistula
422:acre⋅ft
356:19°27′E
284:Vistula
117:19°27′E
994:
904:Ramsar
852:*trus-
837:Slavic
785:Polish
773:Poland
714:. The
661:Aestii
645:Hedeby
594:Gdańsk
560:Elbing
492:Elbląg
475:Elbląg
387:Elblag
383:Gdańsk
353:54°4′N
288:Elbląg
280:Poland
272:Drūsuo
260:German
252:Polish
248:Drużno
160:Poland
114:54°4′N
97:Poland
990:(PDF)
885:Notes
746:Slavs
720:Lugii
697:Slavs
693:Balts
590:Goths
579:Vends
575:Wends
440:Anser
402:alder
379:Nogat
326:Truso
311:Truso
155:Basin
913:2018
862:and
795:and
695:and
687:and
450:and
448:Grus
444:Anas
276:lake
225:1563
998:KiB
710:or
675:By
605:to
1018::
901:.
791:,
787:,
636:'
549:AD
507:BP
454:.
446:,
442:,
385:,
321:.
270::
266:,
262::
258:;
254::
1000:)
992:.
915:.
509:.
250:(
38:.
31:.
20:)
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