67:
47:
74:
597:
and enters the
Zhungarian Basin). The Manas River Irrigation District had been fully in that area by 1962; the system was designed to use up to 1.36 cubic kilometres (0.33 cu mi) of water per year. As a result, little water flowed in the Manas River downstream of the district, and even less
479:
It is believed that due to tectonic movements in the early 20th century, the earth surface around Alan Nur was rising and around Manas Lake, lowering; besides, the lower course of the Manas River was silting up with the sediment brought by the river. As a result, in 1915 the main stream of the Manas
612:
According to
Chinese researchers, the recent history of the Manas Lake and its neighbors can be divided into two stages. From the late 1950s and until 1999 (for the Manas Lake and the Alan Nur) or 2001 (for the Ailik and the Lesser Ailik), the lakes were shrinking or drying up. Since 1999 (for the
303:
The Manas Lake area is characterized by arid climate with hot summers; the average annual precipitation of merely 63.7 millimetres (2.51 in), as compared to the average annual evaporation of 3,110.5 millimetres (122.46 in); which means that without an inflow of water from outside, the
601:
Consequently, the Alan Nur, whose water surface still occupied the area of 238 square kilometres (92 sq mi) in the 1950s, had completely dried up by the 1960s. Now it is a bare plain of saline soil, at the elevation of 261–263 m above the sea level.
467:
Even though the Manas River flowed into the Alan Nur, the lake now known as the Manas Lake existed as well; it was fed primarily by streams coming from the northern rim of the
Zhungarian Basin (i.e., from the
304:
lake's water level can drop very quickly. Over the second half of the 20th century and the early years of the 21st century, it went through the cycle of shrinking, drying up, recovering, or existing as an
609:
at the northern edge of the
Dzungarian Basin; besides, it is fed by ground water. The Manas Lake's bed is at about 247 m above the level, and its water surface, at 253–255 m above the level.
613:
Manas and the Alan Nur) or 2001 (the two Ailiks), the lakes have entered the stage of at least partial recovery, which (especially for the Ailiks) is related to the arrival of the
444:); that was the lake into which the Manas River flowed. Earlier (in 18th-19th centuries) the Alan Nur would receive, besides the Manas, also the waters of the Hutubi River (
464:
Counties; nowadays, they disappear in the desert a long distance away from the Manas Lake, but in the period under consideration they would merge and reach the Alan Nur.
366:
As the Old Manas Lake lost most of its water sources, its water level dropped in the Late
Quaternary, and it split into several lakes including the Manas Lake, the
605:
The Manas Lake is now reached by the waters of the eponymous river only intermittently, but the lake also receives water from seasonal streams flowing from the
66:
585:
In the 1950s and early 1960s, large scale development of irrigated agriculture started in the upper and middle reaches of the Manas River (the
113:
549:
518:
487:
416:
272:
480:
River changed its course, now flowing to the Manas Lake; however, a small branch feeding into the Alan Nur remained. (One can see the
316:
According to the research by
Chinese geologists, area occupied by today's Manas Lake was in the past part of a much large lake, the
226:
214:
95:
210:
320:, which exited in the northwestern part of the Dzungarian Basin. It is believed that the Old Manas Lake was formed in the Early
192:
396:
378:
241:
184:
777:
222:
733:
662:
699:
Zhang, Li (张莉); Li, Youli (李有利) (2004), "近300年来新疆玛纳斯湖变迁研究 (On the changes of Manas Lake in the past 300 years)",
622:
377:
According to the early 20th century maps, a large lake in the region of today's Manas Lake was the Alan Nur (
782:
746:
157:
46:
332:, many important rivers that used to flow to the Old Manas Lake started flowing elsewhere. The
481:
356:
305:
28:
218:
269:
mountains. In practice, however, the river bed is usually dry where it reaches the lake (
606:
469:
771:
618:
457:
371:
341:
230:
145:
515:, with the main channel going to the north-east and entering the Manas Lake around
359:
seems to indicate that the Old Manas Lake's level was at about 280 meters above the
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663:"Tectonic geomorphological characteristics for evolution of the Manas Lake"
17:
734:
PetroChina
Xinjiang Oilfield Emission Reduction and Afforestation Project
99:
586:
461:
158:
52:
614:
404:
386:
333:
249:
200:
747:
Research on evolution of Manas Lakes in
Xinjiang over last 50 years
348:; the Maqiao River, south of Lake Manas, does not reach it either.
701:中国历史地理论丛 - Collections of Essays on Chinese Historical Geography
237:, some 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the northwest of the lake.
261:
Notionally, Lake Manas is considered the end point of the
34:
Salt lake in
Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County, Xinjiang
546:, while the old channel enters the former Alan Nur at
240:
The Manas Lake used to be known as the
Yihehake Lake (
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144:
105:
91:
39:
55:image of Lake Manas (center) and Lake Ailik (top)
598:reached the Manas Lake, let alone the Alan Nur.
106:
717:
715:
413:, located to the west of today's Manas Lake (
8:
593:region, the area where the river leaves the
300:), and little river water reaches the lake.
476:still existing at the pertinent locations.
217:. It is located in the western part of the
328:. Due to tectonic movements in the Middle
36:
745:Weiming Cheng, Chenghu Zhou, Jianxin Li,
370:(which presently is the end point of the
174:Lake Manas (center) and Lake Ailik (top)
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7:
484:point of the now-dry river beds at
225:. Administratively, the lake is in
452:). These two rivers flow from the
229:; the closest urban settlement is
73:
25:
661:Yao, Yonghui; Li, Huiguo (2010),
324:and existed throughout the Early
227:Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County
215:Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region
96:Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County
72:
65:
45:
445:
409:
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1:
456:into the Dzungarian Basin in
90:
709:(English abstract on p. 160)
472:); this is indicated by old
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26:
449:
60:
44:
27:For a lake in Tibet, see
565:45.66667°N 85.40278°E
534:45.72222°N 85.65556°E
503:45.64583°N 85.45028°E
448:) and Santun River (
432:45.70000°N 85.38333°E
374:), and the Alan Nur.
336:now flows toward the
288:45.68333°N 85.73333°E
129:45.80000°N 85.93333°E
667:Journal of Arid Land
623:Irtysh–Karamay Canal
223:Gurbantünggüt Desert
561: /
530: /
499: /
428: /
357:lacustrine terraces
284: /
265:, flowing from the
193:traditional Chinese
125: /
761:, pp. 171–172
570:45.66667; 85.40278
539:45.72222; 85.65556
508:45.64583; 85.45028
437:45.70000; 85.38333
312:Geological history
293:45.68333; 85.73333
185:simplified Chinese
134:45.80000; 85.93333
778:Lakes of Xinjiang
759:Yao & Li 2010
722:Yao & Li 2010
684:Yao & Li 2010
351:Study of the old
306:intermittent lake
170:
169:
29:Lake Manassarovar
16:(Redirected from
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219:Dzungarian Basin
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617:water into the
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159:Primary inflows
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783:Shrunken lakes
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633:
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607:Saur Mountains
582:
581:Recent history
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470:Saur Mountains
318:Old Manas Lake
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173:
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724:, p. 172
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619:Baiyang River
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474:alluvial fans
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392:Āyǎ'ěr Nuò'ěr
388:
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372:Baiyang River
369:
364:
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358:
354:
353:alluvial fans
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342:Ulungur River
339:
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231:Urho District
228:
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221:, within the
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48:
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38:
30:
19:
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741:
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707:(4): 127–142
704:
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679:
673:(3): 167–173
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666:
611:
604:
600:
591:Manas County
584:
478:
466:
410:Àilán Nuò'ěr
408:
390:
376:
365:
350:
346:Ulungur Lake
344:ends in the
338:Arctic Ocean
317:
315:
302:
260:
253:
239:
235:Karamay City
204:
180:
178:
568: /
537: /
506: /
482:bifurcation
435: /
322:Pleistocene
291: /
263:Manas River
255:Yīhèhākè hú
165:Manas River
132: /
107:Coordinates
772:Categories
556:85°24′10″E
553:45°40′00″N
525:85°39′20″E
522:45°43′20″N
494:85°27′01″E
491:45°38′45″N
423:85°23′00″E
420:45°42′00″N
368:Ailik Lake
340:, and the
330:Quaternary
326:Quaternary
279:85°44′00″E
276:45°41′00″N
181:Manas Lake
120:85°56′00″E
117:45°48′00″N
80:Manas Lake
40:Manas Lake
18:Lake Manas
749:. (2005).
621:over the
595:Tian Shan
454:Tian Shan
361:sea level
267:Tian Shan
211:salt lake
206:Mǎnàsī hú
151:salt lake
100:Xinjiang
92:Location
587:Shihezi
462:Changji
397:Chinese
395:, or (
379:Chinese
242:Chinese
213:in the
209:) is a
53:LANDSAT
615:Irtysh
458:Hutubi
407::
405:pinyin
399::
389::
387:pinyin
381::
334:Irtysh
252::
250:pinyin
244::
203::
201:pinyin
195::
187::
736:, p.5
629:Notes
383:阿雅尔诺尔
246:伊赫哈克湖
460:and
446:呼图壁河
401:艾兰诺尔
355:and
197:瑪納斯湖
189:玛纳斯湖
179:The
146:Type
577:.)
450:三屯河
233:of
774::
714:^
705:19
703:,
691:^
669:,
665:,
637:^
625:.
403:;
385:;
363:.
308:.
248:;
199:;
191:;
98:,
51:A
671:2
589:/
183:(
31:.
20:)
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