656:(equivalent to US$ 100 million) per year. Originally, the project was expected to be fully operational by the end of 2014. From the project perspective, the withdrawal of the World Bank could be seen in a positive light as it allowed LTWP to move forward to financial close. A source at power transmission firm Ketraco indicated that the agency was happy with the World Bank’s decision to quit. "We are happy that the World Bank has withdrawn. They were putting a lot of hurdles in our way but now we can go ahead."
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723:, signed a contract with LTWP, to optimise power generation at the power station. The software company will analyse data from each of the 365 turbines at the power station. Fluctuations in wind speed at each turbine will be detected and mapped. Causes of underperformance at each turbine will be identified and solutions suggested. The overall objective is to improve the efficiency of the power plant and improve power output and grid stability.
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total installed capacity of 2300 MW, largely being generated by hydro (46.3%) and thermal (37.4%). The
Government targets to increase generating capacity to 6762 MW in 2017. Kenya also plans to change the energy generation mix, with a view of reducing dependency on hydro and thermal. LTWP will play a key role in balancing the energy generation mix.
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Kenyan taxpayer KSh17 billion (US$ 150 million) annually. It is anticipated that the project will contribute KSh3 billion (US$ 35 million) annually in tax revenue and KSh58.6 billion (US$ 673 million) over a period 20 years. During construction, approximately 2,500 workers will be hired. Once commissioned, the power station will employ 200 full-time staff.
242:, Kenya's capital city. The wind farm covers 160 square kilometres (40,000 acres) and has a capacity of 310 MW, enough to supply one million homes. It comprises 365 wind turbines, each with a capacity of 850 kilowatts. The associated overhead electric grid distribution system and a high voltage substation that connect it to the national grid.
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completed in June 2017. In March 2016, the first shipment of 30 wind turbines arrived in the country, in anticipation of the first 50 MW coming online in
September 2016. At 9 March 2017, Lake Turkana Wind Power Station was ready to produce 33% of the targeted of 310 MW. At that time, all 365 wind turbines had been erected.
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The transmission line was completed and connected to the national grid on 24 September 2018. The delays attracted total penalties of KSh14.5 billion (€127 million at that time). In a deal struck in 2017, Kenya committed to pay KSh5.7 billion (€46 million at the time) of the total penalty in lump sum,
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reported that the owners of this power station had, in
January 2017, started to bill the Kenya Power Company a monthly "capacity charge" of KSh700 million (approx. US$ 7 million), for power produced by the power station that cannot be evacuated due to lack of a high voltage line to transmit it to the
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obliges the utility to buy all electricity produced by the wind farm, even if it is not needed, or if more economic electricity sources are available; "The power produced will be bought at a fixed price by Kenya Power (KPLC) over a 20-year period in accordance with the signed Power
Purchase Agreement
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LTWP documents detail plans for the construction of a new "camp" for 2,500 construction site workers. LTWP states that these workers will be employed local workers, trained for the job. However, this part of
Northern Kenya lacks enough people to provide the labour so LTWP will need to employ most of
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Local
Turkana communities filed a lawsuit against LTWP in October 2014 at Meru High Court, Kenya to nullify the titles obtained by the company and return the land to its original status as community land. In November 2016 Justice Peter Njoroge of the Meru High Court rejected the application filed by
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connected to the grid, but this capacity is supplied across thousands of projects. While LTWP aims to provide 310 MW of reliable, low cost wind power to the Kenya national grid, equivalent to approximately 18% of Kenya’ current installed electricity generating capacity. As of 2018, Kenya had a
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has provided a 'partial risk guarantee' up to the value of €20 million. The Kenyan
Government is also liable for losses incurred by delay due to political causes or project failure, as happened with the power line. These costs, as well as the expenses for the transmission line, are therefore likely
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The project is of significant strategic benefit to Kenya, and at KSh70 billion (€625 million) will be the largest single private investment in Kenya’s history. With a power tariff of 7.52 Euro cents per kWh (KSH11/kWh), LTWP is one of the lowest power tariffs in Kenya along with geothermal power at
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On 19 February 2024 Vestas Wind
Systems announced it had completed the sale of its 12.5 percent share in Lake Turkana Wind Power Limited (LTWP). The shares have been acquired by the Climate Finance Partnership (CFP), which is managed by BlackRock, after CFP in March 2023 announced its intention to
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However, the project's positive social impacts have outweighed the negative ones and the project continues to share project benefits with the local communities through its Winds of Change
Foundation. Some locals were informed about the project in 2007, while others expressed a lack of information.
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LTWP will be the largest single private investment in Kenya at the time it is made. LTWP claims the wind farm will reduce and possibly eliminate Kenya's dependency on diesel and heavy fuel power stations, however, this claim is unsubstantiated. Fuel imports to power thermal power stations cost the
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on 10 April 2008. Land permits IR Number 6395/1 (L.R. 28031) and IR Number 6396/1 (L.R. 28031/2) were signed with the Kenyan government in March 2009, which caused problems when local communities only came to know the plans in April 2014. Construction began in
October 2014 and was expected to be
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agreed to pay the developers of Lake Turkana Wind Power station, a total of KSh5.7 billion (approx. US$ 55.83 million), in monthly installments, spread over a six-year period. The monthly payment will amount to KSh78,600,000 (approx. US$ 769,833). The monthly surcharge will be passed on to the
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to the project site, a distance of approximately 195 kilometres (121 mi), is slated to be upgraded. Construction began in 2015 and full operation is expected to commence in 2018. As of April 2015, construction had begun. The first 90 MW was expected online in October 2016 with full
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withdrew its support for the project. Bank officials were reported to have concerns that the electricity produced would outweigh demand. The World Bank Group’s country director in Kenya, Johannes Zutt, stated that Kenya could be left with excess power on the grid worth up to KSh8.5 billion
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According to the ESIA, there are a number of potential negative local impacts due to the arrival of the 2,500 workers and the construction work in general. These include: cultural contamination, increased risk of disease, community conflicts, challenges of labour force management,
285:, where the county headquarters are located. The geographical coordinates of the wind farm are: 02°30'44.0"N, 36°49'00.0"E (Latitude:2.512222; Longitude:36.816667). The wind is strongest in the morning and in October, and weakest in the afternoon and in February, contrasting with
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The power generated from the wind turbines will be transmitted via 33 kV overhead electric wires to a substation which will be located on the premises. From the substation, power will be transmitted via a 400 kV high voltage electric power lines to a substation in
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In 2015 the intertribal Sarima Indigenous Peoples’ Land Forum (SIPLF) was created as an attempt to bring indigenous communities together in order to stop the wind power project. The forum is named after the village of Sarima that was displaced by the project. In their
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energy, telecommunications, solid waste management, and road construction) and KP&P (a company that develops and operates wind energy projects). In 2005, discussions with the Kenyan government began regarding the development of a wind power project near to
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The SIPLF stated they were not against wind farm development, if they own and lead the business: "We are determined to make this happen on the basis of our communities' ownership and leadership. We won't allow the theft of our land under any circumstance".
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owned by local authorities, used by indigenous pastoralists. This means that all the land is held by the relevant local authority, ostensibly in trust for the local inhabitants. The tribes that communally use land in this area include
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In 2010, the Spanish government offered to finance the construction of a 427 km double circuit transmission line southwards from the site to Suswa, approximately 100 km west of Nairobi. The US$ 150 million offer comprises:
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to be passed on to Kenyan taxpayers and electricity consumers on top of the electricity produced. Before the power station opened, some feared that this could result in higher prices for electricity users than previous rates.
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It is generally accepted in wind technology research that intermittent resources can destabilise a small grid such as that in Kenya, especially if it is concentrated all in one location. Denmark has over 19% wind power
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of €55 million (US$ 74 million) at an interest of 0.10 percent, with a repayment period of 30 years, including a 14-year grace period. The loan will be supported by a 'Financial Co-operation Agreement' between Kenya’s
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Furthermore, the Kenyan Government has signed guarantees with LTWP to cover costs in case Kenya Power cannot afford to pay for excess electricity for the duration of the PPA. In order to mitigate this risk the
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that transmits the generated power for integration into the national grid. At that time, the power station was averaging generation of 199 megawatts (64 percent of its installed capacity of 310.25 megawatts).
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turbine supplier, which owns 12.5 percent of the holding company, said in Danish media that delays in completing the high voltage transmission line led to the cancellation of the transfer contract in 2019.
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KSh9. Other prices are KSh3 for hydro power and KSh18 for oil. It is estimated that Kenya will save up to US$ 120 million a year in fuel cost by reducing reliance on diesel power plants. LTWP’s contract
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873:. At that time, other equity partners included (1) Vestas Wind Systems of Denmark (2) Anergi Turkana Investments of Turkey, which in 2021, acquired the shareholding previously owned by
639:(Ketraco), a Government-owned entity created in 2008, will also partly fund the transmission line and the substation by means of a tolling arrangement with Kenya Power. Spanish company
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776:, Northern Kenya, reject the illegal privatization of 610 square kilometres (150,000 acres) of our ancestral land by the European consortium 'Lake Turkana Wind Power Limited'".
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while the balance of KSh9.25 billion (€81 million under prevailing rates) was to be paid over a period of six years through a tariff increase to the electricity consumers.
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70 billion wind farm is the single largest private investment in Kenya’s history and the biggest farm in Africa. The power produced is bought at a fixed price by
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1180 people of the Sarima village were relocated and compensated with KSh13,000 (approximately €113), while Samburu people expressed appreciation of the project.
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388:, approximately 520 kilometres (320 mi), south of Loyangalani, where it will be integrated into the national power grid. The electricity will be bought by
81:
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2620:
United Nations Framework Conventions on Climate Change (UNFCCC)- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Project 4513 : Lake Turkana 310 MW Wind Power Project
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with the latter. The project was completed in January 2017, however the line evacuating the power generated was not completed until July 2019.
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816:, increased demand for wood resources in an area with an already "acute shortage", sanitation and waste disposal problems, and a decreased
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800:(ESIA) which would have serious implications for the social, cultural, economic and political well-being of the communities affected.
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The LTWP project is of such a large scale that it will provide up to 20% of the Kenyan power grid’s capacity to absorb wind energy.
2006:
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1325:"Lake Turkana Wind Power Project, Kenya: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report, 2009 Updated in 2011"
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LTWP commenced its community engagement activities in 2005, nine years before construction started in October 2014.
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and as a result, extensive wind assessments were conducted. Later in 2007 environmental fieldwork was undertaken. A
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The wind farm site, covers approximately 160 square kilometres (40,000 acres). The farm has 365 turbines (type
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In February 2020, it became public that Google Inc. would not become an investor in the project. Vestas, the
3027:
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2011:
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902:
450:; which is to pay US$ 40 million for a 12.5 percent shareholding in the power project, once up and running).
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at a fixed price for 20 years from the time of commissioning. As part of the development, the road from
121:
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V52), each with capacity of 850 kW. The V52 had gone out of production, but was updated with
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consumers, beginning in May 2018, when the high-voltage power line is expected to be completed.
30:
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355:, the president of Kenya, officially commissioned the 438 kilometres (272 mi), 400kV
307:
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235:
65:
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1622:"Distance between Lake Turkana Wind Farm, C77, Kenya and Ketraco Suswa Substation, Kenya"
1134:"Distance between Nairobi Central, Nairobi, Kenya and Lake Turkana Wind Farm, C77, Kenya"
1239:"Basic Principles of Least-Cost Planning & Regional Interconnection in EA Countries"
265:
The wind farm is located approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi), north of the town of
2832:
2722:
1979:
930:
761:
757:
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352:
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and other indigenous and pastoralist communities in the South-East of Marsabit County.
315:
311:
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2222:
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939:
473:
1165:
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1485:
974:
916:
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539:
481:
336:
330:(a company involved in project development and management in the areas of tourism,
231:
281:. This location lies approximately 194 kilometres (121 mi), by road, west of
1864:
695:
For the fiscal year of 2019, Kenya Power paid KSh11 billion to LTWP for 1.1 TWh.
468:
The lead arranger for the US$ 853.12 million syndicated financing package is the
2122:
1215:
896:
765:
61:
2119:"Lake Turkana Wind Power Project Profile: Cached File Originally by Ltwp.co.ke"
1004:
892:
652:
298:
266:
3051:
2327:"Sh75 billion Lake Turkana Wind Power project case adjourned to January 2015"
96:
83:
1455:"Kenya's Lake Turkana wind power scheme readying for production by end June"
817:
223:
1865:"AfDB Convenes Lenders to Secure Kenya's Largest Private Sector Investment"
2245:"Lake Turkana Wind Power Project nominated Power Deal of the Year in 2014"
409:. The consortium which owns LTWP Limited includes the following entities:
205:
2272:"Kenya: Clir Renewables to optimise production at Lake Turkana wind farm"
1645:"Distance between Laisamis, Kenya and Lake Turkana Wind Farm, C77, Kenya"
1291:"Kenya: Minorities, Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Diversity (April 2005)"
1189:"Distance between Marsabit, Kenya and Lake Turkana Wind Farm, C77, Kenya"
740:
Marsabit residents, requesting the court to stop the Wind Power project.
519:
393:
282:
2516:"Sh1.16bn payment to Turkana Wind Power averts sovereign default crisis"
2615:
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC): Lake Turkana Wind Power
1729:
1458:
874:
820:
504:
499:
484:
as co-arrangers. The following have provided financing to the project.
477:
456:
425:
377:
239:
2545:"Kenya: Finnfund sells its stake in the 310 MW Lake Turkana wind farm"
1781:"Google drops plan to buy stake in Kenya's Lake Turkana power project"
1373:
2381:
999:
447:
443:
376:
towers for transport on the 1,200 kilometres (746 mi) road from
369:
331:
2358:
1671:"Will Africa's Biggest Wind Power Project Transform Kenya's Growth?"
1513:"Danish Firm Says 365 Turkana Turbines Order Largest In Its History"
840:
substation at Suswa. Following negotiations, in September 2017, the
2632:
861:
reported that the shareholding in the project, previously owned by
617:
1350:
385:
380:
port, of which 200 kilometres (124 mi) are new gravel roads.
227:
69:
48:
405:
The company that owns and is developing the wind farm is called
3055:
2636:
2298:"Court declines to stop Sh75bn Lake Turkana wind power project"
559:
The following entities made outright donations to the project:
2571:"Vestas divests its shares in Lake Turkana Wind Power Limited"
2219:"Kenya Postpones Renewable Energy Drive to Reduce Power Costs"
1426:"Sh70 billion Lake Turkana wind power project almost complete"
238:, approximately 545 kilometres (339 mi) by road north of
1924:"Spain gives giant Turkana Wind Power Project $ 150m funding"
397:
commissioning of the full 300 MW planned for July 2017.
2039:"Kenya Power's deal that forced World Bank out of wind farm"
1265:"Kenya: Minorities, Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Diversity"
2609:
2007:"Lake Turkana Wind Farm Project in Kenya Battles Headwinds"
1752:"Google eyes Sh4 Billion stake in Turkana wind power plant"
2169:"Taxpayer billions to bail out Spanish power line builder"
2096:"Kenya Power on the spot for ignoring cheaper electricity"
1953:"Isolux to build 400 Kilo-Volt Transmission Line in Kenya"
1039:"Lake Turkana Wind Power $ 52.5m fine pushed to consumers"
2357:
Sarima Indigenous Peoples’ Land Forum (7 February 2015).
1833:"$ 858 Million Gets Lake Turkana Wind Power Plant Moving"
1397:"Lake Turkana Wind Power receives first turbine shipment"
1481:"President Kenyatta set to open Lake Turkana Wind Power"
885:
acquire the shares held by Vestas Eastern Africa Ltd.
877:(3) Danish Climate Investment Fund (KIF), through the
643:
won a US$ 208.1 million tender for this construction.
2487:"Consumers to pay Sh5.7bn for wind power line delays"
2068:"Kenya to host sub-Saharan Africa's largest windfarm"
181:
2428:"The forgotten struggle of Kenyan indigenous people"
2380:
Lake Turkana Wind Power Station (27 February 2018).
2359:"Sarima Indigenous Peoples' Land Forum: Declaration"
253:(KPLC) over a 20-year period in accordance with the
3395:
3370:
3089:
2976:
2951:
2670:
1351:"Sarima Indigenous Peoples' Land Forum: Background"
192:
176:
171:
161:
140:
130:
120:
112:
75:
57:
41:
23:
2144:Project Finance International (31 December 2015).
1726:"Norfund: Investments - Lake Turkana Wind Project"
1166:"Lake Turkana Wind Power Station: Project Profile"
995:UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
326:LTWP was created in 2006 out of the partnering of
796:impacts have also been highlighted in LTWP’s own
2037:Zeddy Sambu, and Muna Wahome (21 October 2012).
1976:"To Be Dropped, Knya: Lake Turkana Wind Project"
2117:Lake Turkana Wind Power Project (August 2014).
1545:"Lake Turkana Wind Power Project, Loyangalani"
1349:Sarima Indigenous Peoples’ Land Forum (2014).
1289:Minority Rights Organization (13 April 2005).
3067:
2648:
2352:
2350:
1211:"Location of Lake Turkana Wind Power Station"
8:
1895:"$ 250m for Lake Turkana Wind Power Project"
1374:"Major Milestones | Lake Turkana Wind Power"
1089:Nairobi Business Monthly (7 November 2018).
2382:"Winds of Change | Lake Turkana Wind Power"
2197:"Audited Accounts for Year Ended 30.6.2019"
804:these workers from outside the local area.
446:) - turbine supplier (to be transferred to
3074:
3060:
3052:
2655:
2641:
2633:
1858:
1856:
1779:Business Daily Africa (11 February 2020).
1506:
1504:
798:Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
357:Loiyangalani-Suswa High Voltage Power Line
20:
1697:"Works On 300 MW Turkana Wind Farm Start"
1263:Maurice Odhiambo Makoloo, and Yash Ghai.
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
651:LTWP suffered a setback in 2012 when the
587:Loyangalani–Suswa High Voltage Power Line
2610:Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (Kenya)
2291:
2289:
2217:David Malingha Doya (27 November 2013).
1664:
1662:
879:Investment Fund for Developing Countries
431:Investment Fund for Developing Countries
3506:Energy infrastructure completed in 2018
2458:"Kenya Power billed for idle wind farm"
2296:Manyara, Darlington (9 November 2016).
2270:Jean Marie Takouleu (22 January 2021).
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1026:
863:Finnish Fund for Industrial Cooperation
719:, a Canadian software company based in
618:Spanish Export Credit Insurance Company
607:Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade
548:Overseas Private Investment Corporation
515:Netherlands Development Finance Company
197:Related media on Commons
2032:
2030:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1810:
1800:
1564:
1562:
1538:
1536:
1114:
1104:
1032:
1030:
637:Kenya Electricity Transmission Company
2543:Jean Marie Takouleu (20 March 2023).
2106:from the original on 1 November 2020.
1826:
1824:
1575:. IDA Global Development. 2 June 2016
1037:Muchira, Njiraini (27 October 2018).
669:Impacts on Kenyan State and consumers
7:
2485:Otuki, Neville (24 September 2017).
2066:Clar Ni Chonghaile (28 March 2012).
1453:Obulutsa, George (18 January 2017).
1066:Richard, Craig (26 September 2018).
2206:. 4 September 2020. pp. 52–54.
1831:Akumu, Washington (29 March 2014).
1091:"Can you really get cheaper power?"
570:EU Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund
1643:Globefeed.com (27 February 2018).
1620:Globefeed.com (27 February 2018).
1511:Gachiri, John (17 December 2014).
1187:Globefeed.com (27 February 2018).
1132:Globefeed.com (27 February 2018).
343:(MOU) was signed between LTWP and
14:
2456:Otuki, Neville (29 August 2017).
2167:Herbling, David (25 March 2017).
1893:Senelwa, Kennedy (14 June 2014).
1750:Okuttah, Mark (20 October 2015).
1479:Kennedy Kimanthi (19 July 2019).
1015:Savannah Tarka Wind Power Station
273:, in the extreme western part of
3382:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3152:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2963:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2733:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2599:Oh no! Not the World Bank again!
2426:Tarazona, David (13 June 2017).
2204:Kenya Power and Lighting Company
1955:. Nairobi: Constructionkenya.com
1570:"Lake Turkana Wind Power (LTWP)"
1424:Kanyi, Wambugu (23 March 2017).
1168:. Lake Turkana Wind Power (LTWP)
1005:Variability issues in wind power
965:Free, prior and informed consent
923:
909:
895:
784:Social and Environmental Impacts
746:Declaration of 7th February 2015
581:Transmission line and substation
167:310.25 MW (416,050 hp)
29:
3496:Energy infrastructure in Africa
2514:Constant Munda (24 June 2019).
2274:. Paris, France: Afrik21.Africa
2146:"Lake Turkana gets up to speed"
1922:Kisero, Jaindi (1 March 2010).
1724:Press Release (24 March 2014).
1669:Court, Alex (29 January 2015).
1395:Otuki, Neville (2 March 2016).
980:List of power stations in Kenya
955:Constitutional Reforms in Kenya
647:World Bank pulls out of project
407:Lake Turkana Wind Power Limited
216:Lake Turkana Wind Power Project
135:Lake Turkana Wind Power Limited
24:Lake Turkana Wind Power Project
2325:Abdi, Ali (25 November 2014).
2148:. Pfie.com (PFI Yearbook 2015)
1974:Karan Capoor (14 March 2012).
1863:Sponsor Wire (24 March 2014).
1695:Mbogo, Steve (18 April 2015).
1237:Hindpal S. Jabbal (May 2015).
287:Ngong Hills Wind Power Station
255:Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
1:
2005:Stevis, Matina (6 May 2015).
1951:Mwende, Judy (13 June 2011).
1595:"The Windiest Place on Earth"
1068:"First power at Lake Turkana"
564:Government of the Netherlands
535:German Investment Corporation
525:East African Development Bank
495:Standard Bank of South Africa
422:Aldwych International Limited
3501:2018 establishments in Kenya
2405:"Indigenous Peoples or not?"
1244:. ESI-Africa. pp. 13–14
865:(Finnfund) had been sold to
3083:Renewable energy in Africa
945:Clean Development Mechanism
867:Climate Finance Partnership
721:Vancouver, British Columbia
341:Memorandum of Understanding
3522:
1093:. Nairobi Business Monthly
869:(CFP), that is managed by
709:(wind capacity of 4,885MW)
676:(Power Purchase Agreement)
584:
530:Trade and Development Bank
2403:DanWatch Denmark (2016).
2243:AfD) (19 December 2014).
1372:LTWPL (25 October 2014).
1323:EIB.org (November 2011).
881:(IFU) and (4) Sandpiper.
764:and other indigenous and
631:by the Kenyan Government.
202:
149:
145:
37:
28:
3137:Central African Republic
2718:Central African Republic
2249:African Development Bank
1869:African Development Bank
732:Indigenous rights issues
689:African Development Fund
510:European Investment Bank
490:African Development Bank
470:African Development Bank
3491:Power stations in Kenya
2625:Current wind conditions
2605:Lake Turkana Wind Power
2012:The Wall Street Journal
1599:Copenhagen Film Company
1164:LTWP (31 August 2014).
903:Renewable energy portal
271:Loyiangalani sub-county
163:Nameplate capacity
2601:As of 21 October 2012.
2575:News Powered by Cision
871:BlackRock Alternatives
748:the SIPLF stated the "
678:with government-owned
616:with support from the
401:Developers and funding
154:Units operational
3297:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3157:Republic of the Congo
2878:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2738:Republic of the Congo
2521:Business Daily Africa
2492:Business Daily Africa
2332:East African Standard
2044:Business Daily Africa
1757:Business Daily Africa
1547:. Powertechnology.com
1402:Business Daily Africa
990:Ngong Hills Wind Farm
950:Constitution of Kenya
770:Laisamis Constituency
439:Other Equity Partners
141:Power generation
1376:. Ltwp.co.ke (LTWPL)
1293:. Minorityrights.org
1270:. Minorityrights.org
1070:. Wind Power Monthly
835:In August 2017, the
810:occupational hazards
772:and Karare Ward, in
635:This means that the
629:sovereign guarantee'
328:Anset Africa Limited
122:Commission date
97:2.51222°N 36.81667°E
3486:Wind farms in Kenya
3372:States with limited
2953:States with limited
2102:. 21 October 2020.
1010:Wind power in Kenya
842:government of Kenya
814:antisocial behavior
603:Ministry of Finance
574:European Commission
230:. It is located in
172:External links
93: /
2577:. 19 February 2024
2125:on 31 October 2014
1978:. Washington, DC:
1813:has generic name (
1675:Cable News Network
1543:Power Technology.
1117:has generic name (
985:Kinangop Wind Park
614:commercial credit'
598:concessional loan'
464:Financial partners
419:KP&P BV Africa
297:The project is on
16:Wind farm in Kenya
3468:
3467:
3399:other territories
3172:Equatorial Guinea
3049:
3048:
2980:other territories
2753:Equatorial Guinea
2664:Energy in Africa
970:Indigenous rights
442:Wind Power A.S. (
351:On 19 July 2019,
213:
212:
102:2.51222; 36.81667
3513:
3460:
3459:(United Kingdom)
3455:Tristan da Cunha
3451:Ascension Island
3443:
3430:
3421:
3397:Dependencies and
3090:Sovereign states
3076:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3041:
3040:(United Kingdom)
3036:Tristan da Cunha
3032:Ascension Island
3024:
3011:
3002:
2978:Dependencies and
2671:Sovereign states
2657:
2650:
2643:
2634:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2121:. Archived from
2114:
2108:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1574:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1431:The Star (Kenya)
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1320:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1161:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1034:
933:
928:
927:
919:
914:
913:
912:
905:
900:
899:
715:In January 2021
660:Economic impacts
612:€55 million in '
433:(IFU) of Denmark
279:Eastern Province
277:, in the former
206:edit on Wikidata
188:
185:
183:
108:
107:
105:
104:
103:
98:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
33:
21:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3481:Marsabit County
3471:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3441:
3428:
3419:
3400:
3398:
3391:
3375:
3373:
3366:
3085:
3080:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3022:
3009:
3000:
2981:
2979:
2972:
2956:
2954:
2947:
2666:
2661:
2630:
2595:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2551:. Paris, France
2542:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2015:. New York City
2004:
2003:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1929:The EastAfrican
1921:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1900:The EastAfrican
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1838:The EastAfrican
1830:
1829:
1822:
1809:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1786:The EastAfrican
1778:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1702:The EastAfrican
1694:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1647:. Globefeed.com
1642:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1624:. Globefeed.com
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1601:. 23 March 2017
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1518:The EastAfrican
1510:
1509:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1191:. Globefeed.com
1186:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1136:. Globefeed.com
1131:
1130:
1126:
1113:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1044:The EastAfrican
1036:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1019:
960:Energy in Kenya
929:
922:
915:
910:
908:
901:
894:
891:
857:In March 2023,
855:
833:
831:Capacity charge
786:
774:Marsabit County
768:communities of
734:
729:
717:Clir Renewables
701:
671:
662:
649:
589:
583:
576:) – €25 million
552:
500:Nedbank Capital
478:Nedbank Capital
453:
413:Equity partners
403:
366:
324:
295:
275:Marsabit County
263:
236:Marsabit County
209:
180:
101:
99:
95:
92:
87:
84:
82:
80:
79:
66:Marsabit County
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3444:
3431:
3422:
3408:Canary Islands
3404:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3025:
3012:
3003:
2989:Canary Islands
2985:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2593:External links
2591:
2589:
2588:
2562:
2549:Afrik21.africa
2535:
2506:
2477:
2448:
2436:EIBinAfrica.eu
2418:
2395:
2372:
2346:
2317:
2285:
2262:
2235:
2223:Bloomberg News
2209:
2188:
2159:
2136:
2109:
2100:Business Daily
2087:
2058:
2026:
1992:
1980:The World Bank
1966:
1943:
1914:
1885:
1852:
1820:
1771:
1742:
1716:
1687:
1658:
1635:
1612:
1586:
1558:
1532:
1500:
1471:
1445:
1416:
1387:
1364:
1341:
1304:
1281:
1255:
1229:
1202:
1179:
1147:
1124:
1081:
1058:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
936:
935:
934:
931:Weather portal
920:
906:
890:
887:
854:
851:
832:
829:
812:, increase in
785:
782:
733:
730:
728:
725:
700:
699:Grid stability
697:
670:
667:
661:
658:
648:
645:
633:
632:
625:
610:
585:Main article:
582:
579:
578:
577:
567:
557:
556:
551:
550:
545:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
486:
466:
465:
452:
451:
440:
437:
434:
428:
423:
420:
416:
415:
414:
402:
399:
365:
362:
353:Uhuru Kenyatta
323:
320:
294:
291:
262:
259:
211:
210:
203:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
178:
174:
173:
169:
168:
165:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
124:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
77:
73:
72:
59:
55:
54:
52:
51:
45:
43:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3518:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3212:Guinea-Bissau
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Guinea-Bissau
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
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