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its goal to restore Lake Urmia. The project set out a multi-disciplinary framework covering several key interrelated areas and aims to have five outputs: 1. An advanced water accounting (WA) system for the entire Lake Urmia basin; 2. A drought management system based on risk/vulnerability assessment and preparedness response for the basin; 3. A socio-economic livelihood programme with viable and sustainable alternatives to current agricultural activities upstream of the lake to reduce water consumption significantly while maintaining the income and livelihood of affected communities; 4. An integrated watershed management (WM) programme; A capacity development programme to strengthen stakeholders at different levels.
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across the remaining gap. The highly saline environment is already heavily rusting the steel on the bridge despite anti-corrosion treatment. Experts have warned that the construction of the causeway and bridge, together with a series of ecological factors, will eventually lead to the drying up of the
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On holidays people come to see Lake Urmia around the "Shahid
Kalantari" highway that still has water. The 15 km highway was constructed by drying 85% of the boundary between the western and eastern sides of the lake. Construction of the highway has disconnected the northern and southern halves of the
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approved plans for a 14 trillion rial program (over $ 500 million) in the first year of a recovery plan. The money was supposed to be used for water management, reducing farmers' water use, and environmental restoration. Several months earlier, in March 2014, Iran's
Department of Environment and the
1265:
Starting in 2016, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Urmia Lake Restoration Program (ULRP) signed up to a project funded by the Government of Japan entitled "An Integrated Programme for Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Lake Urmia Basin" to support ULRP in
1224:
had agreed to transfer water to counter the critical fall in Lake Urmia's water level, remarking that "hot weather and a lack of precipitation have brought the lake to its lowest water levels ever recorded". He added that recovery plans for the lake included the transfer of water from
Eastern
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Lake Urmia has been shrinking for a long time, with an annual evaporation rate of 0.6 to 1 m (24 to 39 in). Although measures are now being taken to reverse the trend, the lake has shrunk by 60% and could disappear entirely. Only 5% of the lake's water remains.
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The prospect that Lake Urmia might dry up entirely has drawn protests in Iran and abroad, directed at both the regional and national governments. Protests flared in late August 2011 after the
Iranian parliament voted not to provide funds to channel water from the
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site on the east shore of Lake Urmia, that has been excavated in the 1950s and 1960s by C. A. Burney. This area has been settled as far back as 6000 BC. There's a large group of sites south of Lake Urmia that have been excavated. They include
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680:
are located on the south shore of Lake Urmia. Some of them were excavated in 1968 and 1970 by O. Muscarella. They have now been redated to the second half of the 4th millennium, although originally they were thought to be much younger.
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A recent drought has significantly decreased the annual amount of water the lake receives. This in turn has increased the salinity of the lake's water, reducing its viability as home to thousands of migratory birds, including
429:
By late 2017, the lake had shrunk to 10% of its former size (and 1/60 of water volume in 1998) due to persistent general drought in Iran, but also the damming of the local rivers that flow into it, and the pumping of
1323:
meal. In the absence of a right to protest publicly in Iran, protesters have incorporated their messages into chants at football matches. On 25 August, several soccer fans were detained before and after the Tabriz
816:, which was completed in 2008. The bridge provides only a 1.5-kilometre (0.93 mi) gap in the embankment, allowing little exchange of water between the two sections. Due to drought and increased demands for
425:
on Earth, with a surface area of approximately 6,000 km (2,300 sq mi), a length of 140 km (87 mi), a width of 70 km (43 mi), and a maximum depth of 20 m (66 ft).
1199:
of 1979, leaving a 15 km (9.3 mi) causeway with an unbridged gap. The project was revived in the early 2000s, and was completed in
November 2008 with the opening of the 1.5 km (0.93 mi)
1504:
Documenting the experiences and lessons learned from the cooperation of the academic community in various stages of studying and implementing solutions to a national environmental challenge in the country.
1262:
United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP) issued a plan to save the lake and the nearby wetland, which called for spending $ 225 million in the first year and $ 1.3 billion overall for restoration.
2539:
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had gone extinct due to the drastic increases in salinity. However this assessment has been contradicted, and another population of this species has recently been discovered in the
708:). It is not completely clear whether these referred to places or tribes, or what their relationship was to the subsequent list of personal names and "kings". But the Matai were
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on 27 August and 3 September 2011. Amateur video from these events showed riot police on motorcycles attacking apparently peaceful protesters. According to the governor of
3222:
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3213:
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In
September 2018, A working group tasked with reviving Lake Urmia has started to grow two types of plants to save the region from salt particles. The two plants are
1277:
should be complete in 2015. Through a tunnel and canals it will transfer up to 121,700,000 m (98,700 acre⋅ft) of water annually from the Lavin River in the
1931:
514:
meaning "water." Together, the "water city", what Urmia city is: a city on the waters of the eponymous lake. The name could also derive from the combination of the
1809:
Synchronized chronology: Rethinking Middle East
Antiquity: A Simple Correction to Egyptian Chronology Resolves the Major Problems in Biblical and Greek Archaeology
3663:
3658:
3173:
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from the surrounding area. This dry spell was broken in 2019 and the lake is now filling up once again, due to both increased rain and water diversion from the
3165:
2454:
Eimanifar A; Asem A; Djamali M; Wink M (2016). "A note on the biogeographical origin of the brine shrimp
Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899 from Urmia Lake, Iran".
820:
in the lake's basin, the salinity of the lake has risen to more than 300 g/L during recent years, and large areas of the lake bed have been desiccated.
627:, meaning "glittering", a reference to the glittering mineral particles suspended in the water of the lake and found along its shores. The Greeks called it
1351:, at least 60 supporters of the lake were arrested in Urmia, and dozens in Tabriz, because they had not applied for a permit to organize a demonstration.
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Lake Urmia is fed by 13 permanent rivers and many small springs, as well as rainfall directly into the lake. Nearly half the inflow comes from the
79:
2999:
3206:
2229:
2196:
2171:
2138:
2108:
O. W. Muscarella, "The Chronology and Culture of Se Girdan: Phase III", Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 9/1-2, 2003, pp. 117-31
644:
2428:. Eds. P. Saundry & C. J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington, D.C.
2004:
2779:
1284:
In 2015, president Hassan Rouhani's cabinet approved $ 660 million for improving irrigation systems, and steps to combat desertification.
2894:
3673:
2398:
3071:
Boyle, John Andrew (1974). "The Thirteenth-Century Mongols' Conception of the After Life: The Evidence of their Funerary Practices".
1108:, 226 species of birds, 27 species of amphibians and reptiles and 24 species of mammals (47 fossils have been recorded in the area).
3489:
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1820:
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305:
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was historically the lake's largest. However, it became a peninsula connected to the eastern shore when the lake level dropped.
841:
46:
3693:
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1497:
1367:
446:
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2130:
History of the Syrian Nation and the Old Evangelical-apostolic Church of the East: From Remote Antiquity to the Present Time
2801:
2526:
3683:
3668:
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2497:
3618:
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for shouting slogans in favor of protecting the lake, including "Urmia Lake is dying, the Majlis orders its execution".
3156:
1220:
On 2 August 2012, Muhammad-Javad Muhammadizadeh, the head of Iran's Environment Protection Organization, announced that
1079:
lake and has made natural and fundamental changes in the hydrodynamic and ecological characteristics of the lake region.
833:
2697:
1145:, the lake no longer sustains any fish species. Nonetheless, Urmia Lake is considered a significant natural habitat of
3330:
1601:
760:
3170:
174:
3688:
3305:
3253:
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2649:
3570:
3539:
3426:
3421:
3410:
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1649:
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2216:
Christian mission to Muslims: the record: Anglican and Reformed approaches in India and the Near East, 1800–1938
2158:
Christian mission to Muslims: the record: Anglican and Reformed approaches in India and the Near East, 1800–1938
2073:
In the Armenian Highland there are numerous lakes and ponds. The most majors are Kaputan (Urmia), Van and Sevan.
1882:
3580:
3575:
3500:
3483:
3345:
2246:
2068:
1638:
1031:
1015:
764:
752:
3443:
3295:
3258:
2921:
2730:
1964:
The Proto-Indoaryans, by T. Burrow, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No.
1674:
1316:
to raise the lake level. Apparently, parliament proposed instead to relocate people living around Urmia Lake.
3449:
3325:
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3335:
3236:
3106:
2009:
1581:
313:
3586:
3560:
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3320:
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Based on the latest checklists of biodiversity at Lake Urmia in 2014 and 2016, it is home to 62 species of
3648:
3549:
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3505:
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3416:
3315:
3310:
3290:
3268:
3247:
1174:
903:
887:
477:
3242:
1391:. Both khans were buried in a castle above 1,000-foot (300 m) cliffs along the shore of the island.
3478:
1333:
1158:
197:
2973:
1711:
Stevens, Lora R.; Djamali, Morteza; Andrieu-Ponel, Valérie; de Beaulieu, Jacques-Louis (1 April 2012).
2293:
1195:. A project to build a highway across the lake was initiated in the 1970s but was abandoned after the
3554:
3523:
3285:
1896:
1592:
1548:
1354:
The effect of climate change on the lake, has been extensively covered by an Iranian photojournalist
1225:
Azerbaijan Province. Previously, Iranian authorities had announced a plan to transfer water from the
603:
571:
499:
495:
3517:
3511:
3495:
3280:
3274:
3186:
2060:
999:
967:
935:
548:
465:
182:
3088:
2559:
2479:
2117:
cf. Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006), "Iran, vi(1). Earliest Evidence", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. 13
2014:
1732:
1450:
1196:
1061:
123:
3182:
2221:
2163:
3038:
Asem, Alireza; Eimanifar, Amin; Djamali, Morteza; De los Rios, Patricio; Wink, Michael (2014).
1856:
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1201:
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1115:
829:
809:
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334:
130:
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2402:
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2128:
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1904:
1724:
1713:"Hydroclimatic variations over the last two glacial/interglacial cycles at Urmia Lake, Iran"
1612:
1572:
756:
670:
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lake, turning it into a salt marsh, which will adversely affect the climate of the region.
805:. The Na and Cl concentration is roughly four times the concentration of natural seawater.
3177:
3160:
1422:
1348:
1192:
1188:
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populations. The salinity has particularly increased in the half of the lake north of the
740:
689:
539:
515:
410:
406:
162:
146:
2627:
502:
spoken by the shrinking number of the ancient Christian population of the nearby city of
3148:
2871:
2527:
https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110525/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_iran_environmental_disaster/print
2424:
1900:
3383:
3373:
2220:. The William Carey Library series on Islamic studies. William Carey Library. pp.
2214:
2162:. The William Carey Library series on Islamic studies. William Carey Library. pp.
2156:
1978:
1465:
1400:
1355:
1258:
697:
395:
217:
205:
1153:. In early 2013, the then-head of the Iranian Artemia Research Center was quoted that
3642:
2922:"Final winners of IdeasTap and Magnum Photos documentary photography award announced"
1736:
1712:
1534:
1530:
1460:
1440:
1417:
1404:
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1101:
871:
768:
662:
442:
138:
134:
111:
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Satellite imagery from 1984 to 2018, revealing Lake Urmia's diminishing surface area
375:
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1445:
1435:
1384:
1373:
1313:
919:
728:
599:
186:
154:
150:
1749:
Urmia Lake. 2012. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 14 August 2015, from
441:
Lake Urmia, along with its approximately 102 (former) islands, is protected as a
3632:
3143:
2899:
2342:""Update of "Biodiversity of the Hypersaline Urmia Lake National Park (NW Iran)"
1427:
1380:
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1119:
717:
653:
620:
531:
492:
431:
418:
414:
209:
142:
2583:
2501:
2467:
1932:"Iran's Lake Urmia: How A Dying Salt Lake Is Being Brought Back From The Brink"
1407:. There is no outflow from the lake so water is only lost through evaporation.
1728:
1553:
1512:
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1208:
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983:
817:
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649:
170:
158:
30:
3153:
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2653:
2652:(in Persian). Omran Iran - Deputy Governor of West Azerbaijan. Archived from
2498:"Iran's East and West Azerbaijan Provinces Connected by Lake Orumiyeh Bridge"
94:
81:
2525:
Karmi N. Iran's largest lake turning to salt. Associated Press 25 May 2011.
2308:
1908:
855:
744:
666:
488:
473:
435:
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398:
190:
116:
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1916:
727:
In the last five hundred years the area around Lake Urmia has been home to
3191:
2341:
1303:
County, to slow down the wind that brings with itself the salt particles.
3368:
3026:
Farahang-e Joghrafiyayi-e shahrestânhâ-ye Keshvar (Shahrestân-e Orumiyeh)
1412:
1289:
1150:
1142:
1131:
1105:
1093:
813:
736:
282:
166:
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2265:
1968:
2 (1973), pp. 123–140, published by: Cambridge University Press, see 139
688:
records of the 9th century BCE. There, in the records from the reign of
3378:
1955:
Richard Nelson Frye, The history of ancient Iran, München (1984), 48–49
1843:
1295:
1221:
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685:
383:
124:
198:
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or Shoorgaz, which are planted on the land of Jabal Kandi village in
1184:
1112:
1111:
Lake Urmia is an internationally registered protected area as both a
677:
469:
3040:"Biodiversity of the Hypersaline Urmia Lake National Park (NW Iran)"
2309:"Biodiversity of the Hypersaline Urmia Lake National Park (NW Iran)"
2307:
Asem, A.; Eimanifar, A.; Djamal, M.; De; Rios, P.; Wink, M. (2014).
2247:"Drought in Urmia Lake, the largest natural habitat of brine shrimp
1344:
1320:
1300:
1239:
1207:
1180:
1073:
802:
732:
709:
692:(858–824 BCE), two names are mentioned in the area of Lake Urmia:
503:
456:
382:
374:
292:
2540:"Its Great Lake Shriveled, Iran Confronts Crisis of Water Supply"
2373:
1780:
1319:
More than 30 activists were detained on 24 August 2011 during an
1538:
1047:
780:
553:'water'), "City of Water" referring to the city nearby.
402:
223:
3195:
2731:"Azeri Activists Detained in Iran For Environmental Protests"
1149:, which serve as food source for the migratory birds such as
1751:
https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619901/Lake-Urmia
783:
in the lake water include Na, K, Ca, Li and Mg, while Cl, SO
3149:
Encyclopedia of Earth: C. Michael Hogan, "Lake Urmia", 2011
808:
The lake is divided into north and south, separated by the
520:
3138:
2676:"Iran Using Plants to Fight Dust Pollution in Lake Urmia"
2606:"Iran to spend $ 500 million to save shrunken Lake Urmia"
1606:
417:. At its greatest extent, it was the largest lake in the
3144:
Iranica Encyclopedia: Eckhart Ehlers, "Lake Urmia", 2013
2626:(in Persian). Kurd Press. 23 August 2014. Archived from
3000:"Why is the largest lake in the Middle East drying up?"
2895:"A reflection on how climate change altered Lake Urmia"
2624:"Completed by the end of the 94 dams Silveh Piranshahr"
1187:, two of the most important cities in the provinces of
2762:"Iranian greens fear disaster as Lake Orumieh shrinks"
2085:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Spauta
1643:
755:
dialects and are religiously diverse, adhering to the
3616:
2780:"Rally protesting Iran over Urmia Lake turns violent"
2048:
Urmia Lake, called Kaputan cov by Arm. geographers...
1832:
E. J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936
1623:
1586:
2824:"Azeri Turks in Ankara protest Urmia Lake drying up"
2756:
2754:
2752:
2245:
Alireza Asem; Fereidun Mohebbi; Reza Ahmadi (2012).
1339:
Further demonstrations took place in the streets of
1126:
has designated most of the lake as a national park.
3471:
3397:
3361:
3229:
1237:plan was abandoned due to Azerbaijan's objections.
631:(Σπαῦτα), and also it was probably the same as the
357:
349:
341:
332:
328:
321:
304:
300:
281:
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122:
110:
71:
23:
2213:
2155:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2580:"Armenia to help Iran save drying lake Oroumiyeh"
1763:"Lake Urmia's surface increased by over 1500 km²"
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1669:
1667:
413:in Iran, and west of the southern portion of the
2564:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2521:
2519:
1496:Urmia Lake Restoration Program (ULRP) is run by
684:One of the early mentions of Lake Urmia is from
72:
2802:"Iranian Protest Urges Help for Shrinking Lake"
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2546:. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014
1876:
1874:
1482:Lake Urmia was the setting of the Iranian film
405:. The lake is located between the provinces of
1675:Lake Urmia’s surface increased by over 1500 km
593:
208:: all water entering the lake is lost through
3207:
3166:Profile at UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Directory
2850:"Iran police break up environmental protests"
2288:
2286:
2003:Amurian, A.; Kasheff, M. (15 December 1986).
724:, an Achaemenid ethnolinguistic designation.
611:
579:
565:
8:
2978:emerge - Magazin für jungen Fotojournalismus
525:
2191:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 209.
2097:Excavations at Yanik Tepe, North-West-Iran,
1212:Bridge construction over Lake Urmia in 2005
673:may have been the earliest of these sites.
3214:
3200:
3192:
2340:Asem, A.; Eimanifar, A.; Wink, M. (2016).
2189:Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C
1372:Lake Urmia had approximately 102 islands.
476:connected the origin of the name Urmia to
20:
3055:
2804:. San Francisco Chronicle. 30 August 2011
2698:"Protests in Iran Over Disappearing Lake"
2357:
2324:
1379:Shahi Island is the burial place of both
1104:, 311 species of plants, five species of
438:under the Urmia Lake Research Programme.
2872:"Iran arrests saltwater lake protesters"
2650:"Silveh Dam and Irrigation and Drainage"
1596:
3623:
2782:. Hurriyet Daily News. 1 September 2011
1663:
1565:
2557:
598:), literally "blue sea". Residents of
296:8–11% in spring, 26–28% in late autumn
253:6,000 km (2,300 sq mi)
3664:Landforms of West Azerbaijan province
3659:Landforms of East Azerbaijan province
3154:Saline Systems; Urmia Salt Lake, Iran
1169:Falling level and increasing salinity
645:Ash hills of West Azerbaijan province
356:
348:
340:
331:
7:
3183:Landsat - Drying of Lake Urmia, Iran
2538:Erdbrink, Thomas (30 January 2014).
2294:"UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Directory"
2067:. Institute for Armenian Studies of
2027:Urmia (class. Arm. Kaputan) ...
1685:
1683:
1653:
1179:The lake is a major barrier between
556:Locally, the lake is referred to in
543:
526:
461:People visiting a boat on Lake Urmia
379:Diminishing of surface of Lake Urmia
3604:International Wetland (Ramsar Site)
2046:. Harvard University. p. 430.
1881:Stone, Richard (2 September 2015).
1616:
1576:
612:
580:
566:
387:Lake Urmia, NW Iran, September 2015
269:15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft)
2374:"Lake Urmia [or Orumiyeh]"
2133:. Gorgias Press LLC. pp. 1–.
1781:"Lake Urmia [or Orumiyeh]"
1387:'s grandsons) and of Hulagu's son
530:; a common name for cities around
487:"undulating, wavy". A more likely
277:5.5 km (1.3 cu mi)
53:
14:
3606:- All names as inscribed by the
3171:Iran's Environmental Ticking Bomb
3139:Urmia official website in English
2826:. todayszaman.com. Archived from
2696:Mackey, Robert (30 August 2011).
1124:Iranian Department of Environment
447:Iranian Department of Environment
261:6 to 8 m (20 to 26 ft)
3626:
2852:. euronews.net. 4 September 2011
2399:"ProtectedPlanet - Urumieh lake"
2378:Ramsar Sites Information Service
1723:(4). Springer Netherlands: 647.
1515:
1039:
1023:
1007:
991:
975:
959:
943:
927:
911:
895:
879:
863:
847:
840:
52:
45:
29:
3608:Department of Environment, Iran
1883:"Saving Iran's great salt lake"
1498:Sharif University of Technology
280:
272:
264:
256:
248:
240:
232:
2926:British Journal of Photography
2212:Vander Werff, Lyle L. (1977).
2154:Vander Werff, Lyle L. (1977).
1:
2500:. Payvand.com. Archived from
2443:and possibility of extinction
1811:Algora Publishing, New York,
1673:Urmia Lake Research Program.
1492:Urmia Lake Research Programme
1257:In July 2014, Iran President
35:Lake Urmia from space in 1984
2127:George David Malech (1910).
1368:List of Lake Urmia's islands
834:Environmental issues in Iran
712:and linguistically the name
2768:. London. 5 September 2011.
1644:
1624:
1607:
1587:
1281:basin to Lake Urmia basin.
761:Assyrian Church of the East
472:origin for the name, while
3710:
3674:Biosphere reserves of Iran
3362:National Natural Monuments
3111:طرح تحقیقاتی دریاچه ارومیه
2468:10.11646/zootaxa.4097.2.12
2005:"Armenians of modern Iran"
1500:with the following goals:
1365:
1172:
1008:
992:
944:
827:
642:
421:. It is the sixth-largest
287:217–235 g L Na–(Mg)–Cl–(SO
3596:
2980:(in German). 11 June 2018
2099:Iraq 23, 1961, pp. 138ff.
2044:Zoroastrianism in Armenia
1983:www.assyrianlanguages.org
1788:Sites Information Service
1729:10.1007/s10933-012-9588-3
1717:Journal of Paleolimnology
1633:
1229:, which borders Iran and
1040:
1024:
976:
960:
928:
912:
896:
880:
864:
848:
594:
369:
365:
237:140 km (87 mi)
40:
28:
3176:29 November 2011 at the
2423:C. Michael Hogan. 2011.
2069:Yerevan State University
765:Chaldean Catholic Church
759:churches (mostly to the
753:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
245:70 km (43 mi)
175:Rudkhaneh-ye Qal'eh Chay
3654:Endorheic lakes of Asia
3223:Protected Areas of Iran
3079:. Mongolia Society: 7.
2874:. BBC. 4 September 2011
2264:: 36–38. Archived from
2187:Minahan, James (2002).
1909:10.1126/science.aad1702
639:Archaeology and history
117:salt (hypersaline) lake
3694:Climate change in Iran
3159:21 August 2011 at the
2439:Critical condition of
1895:(6252): 1044–5, 1047.
1307:Environmental protests
1254:
1233:, but the 950-billion-
1213:
1175:Climate change in Iran
1141:By virtue of its high
1080:
534:, meaning "city") and
462:
388:
380:
3004:english.alarabiya.net
1334:Shahrdari Tabriz F.C.
1252:
1211:
1159:Koyashskoye Salt Lake
1077:
602:refer to the lake in
460:
453:Names and etymologies
386:
378:
189:; diversion from the
3684:Ramsar sites in Iran
3669:Saline lakes of Asia
2678:. 28 September 2018.
2010:Encyclopædia Iranica
1807:Henry, Roger (2003)
1691:Encyclopedia Iranica
1549:List of drying lakes
1057:class=notpageimage|
690:Shalmaneser III
510:meaning "city," and
3187:Google Earth Engine
2974:"The Eyes of Earth"
2830:on 6 September 2011
2504:on 6 September 2022
2061:"Armenian Highland"
1901:2015Sci...349.1044S
812:and its associated
584:). The traditional
466:Richard Nelson Frye
183:Rudkhaneh-ye Mordaq
91: /
3490:Arjan and Parishan
2928:. 22 December 2015
2702:The New York Times
2656:on 20 January 2015
2630:on 20 January 2015
2544:The New York Times
2017:on 26 October 2018
1588:Daryâče-ye Orumiye
1478:In popular culture
1255:
1214:
1197:Iranian Revolution
1081:
1062:Biosphere Reserves
818:agricultural water
616:, meaning "Sea").
562:Daryâče-ye Orumiye
463:
389:
381:
358:Reference no.
3689:Iranian Kurdistan
3614:
3613:
3600:Biosphere Reserve
3073:Mongolian Studies
3028:, Tehran 1379 Hs.
2949:"Troubled Waters"
2947:Daryani, Solmaz.
2893:Daryani, Solmaz.
2258:World Aquaculture
2231:978-0-87808-320-6
2198:978-0-313-32109-2
2173:978-0-87808-320-6
2140:978-1-59333-408-6
2040:Russell, James R.
1930:Dudley, Dominic.
1642:
1622:
1605:
1585:
1544:Urmia Lake Bridge
1485:The White Meadows
1330:Tractor Sazi F.C.
1275:Piranshahr County
1250:
1202:Urmia Lake Bridge
1163:Crimean Peninsula
1136:Urmia Lake Bridge
1116:Biosphere Reserve
830:Geography of Iran
810:Urmia Lake Bridge
749:Assyrian of Urmia
552:
373:
372:
95:37.700°N 45.367°E
16:Salt lake in Iran
3701:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3398:Wildlife Refuges
3216:
3209:
3202:
3193:
3137:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:10.3390/d6010102
3035:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2758:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2737:. 26 August 2011
2727:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2693:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2610:newscientist.com
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2582:. Archived from
2576:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2451:
2445:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2405:on 23 March 2019
2401:. Archived from
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:10.3390/d8010006
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:10.3390/d6010102
2304:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2255:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2219:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2161:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2093:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2013:. Archived from
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1859:. Britannica.com
1853:
1847:
1829:
1823:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1769:. 11 April 2021.
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1708:
1693:
1687:
1678:
1671:
1656:
1655:
1650:Imperial Aramaic
1647:
1637:
1635:
1627:
1621:romanized:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1570:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1293:or Karadagh and
1251:
1100:, 20 species of
1096:, 42 species of
1043:
1042:
1027:
1026:
1011:
1010:
995:
994:
979:
978:
963:
962:
947:
946:
931:
930:
915:
914:
899:
898:
883:
882:
867:
866:
851:
850:
844:
800:
799:
791:
790:
671:Hajji Firuz Tepe
615:
614:
597:
596:
583:
582:
569:
568:
547:
545:
529:
528:
516:Assyrian Aramaic
506:, consisting of
200:
199:Primary outflows
126:
106:
105:
103:
102:
101:
96:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
74:
56:
55:
49:
33:
21:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3625:
3617:
3615:
3610:
3592:
3472:Protected Areas
3467:
3393:
3357:
3225:
3220:
3178:Wayback Machine
3161:Wayback Machine
3135:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3007:
3006:. 17 March 2018
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2760:
2759:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2586:on 4 March 2016
2578:
2577:
2573:
2556:
2549:
2547:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2441:Artemia urmiana
2437:
2433:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2271:on 1 April 2016
2268:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2079:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2020:
2018:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1834:, vol. 7,
1830:
1826:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1710:
1709:
1696:
1689:'Urmia, Lake'.
1688:
1681:
1677:April 11, 2021.
1672:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1494:
1480:
1475:
1423:Barandouz River
1397:
1370:
1364:
1349:West Azerbaijan
1309:
1240:
1193:East Azerbaijan
1189:West Azerbaijan
1177:
1171:
1155:Artemia urmiana
1086:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1004:
1003:
1002:
996:
988:
987:
986:
980:
972:
971:
970:
964:
956:
955:
954:
948:
940:
939:
938:
932:
924:
923:
922:
916:
908:
907:
906:
900:
892:
891:
890:
884:
876:
875:
874:
868:
860:
859:
858:
852:
836:
826:
798:
795:
794:
793:
789:
786:
785:
784:
777:
647:
641:
455:
411:West Azerbaijan
407:East Azerbaijan
337:
295:
290:
220: countries
163:Kaftar Ali Chay
147:Barandouz River
125:Primary inflows
99:
97:
93:
90:
85:
82:
80:
78:
77:
67:
66:
65:
64:
63:
62:
61:
57:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3707:
3705:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3679:Shrunken lakes
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3612:
3611:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3384:Sarv-e Abarkuh
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:Dayer-Nakhiloo
3251:
3245:
3240:
3233:
3231:
3230:National Parks
3227:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3180:
3168:
3163:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3131:
3130:External links
3128:
3125:
3124:
3098:
3063:
3030:
3017:
2991:
2965:
2953:Foreign Policy
2939:
2913:
2885:
2863:
2841:
2815:
2793:
2771:
2748:
2715:
2681:
2667:
2641:
2615:
2612:. 4 July 2014.
2597:
2571:
2530:
2515:
2489:
2462:(2): 294–300.
2446:
2431:
2416:
2390:
2365:
2332:
2299:
2282:
2237:
2230:
2204:
2197:
2179:
2172:
2146:
2139:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2095:C. A. Burney,
2088:
2077:
2052:
2031:
1995:
1979:"Search Entry"
1970:
1957:
1948:
1922:
1870:
1848:
1824:
1800:
1772:
1754:
1742:
1694:
1679:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1617:گۆلائوو رمیەیێ
1577:دریاچهٔ ارومیه
1564:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1527:
1526:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1493:
1490:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1466:Zarrineh River
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1401:Zarrineh River
1396:
1393:
1363:
1360:
1356:Solmaz Daryani
1328:match between
1308:
1305:
1259:Hassan Rouhani
1170:
1167:
1090:archaebacteria
1085:
1084:Modern ecology
1082:
1071:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1005:
998:
997:
990:
989:
982:
981:
974:
973:
966:
965:
958:
957:
950:
949:
942:
941:
934:
933:
926:
925:
918:
917:
910:
909:
902:
901:
894:
893:
886:
885:
878:
877:
870:
869:
862:
861:
854:
853:
846:
845:
839:
838:
837:
825:
822:
796:
787:
776:
773:
640:
637:
633:Μαρτιανὴ λίμνη
567:دریاچهٔ ارومیه
491:would be from
454:
451:
423:saltwater lake
371:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
355:
354:
351:
347:
346:
343:
339:
338:
335:Ramsar Wetland
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
323:
319:
318:
308:
302:
301:
298:
297:
288:
285:
279:
278:
275:
271:
270:
267:
263:
262:
259:
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
243:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
227:
226:
221:
214:
213:
202:
194:
193:
128:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
100:37.700; 45.367
75:
69:
68:
59:
58:
51:
50:
44:
43:
42:
41:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3706:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:Lakes of Iran
3647:
3646:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3620:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Sorkh-e Hesar
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2781:
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2016:
2012:
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2006:
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1996:
1984:
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1821:0-87586-191-1
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1626:
1625:Gola Ûrmiyeyê
1614:
1609:
1603:
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1569:
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1499:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:Simineh River
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:Mahabad River
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1418:Alamlou River
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1405:Simineh River
1402:
1394:
1392:
1390:
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1377:
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1133:
1127:
1125:
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1117:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:phytoplankton
1099:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1076:
1070:Palaeoecology
1069:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1033:
1017:
1001:
985:
969:
953:
937:
921:
905:
889:
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857:
843:
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823:
821:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
801:are the main
782:
774:
772:
770:
769:Protestantism
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
663:Teppe Hasanlu
660:
655:
651:
646:
638:
636:
634:
630:
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622:
617:
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601:
591:
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497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
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471:
468:suggested an
467:
459:
452:
450:
448:
444:
443:national park
439:
437:
433:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:
393:
385:
377:
368:
364:
360:
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344:
342:Official name
336:
327:
324:
320:
316:
315:
309:
307:
303:
299:
294:
286:
284:
276:
268:
260:
258:Average depth
252:
244:
236:
228:
225:
222:
219:
215:
212:
211:
207:
203:
201:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
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164:
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156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:Mahabad River
136:
132:
129:
127:
121:
118:
115:
113:
109:
104:
76:
70:
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39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3351:
3341:Tang-e Sayad
3136:(in English)
3115:. Retrieved
3113:(in Persian)
3110:
3101:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3025:
3020:
3008:. Retrieved
3003:
2994:
2982:. Retrieved
2977:
2968:
2956:. Retrieved
2952:
2942:
2930:. Retrieved
2925:
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2898:
2888:
2876:. Retrieved
2866:
2854:. Retrieved
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2828:the original
2818:
2806:. Retrieved
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2774:
2766:The Guardian
2765:
2739:. Retrieved
2706:. Retrieved
2701:
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2654:the original
2644:
2632:. Retrieved
2628:the original
2618:
2609:
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2584:the original
2574:
2548:. Retrieved
2543:
2533:
2506:. Retrieved
2502:the original
2492:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2440:
2434:
2425:
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2403:the original
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2377:
2368:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2273:. Retrieved
2266:the original
2261:
2257:
2248:
2240:
2215:
2207:
2188:
2182:
2157:
2149:
2129:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2096:
2091:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2026:
2019:. Retrieved
2015:the original
2008:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1960:
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1935:
1925:
1892:
1886:
1861:. Retrieved
1851:
1831:
1827:
1808:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1784:
1775:
1767:Tehran Times
1766:
1757:
1745:
1720:
1716:
1690:
1654:ܝܡܬܐ ܕܐܘܪܡܝܐ
1568:
1523:Lakes portal
1495:
1483:
1481:
1456:Shahar River
1446:Nazlou River
1436:Leylan River
1398:
1395:Basin rivers
1385:Genghis Khan
1378:
1374:Shahi Island
1371:
1353:
1338:
1318:
1310:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1219:
1215:
1178:
1154:
1140:
1128:
1110:
1087:
951:
807:
778:
729:Azerbaijanis
726:
721:
716:matches the
713:
701:
693:
683:
675:
648:
635:of Ptolemy.
632:
628:
624:
618:
607:
600:Shahi Island
595:Կապուտան ծով
590:Kaputan tsov
589:
575:
561:
555:
535:
519:
511:
507:
484:
480:
478:Indo-Iranian
464:
440:
428:
391:
390:
353:23 June 1975
311:
274:Water volume
250:Surface area
204:
187:Leylan River
155:Nazlou River
151:Shahar River
18:
3405:Amirkalayeh
3107:"درباره ما"
3050:: 102–132.
3024:List from:
3010:27 February
2984:27 February
2958:27 February
2900:The Caravan
2878:4 September
2856:4 September
2834:4 September
2808:4 September
2786:4 September
2741:12 November
2708:4 September
2508:4 September
2319:: 102–132.
1988:23 November
1863:4 September
1857:"Britanica"
1593:Azerbaijani
1451:Rozeh River
1432:Ghaie River
1428:Gadar River
1381:Hulagu Khan
1120:Ramsar site
757:East Syriac
751:they speak
718:Old Persian
654:prehistoric
621:Old Persian
604:Azerbaijani
572:Azerbaijani
532:Mesopotamia
493:Neo-Aramaic
483:"wave" and
432:groundwater
419:Middle East
415:Caspian Sea
345:Lake Urmia
234:Max. length
210:evaporation
143:Gadar River
135:Simineh-Rūd
131:Zarriné-Rūd
98: /
73:Coordinates
3643:Categories
3581:Siahkeshim
3571:Mianjangal
3540:Kabir Kouh
3501:Dinar Kouh
3456:Sorkhankol
3433:Robat Shur
3352:Lake Urmia
3346:Khar Turan
3296:Kolahghazi
3259:Ghamishloo
2932:7 December
2906:7 December
2660:20 January
2634:20 January
2426:Urmia Lake
2383:31 October
1645:Urmia lich
1634:Ուրմիա լիճ
1597:اۇرمۇ گؤلۆ
1560:References
1554:Mount Judi
1471:Zola River
1366:See also:
1314:Aras River
1279:Little Zab
1271:Silveh Dam
1231:Azerbaijan
1227:Aras River
1173:See also:
1098:microfungi
828:See also:
704:(i.e. the
696:(i.e. the
676:Se Girdan
659:Dalma Tepe
650:Yanik Tepe
643:See also:
581:اۇرمۇ گؤلۆ
392:Lake Urmia
350:Designated
322:References
266:Max. depth
242:Max. width
171:Boyuk Chay
159:Zola River
60:Lake Urmia
24:Lake Urmia
3576:Mozaffari
3484:Arasbaran
3427:Miankaleh
3422:Miandasht
3411:Bakhtegan
3336:Tandooreh
3326:Siyahkooh
3264:Ghatroyeh
3237:Bakhtegan
3085:0190-3667
3044:Diversity
2560:cite news
2346:Diversity
2313:Diversity
1836:page 1037
1737:128970562
1639:romanized
1608:Urmu gölü
1602:romanized
1582:romanized
1151:flamingos
779:The main
775:Chemistry
745:Armenians
741:Assyrians
667:Geoy Tepe
623:name was
576:Urmu gölü
489:etymology
474:T. Burrow
436:Zab River
399:salt lake
396:endorheic
191:Zab River
179:Qobi Chay
3520:(BR, IW)
3492:(BR, IW)
3444:Shadegan
3429:(BR, IW)
3374:Damavand
3369:Alam-Kuh
3354:(BR, IW)
3269:Golestan
3174:Archived
3157:Archived
3093:43193015
2590:7 August
2484:25998873
2476:27394547
2409:24 March
2352:(4): 6.
2065:armin.am
2042:(1987).
1917:26339009
1793:25 April
1630:Armenian
1509:See also
1488:(2009).
1413:Aji Chay
1383:(one of
1290:Nitraria
1143:salinity
1132:flamingo
1106:mollusca
1094:bacteria
814:causeway
763:and the
737:Persians
714:Parsuwaš
698:Persians
694:Parsuwaš
686:Assyrian
625:Chichast
588:name is
586:Armenian
500:Chaldean
496:Assyrian
470:Urartian
283:Salinity
167:Aji Chay
3602:- IW:
3566:Manesht
3550:Karkheh
3450:Shidvar
3379:Sabalan
3321:Sarigol
3306:Nayband
2456:Zootaxa
2249:Artemia
1897:Bibcode
1888:Science
1844:Ptolemy
1838:citing
1641::
1613:Kurdish
1604::
1584::
1573:Persian
1362:Islands
1296:Tamarix
1222:Armenia
1161:at the
1147:Artemia
1064:in Iran
1060:UNESCO
824:Ecology
781:cations
767:), and
706:Mitanni
678:kurgans
558:Persian
551:
445:by the
306:Islands
86:45°22′E
83:37°42′N
3619:Portal
3587:Touran
3561:Koulak
3545:Karkas
3535:Jajrud
3479:Alvand
3462:Touran
3438:Selkeh
3417:Hamoon
3389:Taftan
3316:Salouk
3311:Paband
3291:Kiasar
3286:Khojir
3248:Bojagh
3117:19 May
3091:
3083:
2735:RFE/RL
2704:. Iran
2550:11 May
2482:
2474:
2275:17 May
2228:
2195:
2170:
2137:
1966:
1941:29 May
1936:Forbes
1915:
1840:Strabo
1819:
1813:p. 138
1786:Ramsar
1735:
1341:Tabriz
1185:Tabriz
1122:. The
1118:and a
1113:UNESCO
803:anions
747:. The
743:, and
700:) and
665:, and
629:Spauta
570:), in
540:Syriac
518:words
485:urmya-
394:is an
310:102 (
3555:Kavir
3529:Heleh
3524:Haraz
3506:Gando
3281:Khabr
3275:Kavir
3243:Bamou
3089:JSTOR
2480:S2CID
2269:(PDF)
2254:(PDF)
2021:2 May
1733:S2CID
1389:Abaqa
1345:Urmia
1326:derby
1321:iftar
1301:Urmia
1235:toman
1181:Urmia
792:, HCO
733:Kurds
722:pārsa
720:word
710:Medes
702:Matai
652:is a
608:Daryā
504:Urmia
481:urmi-
293:brine
218:Basin
3633:Iran
3598:BR:
3589:(BR)
3583:(IW)
3557:(BR)
3531:(IW)
3518:Hara
3514:(BR)
3512:Geno
3508:(IW)
3496:Dena
3486:(BR)
3464:(BR)
3458:(IW)
3452:(IW)
3446:(IW)
3440:(IW)
3413:(IW)
3407:(IW)
3348:(BR)
3277:(BR)
3271:(BR)
3250:(IW)
3239:(IW)
3119:2023
3081:ISSN
3012:2020
2986:2020
2960:2020
2934:2019
2908:2019
2880:2011
2858:2011
2836:2011
2810:2011
2788:2011
2743:2015
2710:2011
2662:2015
2636:2015
2592:2012
2566:link
2552:2017
2510:2011
2472:PMID
2460:4097
2411:2015
2385:2023
2277:2013
2226:ISBN
2193:ISBN
2168:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2023:2016
1990:2020
1943:2020
1913:PMID
1865:2011
1842:and
1817:ISBN
1795:2018
1539:Noah
1403:and
1343:and
1332:and
1269:The
1191:and
1183:and
1092:and
832:and
619:Its
613:دریا
549:lit.
409:and
403:Iran
314:list
312:see
224:Iran
206:none
112:Type
3301:Lar
3052:doi
2464:doi
2354:doi
2321:doi
2222:366
2164:366
1905:doi
1893:349
1725:doi
1537:or
1535:Nuh
1533:of
1531:Ark
1273:in
606:as
574:as
560:as
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536:Mia
527:ܐܘܪ
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