124:– which was probably largely from customs duties. He also wrote that there were the ruins of an older city nearby, where there were lots of stones, including some shaped like people and animals. The locals, he related, said that the inhabitants of the old city had been so wicked that God "transformed them, their beasts, their herbs, even to the very seeds, into stones".
263:
The
English apparently considered Lahari Bandar a freer port than Thatta – at Thatta, the governor controlled the prices, but at Lahari Bandar they were publicly known and not subject to the governor's whims. The main English factor at the time was John Spiller, and the local merchants Bumabamal and
345:
at 24°37′ N, 67°22′ E). Excavation here revealed the presence of an earlier fort beneath the currently-visible ruins. However, Haig (1894) wrote that Lahari Bandar was probably further downstream. Paliwal (1999) wrote that Lahari Bandar is on the old
Baggaur channel of the Indus at 24°31' N, 67°24'
301:
In the late 17th century, Lahari Bandar suffered from famine, disease, and silting up of its harbour. By the time
Alexander Hamilton visited in 1699, it was "a shadow of its former self". He wrote at the time, "it is but a village of about 100 houses, built of crooked sticks and mud".
213:
describes the commercial activity that took place at 17th-century Lahari Bandar: whenever a ship approached the port, a gun was fired to inform local merchants of its arrival. They would then approach the ship in smaller boats called
273:(the second-highest-ranking member of the Mughal administration, tasked with the army and intelligence) in 1646-7 offers special insight into the Mughal administration of Lahari Bandar at the time. Law and order was placed under a
218:
to negotiate terms. Ships that "did not belong to the port" were not allowed to anchor in the channel and instead had to dock outside the city. Once the ship had anchored, its cargo was unloaded – as many as 200 to 300
120:. Ibn Battuta "found it to be a fine town on the sea coast, possessing a large harbour, visited by merchants from Persia, Yemen, and other countries", and yielding a tax revenue of 6 million
172:
took Sindh in 1592, he immediately began to develop Lahari Bandar as imperial seaport. It was seen as strategically important enough that Akbar put it under direct administration (
298:
and then by 1640 farmed it out to Mir Zarif, later known as Fidai Khan, who became shahbandar in his own right. Fidai Khan was later succeeded as shahbandar by Hakim
Khwushhal.
234:
Before the
English came, the Portuguese were the only European element. They maintained a trade monopoly here and did not allow foreign merchants to enter without a
333:
also claimed that Lahari Bandar was identical with both Debal and Thatta. Syed Shakir Ali Shah (1996) has also proposed that both Debal and Lahari Bandar were at
256:
Methwold managed to negotiate an agreement with the
Portuguese that allowed the English to trade at Lahari Bandar as well, resulting in the English setting up a
732:
289:, who submitted documents to both the faujdar and the shahbandar - but the shahbandar does not appear to have necessarily been bound by the qazi's rulings.
252:, or comptroller of the port, was often concerned with a loss of Portuguese trade revenue and tried to keep them in good humour. In 1635, the English
63:
uses for Lahore and says that it could have been Lohāwarānī, which would have been produced Lohārānī (the form used by al-Biruni) in common speech.
434:
292:
At that time, the faujdar of Lahari Bandar was Asaf Khan, who had been in charge since at least 1620. He had apparently held Lahari Bandar in
609:
564:
285:. The shahbandar derived his power from control of trade and was not a subordinate of the faujdar. Criminal cases were brought before a
722:
323:
Lahari Bandar's exact location is unknown. Some have proposed that Lahari Bandar is identical with the earlier Debal, such as by the
652:
176:). He also had two large ocean-going ships built at Lahore, his capital, to be put to sea at Lahari Bandar and then operate in the
193:
209:
wrote hyperbolically that Lahari Bandar was such a big port that it could accommodate 1,000 ships at a time. The account of
645:
History of
Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century
105:
and wrote that it was near one of the two mouths of the Indus. It must have just been rising in importance at that time.
601:
The Route to
European Hegemony: India's Intra-Asian Trade in the Early Modern Period (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)
127:
In the following centuries, Lahari Bandar was one of the four main ports on the western coast of India (the others were
31:. From the early 1300s until the late 1600s, it was the main port in Sindh and one of the main ports in western India.
210:
151:
in the 16th century. Lahari Bandar's position in the southern Indus Delta was naturally well-suited to being a major
554:
599:
727:
640:
223:
of goods would be brought on a single ship – and then shipped to Thatta, either by smaller boats or overland, by
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44:
360:
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as a separate sarkar in its own right, comprising two mahals. Lahari Bandar was eventually eclipsed by
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691:
525:
648:
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The
History of India, As Told By Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol. I
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182:
148:
157:. It had a rich agricultural hinterland and access to desirable textiles such as
269:
224:
153:
109:
398:
The Indus Delta
Country: A Memoir, Chiefly on Its Ancient Geography and History
231:
visited in 1660 and wrote that it was a better harbour "than any other place".
433:
Elliot, H. M. (1867). "Rashídu-d Din, from al-Bírúní". In Dowson, John (ed.).
248:
98:
60:
81:
by English merchants in the early modern period. The Portuguese called it
188:
128:
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679:
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274:
177:
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136:
514:"The Port of Lahari Bandar and the English in the Seventeenth Century"
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162:
140:
132:
52:
401:. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. pp. 46–8, 78–9
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294:
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239:
169:
121:
117:
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28:
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238:(pass) issued by them. They often issued them to merchants from
158:
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Navaldas worked with the English and got a cut of the profits.
97:
Lahari Bandar is first mentioned in the early 11th century, by
51:
was the name used outside Sindh, after its role as the port of
220:
203:
Lahari Bandar was a major port during the 17th century. The
680:"Juna Shah Bunder: A Controversial Site Excavation Results"
66:
Meanwhile, Elliot (1867) says that the original name was
639:
Ali, M. Athar; Khan, Iqtidar A.; Habib, Irfan (2003).
277:(aka governor or commandant) who was referred to as a
89:, and the English also sometimes called it that too.
43:
was the indigenous name used within Sindh, after the
143:, three days upstream. It also had close links with
305:In the 18th century, Lahari Bandar is shown in the
281:and was subordinate to the governor of the entire
47:tribe that lived in that part of the delta, while
442:. London: Trübner and Co. pp. 49, 375, 377–8
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196:of Thatta, with a total revenue of 5,521,419
116:had become the main port of Sindh, replacing
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643:. In Adle, Chahryar; Habib, Irfan (eds.).
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518:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
27:, was a historical port city in southern
372:
641:"The Mughal Empire and Its Successors"
74:used for the southern part of Sindh.
7:
733:Former populated places in Pakistan
14:
647:. UNESCO. pp. 321–2, 336.
85:, after the older port city of
678:Shah, Syed Shakir Ali (1996).
1:
395:Haig, Malcolm Robert (1894).
267:A letter from Spiller to the
315:as Sindh's premier seaport.
139:). It served as the port of
749:
147:and Portuguese-controlled
39:According to Haig (1894),
723:Former ports and harbours
186:lists Lahari Bandar as a
77:The city was also called
55:. He connects it to the
512:Paliwal, Amita (1999).
101:. Al-Biruni called it
598:Maloni, Ruby (2021).
553:Habib, Irfan (2011).
361:Shahbandar (Pakistan)
337:(aka Jaki Bandar, in
112:in the early 1300s,
559:. pp. 7, 164.
270:Bakhshi ul-Mamalik
211:Alexander Hamilton
611:978-1-003-16333-6
566:978-81-317-2791-1
70:, after the name
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728:History of Sindh
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326:Tuhfat-ul-kiram
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108:By the time of
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604:. Routledge.
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242:, Hormuz, or
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21:Lahori Bandar
18:
17:Lahari Bandar
699:. Retrieved
690:(1): 71–85.
687:
683:
658:. Retrieved
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615:. Retrieved
600:
570:. Retrieved
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533:. Retrieved
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403:. Retrieved
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339:Mirpur Sakro
324:
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225:pack animals
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183:Ain-i-Akbari
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56:
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24:
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701:17 February
110:Ibn Battuta
79:Larrybunder
68:Lárí Bandar
25:Lari Bandar
717:Categories
446:29 January
405:29 January
367:References
341:taluka of
331:Mir Ma'sum
249:shahbandar
524:: 332–8.
99:al-Biruni
61:al-Biruni
696:20836928
660:14 April
617:14 April
572:14 April
535:14 April
530:44144099
350:See also
319:Location
154:entrepôt
129:Khambhat
103:Lohārānī
313:Karachi
275:faujdar
258:factory
216:ghurabs
192:in the
178:Red Sea
174:khalisa
145:Gujarat
137:Calicut
93:History
57:Lohāwar
694:
651:
608:
563:
528:
260:here.
254:factor
246:. The
244:Muscat
194:sarkar
180:. The
163:cotton
149:Hormuz
141:Thatta
135:, and
133:Kollam
122:dinars
114:Lāharī
53:Lahore
49:Lāhorī
41:Lāhaṟī
692:JSTOR
526:JSTOR
440:(PDF)
356:Debal
295:jagir
283:subah
279:hakim
240:Basra
236:carta
189:mahal
170:Akbar
168:When
118:Debal
87:Debal
59:that
45:Lāhaṟ
35:Names
29:Sindh
703:2022
662:2022
649:ISBN
619:2022
606:ISBN
574:2022
561:ISBN
537:2022
448:2022
407:2022
287:qazi
221:tons
198:dams
161:and
159:silk
83:Diul
346:E.
72:Lár
23:or
719::
688:35
686:.
682:.
670:^
627:^
582:^
545:^
522:60
520:.
516:.
456:^
415:^
375:^
329:.
227:.
200:.
165:.
131:,
705:.
664:.
621:.
576:.
539:.
450:.
409:.
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