345:
445:
380:
422:
310:
20:
485:
398:
329:
35:
360:
444:
344:
148:
68:" in English, and is a relaxed pose typical in royal portraits and those of religious figures whose "kingly" attributes are being emphasized. The figure sits on a throne with one leg tucked inwards on the seat and the other hanging down ("pendent") to touch the ground or rest on a support (often a stylized
231:, although at this period it is rare, with a larger number of seated Buddha images, many with crossed legs, a pose that disappears later. It becomes increasing popular in the Post-Gupta period of medieval India, and has remained so, being often used in contemporary Hindu imagery in particular.
171:
or "vehicle", the animal that is also an identifying attribute, or a vase. As the pose emphasizes the royal aspect of the figure, they will very often wear a high Indian crown. In Indian art, especially ancient and medieval, the pose is often used for female figures, but in the art of
379:
484:
309:
397:
112:), where the right leg (usually) is bent, and the foot rests on the same level as the sitting body, and the extended arm is placed on the raised knee. With all variants the technical phrasing describes a figure as being "in" the pose: "seated in
421:
591:
176:
these are very rare, and restricted to figures closely following Indian models. This restriction may well be because the normal female dress (though not worn by deities in art) made the pose impossible for women.
200:
The pose is typical in depictions of kings, and sometimes queens and court notables, in early
Buddhist sculpture (broadly dating from c. 100 BCE to 200 CE) from sites such as
19:
328:
548:
287:, who are typically identified by their different animal supporters, and numerous other figures. As a distinctive regional feature, temples in
582:
See museum and other references. Contradictory definitions and distinctions between the variants of the basic pose are seen in the sources.
359:
671:
An
Encyclopaedia of Buddhist Deities, Demigods, Godlings, Saints and Demons: With Special Focus on Iconographic Attributes, Volume 2
165:, and the right foot may rest on another one. The dangling foot often rests on something, whether a lotus flower, or the figure's
292:
831:
800:
786:
765:
678:
860:
320:
503:
865:
435:
736:
875:
525:
34:
127:(the Naga-king illustrated below) probably dating to around 478. It became associated in China with
123:
images, but is found in Indian art from at least the 8th century, with one famous example from the
353:, China, Hebei Province, Northern Qi dynasty, 550–577. The Chinese "contemplation posture" variant
845:
827:
796:
782:
769:
761:
674:
370:
119:
The pose with an arm resting on a raised knee is especially seen in
Chinese Buddhist art, for
83:
61:
835:
810:
815:
633:
162:
870:
248:
139:, the tucked-in leg rests on the other thigh, which is generally not seen in Indian art.
529:
471:
463:
247:
In later periods, the pose is very common for bodhisattva images, and deities such as
854:
774:
467:
499:
412:
335:
213:
124:
73:
69:
43:
27:
303:
or central protective image over the doorway to a temple or the sanctuary of one.
824:
Indian
Sculpture: A Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection
408:
120:
491:
475:
459:
220:
76:
leg that dangles, but the reversed image can be found. Bare feet are normal.
57:
649:
645:
603:
296:
209:
826:, 1986, Los Angeles County Museum of Art/University of California Press,
451:
404:
388:
385:
366:
350:
284:
256:
252:
224:
136:
147:
431:
228:
205:
128:
39:
495:
455:
316:
288:
276:
272:
260:
201:
167:
155:
151:
283:
and their consorts, from around the Gupta period onwards. Also the
427:
280:
146:
78:
53:
33:
23:
18:
251:, but rare for the Buddha himself, except as the "future Buddha"
64:
in other countries. It is often called "the royal position" or "
173:
16:
Seated pose with one leg hanging down in Indian art and religion
795:, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,
255:. It is often seen depicting the pot-bellied god of wealth,
592:"Green Tara, Seated in Pose of Royal Ease (Lalitasana),..."
180:
The pose with the proper left leg pendent is technically
844:, 1967, University of California Press, ISSN 0068-5909,
594:, Art Institute of Chicago, (a bronze with pendent leg)
760:, 1987, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.),
319:
scene of an earlier life of the Buddha, c. 200, from
411:, 14th century. The pendent foot "rests" on a small
793:
216:of the Buddha, but there are other secular scenes.
104:
posture, as described above, and the "royal ease" (
116:". Other sources regard the two as synonymous.
781:, 1987, Thames & Hudson (Praeger in USA),
807:The Bronzes of Nalanda and Hindu-Javanese Art
634:"Guanyin seated in Royal-ease pose, ca. 1250"
219:The pose is found for religious figures from
212:. Mostly these show scenes from the life or
8:
391:sits in lalitasana, north India, 9th-century
131:from the late 9th century. In many Chinese
97:"to sit down"), a sitting posture, a seat.
82:is a general term for a seated pose, from
820:Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700
737:"Goddess Laksmi: The Consort of the Lord"
673:, pp. 1014-1016, 1994, D.K. Printworld,
458:sits in lalitasana on a throne facing a
161:Very often the proper left hand holds a
517:
498:Province, China. 11th-12th century CE.
305:
536:. Oxford Clarendon Press. p. 159.
462:in which he offers his severed head",
100:Some sources distinguish between the
7:
555:. Digital Dictionaries of South Asia
434:with different pendent legs, late
14:
636:, Princeton University Art Museum
188:, and with the right leg pendent
842:The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans
483:
443:
420:
396:
378:
358:
343:
334:Naga-king and consort, Cave 19,
327:
308:
553:A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary
756:"Asia": Barnhart, Richard M.,
1:
779:Indian Art: A Concise History
534:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary
223:(1st to 4th century CE) from
490:Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara (
295:very often have a figure of
547:MacDonell, Arthur Anthony.
504:Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
293:Kaḷinga architectural style
892:
235:Figures commonly shown in
135:postures, especially for
87:
652:, Chung Tai World Museum
606:, Chung Tai World Museum
93:"sitting down" (from आस
735:Panda, Sasanka Sekhar,
646:"Contemplation Posture"
604:"Posture of Royal Ease"
526:Monier-Williams, Monier
299:in lalitasana as their
271:The pose is common for
805:Kempers, A.J. Bernet,
158:
72:). Usually it is the
46:
42:in "royal ease" pose,
31:
840:Rosenfield, John M.,
415:, itself unsupported.
150:
37:
22:
861:Buddhist iconography
650:"Lalitasana Posture"
315:King and queen in
159:
47:
32:
866:Hindu iconography
834:, 9780520059917,
816:Pal, Pratapaditya
768:, 9780870994531,
371:Ratnagiri, Odisha
62:dharmic religions
883:
744:
733:
727:
724:
718:
715:
709:
706:
700:
697:
691:
688:
682:
668:
662:
659:
653:
643:
637:
631:
625:
622:
616:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
580:
574:
571:
565:
564:
562:
560:
544:
538:
537:
522:
487:
447:
424:
400:
382:
362:
347:
331:
312:
259:in Buddhism and
182:savya-lalitasana
106:maharajalilasana
89:
891:
890:
886:
885:
884:
882:
881:
880:
851:
850:
809:, 1933, BRILL,
753:
748:
747:
739:, pp. 121-124,
734:
730:
725:
721:
716:
712:
707:
703:
698:
694:
690:Rosenfield, 186
689:
685:
681:, 9788124600191
669:
665:
660:
656:
644:
640:
632:
628:
623:
619:
614:
610:
602:
598:
590:
586:
581:
577:
572:
568:
558:
556:
546:
545:
541:
524:
523:
519:
514:
507:
502:(907-1125 CE).
488:
479:
448:
439:
425:
416:
401:
392:
383:
374:
363:
354:
348:
339:
332:
323:
313:
291:in the classic
269:
245:
240:
198:
190:vama-lalitasana
154:, 7th-century,
145:
60:and the art of
38:Chinese wooden
17:
12:
11:
5:
889:
887:
879:
878:
876:Sitting asanas
873:
868:
863:
853:
852:
849:
848:
838:
822:, Volume 1 of
813:
803:
789:
775:Craven, Roy C.
772:
752:
749:
746:
745:
728:
719:
710:
701:
692:
683:
663:
661:Kempers, 54–55
654:
638:
626:
617:
608:
596:
584:
575:
566:
539:
516:
515:
513:
510:
509:
508:
489:
482:
480:
472:Tiruchirapalli
464:British Museum
449:
442:
440:
426:
419:
417:
402:
395:
393:
384:
377:
375:
364:
357:
355:
349:
342:
340:
333:
326:
324:
314:
307:
268:
265:
244:
241:
239:
233:
197:
194:
144:
141:
30:, 12th-century
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
888:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
856:
847:
843:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
814:
812:
808:
804:
802:
798:
794:
791:Harle, J.C.,
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:
750:
742:
741:Orissa Review
738:
732:
729:
726:Asia, 132-133
723:
720:
714:
711:
705:
702:
696:
693:
687:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
664:
658:
655:
651:
647:
642:
639:
635:
630:
627:
621:
618:
615:Asia, 130–132
612:
609:
605:
600:
597:
593:
588:
585:
579:
576:
570:
567:
554:
550:
543:
540:
535:
531:
527:
521:
518:
511:
505:
501:
497:
493:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:Company style
465:
461:
457:
453:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
399:
394:
390:
387:
381:
376:
373:, 8th-century
372:
368:
361:
356:
352:
346:
341:
337:
330:
325:
322:
318:
311:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
242:
238:
234:
232:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
214:earlier lives
211:
207:
203:
195:
193:
191:
187:
183:
178:
175:
170:
169:
164:
157:
153:
149:
142:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:is a pose or
51:
45:
41:
36:
29:
25:
21:
846:google books
841:
836:google books
823:
819:
811:google books
806:
792:
778:
770:google books
757:
740:
731:
722:
713:
704:
695:
686:
670:
666:
657:
641:
629:
620:
611:
599:
587:
578:
569:
557:. Retrieved
552:
542:
533:
520:
500:Liao dynasty
436:Chola bronze
413:lotus throne
336:Ajanta Caves
300:
270:
246:
236:
218:
199:
189:
185:
181:
179:
166:
163:lotus flower
160:
132:
125:Ajanta Caves
118:
113:
110:rajalilasana
109:
105:
101:
99:
94:
90:
77:
74:proper right
70:lotus throne
65:
49:
48:
44:Song dynasty
28:Chola bronze
743:, July 2005
624:Craven, 129
559:23 November
409:gilt-bronze
403:One of the
301:lalatabimba
263:to Hindus.
121:bodhisattva
855:Categories
832:0520059913
801:0300062176
787:0500201463
766:0870994530
751:References
679:8124600198
573:Harle, 216
492:Guanshiyin
476:Tamil Nadu
460:fire altar
321:Ghantasala
237:lalitasana
221:Kushan art
133:lalitasana
114:lalitasana
102:lalitasana
66:royal ease
58:Indian art
50:Lalitasana
708:Asia, 120
699:Asia, 125
478:, c. 1830
438:, c. 1400
407:, Nepal,
365:Buddhist
297:Gajalaxmi
210:Amaravati
186:sukhasana
528:(1899).
452:rakshasa
405:Matrikas
389:Brahmani
367:Jambhala
351:Maitreya
338:, c. 478
285:Matrikas
267:Hinduism
257:Jambhala
253:Maitreya
243:Buddhist
225:Gandhara
137:Maitreya
84:Sanskrit
717:Pal, 24
530:"Asana"
386:Matrika
229:Mathura
206:Bharhut
196:History
143:Details
129:Guanyin
40:Guanyin
871:Mudras
830:
799:
785:
764:
677:
496:Shanxi
456:Ravana
317:Jataka
289:Odisha
277:Vishnu
273:Brahma
261:Kubera
202:Sanchi
168:vahana
156:Aihole
152:Brahma
549:"आसन"
512:Notes
454:king
450:"The
428:Shiva
281:Shiva
91:āsana
79:Asana
54:mudra
24:Shiva
828:ISBN
797:ISBN
783:ISBN
762:ISBN
758:Asia
675:ISBN
648:and
561:2018
430:and
249:Tara
227:and
208:and
174:Java
494:),
432:Uma
369:at
184:or
108:or
88:आसन
56:in
857::
818:,
777:,
551:.
532:.
474:,
470:,
466:,
279:,
275:,
204:,
192:.
95:ās
86::
26:,
563:.
506:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
