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1980s, however, Kashmir's confluential culture has frayed thin under the pressure of a prolonged conflict to which transnational terrorism, State repression and local militancy have all contributed. Religious identities in the region have become harder and more sharp-edged, following a substantial exodus of the Hindu minority during the early 1990s, and a gradual effort to replace
Kashmir's unique and syncretically nuanced tradition of Islam with a more Arabocentric global template. It is true that Lal Ded was constructed differently by each community, but she was simultaneously Lallesvari or Lalla Yogini to the Hindus and Lal'arifa to the Muslims; today unfortunately, these descriptions are increasingly being promoted at the expense of one another.
169:
married at the age of twelve in accordance with the local customs. Following her marriage, she was renamed, as is custom, to
Padmavati, but continued to be known as Lalla or Lalleshwari. Some reports suggest her marriage was unhappy, and that she left home, between the ages of twenty-four and twenty-six, to become a disciple of a spiritual leader, Siddha Srikanth or Sed Boyu, who was a
181:(1587), a collection of biographies of saints and religious figures written by Mulla Ali Raina, and followed by an account of her life in Baba Daud Mishkati's Asrar ul-Akbar (1654). In these texts, Lalleshwari is described as a mystic saint, appearing in the forest to travellers. In 1736, Khwaja Azam Diddamari's
326:. In his book "Triadic Mysticism", Paul E. Murphy calls her the "chief exponent of devotional or emotion-oriented Triadism". According to him, three representatives of devotionalism emerged in Kashmir in the five hundred years between the last half of the ninth and the end of the fourteenth centuries.
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To the outer world, Lal Ded is arguably
Kashmir's best known spiritual and literary figure; within Kashmir, she has been venerated both by Hindus and Muslims for nearly seven centuries. For most of that period, she has successfully eluded the proprietorial claims of religious monopolists. Since the
263:
Grierson's translation was the first printed and published volume of
Lalleshwari's works. Following his translation, a number of English translations have been produced, those by Pandit Ananda Koul (1921), Sir Richard Carnac Temple (1924) and Jaylal Kaul (1973). Recent translations include those by
168:
Most modern scholars place
Lalleshwari's birth between 1301 and 1320 C.E., near Sempore or Pandrenthan. She is estimated to have died in 1373, and a grave near Bijbehara is attributed to her, although there is no confirmation. Lalleshwari is believed to have been born to a Brahmin family, and was
176:
Records of
Lalleshwari's life are contained in oral tradition, and consequently there is variance on the details of her life and beliefs. Numerous contemporary Kashmiri histories, such as those prepared by Jonaraja, Srivara, Prajyabhatta, and Haidar Malik Chadura, do not mention Lalleshwari. The
343:
Beyond several new translations of
Lalleshwari's vakh, there are other contemporary performative arts that are based on Lalleshwari's life and poetry. For example, there are contemporary renderings of Lalleshwari's poetry in song. In addition, a solo play in English, Hindi, and Kashmiri titled
208:
Lalleshwari's poems represent some of the early works of
Kashmiri literature, and were written as Kashmiri began to emerge as a distinct language from Apabhramsa-prakrit, which was spoken in North India. A total of 285 poems, known as
900:
The Word of Lalla the
Prophetess, Being the Sayings of Lal Ded, Or Lal Diddi of Kashmir ... Between 1300 and 1400 A.D., Done Into English Verse from the Lalla-Vakyani Or Lal-Wakhi and Annotated by Sir Richard Carnac Temple,
329:
What this points to is the non-sectarian nature of
Lalleshwari's spiritual life and her song-poems. Yet, her life and work have been used for various religious and political agendas over time. As author and poet
508:
by Ghauri, Laila Khalid. Proquest Dissertations And Theses 2012. Section 0075, Part 0604 82 pages; .United States – District of Columbia: The George Washington University; 2012. Publication Number: AAT
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Lalleshwari and her mystic musings continue to have a deep impact on the psyche of Kashmiris, and the 2000 National Seminar on her held at New Delhi led to the release of the book
228:
Lalleshwari's work were first recorded in writing in the twentieth century, and have been republished since, in Kashmiri as well as in translation. In 1914, Sir
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189:(1746) in which she is described as being known in the reign of Sultan Alau-ud-din (1343–54) and died in the reign of Sultan Shihab-ud-din (1354–73).
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drawn from influences and languages that made contact with the Indian sub-continent in her life, drawing from Sanskritic, Islamic and Sufi cultures.
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performed by Dharma-dasa Darwesh, a story-teller residing in Gush, Kashmir. This manuscript was translated in English by Grierson and published as
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319:. One Kashmiri folk story recounts that, as a baby, Nunda Rishi refused to be breast-fed by his mother. It was Lalleshwari who breast-fed him.
173:. As part of her religious education, she travelled alone on foot, surviving on alms, before becoming a teacher and spiritual leader herself.
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I, Lalla: The Poems of Lal Ded, translated by Ranjit Hoskote with an Introduction and Notes, Penguin Classics, 2011, p. xiv
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311:(also known as Nooruddin Rishi or Nunda Rishi) was influenced by Lalleshwari. He led to the formation of the
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contained a more detailed account of Lalleshwari's life. She is also noted in a Persian chronicle, the
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Lalleshwari ("Mother Lal" or "Mother Lalla") is also known by various other names, including Lal Dyad (
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means "Grandmother"), Lalla Aarifa, Lal Diddi, Lalleshwari, Lalla Yogishwari/Yogeshwari and Lalishri.
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scholar and poet, who recorded stories of her in his own verse during his travels to Kashmir.
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was unavailable at the time, and one was prepared by transcribing an oral narration of the
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388:, Parts I and II (Urdu Edition by A. K. Wanchoo and English by Sarwanand Chaaragi, 1939).
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Lalla-Vakyani or the Wise Sayings of Lal-Ded - A Mystic Poetess of Ancient Kashmir
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Lalla-Vakyani or the Wise Sayings of Lal-Ded - A Mystic Poetess of Ancient Kashmir
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and Dr. Lionel D. Barnett Litt. D. (R. A. S. monograph, Vol. XVII, London 1920).
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364:, Anand Kaul, reprint from the Indian Antiquary, Vols. L, LIX, LX, LXI, LXII.
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The Ascent of Self: A Reinterpretation of the Mystical Poetry of Lalla-Ded
145:). Known as Lal Vakhs, her verses are among the early compositions in the
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National Seminar by Kashmir Education, Culture and Science Society, 2000.
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Translations by Jennifer Sundeen. 2nd Tier Publishing, July 3, 2020.'
462:, by Laldyada, Lalla, Coleman Barks (Translator), 1992, Maypop Books,
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283:) have been translated into English by Richard Temple, Jaylal Kaul,
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256:, and incorporated some archived poems that were contained in the
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first written record of Lalleshwari's life is contained in the
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and Swami Laldyada. 1981, SYDA Foundation, ASIN: B000M1C7BC.
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Lalleshwari : spiritual poems by a great Siddha yogini
131:. She was the creator of the style of mystic poetry called
870:
Grierson, Sir George; Barnett, Lionel D. (18 April 2013).
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Grierson, Sir George; Barnett, Lionel D. (18 April 2013).
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with an Introduction and Notes, Penguin Classics, 2011,
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of saints and later gave rise to many Rishi saints like
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Mystical Verses of Lallā: A Journey of Self Realization
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Mystical Verses of Lallā: A Journey of Self Realization
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Mystical Verses of Lalla: A Journey of Self Realization
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Siddha Yogini, A Kashmiri Secret of Divine Knowledge.
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Lalleshwari is also believed to be a contemporary of
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660:Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections
424:by Nil Kanth Kotru, Utpal publications, Srinagar,
348:(based on her life) has been performed by actress
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513:Lalla, Unveiled: The Naked Voice of the Feminine
1053:Nilanjana S. Roy's article on Ranjit Hoskote's
448:, by Swami Laldyada. Utpal Publications, 1989,
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418:, by Sir Richard Carnac Temple, Cambridge 1924
404:by B. N. Parimoo, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.
755:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 4.
8:
595:
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258:Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs and Sayings
602:"Remembering Lal Ded, the Kashmiri Yogini"
31:
149:and are a part in the history of modern
1116:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House.
684:Richard Carnac Temple (1 August 2003).
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1073:Cultural Heritage of Jammu And Kashmir
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1097:Remembering Lal Ded in Modern Times
324:Remembering Lal Ded in Modern Times
994:Kashmir's wise old Grandmother Lal
948:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
139:, meaning "speech" (from Sanskrit
27:Fourteenth century Kashmiri mystic
25:
1254:14th-century Indian women writers
1076:. Pentagon Press. pp. 140–.
915:Laldyada; Barks, Coleman (1992).
570:M. G. Chitkara (1 January 2002).
576:. APH Publishing. pp. 14–.
416:The Word of Lalla the Prophetess
897:Temple, Richard Carnac (1924).
446:Lal Ded: Her life & sayings
213:are attributed to Lalleshwari.
1189:Hindu female religious leaders
1057:and Arvind Krishna Mehrotra's
846:I, Lalla: The Poems of Lal Ded
486:I, Lalla: The Poems of Lal Ded
1:
1070:K. Warikoo (1 January 2009).
573:Kashmir Shaivism: Under Siege
422:Lal Ded: Her life and sayings
83:Lalla, Lalleshwari, Lal Arifa
1051:Lalla and Kabir, resurrected
687:Word of Lalla the Prophetess
657:Paniker, K. Ayyappa (1997).
482:. Motilal Banarsidass, 2007.
1170:The Wise Sayings of Lal Ded
843:Ded, Lal; Laldyada (2013).
250:The Wise Sayings of Lal Ded
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1015:Abdullah Khan's review of
236:. A written record of the
1249:14th-century Indian poets
1165:Kashmiri Saints and Sages
728:19 September 2008 at the
713:www.poetry-chaikhana.com.
352:across India since 2004.
103:, also commonly known as
1112:Murphy, Paul E. (1986).
1034:Jerry Pinto's review of
1002:The Hindu/ Business Line
690:. Kessinger Publishing.
48:Pandrethan (present-day
969:Barks, Coleman (1992).
849:. Penguin. pp. x.
394:by Jayalal Kaul, 1973,
309:Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali
109:Kashmiri pronunciation:
1224:Kashmiri women writers
607:The New Indian Express
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194:Mir Sayyid Ali-Hamdani
1038:by Ranjit Hoskote in
1019:by Ranjit Hoskote in
1000:by Ranjit Hoskote in
996:Aditi De's review of
904:The University Press.
732:www.radiokashmir.org.
303:The leading Kashmiri
116:; 1320–1392), was a
1174:Sir George Grierson
663:. Sahitya Akademi.
633:11 May 2008 at the
386:Vaakh Lalla Ishwari
372:Sir George Grierson
179:Tadhkirat-ul-Arifin
151:Kashmiri literature
1234:Indian women poets
1199:Kashmiri Shaivites
1152:, 7 November 2011.
1032:Words are floating
876:. Read Books Ltd.
822:. Read Books Ltd.
113:[laːldʲad]
1127:Songs of a mystic
1114:Triadic Mysticism
1083:978-81-8274-376-2
955:978-81-208-3255-8
942:Laldyada (2007).
928:978-0-9618916-4-0
883:978-1-4474-9436-2
856:978-0-14-342078-1
829:978-1-4474-9436-2
804:978-0-670-08447-0
762:978-81-208-3255-8
749:Laldyada (2007).
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670:978-81-260-0365-5
583:978-81-7648-360-5
498:978-0-670-08447-0
270:Jaishree Odin Kak
187:Waqiati-e-Kashmir
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1244:1392 deaths
1239:1320 births
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549:Rishi order
313:Rishi order
101:Lalleshwari
36:Lalleshwari
18:Lalleshvari
1183:Categories
971:Naked Song
921:. Maypop.
918:Naked Song
555:References
539:Nund Rishi
460:Naked Song
380:1846647010
127:school of
1150:The Hindu
1132:The Hindu
1021:The Hindu
1055:I, Lalla
1036:I, Lalla
1017:I, Lalla
998:I, Lalla
726:Archived
631:Archived
528:See also
509:1501080.
334:writes:
260:(1888).
171:Shaivite
118:Kashmiri
50:Srinagar
723:Lal Ded
711:Lal Ded
392:Lal Ded
346:Lal Ded
307:figure
123:of the
105:Lal Ded
73:Kashmir
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299:Legacy
291:, and
272:, and
211:vakhs,
133:vatsun
121:mystic
94:poetry
92:Vatsun
478:, by
438:, by
281:vakhs
248:, or
242:vakhs
238:vakhs
234:vakhs
218:vakhs
137:Vakhs
58:India
1078:ISBN
975:ISBN
950:ISBN
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878:ISBN
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757:ISBN
692:ISBN
665:ISBN
615:2021
578:ISBN
517:ISBN
494:ISBN
464:ISBN
450:ISBN
426:ISBN
406:ISBN
376:ISBN
305:Sufi
198:Sufi
164:Life
158:Dyad
69:1392
66:Died
45:1320
42:Born
901:...
153:.
142:vāc
135:or
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