522:, and much of the land in these countries does not lend itself to the mob intervention that is found in smaller flock breeding countries. In these countries there is little need, and no option but for ewes to lamb outdoors as there are insufficient structures to handle the large flocks of ewes there. New Zealand ewes produce 36 million lambs each spring time, which is an average of 2,250 lambs per farm. Australian graziers, too, do not receive the financial support that governments in other countries provide to sheep breeders. Low-cost sheep breeding is based on large numbers of sheep per labour unit and having ewes that are capable of unsupervised lambing to produce hardy, active lambs.
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procedures are used to allow producers to maximize those females that produce the best lambs/kids either for retention into the flock or for sale to other producers. ET also allows producers to continue to utilize a ewe/doe that may not physically be able to carry or feed a set of lambs. With ET, a flock can be grown quickly with above average individuals of similar bloodlines. The primary industry to utilize this technology in the United States is club lamb breeders and exhibitors. It is a common practice in the commercial sheep industries of
Australia, New Zealand, and South America.
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564:. Shearing ewes before lambing reduces the number of ewes that are cast (i.e., unable to rise unassisted), and the number of lambs and ewes that are lost. Lambs, too, are aided in finding the udder and suckling a shorn ewe. In addition, shearing the ewe before lambing can increase the quality of the fleece as wool breaking can occur since giving birth is such a major stress on the ewe's body. It is important to keep in mind weather conditions prior to shearing ewes, especially in colder climates.
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single or twin lambs. The number of lambs a ewe produces per year is known as the lambing percentage. The condition of the ewe during breeding season will impact the lambing percentage as well as the size of the lambs. At some point, usually at the beginning of labor or soon after the births have occurred, ewes and lambs may be confined to small
460:, it is considered to be a critical step in maintaining the health of the sheep by sheep producers. Long, wooly tails make shearing more difficult, interfere with mating, and make sheep extremely susceptible to parasites, especially those that cause flystrike. Both castration and docking can be performed with several instruments.
313:. This often happens when large rams are crossed with diminutive ewes (this is related to breeding. Rams are naturally larger than ewes by comparison). Lambs may also present themselves with one shoulder to the side, completely backward, or with only some of their limbs protruding. Lambs may also be spontaneously
433:: the number may identify the individual sheep or only its flock. When performed at an early age, ear tagging seems to cause little or no discomfort to lambs. However, using tags improperly or using tags not designed for sheep may cause discomfort, largely due to excess weight of tags for other animals.
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cycles. Some examples of products are PG600, CIDRs, Estrumate and
Folltropin V. These products contain progesterone which will bring on the induction of estrus in ewes (sheep) during seasonal anestrus. Seasonal anestrus is when ewes do not have regular estrous cycles outside the natural breeding season.
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Average success rates of ET in terms of embryos recovered can vary widely. Each breed will respond differently to the ET process. Typically, white-faced ewes and dogs are more fertile than black-faced ewes. A range of zero to the mid 20s in terms of viable embryos recovered from a flush procedure can
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Embryo transfer (ET) is a minor surgical procedure with almost no risk of injury or infection when performed properly; sheep laparoscopy allows the importation of improved genetics, even of breeds that may otherwise be non-existent in certain countries due to the regulation of live animal imports. ET
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or other special tools, determining if a sheep is pregnant is difficult. Ewes only begin to visibly show a pregnancy about six weeks before giving birth, so shepherds often rely on the assumption that a ram will impregnate all the ewes in a flock. However, by fitting a ram with a chest harness called
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that can be vaginally inseminated, ewes have a curved cervix that is more difficult to access. Additionally, until recently, breeders were unable to control their ewe's estrus cycles. The ability to control the estrus cycle is much easier today because of products that safely assist in aligning heat
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Scent plays a large factor in ewes recognizing their lambs, so disrupting the scent of a newborn lamb with washing or over-handling may cause a ewe to reject it. Conversely, various methods of imparting the scent of a ewe's own lamb to an orphaned one may be useful in fostering. If an orphaned lamb
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can be problematic. By selectively breeding ewes that produce multiple offspring with higher birth weights for generations, sheep producers have inadvertently caused some domestic sheep to have difficulty lambing. However, it is a myth that sheep cannot lamb without human assistance; many ewes give
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Ram lambs not intended for breeding are castrated, though some shepherds choose to avoid the procedure for ethical, economic or practical reasons. Ram lambs that will be slaughtered or separated from ewes before sexual maturity are not usually castrated. In most breeds, lambs' tails are docked for
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Semen collection is an integral component of this process. Once semen has been collected, it can be used immediately for insemination or slowly frozen for use at a later date. Fresh semen is recognized as the method of choice as it lives longer and yields higher conception rates. Frozen semen will
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A normal labor may take one to several hours, depending on how many lambs are present, the age of the ewe, and her physical and nutritional condition prior to the birth. Though some breeds may regularly produce larger litters of lambs (records stand around nine lambs at once), most produce either
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to determine which individuals may mate with ewes. Rams, especially unfamiliar ones, will also fight outside the breeding period to establish dominance; rams can kill one another if allowed to mix freely. During the rut, even normally friendly rams may become aggressive towards humans, especially
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Another area of research that is growing in importance is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, mainly methane, from livestock. Ruminants are responsible for contributing the highest emissions out of all types of animals. Many researchers are conducting studies to determine how manipulating
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or specially selected rams are chosen with aid of objective measurements, genetic information and evaluation services that are now available in
Australia and New Zealand. The choice of mating time is governed by many factors including climate, market requirements and feed availability. Rams are
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work, but it must be the highest quality of semen and the ewes must be inseminated twice in the same day. The marketing of ram semen is a major part of this industry. Producers owning prize-winning rams have found this to be a good avenue to leverage the accolades of their most famous animals.
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The approach in these sheep experiments involves irradiating a ram's testes while placing stem cells from a second ram into the testes of the first, ram A. In the following weeks ram A produces semen the usual way, but is using the stem cells of ram B and therefore producing semen carrying the
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Infertility can be attributed to many aspects of managerial practices as well as health factors. One of the main reasons conditions low lambing percentages can be seen in a flock is due to mineral and vitamin deficiencies. The main vitamins and minerals that play a major role in fertility are
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have been used in sheep breeding programs for many years in
Australia and New Zealand. These programs became more commonplace in the United States during the 2000s as the number of veterinarians qualified to perform these types of procedures with proficiency have grown. However, ovine AI is a
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After shearing ewes are typically placed in well sheltered paddocks that have good feed and water. Attention to ewes that are lambing varies according to the breed, size and locations of properties. Unless they are stud ewes it unlikely that they will receive intensive care. On
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typically mated at about 2.5% depending on the age of the sheep, plus consideration as to the size and type of mating paddocks. The mating period ranges from about 6 to 8 weeks in commercial flocks. Longer mating times result in management problems with lamb marking and
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The viable semen is then implanted in the ewe and the many lambs born through this process are proving to be normal and healthy. DNA tests have proved that up to 10% of the lambs are sired by the surrogate ram and the rest carry the genetics of the donor ram.
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For breeders intent on strict improvements to their flocks, ewes are classed and inferior sheep are removed prior to mating in order to maintain or improve the quality of the flock. Muffled (wooly) faces have long been associated with lower fertility rates.
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the lamb in order to save its life. In the case of a permanently rejected lamb, a shepherd may then attempt to foster an orphaned lamb onto another ewe. Lambs are also sometimes fostered after the death of their mother, either from the birth or other event.
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The licking clears the nose and mouth, dries the lamb, and stimulates it. Lambs that are breathing and healthy at this point begin trying to stand, and ideally do so between a half and full hour, with help from the mother. Generally after lambs stand, the
130:. Today, those who keep rams typically prefer softer preventative measures, such as moving within a clear line to an exit, never turning their back on a ram, and possibly dousing with water or a diluted solution of bleach or vinegar to dissuade charges.
60:
As a result of the influence of humans on sheep breeding, ewes often produce multiple lambs. This increase in lamb births, both in number and birth weight, may cause problems with delivery and lamb survival, requiring the intervention of shepherds.
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birth directly in pasture without aid. Balancing ease of lambing with high productivity is one of the dilemmas of sheep breeding. While the majority of births are relatively normal and do not require intervention, many complications may arise.
69:
Ewes generally reach sexual maturity at six to eight months of age, and rams generally at four to six (ram lambs have occasionally been known to impregnate their mothers at two months). Sheep are seasonally polyoestrus animals. Ewes enter into
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or a physical retainer can be used to hold the orifice in if the problem persists. Usually ewes that experience serious issues while lambing, such as prolapse, will be discarded from the flock to avoid further complications in upcoming years.
82:, is commonly associated with cattle, but does occur to some extent in sheep. The instance of freemartins in sheep may be increasing in concert with the rise in twinning (freemartins are the result of male-female twin combinations). The
339:, most shepherds become accomplished at lambing to some degree) may assist the ewe in extracting or repositioning lambs. In severe cases, a cesarean section will be required to remove the lamb. After the birth, ewes ideally break the
163:. This measure is not used in flocks where wool is important, since the color of a raddle contaminates it. The crayon in the marking harness can be changed during the breeding cycle to allow for lambing date predictions for each ewe.
49:, with a reproductive process similar to other domestic herd animals. A flock of sheep is mated by a single ram, which has either been chosen by a farmer or has established dominance through physical contests with other rams (in
174:
period of around five months. Within a few days of the impending birth, ewes begin to behave differently. They may lie down and stand erratically, paw the ground, or otherwise act out of sync with normal flock patterns. A ewe's
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is exhibited by rams when they smell the urine of a ewe in oestrous. The vomeronasal organ has receptors which detect the oestrogens in the ewe's urine. The ram displays this by extending his neck and curling his lip.
594:. Inbreeding depression has been found for lamb birthweight, average daily weight gain from birth until two months, and litter size. Inbreeding depression can cause diseases and deformities to arise in a flock.
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Good nutrition is vital to ewes during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy in order to prevent pregnancy toxaemia, especially in twin bearing ewes. Overfeeding, however, may result in overly large single lambs and
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As the time for lambing approaches, the lamb will drop, causing the ewe to have a swayback, exhibiting restless behaviour and show a sunken appearance in front of the hipbone area. When birth is imminent,
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milk. Lambs that either fail to nurse or are prevented from doing so by the ewe require aid in order to live. If coaxing the pair to accept nursing does not work, one of several steps may then be taken.
290:. These pens, which are generally two to eight feet (0.6 to 2.4 m) in length and width, are designed to aid both careful observation of ewes and to cement the bond between them and their lambs.
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and fall off in a number of weeks. This process is bloodless and does not seem to cause extended suffering to lambs, who tend to ignore it after several hours. In addition to the elastrator, a
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In the major sheep countries of
Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Peru and Chile, breeders are also utilizing fleece testing and performance recording schemes as a means of improving their flocks.
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cycles about every 17 days, which last for approximately 30 hours. In addition to emitting a scent, they indicate readiness through physical displays towards rams. The phenomenon of the
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at varying intervals to stand cast ewes and deal with dystocia. Producers also sometimes drift pregnant ewes away from ewes that have already lambed, in order to prevent mis-mothering.
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Historically, vaginal insemination of sheep only produced 40-60% success rates, and was thus called a "shot in the dark" (SID). In the 1980s, Australian researchers developed a
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tends to occur in flocks of limited size and where only a single or a few rams are used. Associated with inbreeding is a decline in progeny performance usually referred to as
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selenium, copper, vitamin A and D. Other factors that affect fertility and potentially cause abortion are infectious diseases, inappropriate body condition or toxins in feed.
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are sometimes used. After one to three days in the lambing jugs, ewes and lambs are usually sufficiently stabilized to allow reintroduction to the rest of the flock.
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429:. Ear tags with numbers are the primary mode of identification when sheep are not named; it is also the legal manner of animal identification in the
2009:
1977:
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Norberg E, Sørensen AC (2007). "Inbreeding trend and inbreeding depression in the Danish populations of Texel, Shropshire, and Oxford Down".
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248:), yielded much higher success rates (50-80% or more), and has become the standard for artificial insemination of sheep in the 21st century.
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Selvaggi, M.; Dario, C.; Peretti, V.; Ciotola, F.; Carnicella, D.; Dario, M. (March 2010). "Inbreeding depression in
Leccese sheep".
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be expected. Over the course of a year, the average is 6.8 transferable eggs per donor with a 75% conception rate for those eggs.
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GarcĂa de la Fuente JN (2004). "Efficacy of different commercial and new inactivated vaccines against ovine enzootic abortion".
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Ewes may be held or tied to force them to accept a nursing lamb. If a lamb is not eating, a stomach tube may also be used to
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cannot be fostered, then it usually becomes what is known as a bottle lamb—a lamb raised by people and fed via bottle.
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Lambs are usually marked at three to six weeks of age, but a protracted lambing season may necessitate two markings.
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A lamb may present in the normal fashion (with both legs and head forward), but may be too large to slide out of the
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A cross-bred ewe suckles her lamb, which was the first of the 2008 spring lambing at a farm in
Coventry, England
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Livestock & Grain
Producers Association of NSW, Sheep Production Guide, Macarthur Press, Parramatta, 1978,
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is trimmed to about an inch (2.5 centimeters). Once trimmed, a small container (such as a film canister) of
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Anderson ML, Barr BC, Conrad PA (1994). "Protozoal causes of reproductive failure in domestic ruminants".
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sheep are usually bred on large tracts of land with much less intervention from the graziers or breeders.
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relatively complicated procedure compared to other livestock. Unlike cattle or goats, which have straight
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with large paddocks there is a policy of non-interference. On other properties the mobs are inspected by
930:. 3 Burroughs Irvine, CA 92618: Hobby Farm Press, an imprint of BowTie Press, a division of BowTie Inc.
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genetics of ram B rather than those of his own. Ram A therefore has effectively become a surrogate ram.
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159:), ewes that have been mounted are marked with a color. Dye may also be directly applied to the ram's
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to develop surrogate rams and bulls. These males then produce the viable semen of another male.
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In 2008, for the first time in history, researchers at
Chiswick CSIRO research station, between
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332:. Some types of abortion in sheep are preventable by vaccinations against these infections.
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In the case of any such problems, those present at lambing (who may or may not include a
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is held against the lamb's belly over the remainder of the cord to prevent infection.
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1916:"Dietary manipulation: a sustainable way to mitigate methane emissions from ruminants"
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Proceedings of the
Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics
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D’Arcy, J.B., Sheep Management & Wool Technology, NSW University Press, 1986,
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prolapse), but in some breeds the tail is left longer, or is not docked at all.
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452:, and it is not usually done in breeds in which a long tail is valued, such as
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Jackson, Peter; Thorne, Mike (2000-10-01). "Caesarean section in the ewe".
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343:(if it is not broken during labor), and begin licking to clean the lamb.
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tail flaps (docking shorter than this may cause health problems such as
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begin to take place, and the fitful behavior of the ewe may increase.
1411:
Musser JM (2004). "A practitioner's primer on foot-and-mouth disease".
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ewe and her twins in a lambing jug, note the iodine stains on the lambs
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Historically, especially aggressive rams were sometimes blindfolded or
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78:, a female bovine that is behaviorally masculine and lacks functioning
17:
703:. Geoff Hansen (Photography). Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press.
701:
Living with Sheep: Everything You Need to Know to Raise Your Own Flock
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Reproductive failure is a common consequence of infections such as
2018:
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In normal situations, lambs nurse after standing, receiving vital
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A lamb in Australia which, unusually, has not had its tail docked.
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1987:
1520:. Vol. 17. USA: Field Enterprises. 1977. p. 309. Sheep.
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STOREY'S GUIDE TO RAISING SHEEP : breeding, care, facilities
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health reasons. The tail may be removed just below the lamb's
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places a tight band of rubber around an area, causing it to
456:. Though docking is often considered cruel and unnatural by
752:
Padula, A.M. (2005). "The freemartin syndrome: an update".
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older females, due to increases in their hormone levels.
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1722:"8 Reasons to Shear Before Lambing | Shroeder Shearing"
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sheep diets may help reduce these dangerous emissions.
297:
The second of twins being born on a New Zealand pasture
229:
insemination procedure which, combined with the use of
1900:
The Land, “Stem cell revolution”, Marius Cuming, p.3,
1838:"Fiber production and sheep breeding in South America"
106:
Without human intervention, rams may fight during the
1582:
Beyond the Bale. AWI, Issue 36 October- November 2008
1640:"Application of new technologies in sheep breeding"
57:) in the autumn, though some can breed year-round.
1260:"Quintuplet birth takes sheep breeder by surprise"
1145:
1317:. England: U.S. Feed Grains Council. p. 12.
1266:. Czech News Agency. 2008-01-24. Archived from
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791:. Victoria: CSIRO Publications. p. 105.
208:In addition to natural insemination by rams,
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1644:New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research
1617:
1615:
1613:
1106:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
747:
745:
53:populations). Sheep have a breeding season (
1873:"Surrogate rams through stem cell research"
900:. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
898:Beginning Shepherd's Manual, Second Edition
204:Artificial insemination and embryo transfer
2010:
1996:
1988:
1638:Blair, H. T.; Garrick, D. J. (June 2007).
1173:. Victoria: Landlinks Press. p. 133.
858:. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing LLC.
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1920:Journal of Animal Science and Technology
966:"Breeding tools for better management –"
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506:In the large sheep producing nations of
1049:"International Embryo Transfer Society"
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1532:"Wake up call for Irish sheep farming"
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1146:"American Embryo Transfer Association"
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943:
854:Simmons, Paula; Carol Ekarius (2001).
1378:Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract
1337:Brown, Dave; Sam Meadowcroft (1996).
1164:
1162:
724:Marai, Ibrahim Fayez Mahmoud (1987).
195:may also occur, in which case either
7:
1203:"Infertility and abortion in ewes"
1025:Australian Sheep and Wool Handbook
726:New Techniques in Sheep Production
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1823:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.12.005
766:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.09.008
1914:Haque, Md Najmul (2018-06-18).
1290:Sheep Production and Management
856:Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep
413:is carried out – this includes
179:will quickly fill out, and her
97:exhibiting the Flehmen response
1171:Healthy sheep : naturally
1125:"Reproduction Specialty Group"
1:
1558:"Performance-Based Selection"
1390:10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30531-4
728:. Butterworths. p. 222.
365:Olfactory imprinting in sheep
1978:Sheep breeding and selection
1904:, Richmond, 13 November 2008
1460:10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.01.015
992:Sheep husbandry and diseases
448:Docking is not necessary in
409:After lambs are stabilized,
1425:10.2460/javma.2004.224.1261
1027:. Inkata Press, Melbourne.
754:Animal Reproduction Science
2109:
813:"SHEEP | Animal Behaviour"
551:in a Natural Cave near to
362:
2025:
1933:10.1186/s40781-018-0175-7
1665:10.1080/00288230709510285
1313:Prescott, J.H.D. (1971).
616:Armidale, New South Wales
499:Merino ewes and lambs in
491:Commercial sheep breeding
1518:World Book Encyclopaedia
1495:10.1136/inpract.22.9.546
1361:: CS1 maint: location (
1080:University of California
970:www.premier1supplies.com
950:: CS1 maint: location (
2088:Reproduction in mammals
1973:Reproduction in the ewe
1968:Reproduction in the ram
1811:Small Ruminant Research
1226:SIMMONS, PAULA (2019).
699:Wooster, Chuck (2005).
501:Walcha, New South Wales
458:animal rights activists
210:artificial insemination
1983:General ram management
1754:Alberta Lamb Producers
1698:"Australian Sheep CRC"
1413:J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc
990:Fraser, Allan (1987).
789:The Behaviour of Sheep
556:
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330:foot-and-mouth disease
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1877:Nqr.farmonline.com.au
1747:"Shearing Your Sheep"
1745:Read, Lianne (2007).
1023:Cottle, D.J. (1991).
592:inbreeding depression
583:Inbreeding depression
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498:
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363:Further information:
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147:that holds a special
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32:
1788:10.2527/jas.2006-257
1726:shroedershearing.com
1264:Prague Daily Monitor
1169:Coleby, Pat (2000).
926:Weaver, Sue (2005).
787:Lynch, J.J. (1992).
553:Monasterio de Piedra
155:, sometimes spelled
1656:2007NZJAR..50...89B
1564:on October 14, 2008
1339:The Modern Shepherd
1288:Ross, C.V. (1989).
1270:on January 29, 2008
1207:www.agric.wa.gov.au
450:short-tailed breeds
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526:Managerial aspects
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1348:978-0-85236-188-7
1299:978-0-13-808510-0
1034:978-0-909605-60-5
972:. 10 October 2012
937:978-1-931993-49-4
907:978-0-8138-2799-5
865:978-1-58017-262-2
735:978-0-408-10134-9
710:978-1-59228-531-0
16:(Redirected from
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1911:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1879:. Archived from
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
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1833:
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1826:
1806:
1800:
1799:
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1560:. Archived from
1554:
1548:
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1545:
1543:
1538:on June 30, 2007
1534:. Archived from
1528:
1522:
1521:
1516:"Cunha, Ton J".
1513:
1507:
1506:
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1472:
1471:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1419:(8): 1261–1268.
1408:
1402:
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1230:. STOREY Books.
1223:
1217:
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941:
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912:
911:
893:
870:
869:
851:
828:
827:
825:
824:
815:. Archived from
809:
803:
802:
784:
778:
777:
749:
740:
739:
721:
715:
714:
696:
214:embryo transfers
84:Flehmen response
21:
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2107:
2103:
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2101:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2060:Fictional sheep
2021:
2016:
1964:
1959:
1913:
1912:
1908:
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1895:
1886:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1858:10.1.1.521.7891
1840:
1835:
1834:
1830:
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1807:
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1773:
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1704:
1702:Sheepcrc.org.au
1696:
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1315:Lamb Production
1312:
1311:
1307:
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1287:
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1282:
1273:
1271:
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1253:
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866:
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810:
806:
799:
786:
785:
781:
760:(1/2): 93–109.
751:
750:
743:
736:
723:
722:
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711:
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644:
640:
608:
600:
598:Other countries
585:
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367:
361:
275:
266:
233:and a pregnant
206:
170:, sheep have a
145:marking harness
136:
104:
67:
65:Sexual behavior
23:
22:
15:
12:
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2106:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2093:Theriogenology
2090:
2085:
2075:
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2066:
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2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
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2023:
2022:
2019:Domestic sheep
2017:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
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1962:External links
1960:
1958:
1957:
1906:
1893:
1864:
1828:
1801:
1782:(2): 299–304.
1766:
1737:
1713:
1689:
1630:
1609:
1584:
1575:
1549:
1523:
1508:
1489:(9): 546–553.
1473:
1454:(1–2): 65–76.
1448:Vet. Microbiol
1438:
1403:
1368:
1347:
1320:
1305:
1298:
1280:
1251:
1237:978-1612129846
1236:
1218:
1194:
1180:978-0643065246
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1001:978-0632026623
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431:European Union
360:
359:Postnatal care
357:
349:umbilical cord
274:
271:
265:
262:
205:
202:
135:
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24:
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2083:Sheep farming
2081:
2080:
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2048:
2046:
2043:
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2027:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
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1897:
1894:
1883:on 2016-03-03
1882:
1878:
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547:A Middle age
545:
541:
539:
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525:
523:
521:
517:
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509:
508:South America
502:
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490:
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383:
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356:
354:
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342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
326:toxoplasmosis
322:
320:
316:
312:
307:
304:
295:
291:
289:
283:
281:
272:
270:
263:
261:
257:
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249:
247:
243:
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236:
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215:
211:
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198:
194:
193:anal prolapse
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173:
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95:Bighorn sheep
92:
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2050:Reproduction
2049:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1885:. Retrieved
1881:the original
1876:
1867:
1848:
1844:
1831:
1817:(1): 42–46.
1814:
1810:
1804:
1779:
1776:J. Anim. Sci
1775:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:
1740:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:
1716:
1705:. Retrieved
1701:
1692:
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1566:. Retrieved
1562:the original
1552:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:the original
1526:
1517:
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1486:
1482:
1476:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1416:
1412:
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1381:
1377:
1371:
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1308:
1289:
1283:
1272:. Retrieved
1268:the original
1263:
1254:
1227:
1221:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:
1197:
1170:
1149:. Retrieved
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1091:. Retrieved
1087:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:
1043:
1024:
1018:
991:
985:
974:. Retrieved
969:
960:
927:
897:
855:
821:. Retrieved
817:the original
807:
788:
782:
757:
753:
725:
719:
700:
632:
628:
624:
609:
606:New research
601:
586:
578:
566:
558:
529:
505:
462:
447:
435:
425:and usually
411:lamb marking
408:
392:
384:
376:
345:
341:amniotic sac
337:veterinarian
334:
323:
308:
300:
288:lambing jugs
284:
280:contractions
276:
267:
258:
254:
250:
242:gonadotropin
227:laparoscopic
224:
207:
183:will swell.
165:
152:
144:
137:
125:
105:
68:
59:
54:
36:
26:
1902:Rural Press
1568:October 19,
1542:October 19,
1483:In Practice
1088:toprams.com
994:. Collins.
516:New Zealand
477:emasculator
427:vaccination
415:ear tagging
403:Oxford Down
311:birth canal
264:Infertility
231:progestogen
118:A pregnant
45:like other
37:"Domestic"
2077:Categories
1887:2016-02-24
1851:: 366–73.
1731:2019-04-01
1707:2016-02-24
1274:2008-01-25
1246:1041893745
1212:2019-04-01
1151:19 October
1130:19 October
1093:2008-11-02
1058:19 October
976:2019-04-01
823:2019-03-28
638:References
620:stem cells
588:Inbreeding
465:elastrator
423:castration
387:force feed
303:obstetrics
140:ultrasound
76:freemartin
41:reproduce
2045:Predation
2030:Husbandry
1853:CiteSeerX
1357:cite book
1189:975196851
1053:Iets.org/
946:cite book
512:Australia
479:, heated
454:Zwartbles
379:colostrum
319:stillborn
197:stitching
172:gestation
134:Pregnancy
2040:Glossary
1952:29946475
1796:17235016
1759:April 1,
1684:18908365
1674:85414333
1503:72494500
1468:15135514
1433:15112774
1102:cite web
1010:20416719
774:15885443
574:stockmen
570:stations
562:dystocia
549:Paridera
538:shearing
473:Burdizzo
219:cervices
138:Without
120:St Croix
43:sexually
2055:As food
1943:6004689
1652:Bibcode
1398:7728629
520:Merinos
469:atrophy
419:docking
315:aborted
273:Lambing
189:uterine
185:Vaginal
161:brisket
128:hobbled
102:Rutting
80:ovaries
55:tupping
47:mammals
18:Lambing
2035:Breeds
1950:
1940:
1926:: 15.
1855:
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1681:
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1604:
1501:
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1177:
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1008:
998:
934:
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862:
795:
772:
732:
707:
612:Uralla
481:chisel
443:rectal
439:caudal
353:iodine
301:Ovine
168:mating
166:After
157:reddle
153:raddle
149:crayon
72:estrus
1841:(PDF)
1750:(PDF)
1678:INIST
1670:S2CID
1499:S2CID
618:used
540:etc.
485:knife
239:serum
181:vulva
177:udder
51:feral
39:sheep
1948:PMID
1792:PMID
1761:2019
1623:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1570:2008
1544:2008
1464:PMID
1429:PMID
1394:PMID
1363:link
1343:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1242:OCLC
1232:ISBN
1185:OCLC
1175:ISBN
1153:2014
1132:2014
1108:link
1060:2014
1029:ISBN
1006:OCLC
996:ISBN
952:link
932:ISBN
902:ISBN
860:ISBN
793:ISBN
770:PMID
730:ISBN
705:ISBN
614:and
533:Stud
514:and
328:and
246:PMSG
235:mare
212:and
151:(or
1938:PMC
1928:doi
1819:doi
1784:doi
1660:doi
1491:doi
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