785:
998:
the
Aetolian League. It would explain why the Aetolians suddenly left the siege of Lamia to return home. Grainger supposes it was to hold their elections, but Bosworth suggests that the Aetolians had to defend their territory attacked by the Acarnanians in late 323 BC. The two victories of Cleitus against Euetion apparently resulted in the evacuation of Oiniadai by the Aetolians, because in the next mention in the sources, this city was in Acarnanian hands. This side of the conflict prevented the Aetolians from helping the other Greeks against Antipater, as they were missing from the remaining battles of the war.
936:
still intact and entered in Lamia (15km north of the
Thermopylae), the only city of the area that had remained faithful to Macedonia. He barricaded there and waited for the reinforcements to come from Asia. N. G. L. Hammond called Antipater's decision "brilliant": it forced the Greeks to lay a difficult siege on Lamia as they could not invade Macedonia while letting such a large Macedonian force in their back. Antipater nonetheless conceded the first Macedonian defeat on Greek soil for 30 years, during the
508:, who wrote an influential book just a decade after Duris. He was a pro-Macedonian writer who wanted to avoid using the name "Hellenic War" that was too much directed against Macedonia. Hieronymus' Macedonian bias can be retrieved from Diodorus' writings, as he mostly based his account from Hieronymus, and as a result has a negative tone towards the Greeks and their attempt to recover their freedom. Moreover, Hieronymus wrote his book after the
1131:
29:
440:. The events of the war are detailed in books 17–18. Modern historians have been very critical of Diodorus, for his careless treatment of chronology, inability to deal with conflicting sources, insertions of his own opinions as facts, omission of entire years of events, etc. Diodorus is nevertheless useful because his work preserves fragments of lost historians. His books dealing with the Lamian War drew extensively on
990:, not far from Lamia where Antipater was still besieged. In 2001, Brian Bosworth rejected Walek's view, and instead considered that Diodorus must be correct, as the Echinades islands are just off the city of Oiniadai, which was the city captured by the Aetolian League c.330 BC and one of the main causes of the war. Bosworth's theory has since shifted the majority view towards his explanation of the events.
967:, and 7 quinqueremes. It could nevertheless only man about 200 ships; a number that still outnumbered the available Macedonian fleet in the Aegean Sea. Initially, Antipater could only rely on the 110 ships that had escorted the treasure Alexander sent with Harpalus. However, in 322 BC, the situation was reversed with the decisive arrival of the Macedonian admiral
907:). The occupation of the Acrocorinth ensured the neutrality of Corinth and also prevented the Peloponnesian states from joining their armies with that of northern states, as it blocked the Isthmus. Ioanna Kralli notes that apart Sicyon, "the Peloponnesian participants demonstrated lack of commitment" during the war as a result.
877:) answered favourably. The other islanders probably felt more threatened by the imperialism of Athens than that of Macedonia, and were more sympathetic to the cause of Samos, still occupied by Athens. Although Rhodes expelled its Macedonian garrison at the same time as the war, it might not have joined the Hellenic League.
1178:
retained their political rights. The citizen body therefore decreased from 21,000 to 9,000. This amendment was likely suggested by
Demades and Phocion themselves, but opposed by Xenocrates. Upon his return, the latter refused to be granted the Athenian citizenship as he did not want to become part of
1105:
on 6 August 322 BC. Although the
Thessalian cavalry had the upper hand in the horse battle, the Greek infantry was pushed back and disengaged. Casualties were limited, with 500 dead for the Greeks (including 200 Athenians) and 130 for the Macedonians, but the outcome was decisive enough to compel the
844:
Sparta refused to join, mainly because of their losses during the War of Agis III, but also because the war was led by Athens, which had refused to support Agis. In addition, Sparta did not want to join an alliance that counted its traditional enemies Argos and
Messenia. Several leading Spartans were
684:
that took place in summer 323, where representatives of most city-states gathered. The
Aetolian League was the most natural ally, as its members were equally concerned by the Exiles' Decree. The alliance was possibly concluded in mid-September 323 BC. Other allies from the area joined successively in
1230:
considered the outcome of the Lamian War a calamitous tragedy, marking the extinction of an "autonomous
Hellenic world". On his account, it extinguished free speech in Greece and dispersed the Athenian Demos to distant lands. Nevertheless, the war, in spite of its disastrous result, was a "glorious
935:
followed him with supplies along the coast. In
Thessaly, he recruited about 2,000 cavalry, then advanced towards the Greek army at the Thermopylae. However, the Thessalian cavalry betrayed Antipater and destroyed his Macedonian cavalry in the process. Antipater managed to turn back with his phalanx
840:
joined the
Hellenic League. These cities followed Athens at a later date than the northern cities, as the treaty between Athens and Phokis is dated from 27 October, while that with Sicyon is from 23 December. It showed that Athens' diplomatic effort continued over several months after the beginning
997:
to sail that fast to
Acarnania. Corinth and the Diolkos had remained firmly under Macedonian control thanks to the very strong fortress of the Acrocorinth nearby. The Macedonian navy was likely supporting a land offensive of the Acarnanians towards Oiniadai in an operation to retake this city from
1096:
This Greek victory nevertheless allowed Antipater to escape from Lamia while the Greek army had left to fight Leonnatus (whose death suited Antipater as he lost a dangerous rival). Antipater merged his army with that of Leonnatus and that of Craterus, who had just arrived from Cilicia with 10,000
1001:
The defeats off the Echinades island had not been decisive, and the Athenians still had several hundreds of ships. However, in the attempt to match the number of Macedonian ships, they overextended their limited amount of rowers, and their ships were undermanned. The Athenian war effort was still
915:
Once the war became official, Athens sent 50 talents to Leosthenes to pay his mercenaries and the allied Greeks made him "General of the Greeks". From Taenarum, he moved to Aetolia, where he received the command of 7,000 Aetolians, then to Boeotia in order to join his troops with that of Athens,
955:. Euboean cities were on the Macedonian side, except Karystos, which northern border was near Styra, and was likely helped by Athens against its neighbour. The goal of the expedition was perhaps to intimidate the Euboean cities, or the price demanded by Karystos for its alliance with Athens.
1116:
The generals of the Greek Antiphilus and Menon first wished to negotiate for the entire alliance, but Antipater only wanted to deal with each city individually. He then conquered Thessalian cities one by one, which made all the Greek states apart from Athens and the Aetolians to surrender
1097:
hoplites (including 6,000 veterans), 1,500 cavalry, and 1,000 Persian archers and slingers. Antipater thus commanded a very large army of 40,000 soldiers, 3,000 archers and slingers, and 5,000 cavalry, which was much bigger than the 25,000 hoplites and 3,500 horses of Antiphilus. The
1167:, and Eucrates, who were hunted by Macedonian henchmen throughout Greece. Hypereides was murdered in Kleonai on 6 October 322 BC, while Demosthenes committed suicide one week later. Anti-Macedonian leaders suffered from the same fate in other Greek cities, such as Euphron of Sicyon.
660:(a mercenary market on Spartan territory) and carved an alliance with the Aetolians, waiting for the right moment to go to war against Macedonia. The life of Leosthenes before the Lamian War has long been debated by scholars, who describe him as having served either Alexander or
1112:
suggests that initially, the Macedonian armies commanded by Antipater and Leonnatus were mostly composed of Asian levies and mercenaries. It is only with the arrival of Craterus with his army only made of Macedonians soldiers that the Greeks lost their momentum on land.
409:. The Aetolian League therefore escaped unscathed and appear to be the real winner of the war, because Athens bore most of the fight, and the league remained mostly in place. The Aetolian League then became one of the most important states in Greece during the
382:, after which he received the surrender of every city state in central Greece. Faced with the prospect of a naval blockade and a land invasion, Athens capitulated. It had to give up its navy, host a Macedonian garrison on its soil, lose its possessions outside
971:, at the head of a large navy of 240 ships. These ships came from a navy of 1,000 vessels commissioned by Alexander before he died. Although Alexander's grandiose plans were abandoned after his death, some of the ships had already been built in the Levant.
633:, who represented the interests of the landed aristocracy. The latter lost his political rights because of his support of Macedonia, and especially for having sponsored the bill that gave Alexander the Great the status of a god. A friend of Antipater,
495:
in the first half of the 5th century, thus placing Macedonia in the role of Persia. The name of their coalition, the Hellenic League, was chosen for the same reason. In his biography of Phocion, Plutarch writes "Hellenic War", because his source was
1162:
Antipater also requested the extradition of the Athenian leaders who had pushed for the war against Macedonia. Demades carried the subsequent motion in the ecclesia sentencing to death these leaders, of whom the most prominent included Demosthenes,
982:. This passage has been widely discussed among modern scholars. In 1924, T. Walek set the standard view for the rest of the 20th century, that the Echinades islands cannot be those located off Acarnania in the Ionian Sea, but some islands in the
1080:
Leonnatus had an army of 20,000 foot soldiers and 1,500 cavalry. He arrived in Thessaly in early Spring 322 BC, but did not coordinate with Antipater. The new commander of the Greeks Antiphilus lifted the siege of Lamia to fight Leonnatus. The
1040:
Antipater remained besieged in Lamia for most of the winter 323–322 BC, but he did not stay inactive. The Macedonian army made sorties, during one of which Leosthenes was killed, perhaps by a slinger. Antipater waited for reinforcement from
326:
War was simmering in Greece after Alexander the Great issued the Exiles' Decree (in 324 BC), which ordered the Greek states to return all the people they had forced into exile. This decree meant that Athens had to surrender the island of
884:, still resentful at Athens for its recent interventions in the island, and Boeotia. After the destruction of Thebes in 335 BC, its territory was shared between the other Boeotian cities, which now feared that Athens would restore it.
1202:
controlled the empire after the death of Alexander. Perdiccas nevertheless upheld Alexander's will and demanded Athens to evacuate Samos. The cleruchs of Samos had to return to Athens, among whom was notably the young
857:
convinced them to withdraw from their alliance with Macedonia while he was in exile in Troezen. Rewarded for his diplomatic help in the Peloponnese, Demosthenes was recalled to Athens during the winter of 323–322 BC.
1210:
The war was a catastrophe for the economy of Athens. Most building programs were stopped and the marble and metal industries died out in the city, which also suffered from famine at the beginning of the 3rd century.
1142:
Once Antipater reached Boeotia, Athens sought for peace. The Athenian delegation to Antipater was composed of Demades and Phocion, the two leading politician who had spoken against the war with Macedonia, as well as
1089:(also appointed commander of the Greeks) had the upper hand and even killed Leonnatus, but the Macedonian hoplites could retreat on higher grounds. The location of the battle is not known; Yardley places it was at
486:
The initial name of the war was the Hellenic War, mostly labelled as such in epigraphic material of the end of the 4th century and beginning of the 3rd century. It was chosen by the Greeks in order to recall their
611:
for several decades and did not want to abandon this valuable possession. The Aetolian League was also ordered to withdraw from Oiniadai; Alexander threatened to come in person to punish the Aetolians.
363:
from the Levant turned the tide in favour of Macedonia. Even though Athens had more ships than Macedonia, it did not have enough crews to man them all and its overextended navy was defeated off the
1641:
Stephen Miller, "Kleonai", pp. 106, 107. Macedonia had moved the Nemean Games from Argos to the old location near Kleonai, which benefited this city and explains its later attachment to Macedonia.
1223:
considered that it was irrational for Athens to attack the many times more powerful empire of Alexander. He also criticised the Athenians for their arrogance even after their defeat at Crannon.
343:, taken c.330 BC. Once the death of Alexander became known in June 323 BC, most states in mainland Greece revolted and founded the Hellenic League, recalling the alliance forged during the
515:
This theory was first made by N. G. Ashton in 1984 and has found general acceptance since. However, in 2011, John Walsh has suggested that the name Lamian War was first coined by the poet
888:
still supported Macedonia, because of Oiniadai, which had been taken by the Aetolian League. For an unknown reason, the Acarnanian city of Alyzeia sided alone with the Hellenic League.
401:
While Antipater was turning his forces west to deal with the Aetolian League, the last member of the Greek alliance still fighting, he was called back to Asia by the beginning of the
1018:
in the Cyclades, located not far from Samos, as Cleitus was by now challenging the Athenian hold of this island. Undermanned and outnumbered, the Athenian navy was soundly defeated.
1069:
for Craterus. Leonnatus was the first to arrive; he could cross the Hellespont after the Athenian navy was defeated there. His help was not disinterested, as he intended to marry
784:
629:
in June 323 BC became known; war started shortly after, probably in the beginning of September. Two Athenian politicians are known to have advised against the war: Phocion and
3115:
1797:, pp. 76, 77, thinks the number of foot soldiers is wrong because of a corruption in the manuscript of Diodorus. He suggests instead 3,000 Macedonians and 13,000 mercenaries.
916:
which had sent 5,000 hoplites, 2,000 mercenaries, and 500 cavalry. Leosthenes defeated an army of Boeotians, Euboeans, and Macedonians (the garrison from the Cadmea), near
374:
On land, the Greeks lifted the siege of Lamia with the arrival of Macedonian reinforcements from Asia. At the head of a large merged army, Antipater defeated the Greeks in
527:
as the turning point of the war. Walsh notes that such epics became fashionable during the Hellenistic era and that Choerilus might have been a member of the court of
219:
607:
on 4 August 324 BC before a crowd of 20,000 exiles, the Exiles' Decree caused a lot of tension in Greece, especially in Athens, which had colonised the island of
603:, where he proclaimed the Exiles' Decree, which demanded that citizens forced into exile in any Greek city had to be allowed to return to their home. Read at the
1093:, in the north of Lamia, while Hammond just mentions "the open plain of Thessaly", and Westlake suggests it was "perhaps in the south of the Pelasgiotid plain".
1025:(now called the Dardanelles), as Athens had to bring corn supplies from the Black Sea through these narrow straights, which shores were controlled by Macedonia.
920:. This early success won the adhesion of most other states of central Greece. With an army of about 30,000 men, Leosthenes moved to the north and defended the
652:, but many of them (in the tens of thousands) returned to Greece before that could happen. They escaped through a fleet raised by an Athenian mercenary named
2745:
853:
states remained neutral, likewise because of their losses during the War of Agis. Although the Arcadians were initially pro-Macedonian, it is possible that
680:
Athens was able to receive the support of many Greek states, principally in northern and central Greece. These states had likely been approached during the
3125:
656:, who brought them to the Greek mainland. Secretly in touch with his native city, Leosthenes kept about 8,000 of these mercenaries with him in Cape
978:, the main source of the Lamian War, tells that Cleitus the White defeated the Athenian admiral Euetion in two battles off some islands called the
2955:
2935:
500:, who wrote a history book of the period in the 270s, at a time when it was still the common name. The name shift to "Lamian War" happened with
3110:
2899:
2718:
2585:
2495:
2474:
347:; this time with Macedonia in the role of the foreign invader. The Greeks were initially successful under their Athenian commander in chief
212:
1219:
Ancient authors often severely judged the Greeks for having started the Lamian War. Although born in Athens, the 3rd century AD historian
531:, the Macedonian regent in Europe, also a man of letters. Therefore, Hieronumus would have only popularised a term that already existed.
512:(267–261), another unsuccessful revolt of the Greeks against Macedonia, and likewise wished to avoid any reminder of the Persian Wars.
1045:, the Macedonian commander in Thrace, but he was too facing a revolt from Seuthes, king of the Odrysians. He also requested help from
2453:
The Macedonians in Athens, 322-229 B.C., Proceedings of an International Conference Held at the University of Athens, May 24-26, 2001
2571:
2533:
2460:
1082:
1003:
668:(an elected magistrate at Athens). John Walsh also suggests that Leosthenes' achievements were exaggerated by the ancient historian
398:
committed suicide to avoid his capture by the Macedonians. Athens never played a leading role again in Greece after the Lamian War.
2738:
364:
278:
205:
1028:
At an unknown date, an Athenian army commanded by Phocion repelled an amphibious Macedonian raid led by Mikion on the town of
2554:
2516:
251:
3120:
2711:
Justin: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, Volume II, books 13-15: the Successors to Alexander the Great
2521:
1066:
2632:
Hesperia Supplements, Vol. 20, Studies in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture and Topography. Presented to Homer A. Thompson
1191:
626:
556:
3010:
2980:
2881:
2904:
2731:
2578:
The Hellenistic Peloponnese: Interstate Relations, A Narrative and Analytic History, from the Fourth Century to 146 BC
2417:
1663:
Bosworth, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", p. 16, writes that Rhodes did not make a formal alliance with Athens.
540:
312:
99:
2965:
2669:
John Walsh, "Historical Method and a Chronological Problem in Diodorus, Book 18" In P. Wheatley and R. Hannah (eds),
1231:
effort for the recovery of Grecian liberty, undertaken under circumstances which promised a fair chance of success."
448:, the main historian of the beginning of the Hellenistic era, who also played a historical role and met many of the
3105:
246:
2413:
2823:
571:, but resentment remained high among the Greeks. In 335 Thebes revolted at the news that the new Macedonian king
2940:
2391:
1117:
individually. Greek states thereafter competed with each other to have the best terms possible from Antipater.
1109:
964:
2785:
1073:, the sister of Alexander, who had offered herself in marriage to him with the support of Alexander's mother,
359:, which gave its name to the war. At this point however, the arrival of a large Macedonian fleet commanded by
2833:
850:
3015:
2874:
2448:
1077:, who disliked Antipater. With such strong and symbolic supports, Leonnatus coveted the Macedonian throne.
931:, Antipater moved south with the Macedonian army of 13,000 hoplites and 600 cavalry, while his navy of 110
849:
rejected the alliance with Athens, despite its earlier diplomatic overture during the Nemean Games nearby.
3058:
3040:
1085:
was only fought between the respective cavalries, of whom the very strong Thessalian cavalry commanded by
3062:
3054:
3004:
2996:
2754:
1187:
1086:
710:
604:
588:
432:
143:
599:, which was repopulated with Aetolians. In 324, Alexander completed his conquests in Asia and moved to
3000:
2992:
2927:
2780:
1070:
653:
544:
501:
441:
402:
3100:
2828:
2770:
1090:
698:
572:
453:
320:
2914:
2813:
1171:
987:
809:
781:
was at war with Macedonia at the same time, but does not connect this revolt to the Lamian War.
516:
488:
410:
387:
344:
261:
52:
1939:
Due to the impossibility to reconcile both views, this article mostly follows Bosworth's theory.
1032:
in Attica. This raid had possibly been launched from Chalcis while the Athenian navy was away.
963:
At the start of the war, Athens had a massive navy of more than 410 warships: 360 triremes, 50
3025:
2848:
2838:
2714:
2637:
Oikonomides, A. N. "Athens and the Phokians at the outbreak of the Lamian War (= IG II 367)."
2623:
2581:
2567:
2550:
2529:
2512:
2491:
2470:
2456:
1098:
1062:
1011:
968:
846:
817:
568:
564:
492:
379:
368:
360:
283:
266:
186:
2591:
3080:
3050:
3035:
2960:
2889:
2805:
2790:
2538:
2383:
1148:
975:
937:
928:
774:
770:
706:
702:
669:
576:
552:
509:
427:
375:
304:
172:
131:
1130:
2988:
2869:
2559:
1175:
797:
793:
592:
505:
463:
445:
336:
85:
2692:
587:
led another war of liberation against Macedonia, which was defeated by Antipater at the
2970:
2858:
2853:
2762:
1190:
on its northern border, which had been given by Philip from Thebes in 338 BC after the
881:
718:
548:
524:
497:
437:
316:
256:
80:
3094:
3068:
2818:
2795:
2775:
2542:
880:
Nevertheless, very few states in Greece remained loyal to Macedonia, apart from the
3030:
3020:
2863:
1227:
714:
681:
657:
356:
1174:
of Athens was altered so that only citizens with properties worth more than 2,000
1151:. Antipater demanded the installation of a Macedonian garrison in the fortress of
1061:, whom Antipater also promised the hand of two of his available daughters; likely
2451:, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", in Olga Palagia & Stephen V. Tracy,
323:. It was the last time Athens played a significant role as an independent power.
3045:
2975:
2950:
2945:
2894:
1022:
1002:
considerable as the sailors must been about 30,000, a number not seen since the
983:
921:
904:
854:
805:
789:
778:
742:
600:
523:
about the war soon after the events. It means that Choerilus had identified the
471:
395:
2467:
The Legacy of Alexander, Politics, Warfare, and Propaganda under the Successors
2843:
2396:
1164:
1144:
1042:
862:
754:
750:
661:
348:
127:
2603:
Antipater after the Lamian War: New Readings in Vat. Gr. 73 (Dexippus fr. 33)
1194:. Antipater carefully avoided dealing with Samos, and referred the matter to
1494:
1195:
1046:
979:
944:
892:
885:
821:
766:
762:
665:
634:
528:
391:
352:
168:
162:
2618:
Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
2528:, Harvard University Press, 1997 (originally published in German in 1995).
1493:
Stephen Miller, "Kleonai", pp. 100–102, thinks that Leosthenes was elected
567:
in order to secure his back while he started a war of conquest against the
28:
648:
Before his death, Alexander had wanted to settle his Greek mercenaries in
2405:
1220:
1204:
1152:
1074:
1054:
1029:
1007:
870:
837:
686:
596:
584:
560:
459:
449:
406:
340:
332:
308:
181:
2677:
2652:
637:
was also condemned on a spurious charge of impiety, and left Athens for
2627:
2602:
1156:
1058:
1050:
1015:
994:
993:
The Macedonian fleet commanded by Cleitus must have passed through the
952:
932:
917:
900:
825:
746:
738:
734:
690:
638:
630:
475:
151:
104:
2693:
Leosthenes and the transportation of Greek mercenaries from Asia Minor
2613:
2438:
1854:
Knoepfler, "La date de l'annexion de Styra par Érétrie", pp. 524, 525.
2723:
1183:
1135:
1102:
896:
874:
866:
829:
813:
758:
726:
722:
694:
649:
642:
591:. At the same time, a new federal state in central Greece called the
580:
467:
383:
109:
1750:, p. 47, who adds that the oligarchy in Corinth was pro-Macedonian.
1138:. Demosthenes committed suicide to avoid his capture by Macedonia.
948:
783:
730:
608:
328:
426:
The main ancient source on the Lamian War is the Greek historian
2662:
Th. Walek, "Les opérations navales pendant la Guerre Lamiaque",
1315:
Ashton, "The Lamian War-stat magni nominis umbra", pp. 154, 155.
1306:
Ashton, "The Lamian War-stat magni nominis umbra", pp. 155, 156.
833:
2727:
1497:
in 325 and 324 BC, but this is rejected by Hammond and Habicht.
201:
2175:
Stephen Miller, "Kleonai", pp. 105, 105, for the precise date.
947:
Phaidros led an expedition that destroyed the Euboean city of
197:
2028:
Bosworth, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", pp. 20, 21.
2006:
Bosworth, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", pp. 20, 22.
1997:
Bosworth, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", pp. 20, 22.
1988:
Bosworth, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", pp. 16, 19.
1961:
Bosworth, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", pp. 17, 18.
1903:
Bosworth, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", pp. 16, 22.
1894:
Bosworth, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", pp. 15, 22.
2488:
Late Classical and early Hellenistic Corinth: 338–196 B.C.
1324:
Ashton, "The Lamian War-stat magni nominis umbra", p. 157.
1297:
Ashton, "The Lamian War-stat magni nominis umbra", p. 153.
1288:
Ashton, "The Lamian War-stat magni nominis umbra", p. 154.
1021:
Another Athenian defeat might have taken place near the
761:. Alliances were also concluded further north with some
664:, then acting as either a private mercenary leader or a
2671:
Alexander and His Successors: Essays from the Antipodes
2223:
Martin, "Antipater after the Lamian War", pp. 303, 304.
1979:
Bosworth, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", p. 18.
1970:
Bosworth, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", p. 19.
1930:
Bosworth, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", p. 15.
1872:
Bosworth, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", p. 14.
1863:
Bosworth, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", p. 21.
1845:
Bosworth, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", p. 21.
1711:
Bosworth, "Why did Athens lose the Lamian War?", p. 17.
625:
Athens was already preparing for war when the news of
595:
took advantage of Agis' revolt to capture the city of
2682:
of Choerilus and the Genesis of the term 'Lamian War'
470:, is also a good source thanks to his biographies of
2653:
Athenian Demography and Military Strength 338-322 BC
394:
regime. As a symbol of the event, the famous orator
2913:
2804:
2761:
2702:Westlake, H. D. "The Aftermath of the Lamian War."
355:, the Macedonian general in Europe, in the city of
2620:, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1974), pp. 194–245.
1226:The 19th-century radical politician and historian
2547:A History of Macedonia, volume III, 336-167 B. C.
2350:Martin, "Antipater after the Lamian War", p. 305.
927:In order to prevent the revolt from spreading to
861:The Hellenic League had much less success in the
478:, two leading politicians in Athens at the time.
307:and a large coalition of Greek states to end the
2430:N. G. Ashton, "The Lamian War. A false start?",
462:, a Greek moralist who lived at the time of the
2580:, Swansea, The Classical Press of Wales, 2017.
2341:Stella Miller, "Menon's Cistern", pp. 209, 210.
1159:, which was thus taken on 18 September 322 BC.
1014:of the Lamian war took place off the island of
21:
2709:J. C. Yardley, Pat Wheatley, Waldemar Heckel,
1761:History of Macedonia", vol. III, pp. 108, 109.
303:, (323–322 BC) was an unsuccessful attempt by
2739:
2628:Kleonai, the Nemean Games, and the Lamian War
2500:Errington, R. M. "Samos and the Lamian war."
1106:Athenians and their allies to sue for peace.
924:, while waiting for the Macedonian response.
213:
8:
1883:Late Classical and early Hellenistic Corinth
1748:Late Classical and early Hellenistic Corinth
547:defeated a coalition of Greek states led by
1921:Walek, "Les opérations navales", pp. 23–30.
3116:Wars involving Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
2746:
2732:
2724:
2657:The Annual of the British School at Athens
2609:, Vol. 55, No. 1 (May, 2005), pp. 301–305.
2592:La date de l'annexion de Styra par Érétrie
220:
206:
198:
18:
2481:Athenian Propertied Families 600-300 B.C.
845:also held hostages by Macedonia in Asia.
1619:Stephen Miller, "Kleonai", pp. 102, 103.
1129:
911:Early Athenian successes (autumn 323 BC)
2439:The Lamian War-stat magni nominis umbra
1771:Sekunda, "Athenian Demography", p. 349.
1240:
1010:in 480. In the late summer 322 BC, the
430:, who composed a very large work, the
2596:Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
2298:
2296:
2294:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2075:
2073:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1549:
1547:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1395:
1393:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1284:
1282:
7:
2956:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese
2659:, 1992, Vol. 87 (1992), pp. 311–355.
1259:
1257:
1036:Macedonian counter-offensive on land
891:Macedonia also had garrisons in the
559:. He then forced the Greeks into an
2445:, Vol. 104, 1984, pp. 152–157.
1263:Walsh, "Leosthenes", p. 1 (note 2).
575:had died, but he acted quickly and
16:War fought in Greece in 323–322 BCE
2936:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations
2564:The marshals of Alexander’s empire
2286:The marshals of Alexander’s empire
2234:The marshals of Alexander’s empire
2161:, p. 36 (note 138), says 5 August.
2159:The marshals of Alexander’s empire
2120:The marshals of Alexander’s empire
2107:The marshals of Alexander’s empire
2017:The marshals of Alexander’s empire
1553:Stephen Miller, "Kleonai", p. 103.
1541:Stephen Miller, "Kleonai", p. 105.
1374:Stephen Miller, "Kleonai", p. 100.
14:
2713:, Oxford University Press, 2011.
2549:, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1988.
2469:, Oxford University Press, 2002.
1182:Finally, Athens lost the city of
3126:Military history of Lamia (city)
2483:, Oxford University Press, 1971.
27:
2526:Athens from Alexander to Antony
2443:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
2330:Athens from Alexander to Antony
2317:Athens from Alexander to Antony
2304:Athens from Alexander to Antony
2273:Athens from Alexander to Antony
2260:Athens from Alexander to Antony
2186:Athens from Alexander to Antony
2094:Athens from Alexander to Antony
1564:Athens from Alexander to Antony
1521:Athens from Alexander to Antony
1473:Athens from Alexander to Antony
1460:Athens from Alexander to Antony
1385:Athens from Alexander to Antony
943:At the same time, the Athenian
2362:A History of Greece, Volume 12
1597:, vol. III, pp. 108, 110, 111.
1532:Walsh, "Leosthenes", pp. 3, 8.
1484:Walsh, "Leosthenes", pp. 6, 7.
1351:Walsh, "Lamiaka", pp. 542–544.
1342:Walsh, "Lamiaka", pp. 539–542.
1:
3111:Wars involving ancient Athens
519:, who composed an epic named
90:Most states in Central Greece
2288:, p. 36, gives 17 September.
1834:Athenian Propertied Families
2905:Wars of Alexander the Great
2699:, Vol. 13 (2012), pp. 1–11.
2697:Studia Humaniora Tartuensia
2566:, London, Routledge, 1992.
2509:The League of the Aitolians
2490:, Oxford, Routledge, 2014.
1950:The League of the Aitolians
1735:The Hellenistic Peloponnese
1722:The Hellenistic Peloponnese
1652:The Hellenistic Peloponnese
1630:The Hellenistic Peloponnese
1608:The Hellenistic Peloponnese
1134:Bust of Demosthenes in the
417:Sources and name of the war
3144:
2641:5 (1982) pp. 123–127.
2598:, 1971, 95-1, pp. 223–244.
685:this chronological order:
577:razed Thebes to the ground
3077:
2824:Wars of the Delian League
2688:(2011) 61.2, pp. 538–544.
2201:, vol. III, pp. 113, 114.
1810:, vol. III, pp. 109, 110.
1676:, vol. III, pp. 108, 109.
1416:, vol. III, pp. 107, 108.
1360:Walsh, "Lamiaka", p. 543.
1333:Walsh, "Lamiaka", p. 538.
1186:and the sanctuary of the
1125:
436:, at the very end of the
351:, who managed to besiege
237:
118:
71:
35:
26:
2849:Second Peloponnesian War
2673:(Claremont: 2009) 72-88.
2666:, n°48, 1924, pp. 23–30.
1737:, pp. 87, 106 (note 11).
873:(on the southern tip of
579:. Four years later, the
335:since 365 BC, while the
331:, colonised by Athenian
319:just after the death of
2834:First Peloponnesian War
2607:The Classical Quarterly
2511:, Leiden, Brill, 1999.
2245:Hammond & Walbank,
2212:The Legacy of Alexander
2197:Hammond & Walbank,
2131:Hammond & Walbank,
2063:Hammond & Walbank,
1821:The Legacy of Alexander
1806:Hammond & Walbank,
1795:The Legacy of Alexander
1780:Hammond & Walbank,
1759:Hammond & Walbank,
1698:Hammond & Walbank,
1672:Hammond & Walbank,
1593:Hammond & Walbank,
1506:Hammond & Walbank,
1445:Hammond & Walbank,
1412:Hammond & Walbank,
1274:The Legacy of Alexander
1249:The Legacy of Alexander
1145:Xenocrates of Chalcedon
773:also mentions that the
3041:Seleucid Dynastic Wars
2966:Seleucid–Parthian Wars
2900:Expansion of Macedonia
2390:17-18. Translation on
2364:. London: John Murray.
2360:Grote, George (1856).
1654:, p. 86, 106 (note 8).
1179:a regime he rejected.
1139:
801:
119:Commanders and leaders
2455:, Oxbow Books, 2001.
2449:Albert Brian Bosworth
1133:
787:
589:battle of Megalopolis
433:Bibliotheca historica
386:, and even trade its
3121:Regency of Antipater
2941:Seleucid–Mauryan war
2781:Second Messenian War
2634:(1982), pp. 100–108.
2434:17, 1983, pp. 47–63.
2247:History of Macedonia
2199:History of Macedonia
2133:History of Macedonia
2065:History of Macedonia
1912:Diodorus, xviii. 15.
1808:History of Macedonia
1782:History of Macedonia
1700:History of Macedonia
1674:History of Macedonia
1595:History of Macedonia
1508:History of Macedonia
1447:History of Macedonia
1414:History of Macedonia
974:In a short passage,
951:, which belonged to
563:alliance called the
407:Alexander's generals
403:Wars of the Diadochi
2829:Third Messenian War
2786:Lydian–Milesian War
2771:First Messenian War
2686:Classical Quarterly
2664:Revue de Philologie
2612:Stella G. Miller, "
2249:, vol. III, p. 114.
2135:, vol. III, p. 113.
2067:, vol. III, p. 111.
2019:, p. 36 (note 138).
1784:, vol. III, p. 109.
1702:, vol. III, p. 109.
1510:, vol. III, p. 107.
1449:, vol. III, p. 108.
1192:battle of Chaeronea
557:battle of Chaeronea
454:Alexander the Great
321:Alexander the Great
3016:Roman–Seleucid War
2875:Theban–Spartan War
2814:Greco-Persian Wars
2755:Ancient Greek wars
2646:Der Lamische Krieg
2590:Denis Knoepfler, "
2507:John D. Grainger,
2486:Michael D. Dixon,
1155:in the harbour of
1140:
1126:Athens' punishment
1087:Menon of Pharsalus
1065:for Leonnatus and
1004:invasion of Greece
802:
670:Diodorus of Sicily
621:Declaration of war
517:Choerilus of Iasus
428:Diodorus of Sicily
144:Menon of Pharsalus
63:Macedonian victory
3106:320s BC conflicts
3088:
3087:
3026:War against Nabis
2839:Second Sacred War
2719:978-0-19-927759-9
2639:The Ancient World
2624:Stephen G. Miller
2601:Gunther Martin, "
2586:978-1-910589-60-1
2522:Christian Habicht
2496:978-0-415-73551-3
2475:978-0-19-815306-1
969:Cleitus the White
627:Alexander's death
616:Course of the war
565:League of Corinth
380:battle of Krannon
361:Cleitus the White
292:
291:
196:
195:
148:Euetion (admiral)
67:
66:
3133:
3081:Military history
3051:Mithridatic Wars
3036:Maccabean Revolt
2984:
2961:Chremonidean War
2890:Third Sacred War
2885:
2791:First Sacred War
2748:
2741:
2734:
2725:
2704:Classical Review
2651:N. V. Sekunda, "
2539:N. G. L. Hammond
2384:Diodorus Siculus
2366:
2365:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2256:
2250:
2243:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2144:Yardley et al.,
2142:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2079:Yardley et al.,
2077:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2050:Yardley et al.,
2048:
2042:
2037:Yardley et al.,
2035:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1685:Yardley et al.,
1683:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1580:Yardley et al.,
1578:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1430:
1425:Yardley et al.,
1423:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1399:Yardley et al.,
1397:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1252:
1245:
1083:following battle
986:off the city of
976:Diodorus Siculus
938:Third Sacred War
922:Thermopylae pass
771:N. G. L. Hammond
745:, the island of
707:Phthiotic Thebes
703:Achaea Phthiotis
510:Chremonidean War
464:Flavian emperors
365:Echinades island
232:
222:
215:
208:
199:
177:
136:
37:
36:
31:
19:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3073:
2989:Macedonian Wars
2982:
2909:
2883:
2870:Theban hegemony
2800:
2757:
2752:
2706:63 (1949) 87-90
2614:Menon's Cistern
2576:Ioanna Kralli,
2560:Waldemar Heckel
2427:
2401:Funeral Oration
2380:
2378:Ancient sources
2375:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2240:
2236:, pp. 118, 119.
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2152:
2148:, pp. 133, 134.
2143:
2139:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2054:, pp. 128, 129.
2049:
2045:
2041:, pp. 131, 132.
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:, pp. 524, 525.
1831:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1217:
1149:Plato's Academy
1128:
1123:
1038:
961:
913:
798:Corinthian Gulf
792:fortress, with
678:
623:
618:
593:Aetolian League
539:In 338 BC, the
537:
484:
424:
419:
411:Hellenistic era
337:Aetolian League
293:
288:
233:
228:
226:
192:
173:
156:
132:
114:
93:
86:Aetolian League
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3093:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
2986:
2978:
2973:
2971:Cleomenean War
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2866:
2861:
2859:Corinthian War
2856:
2854:Phyle Campaign
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2707:
2700:
2689:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2621:
2610:
2599:
2588:
2574:
2557:
2536:
2519:
2505:
2498:
2484:
2479:J. K. Davies,
2477:
2463:
2446:
2435:
2426:
2425:Modern sources
2423:
2422:
2421:
2403:
2394:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2321:
2308:
2290:
2277:
2264:
2251:
2238:
2225:
2216:
2203:
2190:
2177:
2163:
2150:
2137:
2124:
2111:
2098:
2085:
2069:
2056:
2043:
2030:
2021:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1825:
1812:
1799:
1786:
1773:
1764:
1752:
1739:
1726:
1713:
1704:
1691:
1678:
1665:
1656:
1643:
1634:
1621:
1612:
1599:
1586:
1568:
1555:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1477:
1464:
1451:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1389:
1376:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1278:
1265:
1253:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1216:
1215:Historiography
1213:
1147:, the head of
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1110:Brian Bosworth
1101:took place at
1037:
1034:
1012:largest battle
960:
959:The war at sea
957:
912:
909:
882:Euboean League
818:Acte peninsula
753:, some of the
677:
674:
622:
619:
617:
614:
569:Persian empire
536:
533:
525:siege of Lamia
498:Duris of Samos
493:Persian Empire
489:victorious war
483:
480:
438:Roman Republic
423:
420:
418:
415:
290:
289:
287:
286:
281:
275:
274:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
242:
238:
235:
234:
227:
225:
224:
217:
210:
202:
194:
193:
191:
190:
184:
179:
166:
159:
157:
155:
154:
149:
146:
141:
138:
124:
121:
120:
116:
115:
113:
112:
107:
102:
96:
94:
92:
91:
88:
83:
77:
74:
73:
69:
68:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
51:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3139:
3138:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3069:War of Actium
3067:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:Aeginetan War
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2796:Sicilian Wars
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Lelantine War
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2730:
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2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
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2687:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2644:Schmitt, O.,
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2572:0-203-97389-5
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:F. W. Walbank
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:9780674051119
2531:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2504:(1975) 51-57.
2503:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2461:1-84217-092-9
2458:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Lacus Curtius
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2306:, pp. 40, 41.
2305:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2214:, pp. 78, 79.
2213:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2188:, pp. 39, 40.
2187:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
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1835:
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1826:
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1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1523:, pp. 34, 35.
1522:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1468:
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1455:
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1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
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1396:
1394:
1390:
1387:, pp. 30, 31.
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
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1234:
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1193:
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1177:
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1092:
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1084:
1078:
1076:
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1056:
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1049:, who was in
1048:
1044:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1017:
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1005:
999:
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902:
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868:
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852:
848:
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839:
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831:
827:
823:
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736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
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708:
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663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
620:
615:
613:
610:
606:
605:Olympic Games
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:Alexander III
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
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490:
481:
479:
477:
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451:
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439:
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429:
421:
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399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:had to leave
338:
334:
330:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
272:
271:
268:
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263:
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255:
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250:
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245:
244:
240:
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236:
231:
223:
218:
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188:
185:
183:
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178:
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167:
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137:
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129:
126:
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89:
87:
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62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
47:
46:
42:
39:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3079:
3031:Galatian War
3021:Aetolian War
2983:(220–217 BC)
2929:
2928:Wars of the
2922:
2884:(357–355 BC)
2868:Wars of the
2864:Boeotian War
2710:
2703:
2696:
2685:
2679:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2617:
2606:
2595:
2577:
2563:
2546:
2525:
2508:
2501:
2487:
2480:
2466:
2452:
2442:
2431:
2409:
2400:
2387:
2373:Bibliography
2361:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2332:, pp. 40–42.
2329:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2285:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2228:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2158:
2153:
2145:
2140:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2080:
2064:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2016:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1952:, pp. 59–61.
1949:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1823:, pp. 8, 61.
1820:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1781:
1776:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1734:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1707:
1699:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1563:
1558:
1537:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1489:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1426:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1384:
1379:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1276:, pp. 24–28.
1273:
1268:
1248:
1243:
1228:George Grote
1225:
1218:
1209:
1199:
1181:
1172:constitution
1169:
1161:
1141:
1115:
1108:
1099:final battle
1095:
1079:
1039:
1027:
1020:
1000:
992:
973:
962:
942:
926:
914:
890:
879:
860:
843:
841:of the war.
803:
682:Nemean Games
679:
676:Belligerents
647:
624:
538:
520:
514:
491:against the
485:
458:
431:
425:
400:
373:
345:Persian Wars
325:
301:Hellenic War
300:
296:
294:
229:
174:
133:
72:Belligerents
3046:Achaean War
2981:Social War
2976:Lyttian War
2951:Syrian Wars
2946:Pyrrhic War
2915:Hellenistic
2895:Foreign War
2882:Social War
2418:Demosthenes
2388:Bibliotheke
1188:Amphiareion
984:Malian Gulf
965:quadriremes
905:Acrocorinth
895:of Thebes (
855:Demosthenes
806:Peloponnese
790:Acrocorinth
779:Seuthes III
601:Mesopotamia
472:Demosthenes
396:Demosthenes
252:Thermopylae
3101:Lamian War
3095:Categories
3011:Cretan War
2923:Lamian War
2844:Samian War
2555:0198148151
2517:9004109110
2432:Antichthon
2416:23–29 and
2397:Hypereides
2210:Bosworth,
1948:Grainger,
1819:Bosworth,
1793:Bosworth,
1272:Bosworth,
1247:Bosworth,
1235:References
1165:Hypereides
1043:Lysimachus
1023:Hellespont
893:acropoleis
865:, as only
863:Aegean Sea
820:including
755:Molossians
751:Ionian Sea
654:Leosthenes
541:Macedonian
535:Background
502:Hieronymus
442:Hieronymus
392:oligarchic
349:Leosthenes
297:Lamian War
230:Lamian War
140:Antiphilus
128:Leosthenes
43:323–322 BC
22:Lamian War
2806:Classical
2328:Habicht,
2315:Habicht,
2302:Habicht,
2271:Habicht,
2258:Habicht,
2184:Habicht,
2092:Habicht,
2083:, p. 132.
1689:, p. 121.
1584:, p. 131.
1562:Habicht,
1519:Habicht,
1495:strategos
1471:Habicht,
1458:Habicht,
1429:, p. 120.
1403:, p. 126.
1383:Habicht,
1196:Perdiccas
1121:Aftermath
1071:Cleopatra
1047:Leonnatus
980:Echinades
945:strategos
886:Acarnania
822:Epidaurus
743:Athamania
666:strategos
635:Aristotle
561:hegemonic
545:Philip II
529:Antipater
388:democracy
353:Antipater
333:clerurchs
313:Macedonia
299:, or the
279:Echinades
189:(admiral)
169:Leonnatus
163:Antipater
100:Macedonia
2930:Diadochi
2502:Chiron 5
2406:Plutarch
2319:, p. 10.
2284:Heckel,
2275:, p. 40.
2262:, p. 40.
2232:Heckel,
2157:Heckel,
2122:, p. 36.
2118:Heckel,
2109:, p. 94.
2105:Heckel,
2096:, p. 39.
2015:Heckel,
1885:, p. 47.
1832:Davies,
1733:Kralli,
1724:, p. 86.
1720:Kralli,
1650:Kralli,
1632:, p. 86.
1628:Kralli,
1610:, p. 85.
1606:Kralli,
1566:, p. 36.
1475:, p. 37.
1462:, p. 36.
1251:, p. 27.
1221:Dexippus
1205:Epicurus
1200:de facto
1176:drachmas
1153:Munychia
1091:Melitaea
1075:Olympias
1063:Eurydice
1055:Craterus
1030:Rhamnous
933:triremes
929:Thessaly
871:Carystus
851:Arcadian
838:Messenia
796:and the
775:Odrysian
769:tribes.
767:Thracian
763:Illyrian
699:Heraklea
687:Thessaly
658:Taenarum
597:Oiniadai
585:Agis III
460:Plutarch
450:generals
405:between
376:Thessaly
341:Oiniadai
309:hegemony
262:Melitaea
182:Craterus
165:(regent)
48:Location
3053: (
2991: (
2763:Archaic
2680:Lamiaka
2414:Phocion
1881:Dixon,
1746:Dixon,
1157:Piraeus
1103:Crannon
1059:Cilicia
1051:Phrygia
1016:Amorgos
995:Diolkos
988:Echinus
953:Eretria
918:Plataea
901:Corinth
847:Kleonai
826:Troezen
804:In the
800:behind.
794:Corinth
749:in the
739:Dolopia
735:Alyzeia
713:except
705:except
697:except
691:Pelinna
689:except
639:Chalcis
631:Demades
581:Spartan
555:at the
521:Lamiaka
476:Phocion
422:Sources
390:for an
378:at the
369:Amorgos
284:Amorgos
267:Crannon
247:Plataea
187:Cleitus
175:†
152:Phocion
134:†
105:Boeotia
3059:Second
3005:Fourth
2997:Second
2717:
2648:(1992)
2584:
2570:
2553:
2532:
2515:
2494:
2473:
2459:
2420:27–30.
2146:Justin
2081:Justin
2052:Justin
2039:Justin
1687:Justin
1582:Justin
1427:Justin
1401:Justin
1198:, who
1184:Oropus
1136:Louvre
1053:, and
1008:Xerxes
899:) and
897:Cadmea
875:Euboea
867:Rhodes
836:, and
830:Phlius
816:, the
814:Sicyon
759:Epirus
747:Leukas
727:Phokis
723:Locris
695:Oetaea
662:Darius
650:Persis
643:Euboea
553:Athens
549:Thebes
506:Cardia
468:Trajan
446:Cardia
384:Attica
317:Greece
305:Athens
171:
130:
110:Euboea
81:Athens
60:Result
53:Greece
3063:Third
3055:First
3001:Third
2993:First
2691:——, "
2676:——, "
2437:——, "
2410:Lives
1067:Phila
949:Styra
810:Argos
777:king
731:Ainis
719:Doris
715:Lamia
711:Malis
609:Samos
583:king
543:king
357:Lamia
329:Samos
315:over
257:Lamia
2715:ISBN
2678:The
2582:ISBN
2568:ISBN
2551:ISBN
2530:ISBN
2513:ISBN
2492:ISBN
2471:ISBN
2465:——,
2457:ISBN
1170:The
869:and
834:Elis
824:and
788:The
765:and
551:and
482:Name
474:and
466:and
367:and
295:The
241:Land
40:Date
2695:",
2684:",
2655:",
2630:",
2626:, "
2616:",
2605:",
2594:",
2441:",
1057:in
1006:by
757:in
641:in
504:of
452:of
444:of
311:of
273:Sea
3097::
3061:,
3057:,
3003:,
2999:,
2995:,
2562:,
2545:,
2541:,
2524:,
2412:,
2408:,
2399:,
2386:,
2293:^
2166:^
2072:^
1571:^
1546:^
1434:^
1392:^
1365:^
1281:^
1256:^
1207:.
940:.
832:,
828:,
812:,
808:,
741:,
737:,
733:,
729:,
725:,
721:,
717:,
709:,
701:,
693:,
672:.
645:.
456:.
413:.
371:.
3065:)
3007:)
2747:e
2740:t
2733:v
903:(
221:e
214:t
207:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
