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and engineers. Full-scale load tests conducted by placing 14.3 tonnes (31,500 lb) of sandbags on the roof exceeded the design specs by 50%. The noted deflections were also in favor of the system. While the results took some time to get published, the test enabled Unit
Structures to continue building with glulam. At this time, I-sections featuring plywood webs and glulam flanges became popular in Europe while rectangular sections became the norm in America. The I-sections saved on lumber, which was beneficial to Europeans as they had high lumber costs but were more labor intensive, which was expensive in the States. The glulam system piqued the interest of those on the west coast and many firms began to engage with it.
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381:(MUF) resin can also be used. For straight beams, the resinated lumber is stacked in a specific lay-up pattern in a clamping bed where a mechanical or hydraulic system presses the layers together. For curved beams, the lumber is instead stacked in a curved form. These beams are cured at room temperature for 5 to 16 hours before the pressure is released. Combining pressure with RF curing can reduce the time needed for curing.
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741:-shaped building formed the frame with a glued-laminated timber beam and steel-rod skeleton covered with a glass skin. Considering the conventional mode of construction with steel or reinforced concrete moment-frame, this glulam-and-steel combination case is regarded as an advanced way to realize the economy and aesthetic in the construction.
323:, Germany, patented this method of construction. Approved in Switzerland, Hetzer's patent explored creating a straight beam out of several laminations glued together. In 1906 he received a patent in Germany for curved sections of glulam. Other countries in Europe soon began approving patents and by 1922, glulam had been used in 14 countries.
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structure. Though the reinforcements were unnecessary, ground finally broke in late 1934 featuring four spans of three-hinged arches with clear spans of 20 metres (64 ft). The partnership for this project lead to the creation of Unit
Structures Inc., a construction firm for glulam owned by both the Hanisch and Thompson families.
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Compared to steel and reinforced concrete, glulam generally requires larger members to support the same load. The cross-sectional area and height of glulam members are significantly greater than those of steel. Compared to concrete, glulam columns will be smaller for small axial loads, but once large
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The technology was first brought to the United States by Max
Hanisch Sr., who had been associated with the Hetzer firm in 1906 before emigrating to the United States in 1923. With no financial backing, it was not until 1934 that Hanisch was able to first use glulam in the United States. The project,
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The manufacturing of glulam is typically broken down into four steps: drying and grading the lumber, joining the lumber to form longer laminations, gluing the layers, and finishing and fabrication. The lumber used to produce glulam may come to the manufacturers pre-dried. A hand-held or on the line
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In 1942, the introduction of a fully water-resistant phenol-resorcinol adhesive enabled glulam to be used in exposed exterior environments without concern of glue line degradation, expanding its applicable market. During the midst of World War II, glulam construction became more widespread as steel
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In 1936, Unit
Structures patented both the forming equipment used to produce glulam arches and the glulam arches themselves. A second project, this time for the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), gave Unit Structures the opportunity to prove the strength and stiffness of glulam members to architects
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took on the project. The
Wisconsin Industrial Commission, however, rejected the arches as they had no previous experience working with glulam. A compromise was reached in which the arches could be used if they were used in conjunction with bolts, lags, metal strapping, and angles to reinforce the
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Glulam has a higher strength to weight ratio compared to both concrete and steel. Glulam also reduces the impact defects in the wood have on the strength of the member making it stronger than sawn lumber as well. Glulam has also been proven to have a higher resistance to lateral-torsional
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with glulam allowed for production of glulam beams and columns on large scale. Glulam finger joints provide a large surface area for gluing. Automatic finger-jointing machines cut the pointed joints, connect and glue them together under pressure, allowing for a strong, durable joint, capable of
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Large stadium roofs are a common application for wide-span glulam beams. Advantages are the light weight of the material and the ability to furnish long lengths and large cross-sections. Prefabrication is invariably employed and the structural engineer needs to specify methods for delivery and
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because the laminating process allows the timber to be used for much longer spans, heavier loads, and more complex shapes than reinforced concrete or steel. The embodied energy to produce it is one sixth of that of a comparable strength of steel. Also, as glulam is a wood product, it naturally
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The wide-side faces faces of the beams are sanded or planed to remove resin that was squeezed out between the boards. The narrow top and bottom faces may also be sanded if necessary to achieve the desired appearance. Corners are often rounded as well. Specifications for appearance may require
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was needed for the war effort. In 1952, leading fabricators of engineered and solid wood joined forces to create the
American Institute of Timber Construction (AITC) to help standardize the industry and promote its use. The first U.S. manufacturing standard for glulam was published by the
434:(CNC) allows to cut glued laminated timber into unusual shapes with a high degree of precision. CNC machine tools can utilize up to five axes, which enables undercutting and hollowing-out processes. The cost-effective CNC machines carve the material using mechanical tools, like a router.
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Glulam is used extensively in public facilities due to its ability to span large spaces without the need for intermediate supports. This quality is particularly beneficial in creating open, airy interiors that are both functional and visually striking. The
Lokameru Sunsetfalls in
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By laminating a number of smaller pieces of lumber into a single large structural member, the dimensions of glulam members are only limited by transport and handling rather than the size of a tree like sawn lumber. This also enables the use of smaller trees harvested from
906:, Norway, collapsed as two vehicles were crossing. It was made with glulam and steel construction and had been erected in 2012, with a design life of "at least 100 years". The cause of the failure was not immediately apparent, although during the 2016 inspection
793:: Glulam's high strength-to-weight ratio allows for the creation of large, open spaces free of columns or other supports that could obstruct views. This is especially important in wedding chapels, where an unobstructed view of the ceremony is desirable.
370:(MF) or PF resin, is applied to the joint between successive boards and cured under end pressure using a continuous RF curing system. After the resins have cured, the lumber is cut to length and planed on each side to ensure smooth surfaces for gluing.
799:: Glulam can be shaped into various forms, including curves and angles that traditional solid wood might not easily achieve. This versatility allows architects to design unique and iconic wedding chapels that stand out for their architectural beauty.
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museum in France is composed of sixteen kilometers of glued laminated timber intersecting to form hexagonal units. With a surface area of 8,000 m, the irregular geometry of the roof, featuring various curves and counter-curves, resembles a
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Knots on the ends of the dried lumber are trimmed. Lumber is then grouped based on the grade. To create lengths of glulam longer than those typically available for sawn lumber, the lumber must be end-jointed. The most common joint for this is a
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moisture meter is used to check the moisture level. Each piece of lumber going into the manufacturing process should have a moisture content between 8% and 14% in accordance with the adhesive used. Lumber above this threshold is redried.
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Glulam may be more costly than concrete at high axial loads, though this depends on location and availability/ abundance of either material. While glulam beams may be cheaper than HEA steel beams in some cases, it is not a significant
779:: Glulam offers a warm, natural look that enhances the romantic and serene atmosphere of a wedding chapel. The exposed wooden beams can be crafted into elegant arches or intricate patterns, adding to the visual interest of the space.
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Glulam, especially when used for bridge projects, is susceptible to changes in moisture which can impact its strength. The bending strength of glulam exposed to a number of wet/dry cycles can decrease dramatically (by 43.5% in one
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glulam timbers or timbers manufactured from naturally durable wood species are well suited for creating bridges and waterfront structures. Wood is naturally resistant to corrosion by salt used for de-icing roadways.
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in 1963. Since then, glulam manufacturing has spread within the United States and into Canada and has been used for other structures, such as bridges, as well. It is currently standardized under ANSI Standard A190.1.
805:: Glulam is a sustainable building material, often sourced from sustainably managed forests. Its use in wedding chapels aligns with the growing trend toward environmentally conscious construction practices.
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While glulam is inherently flammable because it is made of wood, if it catches on fire a char layer forms that protects the interior of the member and thus maintains the strength of the member for some
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bonded together with durable, moisture-resistant structural adhesives so that all of the grain runs parallel to the longitudinal axis. In North
America, the material providing the laminations is termed
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895:, Norway, in 2016 was caused by a design miscalculation of stresses at joints. Following this incident thirteen road bridges of glulam construction were checked, with only minor faults found.
872:, Sweden, found a number of failures of glulam structures in Scandinavian countries. They concluded that construction faults or design errors were responsible. In January 2002 the roof of the
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resin glues are inexpensive, easy to use, waterproof and enable high adhesive strength. The development of resin glues contributed to the wide use of glued laminated timber construction.
494:, keeping it from being released into the atmosphere. As long as the wood used to manufacture the glulam members comes from a sustainably managed forest, glulam is a renewable resource.
406:) were widely used. Joints with casein glues had detachment failures due to inherent stresses in the wood. Cold-curing synthetic resin glues were invented in 1928. "Kaurit" and other
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773:, is one notable application of glulam is in the construction of wedding chapels. The use of glulam in these structures provides several advantages:
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Engineered Wood
Products Manufacturing. (2002). In: AP-42: Compilation of Air Emissions Factors. Environmental Protection Agency. Available at:
1191:"A Review of the Performance and Benefits of Mass Timber as an Alternative to Concrete and Steel for Improving the Sustainability of Structures"
458:. Glulam can also be manufactured in a variety of shapes, so it offers architects artistic freedom without sacrificing structural requirements.
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Sean How, S., Shing Sik, H. and
Khairun Anwar Uyup, M. (2016). An Overview of Manufacturing Process of Glued-Laminated Timber. Available at:
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Booth, L.G. (1994). "Henry Fuller's Glued Laminated Timber Roof for Rusholme Road Congregational Sunday School and other early Timber Roofs".
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As an alternative to new-felled oak trees, glued laminated timber was proposed as the structural material in the replacement spire of
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725:, is one such example and uses glulam to enhance the ecological and aesthetic effect. It was built as the replacement of the
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Rhude, Andreas Jordahl (January 1996). "Structural glued laminated timber: History of its origins and early development".
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is an example of a wide-span sports stadium roof using glulam arches reaching up to 85 metres. The structure was built in
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Assessment of glulam structures: moisture monitoring and investigation on the effect of climatic conditions on durability
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additional finishing such as filling knot holes with putty, finer sanding, and applying sealers, finishes, or primers.
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Because the size and shape of glulam members can be so variable, they are able to be used as both beams and columns.
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Glulam is used for the construction of multi-use facilities such as churches, school buildings, and libraries. The
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306401137_An_Overview_of_Manufacturing_Process_of_Glued-Laminated_Timber
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in Norway, completed in 2001, is almost completely constructed with glulam. The Kingsway Pedestrian Bridge in
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Timber Engineering Europe Ltd. Glulam beams. Timberengineeringeurope.com. Retrieved on 27 September 2015.
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was built in 1963 with the world's largest glued laminated arches, which span 93.967 metres (308 ft
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Hansson, M.; Larsen, H. J. (1 October 2005). "Recent failures in glulam structures and their causes".
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319:, England. The first patent however emerged in 1901 when Otto Karl Freidrich Hetzer, a carpenter from
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The principles of glulam construction are believed to date back to the 1860s, in the assembly room of
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1814:– An article (Printed in STRUCTURE magazine, Sep. 2006) by Gary W. Gray P.E. and Paul C. Gilham P.E.
1315:"A comparative study between glulam and concrete columns in view of design, economy and environment"
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When glued laminated timber was introduced as a building material in the early twentieth century,
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Ayanleye, Samuel; Udele, Kenneth; Nasir, Vahid; Zhang, Xuefeng; Militz, Holger (April 2022).
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Once planed, a glue extruder spreads the resin onto the lumber. This resin is most often
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walking deck, and stainless steel support rods connecting the arch to the walking deck.
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in 1989. The 2,010-square-metre (21,600 sq ft), 34-metre-high (110 ft)
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Hassan, O.A.B. and Johansson, C. (2018). "Glued laminated timber and steel beams".
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331:, took time to get started, as manufacturers were hard to find, but eventually the
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axial forces come into play, concrete columns have a smaller cross-sectional area.
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The interior of Lokameru Sunsetfalls wedding chapel using glued laminated timber
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539:. In regions with higher risk, measures to protect the glulam need to be taken.
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Case Study: Cathedral of Christ The Light - The Ultimate Engineering Challenge
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1763:"Timber bridge in Norway 'built to last 100 years' collapses after a decade"
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Abed, Joseph; Rayburg, Scott; Rodwell, John; Neave, Melissa (January 2022).
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Glulam has been used for pedestrian, forest, highway, and railway bridges.
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glulam posts support the overhangs where the roof extends beyond the walls.
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carrying high loads comparable to natural wood with the same cross-section.
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fastenings. In February 2003 the roof of a newly built exhibition hall in
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Emergent timber technologies: materials, structures, engineering, projects
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Hassan, Osama A. B.; A.a., Nour Emad; Abdulahad, Gabriel (1 June 2022).
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In 2019, the world's tallest structure employing the use of glulam was
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604:, built for speed skating events at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in
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1100:. Pascha, Khaled Saleh,, Hascher, Rainer, 1950-. Basel. p. 40.
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1742:. School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University
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1162:"APA Publication Search - APA – The Engineered Wood Association"
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erection of the large members at an early stage in the design.
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1455:"Durability and protection of mass timber structures: A review"
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1589:"Notre-Dame de Paris : la restauration de la Cathédrale"
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in the Black Hills of South Dakota, constructed in 1967. The
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in 1967, and has subsequently been refurbished and extended.
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Disney ICE - the warmth of wood heats up an Anaheim ice rink
910:, one joint was found to have dowels that were too short.
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As a wood product, glulam is subject to concern regarding
1558:"Will the skyscrapers of the future be made out of wood?"
1504:. Imagelibrary.bcfii.ca. Retrieved on 27 September 2015.
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https://www3.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch10/final/c10s09.pdf
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Ong, C. B. (1 January 2015), Ansell, Martin P. (ed.),
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in Copenhagen collapsed when a joint between glulam
1703:"Durable Timber Bridges Final Report and Guidelines"
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148:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1431:Uwizeyimana, P., Perrin, M. and Eyma, F. (2022). "
1608:, Adrian Welch, e-architect.co.uk, 18 August 2018
612:lamstock lumber in glulam beams. A total of 34
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1545:. APA - The Engineered Wood Association. 2008.
1046:"History of APA, Plywood, and Engineered Wood"
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1403:Quesada, H.; Adhikari, S.; Smith, R. (2022).
1279:Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology
305:Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge
244:Glulam brace with plates used for connections
8:
1737:"Viability of Modern Timber Highway Bridges"
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442:Advantages to using glulam in construction:
333:Thompson Brothers Boat Manufacturing Company
1606:Mjøstårnet: World's Tallest Timber Building
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402:glues (which are waterproof but have lower
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1128:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1238:, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 123–140,
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226:Learn how and when to remove this message
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
1735:Legg, Chris; Tingley, Dan (3 May 2019).
1587:Carpentier, Stéphane (24 January 2021).
781:
101:of all important aspects of the article.
1619:"World's tallest timber building opens"
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454:and plantations rather than relying on
1319:Case Studies in Construction Materials
1121:
891:The collapse of the Perkolo bridge in
650:Heavy-traffic Accoya Glulam Bridge at
97:Please consider expanding the lead to
1524:APA - The Engineered Wood Association
1421:from the original on 18 January 2024.
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303:Curved glulam-framed building at the
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1502:Naturally:wood Richmond Olympic Oval
1232:"7 - Glue-laminated timber (Glulam)"
678:One North American glulam bridge is
146:adding citations to reliable sources
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727:Cathedral of Saint Francis de Sales
1244:10.1016/B978-1-78242-454-3.00007-X
729:, which became unusable after the
713:formed with glued laminated timber
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1688:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2004.12.020
267:product constituted by layers of
45:This article has multiple issues.
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1818:Timber Engineering Europe Glulam
1812:Glulam Beam Repair/Reinforcement
1556:Elbein, Saul (13 January 2020).
252:Glulam frame of a roof structure
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34:
2097:Oriented structural straw board
1761:Jessel, Ella (15 August 2022).
1459:Journal of Building Engineering
133:needs additional citations for
89:may be too short to adequately
53:or discuss these issues on the
1412:Virginia Cooperative Extension
375:phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde
327:a school and community gym in
99:provide an accessible overview
1:
1714:Research Institutes of Sweden
1364:Harris, Mark (October 2012).
719:Cathedral of Christ the Light
711:Cathedral of Christ the Light
1823:Canadian Wood Council Glulam
1701:Pousette, Anna; et al.
1676:Engineering Failure Analysis
1370:Engineering & Technology
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880:failed at the point of its
606:Vancouver, British Columbia
577:Eastern Kentucky University
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2488:Non-timber forest products
2112:Structural insulated panel
1472:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103731
1332:10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e00966
634:using large double-curved
628:Disney Development Company
475:Environmentally friendly -
432:Computer numerical control
427:Computer numerical control
389:Technological developments
379:melamine-urea-formaldehyde
263:, is a type of structural
259:, commonly referred to as
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1287:10.1108/jedt-12-2017-0130
754:destroyed by fire in 2019
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688:Burnaby, British Columbia
2453:Destructive distillation
868:In 2005, researchers at
468:Strength and stiffness -
157:"Glued laminated timber"
2473:Green building and wood
1405:"Glue-Laminated Timber"
1020:Forest Products Journal
874:Siemens velodrome arena
840:, Norway. In 2022, the
662:Glulam bridge crossing
289:Sheffield Winter Garden
2117:Wood–plastic composite
2043:Glued laminated timber
2038:Cross-laminated timber
1787:Teknomers English News
1645:"Centre Pompidou Metz"
1096:Simone, Jeska (2015).
966:"Faculty of Education"
825:
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731:Loma Prieta earthquake
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477:Glulam has much lower
346:Department of Commerce
313:King Edward VI College
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257:Glued laminated timber
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2190:Corrugated fiberboard
2092:Oriented strand board
1366:"Wood goes high-rise"
1281:, 16(3), pp.398–417.
935:Oriented strand board
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797:Versatility in Design
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626:was built in 1995 by
602:Richmond Olympic Oval
558:Richmond Olympic Oval
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452:second-growth forests
368:melamine formaldehyde
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287:Glulam arches of the
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2575:WikiProject Forestry
1382:10.1049/et.2012.0902
993:Construction History
964:Smith and Wallwork.
853:Centre Pompidou-Metz
709:The interior of the
471:buckling than steel.
142:improve this article
2596:Composite materials
2336:Ramial chipped wood
1568:on 17 February 2021
1562:National Geographic
791:Structural Strength
748:Notre-Dame de Paris
723:Oakland, California
701:Religious buildings
624:Anaheim, California
483:reinforced concrete
329:Peshtigo, Wisconsin
2253:Cellulosic ethanol
1768:New Civil Engineer
1441:10.24451/2xwb-rt40
1208:10.3390/su14095570
1151:Jeska 2015, p. 46.
1142:Jeska 2015, p. 41.
898:On 15 August 2022
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456:old-growth forests
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2518:Wood preservation
2463:Engineered bamboo
2283:Pyroligneous acid
1623:US Forest Service
1253:978-1-78242-454-3
664:Montmorency River
654:, the Netherlands
569:PostFinance Arena
492:sequesters carbon
408:urea-formaldehyde
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2508:Timber recycling
2503:Reclaimed lumber
2493:Natural building
2458:Dry distillation
2412:Split-rail fence
1852:
1845:
1838:
1829:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1789:. 15 August 2022
1779:
1773:
1772:
1758:
1752:
1751:
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1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1707:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1671:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1564:. Archived from
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1474:
1450:
1444:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1334:
1310:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1275:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1119:
1093:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1015:
1009:
1008:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
972:on 27 April 2016
968:. Archived from
961:
909:
851:The roof of the
777:Aesthetic Appeal
760:Public buildings
751:
750:
740:
695:precast concrete
672:Pressure-treated
600:The roof of the
596:
595:
591:
588:
549:Sport structures
533:Biodegradation -
447:Size and shape -
274:laminating stock
231:
224:
213:
206:
202:
199:
193:
191:
150:
126:
118:
111:
108:
102:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2601:Engineered wood
2586:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2539:
2523:Wood processing
2431:
2365:
2312:
2219:
2171:
2128:
2058:parallel strand
2029:
2022:
1870:
1861:
1856:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1312:
1311:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1236:Wood Composites
1229:
1228:
1224:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1166:www.apawood.org
1160:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1120:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1050:www.apawood.org
1044:
1043:
1039:
1017:
1016:
1012:
990:
989:
985:
975:
973:
963:
962:
958:
953:
916:
870:Lund University
866:
811:
762:
703:
684:da Vinci Bridge
644:
593:
589:
586:
584:
581:Alumni Coliseum
551:
546:
512:Material cost -
508:
479:embodied energy
440:
429:
416:
396:
391:
355:
297:
265:engineered wood
232:
221:
220:
219:
214:
203:
197:
194:
151:
149:
139:
127:
112:
106:
103:
96:
84:This article's
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2606:Timber framing
2603:
2598:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2555:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2448:Certified wood
2445:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2422:Timber framing
2419:
2414:
2409:
2407:Sawdust brandy
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Sandalwood oil
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:Particle board
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1806:External links
1804:
1801:
1800:
1774:
1753:
1727:
1693:
1682:(5): 808–818.
1661:
1636:
1625:. 29 July 2022
1610:
1598:
1579:
1548:
1529:
1506:
1494:
1445:
1424:
1395:
1356:
1300:
1291:
1265:
1252:
1222:
1195:Sustainability
1178:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1106:
1088:
1075:
1062:
1037:
1010:
983:
955:
954:
952:
949:
948:
947:
945:Particle board
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
915:
912:
904:Gudbrandsdalen
900:Tretten Bridge
865:
862:
832:, an 18-story
810:
807:
803:Sustainability
761:
758:
702:
699:
692:post tensioned
643:
640:
638:glulam beams.
630:and architect
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:biodegradation
530:
523:
516:
507:
504:
503:
502:
495:
472:
465:
459:
439:
436:
428:
425:
415:
412:
404:shear strength
395:
392:
390:
387:
354:
351:
315:, a school in
296:
293:
234:
233:
216:
215:
130:
128:
121:
114:
113:
93:the key points
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Laminated beam
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2618:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2576:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:List of woods
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Billet (wood)
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Hemicellulose
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:Railroad ties
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:Wood products
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1591:(in French).
1590:
1583:
1580:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1107:9783038215028
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
984:
971:
967:
960:
957:
950:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
913:
911:
905:
901:
896:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
863:
861:
859:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
823:
819:
815:
808:
806:
804:
800:
798:
794:
792:
784:
780:
778:
774:
772:
768:
759:
757:
755:
749:
742:
739:
738:
737:vesica piscis
732:
728:
724:
720:
712:
707:
700:
698:
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
673:
665:
660:
653:
648:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
559:
555:
548:
543:
538:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
517:
513:
510:
509:
506:Disadvantages
505:
499:
498:Fire safety -
496:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:
469:
466:
463:
462:Versatility -
460:
457:
453:
448:
445:
444:
443:
437:
435:
433:
426:
424:
421:
420:finger joints
414:Finger joints
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
393:
388:
386:
382:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
359:
353:Manufacturing
352:
350:
347:
341:
337:
334:
330:
324:
322:
318:
314:
306:
301:
294:
290:
285:
281:
279:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
250:
242:
238:
230:
227:
212:
209:
201:
190:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166:
162:
159: –
158:
154:
153:Find sources:
147:
143:
137:
136:
131:This article
129:
125:
120:
119:
110:
100:
94:
92:
87:
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2562:
2532:
2427:Wooden masts
2397:Dugout canoe
2382:Bavin (wood)
2331:Black liquor
2268:Liquid smoke
2042:
2018:Utility pole
2003:Timber truss
1923:Log building
1791:. Retrieved
1786:
1777:
1766:
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1716:. p. 96
1709:
1696:
1679:
1675:
1652:. Retrieved
1649:Architectuul
1648:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
1601:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:the original
1551:
1538:
1532:
1515:
1509:
1497:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1427:
1411:
1398:
1376:(9): 43–45.
1373:
1369:
1359:
1322:
1318:
1294:
1278:
1257:, retrieved
1235:
1225:
1198:
1194:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1097:
1091:
1078:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:
1040:
1026:(1): 15–22.
1023:
1019:
1013:
996:
992:
986:
974:. Retrieved
970:the original
959:
897:
890:
867:
850:
844:building in
836:building in
827:
802:
801:
796:
795:
790:
789:
776:
775:
763:
743:
716:
680:Keystone Wye
677:
669:
618:
614:yellow cedar
599:
566:
562:
544:Applications
532:
526:Dimensions -
525:
518:
511:
497:
474:
467:
461:
446:
441:
430:
417:
397:
383:
372:
364:finger joint
360:
356:
342:
338:
325:
310:
277:
273:
260:
256:
255:
237:
222:
204:
195:
185:
178:
171:
164:
152:
140:Please help
135:verification
132:
104:
88:
86:lead section
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2528:Woodworking
2513:Wood drying
2498:Papermaking
2318:By-products
2224:Derivatives
2162:Pellet fuel
1903:Flitch beam
1654:13 December
1629:13 December
1572:20 February
1259:13 December
1201:(9): 5570.
1171:13 December
1055:12 December
908:(see above)
858:Chinese hat
636:yellow pine
632:Frank Gehry
620:Anaheim Ice
610:Douglas fir
597: in).
515:difference.
418:The use of
394:Resin glues
317:Southampton
2590:Categories
2370:Historical
2351:Wood flour
2200:Paperboard
2070:Fiberboard
2028:Engineered
1888:Bressummer
1465:: 103731.
1325:: e00966.
951:References
920:Fiberboard
842:Ascent MKE
838:Brumunddal
830:Mjøstårnet
822:Lake Mjøsa
818:Mjøstårnet
519:Moisture -
438:Advantages
198:March 2024
168:newspapers
107:March 2024
50:improve it
2392:Clapboard
2361:Woodchips
2356:Wood wool
2236:Cellulose
2231:Birch-tar
2185:Cardboard
2167:Wood fuel
2075:hardboard
1978:Reclaimed
1943:Panelling
1933:Log house
1928:Log cabin
1793:16 August
1746:16 August
1720:16 August
1489:244563808
1481:2352-7102
1390:1750-9637
1350:247065579
1341:2214-5095
1217:2071-1050
1124:cite book
1116:903276880
1032:214631336
999:: 29–45.
886:Jyväskylä
846:Milwaukee
834:mixed-use
771:Indonesia
91:summarize
56:talk page
2553:Category
2534:Yakisugi
2468:Forestry
2436:See also
2377:Axe ties
2346:Tall oil
2326:Barkdust
2308:Wood gas
2288:Pine tar
2278:Methanol
2210:Pulpwood
2157:Firewood
2140:Charcoal
2133:Fuelwood
2080:Masonite
2008:Treenail
1908:Flooring
1416:Archived
1028:ProQuest
1005:41613729
976:19 April
940:Parallam
930:Masonite
914:See also
864:Failures
767:Salatiga
666:, Quebec
622:rink in
278:lamstock
2564:Commons
2443:Biomass
2417:Tanbark
2341:Sawdust
2152:Firelog
2145:biochar
2107:Plywood
2065:I-joist
1983:Shingle
1938:Molding
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925:I joist
878:trusses
642:Bridges
592:⁄
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295:History
182:scholar
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2263:Lignin
2177:Fibers
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2048:veneer
1988:Siding
1968:Rafter
1963:Purlin
1878:Batten
1871:timber
1867:Lumber
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1898:Cruck
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882:dowel
809:Other
652:Sneek
501:time.
487:steel
481:than
189:JSTOR
175:books
2258:Dyes
2241:nano
2205:Pulp
2030:wood
1998:Stud
1993:Sill
1958:Post
1918:Lath
1883:Beam
1795:2022
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1722:2022
1710:RISE
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1631:2022
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1057:2022
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