670:
while those from the main island and Kauai average a length of 41.2 millimeters and 41.8 millimeters respectively. It is theorized that Oahu females grow to a relatively smaller body size because of their higher population densities, thus creating competition amongst individuals for food and space availability. Competition against other species might also be a possibility, and the inter and intraspecific competition experienced by Oahu females may also serve to explain the reduced egg production, as generally body size correlates to clutch size (smaller individuals with less internal body capacity lay fewer eggs than larger individuals). As such, Oahu females have a lower average number of eggs per clutch relative to the sexually mature female lizards on the main island and Kauai. Female lizards from Oahu have an average of 2.9 eggs, while the main island females average 4.7 eggs per clutch and Kauai females average 4.1 eggs per clutch.
294:
collagenous leptomeninges, and although their exact origin is unknown, it is hypothesized that the axons come from differentiated cells in the regenerate or from neuronal somata in the tail stump. Within the spinal cords of regenerating tails, specialized types of cells known as cerebral spinal fluid contacting neurons (CSFCN) have been observed, and they grow in a pear-like shape and are about the size of or bigger than their neighboring ependymal cells. Some distinct biomolecular features of CSFCNs include the mitochondria with few tube-like invaginations and the network of microtubules. Fingerlike luminal protrusions, large amounts of cytoskeletal elements, and the contact between fingerlike projections of receptor cell dendrites and
Reissner fibres allow for the regeneration of secretory, mechanical, and sensory functions of the tail respectively.
259:, in which males have broader, longer heads and females have larger abdomen and body sizes. Female reproduction takes place in the spring season and more commonly in the late summer, ranging between the months of September and February. A positive correlation exists between the clutch size and body size of the female, and although it is common for clutch sizes to vary between 1 and 7 eggs, the average clutch size is between 2 and 4. Communal egg nests are also common, with anywhere between 11 and over 200 eggs. Tail loss and subsequent regeneration occurs frequently with these lizards but is observed most commonly in females and adults.
33:
436:
as lizard individuals can move into different positions within their habitat to avoid overheating or raise their temperature to more optimal levels. Achieving optimum temperature levels influences their efficiency in avoiding predators and capturing prey, thus making open habitats conducive to many other behavioral characteristics. Furthermore, open litters allow for more effective foraging movements and also provide lizards with more access points and space to move, which is necessary when accessing refuge for predator avoidance. The abundance of
358:, which resides on the fringes of the rainforest, thus probably also encountered similar fragmentation and reduction. Dry habitat corridors suggest that drier vegetation served as effective barriers to enable these mesic-adapted lizards to disperse, and high elevation areas—which are patchy remnants of the moist rainforests—located more inland have also created such geographic isolation, as they offer a wetter and cooler refuge for these lizards. Additionally, the phylogeographic breaks demonstrated by
290:
performance and enhancing future predation risks. The tails also serve as fat reserves, so the length of the tail discarded correlates to the amount of energy storage lost due to autotomy. Additionally, because lizards become less active after autotomy, they increase the amount of time spent in shelters or microhabitats, which may decrease their vulnerability to predators in the short term, but impacts their foraging ability, thermoregulatory mannerisms, and tail regeneration efficiency.
520:
display a higher number of individuals with indistinct stripes. This could be a result of anti-predation tactics. Females of this species do not display the same activity level as their male counterparts so the number of females with the less distinct morphs remain lower. Sexual selection also plays a role on the continuation of this dimorphism because females seem to choose the males with higher fitness traits, in this case they favor the highly active less distinct striped males.
479:
are hypothesized to induce reproductive activity in lizards, more evidence suggests the influence of rain patterns on lizard reproduction cycles. With lower annual rainfall, annual vegetation productivity, and arthropod availability, food becomes relatively scarce for these lizards. As a result, it may influence the follicular development in female lizards, in particular the vitellogenesis cycle, although decreased rainfall may be insufficient to influence male testicular patterns.
77:
682:
694:
251:, a remote oceanic island between Australia and New Zealand, in the 1980s and subsequently introduced into the Hawaiian islands. Upon introduction, these lizards have rapidly spread themselves across the islands. On Lord Howe Island specifically, they reside in low-elevation vegetation communities. They are a diurnal species whose activity varies seasonally, in which activity peaks during the months of November and December.
52:
503:. As of now, two morphs are known: a prominent white stripe and absence of the stripe along the lateral to midsection of the body. However, expression of the stripe is reduced in males, so that the stripe in males is dull compared to striped females. The continuation of each morph is often linked to its fitness advantage in
285:
most of their caudal vertebrae have fracture planes. Although the immediate survival benefits are evident, the subsequent lack of a tail hinders locomotion, interferes with habitat use and activity, and increases an individual's susceptibility to future encounters with predators. After losing their tails,
657:
are most common on the Oahu island but are also present on other islands in Hawaii, including the main island and Kauai. These lizards bear great importance in
Hawaiian zoogeography because they have established high-altitude records amidst all the Hawaiian reptiles at 1220 meters on the Kauai island
478:
suggests that they produce no more than one clutch per season; however, some evidence suggests that young female lizards may produce a clutch in the season following their birth, which aligns with male lizards’ ability to mate during both the spring and late summer. Though temperature and photoperiod
466:
In females, the autumn and winter months between
February and July are defined by quiescent ovaries, and only during the late winter and spring months between August and October, follicles begin growing into notable sizes. In October or November, one or two follicles per ovary become vitellogenic and
462:
begins during the early spring months, allowing for the development of primary and secondary spermatocytes. Nearing the end of
September, mature sperm will pack the now expanded seminiferous tubules, and the sperm will deplete during the months of October and November. In the summer, a second wave of
435:
prefer leaf litters to bare substrate, with more nuanced preferences for different types of leaves, as they adjust the structure, depth, and distribution of their litter layer accordingly. Generally, these lizards select more open structures. Such open structure makes thermoregulation more effective,
348:
into eastern
Australian habitats, many biogeographic barriers and climatic oscillations have contributed to the evolutionary history of these lizards. They reside over a vast array of moist habitats, including woodland and heaths, sclerophyll forests, and rainforests, while also making appearances in
284:
fail. By detaching their tails, lizards are able to flee from their predators quicker, while the thrashing of the detached tails post-autotomy serves to distract the predator and allow the lizard to successfully escape. These lizards are able to shed their tail at any point along the length of it, as
669:
found on the main island, Oahu, and Kauai differ with respect to their average body length and in the numbers of eggs they produce. Female lizards at a sexually mature age are larger on the big island and Kauai relative to those on Oahu. The Oahu females average about 38.6 millimeters in body length
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but varies for each sex and temperature exposure. The presence of the stripe can confer a fitness advantage in females but in males the coloration may cause exposure to predation therefore males are far more commonly plain than striped and their stripe is less distinct. However the ultimate cause of
240:
The delicate skink is more common in suburban gardens than in adjacent native bushland. It has a moderate body with a medium length, slender tail. Its scales are smooth. The back and sides are greyish-brown to rich brown, often with darker and paler flecks. A narrow yellowish-brown stripe is usually
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species is not native to the area in which they are found, it is possible that the resulting morphs are caused by the exposure to a new environment and climate as this particular species' activity level is temperature dependent. The most active males are found in lower temperature microhabitats and
404:
are characterized as general feeders, and their prey can be described as aerial and arboreal (i.e. bugs, beetles), slow-moving (i.e. larvae), concentrated (i.e. termites, ants), concealed (i.e. crickets, cockroaches), and active (i.e. spiders). These lizards demonstrate foraging behavior and employ
293:
Biological evidence suggests that tail regrowth is stimulated by a regenerating spinal cord. These lizards’ spinal cords consist primarily of ependymal cells that group around a tubular central canal containing cerebrospinal fluid. Axons are interspersed between these ependymal cells and encased in
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is native to
Australia and invasive in New Zealand and Hawaii where it is commonly found in gardens. The species is known for their color dimorphism between males and females; striped morphs and non-striped morphs exist in this species, however the stripe is less pronounced in males. This species'
409:
have adapted flexibility into their foraging ecology. They practice opportunistic foraging in that they consume a wide variety of prey and adapt to whatever food becomes available, rather than following a foraging pattern and consuming similar prey. As a result of droughts, arthropods become less
423:
With selecting a habitat, animals must consider the cost and benefit trade-offs of acquiring shelter and food while evading competitors and predators. Because lizards are ectothermic, thermal conditions and subsequent impacts on physiological performance must also be taken into consideration for
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over a two-year period, it has been found that, in males, the testes contain very few mature sperm during the late autumn and winter months, and during this period, spermatogonia are predominantly present as germ cells while the seminiferous tubules are at their smallest in diameter. However,
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primarily consumes spiders, insects, snails, and crustaceans. Gut analysis after a major fire in 1980 reveals that these lizards ate limited amounts of invertebrates, and they had a preference for bees, wasps, and springtails over beetles, termites, and ants relative to their related species
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cannot utilize their caudal autotomy capabilities as a defense strategy again until their tail regrows to a sufficient length. Furthermore, the benefits of a long tail include increased stride lengths, which become significantly smaller with the loss of their tail, thus hindering locomotor
486:
lizards tend to reproduce in the spring and summer seasons (September–February). It was found that there is a positive relationship between body size and clutch size. Clutch size typically ranges between 1 and 7 (mean 3.4). Communal egg nests (11–200+ eggs) are common.
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habitat selection. Thus deciding the degree of exposure or insulation, canopy or ground cover, structure of litter layer, or amount of grasses, forbs, rocks, and woody debris within the shelter remain prevalent considerations for lizard habitats. For small lizards like
528:, protection and optimal foraging conditions. Females and males remain sheltered in the leaf litter and their cryptic coloration adds an additional camouflage element but it is inconclusive as to whether the habitat distribution directly caused the color dimorphism.
588:. Considered an invasive species as it competes with native lizards for food and habitat. High populations densities of this introduced skink may also impact native lizard species by artificially increasing the population of lizard-focused predators such as the
353:
can be classified into nine main clades, which diverged during the late
Miocene through Pliocene epochs. This divergence correlates to a period of a drying climate in the rainforest habitats, which restricted the rainforests to a series of disjunct remnants.
386:
that reside in the
Mumbulla State Forest, a region with a vast history of fires and logging. As a result of intense fires, several canopies and ground vegetation have ceased to sustain the lizard population, resulting in a primarily carnivorous diet.
463:
spermatogenesis persists to produce more mature sperm during
February, which depletes from the seminiferous tubules in spring and then again during autumn presumably for mating reasons, although only mating during the late summer has been observed.
547:
The predation of small reptiles and amphibians by terrestrial arthropods is very common in
Australia, more so than other continents. More specifically, small lizards and snakes commonly become entangled in webs of female red-back spiders, or
523:
Aside from the variation in climate, Eastern Australia also provides different ground cover substrates as potential habitats. The species prefers an open substrate environment because the ground cover and loose leaf litter allows for
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lizards differ, they align seasonally such that mating can occur in the late summer. Typically, these lizards produce a single clutch per year of about two to four eggs. In a study analyzing the reproductive cycles in male and female
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and 1130 meters on the main island. In fact, these lizards prefer and thrive at much higher and wetter altitudes in Hawaii and other species of lizards. Because these lizards are semi-mountainous and found in dry to wet
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was accidentally imported to the Hawaiian islands from Australia around the 1900s via shipments of plant materials and lumber. It was noted as an unreported specimen taken on the Oahu island and identified as a
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are not dependent on resident invertebrates, like those that reside in litters, and instead forage after a broader range of insects spanning both aerial-arboreal invertebrates and ground-dwelling invertebrates.
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present on the outer edge of the back. The species can also have two distinct forms: a prominent white stripe and a less prominent white stripe. This dimorphism is not strictly distinguished by gender.
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as "rainbow skink", or more recently "plague skink", it was accidentally introduced in the early 1960s presumably as eggs in garden plant potting mix and is extremely common in the top third of the
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diet consists of a wide range of prey, such as spiders, bees, larvae, and termites. Mating occurs in the late summer and generally one clutch of 2 to 4 eggs are laid per year by each female.
560:. If the lizards’ tails are not autotomised, an angular point in the curved tail may suggest a partial break around the mid-tail level. Commonly, rigor mortis is present in these lizards.
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gut samples—taken from their foregut, hindgut, and stomach—reveals the wide variety of prey taxa and size classes incorporated into their diets. These gut samples are taken from
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ovulated. After ovulation, the corpora lutea forms and maintains until oviposition occurs about a month later. Following ovulation, many other growing follicles become
1414:
471:, although they may not ovulate and may regress after the mating period during the late summer. In females, many of these ovarian events parallel ovarian weights.
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species and continue to preserve each distinct variation. These polymorphisms have the potential to greatly affect survival in each niche, especially because the
1466:
428:, the structure of the leaf litter layer influences thermoregulation, feeding, and refuge seeking, making it an influential factor in microhabitat selection.
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1540:
276:, to intentionally shed an appendage or limb, and this ability has independently evolved in many vertebrates such as other reptiles, fish, and amphibians.
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this color dimorphism is not entirely conclusive for each sex but may be attributed geographical distribution, natural barriers, habitat preference, and
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have evolved to demonstrate a complex mosaic of non-overlapping, geographically oriented clades and subclades. Since the accidental introduction of
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Although growing oocytes are not commonly found in young adult females, young adult males of all ages undergo spermatogenesis. Observation of
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along with many other lizard species is believed to be caused by cycles of marine inundation experienced by the area since the Miocene epoch.
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778:
1075:"The influence of urbanization on the behaviour of an Australian lizard and the presence of an activity–exploratory behavioural syndrome"
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681:
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Forsman, Anders; Shine, Richard (1995). "The adaptive significance of colour pattern polymorphism in the Australian scincid lizard
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405:“active foraging” and “sit-and-wait” strategies to capture their prey. Because their environment is prone to fires and droughts,
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can be classified as diurnal, terrestrial, arthropod feeders, and they consume a wide range of prey. An in depth analysis of
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Chapple, David; Miller, Kimberly; Chaplin, Kirilee; Barnett, Louise; Thompson, Michael; Bray, Rebecca (2014-02-17).
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in an area may also be influenced by habitat modifications that vary the structure of their litter layers.
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has developed as a last resort anti-predator behavior, when other anti-predator behaviors like fleeing and
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188:
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Leimar, Olof (2009). "Environmental and genetic cues in the evolution of phenotypic polymorphism".
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Chapple, David G.; Hoskin, Conrad J.; Chapple, Stephanie NJ; Thompson, Michael B. (2011-07-04).
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Chapple, D.C.; Shea, G.; Dickman, C.; Wilson, S.; Hobson, R.; Sanderson, C. (2018).
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Although the biological mechanisms of reproductive cycles between male and female
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where it was accidentally introduced in the early 1900s, it was misidentified as
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Moule, H; Michelangeli, Marcus; Thompson, Michael; Chapple, David (2016-08-25).
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Distribution, habitat use, breeding and behavioural ecology of rainbow skinks (
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609:. It is reportedly now the most numerous skink on the main Hawaiian Islands.
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A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia - Steve Wilson & Gerry Swan
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forests, they are distributed throughout the dry lowland and wet upland.
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does not occur in Hawaii, however, and is instead a misidentification of
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1044:(De Vis) in Mumbulla State Forest on the South Coast of New-South-Wales"
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entangled in the usually irregular web of a mature adult female
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981:"Phylogeographic divergence in the widespread delicate skink (
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Environmental factors greatly influence the change within the
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is an invasive species, creating more need for adaptations.
985:) corresponds to dry habitat barriers in eastern Australia"
894:"Structural Aspects of Microhabitat Selection by the Skink
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in the 80s, where it quickly colonised the whole island.
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Lunney, D.; Ashby, E.; Grigg, J.; Oconnell, M. (1989).
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Howard, Robert; Williamson, Ian; Mather, Peter (2003).
552:. A typical account of predation involves a dead adult
1159:(MSc thesis). e University of Auckland. Archived from
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As a result of topographic and dry habitat barriers,
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A new genus and a new species of skink from Victoria
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10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T109473102A109473141.en
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398:, which also reside in the Mumbulla State Forest.
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1243:Naturalized reptiles and amphibians of the world
687:Naturalised rainbow skink in Raglan, New Zealand
336:Phylogeographic divergence in eastern Australia
272:Autotomy is the ability for organisms, such as
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1114:(Squamata: Scincidae) in the Sydney Region"
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320:. Accidentally introduced and invasive in
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954:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
851:. Department of Conservation, New Zealand
804:"Biology of the invasive delicate skink (
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635:at that time, then later reclassified as
349:suburban gardens near the eastern coast.
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677:
1280:, Parks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania
1211:Baker, J. (1979). "The Rainbow Skink,
1104:Joss, J. M. P.; Minard, J. A. (1985).
699:Note the yellowish stripe on the side.
645:) because of its physical appearance.
576:, found in several other parts of the
268:Autotomy and spinal cord regeneration
7:
1482:b9ce995f-52d3-4b33-a38b-5bcf569eba6a
1245:, p. 101. Oxford University Press.
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431:Experimental evidence suggests that
1566:Taxa named by Charles Walter De Vis
1541:IUCN Red List least concern species
728:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
605:and has since been reclassified as
966:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1995.tb01066.x
612:It was accidentally introduced to
247:were accidentally introduced into
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1106:"On the Reproductive Cycles of
499:species have a distinct color
236:Description and identification
1:
1118:Australian Journal of Zoology
812:Australian Journal of Zoology
580:, and also in the top of the
209:dark-flecked garden sun skink
595:Called "metallic skink" in
444:Reproduction and life cycle
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1561:Reptiles described in 1888
1241:Christopher Lever (2003).
1036:"Diets of Scincid Lizards
874:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
735:: e.T109473102A109473141.
371:Diet and foraging behavior
316:, originally from Eastern
1191:10.1007/s10682-007-9194-4
1040:(Dumeril and Bibron) and
665:The three populations of
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72:Scientific classification
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48:
39:
30:
23:
1146:Joanne E. Peace (2004).
1002:10.1186/1471-2148-11-191
989:BMC Evolutionary Biology
298:Habitat and distribution
1556:Reptiles of New Zealand
1108:Lampropholis guichenoti
1038:Lampropholis guichenoti
785:, James Cook University
902:Journal of Herpetology
808:) on Lord Howe Island"
419:Microhabitat selection
1355:Lampropholis_delicata
1342:Lampropholis_delicata
1328:Lampropholis delicata
1298:Lampropholis delicata
1277:Lampropholis delicata
1213:Lampropholis delicata
1153:) in New Zealand]
1151:Lampropholis delicata
1042:Lampropholis delicata
983:Lampropholis delicata
950:Lampropholis delicata
896:Lampropholis delicata
806:Lampropholis delicata
775:Lampropholis delicata
721:Lampropholis delicata
628:Lampropholis delicata
607:Lampropholis delicata
550:Latrodectus hasseltii
537:Lampropholis delicata
533:Lampropholis delicata
517:Lampropholis delicata
497:Lampropholis delicata
484:Lampropholis delicata
376:Lampropholis delicata
342:Lampropholis delicata
303:Lampropholis delicata
245:Lampropholis delicata
217:delicate garden skink
200:Lampropholis delicata
181:Lampropholis delicata
25:Lampropholis delicata
1179:Evolutionary Ecology
638:Lygosomoa metallicum
1551:Skinks of Australia
602:Lygosoma metallicum
495:Individuals of the
410:abundant; however,
42:Conservation status
1571:Reptiles of Hawaii
1079:Journal of Zoology
781:2009-10-12 at the
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1290:Taxon identifiers
1251:978-0-19-850771-0
1130:10.1071/zo9850699
1091:10.1111/jzo.12288
1060:10.1071/wr9890307
1048:Wildlife Research
590:sacred kingfisher
253:Sexual dimorphism
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16:Species of lizard
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849:"Plague skinks"
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1223:(2): 207–212.
1215:, in Hawaii".
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1185:(1): 125–135.
1169:
1166:on 2012-03-03.
1135:
1124:(5): 699–704.
1096:
1085:(2): 103–111.
1065:
1054:(3): 307–312.
1026:
971:
960:(4): 273–291.
919:
908:(3): 613–617.
879:
862:
837:
818:(6): 498–506.
787:
766:
755:
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
698:
691:
689:
686:
679:
675:
672:
643:metallic skink
633:Lipinia noctua
624:
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372:
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269:
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255:is present in
237:
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229:metallic skink
205:delicate skink
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1271:1-876334-72-X
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647:L. Metallicum
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629:
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619:
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395:L. guichenoti
390:
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267:
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226:
222:
221:rainbow skink
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
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190:
184:
182:
176:
173:
172:Binomial name
169:
165:
164:
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133:
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103:
100:
97:
94:
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87:
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83:
78:
73:
69:
63:
58:
57:Least Concern
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1546:Lampropholis
1297:
1276:
1242:
1237:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1161:the original
1152:
1148:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1029:
992:
988:
982:
974:
957:
953:
949:
905:
901:
895:
853:. Retrieved
815:
811:
805:
774:
769:
758:
746:. Retrieved
732:
726:
720:
712:
666:
664:
654:
650:
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637:
632:
627:
626:
620:
611:
606:
601:
594:
582:South Island
578:North Island
574:North Island
567:
558:L. hasseltii
557:
553:
549:
546:
536:
532:
530:
522:
516:
514:
496:
494:
483:
481:
475:
473:
469:vitellogenic
465:
454:
449:
447:
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432:
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411:
406:
401:
400:
394:
388:
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359:
355:
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345:
341:
339:
302:
301:
292:
286:
273:
271:
256:
244:
243:
239:
228:
225:plague skink
224:
220:
216:
213:garden skink
212:
208:
204:
199:
198:
197:
180:
178:
162:
161:
150:Lampropholis
149:
24:
18:
1454:NatureServe
1402:iNaturalist
1322:Wikispecies
1112:L. delicata
667:L. delicata
660:sclerophyll
655:L. delicata
651:L. delicata
621:L. delicata
570:New Zealand
564:Pest status
554:L. delicata
476:L. delicata
455:L. delicata
450:L. delicata
438:L. delicata
433:L. delicata
426:L. delicata
412:L. delicata
407:L. delicata
402:L. delicata
389:L. delicata
384:L. delicata
380:L. delicata
360:L. delicata
356:L. delicata
351:L. delicata
346:L. delicata
322:New Zealand
314:Lygosominae
287:L. delicata
274:L. delicata
257:L. delicata
1535:Categories
995:(1): 191.
748:11 January
705:References
515:Since the
501:dimorphism
263:Physiology
1446:109473102
1229:127568101
855:20 August
623:in Hawaii
568:Known in
543:Predation
318:Australia
311:subfamily
227:, or the
157:Species:
139:Scincidae
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
1508:delicata
1459:2.106319
1420:10894221
1313:Q3009924
1307:Wikidata
1021:21726459
832:84876310
779:Archived
586:Blenheim
366:Behavior
135:Family:
129:Squamata
119:Reptilia
109:Chordata
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
62:IUCN 3.1
1518:8047658
1394:5225256
1381:1056198
1012:3141439
914:1566074
674:Gallery
584:around
505:crypsis
482:Female
309:of the
282:crypsis
191:, 1888)
145:Genus:
125:Order:
115:Class:
60: (
1515:uBio:
1495:100272
1479:NZOR:
1472:316451
1433:173996
1269:
1249:
1227:
1019:
1009:
912:
830:
597:Hawaii
328:, and
326:Hawaii
203:, the
189:De Vis
1415:IRMNG
1407:38293
1368:3S4XR
1225:S2CID
1164:(PDF)
1157:(PDF)
910:JSTOR
828:S2CID
641:(the
307:skink
305:is a
1467:NCBI
1441:IUCN
1428:ITIS
1389:GBIF
1267:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1110:and
1017:PMID
857:2023
750:2022
733:2018
223:or
1376:EoL
1363:CoL
1350:AFD
1337:ADW
1187:doi
1126:doi
1087:doi
1083:298
1056:doi
1007:PMC
997:doi
962:doi
952:".
820:doi
737:doi
1537::
1505::
1503:RD
1492::
1469::
1456::
1443::
1430::
1417::
1404::
1391::
1378::
1365::
1352::
1339::
1324::
1309::
1221:33
1219:.
1199:^
1183:23
1181:.
1138:^
1122:33
1120:.
1116:.
1081:.
1077:.
1052:16
1050:.
1046:.
1015:.
1005:.
993:11
991:.
987:.
958:55
956:.
922:^
906:37
904:.
900:.
882:^
865:^
840:^
826:.
816:62
814:.
810:.
790:^
731:.
725:.
653:.
592:.
512:.
332:.
324:,
219:,
215:,
211:,
207:,
1253:.
1231:.
1193:.
1189::
1132:.
1128::
1093:.
1089::
1062:.
1058::
1023:.
999::
968:.
964::
916:.
898:"
876:.
859:.
834:.
822::
752:.
739::
723:"
719:"
187:(
64:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
