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693:, more heavily armed. Richthofen fired 900 rounds during the running battle. Running low on fuel, Hawker eventually broke away from the combat and attempted to return to Allied lines. The Red Baron's guns jammed 50 yards from the lines, but a bullet from his last burst struck Hawker in the back of his head, killing him instantly. His plane spun from 1,000 ft (300 m) and crashed 200 metres (220 yards) east of
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squadron base and, in front of the squadron pilots, put the aircraft through a series of spins, each time recovering safely. After landing, he carefully described to all pilots the correct procedures to recover from a spin. Once the pilots became used to the DH.2's characteristics, confidence in the aircraft rose quickly, as they came to appreciate its manoeuvrability.
671:. Spotting a larger flight of German aircraft above, Andrews was about to break off the attack, but spotted Hawker diving to attack. Andrews and Saundby followed him to back him up in his fight; Andrews drove off one of the Germans attacking Hawker, then took bullets in his engine and glided out of the fight under Saundby's covering fire.
426:. The Squadron became pioneers of many aspects in military aviation at the time, driven largely by the imagination of Strange and the engineering talents of Hawker. Their talents led to various mountings for Lewis machine guns, one of which won Hawker the Victoria Cross, and one that nearly cost Strange his life.
349:
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which were dominant over the
Western Front in the run up to the Somme offensive in July 1916. Hawker's aggressive personal philosophy of "Attack Everything", was the entire text of his tactical order of 30 June 1916. Spurred by his aggressiveness, 24 Squadron claimed some 70 victories by November at
584:
pusher. After two fatalities in recent flying accidents, the new fighter, which featured a forward-mounted Lewis machine gun, soon earned a reputation for spinning; its rear mounted rotary engine and sensitive controls made it very responsive. Hawker countered this worry by taking a DH.2 up over the
429:
Hawker's innovative ideas at this time greatly benefited the fledgling RFC. He helped to invent the
Prideaux disintegrating link machine-gun belt feed, and initiated the practice of putting fabric protective coverings on the tips of wooden propellers, the use of fur-lined thigh boots, and devising a
513:
It has since been argued that shooting down three aircraft in one mission was a feat repeated several times by later pilots, and whether Hawker deserved his
Victoria Cross has been questioned. However, in the context of the air war of mid-1915 it was unusual to shoot down even one aircraft, and the
555:
Hawker flew before
Britain had any workable synchroniser gear, so his Bristol Scout had its machine gun mounted on the left side of the cockpit, firing forwards and sideways at a 45 degree angle to avoid the propeller. The only direction from which he could attack an enemy was from its right
430:
primitive 'rocking fuselage' for target practice on the ground. In 1916 he also developed (with W.L. French) the increased capacity 97-round 'double drum' for the Lewis machine gun. It was issued for trials in July and after modifications was issued generally to the RFC and RNAS.
509:
Hawker was posted back to
England in late 1915, with some seven victory claims (including one captured, three destroyed, one 'out of control' and one 'forced to land'), making him the first British flying ace, and a figure of considerable fame within the ranks of the RFC.
708:
German
Grenadiers reported burying Hawker 250 yards (230 metres) east of Luisenhof Farm along the roadside. Richthofen claimed Hawker's Lewis gun from the wreck as a trophy and hung it above the door of his quarters. Major Lanoe George Hawker is listed on the
552:, another pioneering Eindecker pilot, could employ the simple combat tactic of aiming the whole aircraft, and presenting a small target to the enemy while approaching from any angle, preferably from a blind spot where the enemy observer could not return fire.
462:
C, serial No. 1611, after his earlier No. 1609 had been written off, transplanting the custom Lewis gun mount onto No. 1611. The first aerial victory for Hawker that day occurred after he had emptied a complete drum of bullets from his aircraft's single
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the cost of 12 of its own planes and 21 pilots killed, wounded or missing. Around this time, Hawker developed a ring gunsight and created a clamp and spring-clip device to hold the Lewis in place on the DH.2. He also designed
614:
By mid 1916, RFC policy was to ban squadron commanders from operational flying, Hawker included. However, he continued to make frequent offensive patrols and reconnaissance flights, particularly over the Somme battlefields.
767:
A memorial to Hawker was unveiled in the village of Ligny
Thilloy, one km from where he crashed and was buried, on 11 November 2011. It was erected by XXIV Squadron, Royal Air Force, beside the village war memorial.
505:
was just one of the many which
Captain Hawker undertook during almost a year of constant operational flying and fighting. He claimed at least three more victories in August 1915, either in the Scout or an F.E.2.
270:), emigrated in 1839, being elected Speaker of the House of Assembly, South Australia in 1860. The Hawker family had a military tradition, with army commissions being held in each generation since the time of
475:
3 – which he attacked at a height of about 10,000 feet, burst into flames and crashed. (Pilot
Oberleutnant Uebelacker and observer Hauptmann Roser were both killed.) For this feat he was awarded the
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rear quarter – precisely in a direction from which it was easy for the observer to fire at him. Thus, in each of the three attacks, Hawker was directly exposed to the fire of an enemy machine gun.
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396:, Hawker was wounded in the foot by ground fire. For the remainder of the battle he had to be carried to and from his aircraft, but refused to be grounded until the fight was over.
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as an officer cadet. A clever inventor, Hawker developed a keen interest in all mechanical and engineering developments. During the summer of 1910 he saw a film featuring the
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at low level (below 200 ft) from his B.E.2c. He used a tethered German balloon to help shield him from enemy ground fire as he made successive attacks. During the
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733:, they found that their possessions, including the VC, had been stolen. A replacement was issued to Hawker's brother on 3 February 1960, and is now held by the
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Hawker's original
Victoria Cross was lost when the Hawker family belongings were left behind after the fall of France in 1940. On their return after the
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534:" that prevented the bullets from striking the propeller. The first claim using this arrangement, though unconfirmed by the German Army, was by
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VC was awarded on the basis that all the enemy planes were armed with machine guns. More significantly, by the early summer of 1915, the German
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mount, enabling the machine gun to fire forward obliquely at an acute horizontal angle to the axis of flight, missing the propeller arc.
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that reached to the upper thigh, known as "fug-boots," which became standard issue to combat the risk of frostbite at high altitude.
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and he undertook numerous reconnaissance missions into 1915, being wounded once by ground fire. On 22 April he was awarded the
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distant from where Hawker had his three-victory success nearly a month later. Therefore, the German pilots like Wintgens and
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Hawker VC RFC Ace – The Life of Major Lanoe Hawker, VC, DSO, 1890–1916, Tyrrel Hawker, MC, The Mitre Press, 1965, p. 19
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Hawker VC RFC Ace – The Life of Major Lanoe Hawker, VC, DSO, 1890–1916, Tyrrel Hawker, MC, The Mitre Press, 1965, p. 4
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Promoted to major early in 1916. Hawker was placed in command of the RFC's first (single seater) fighter squadron,
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A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Colonial Gentry, vol. II, ed. Ashworth P. Burke, 1895, p. 776–777
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monoplane, with one Eindecker going to each unit, with a fixed, forward-firing machine gun fitted with a "
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into it, sending it spinning down. The second was driven to the ground damaged, and the third – an
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As the year wore on, the Germans introduced far more potent fighters to the front, starting with the
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258:. His parents were distant cousins; Hawker's father was of a cadet branch of the family resident in
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serial no. 1611, flown by Hawker on 25 July 1915 in his Victoria Cross-earning engagement
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above an airfield with two pilots in the foreground. A copy of the window is in the
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at Upavon on 1 August 1914, three days before Britain entered the First World War.
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He returned to 6 Squadron after hospitalisation. The squadron received several
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Following an initial air victory in June, on 25 July 1915 when on patrol over
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Losing contact with the other DH.2s, Hawker began a lengthy dogfight with an
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at 1300 hours as part of 'A' Flight, led by Captain (later Air Vice Marshal)
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689:. The Albatros was faster than the DH.2, more powerful and, with a pair of
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While with No 6 squadron in 1915, Captain Hawker was a comrade of Captain
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297:. With the strenuous nature of a naval career unsuitable, he entered the
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1028:"The following Victoria Crosses are held by the Royal Air Force Museum"
816:
Burke's Landed Gentry, 13th edition, ed. A. Winton Thorpe, 1921, p. 565
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77:
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C, with RFC s/n 1609 that Hawker, with assistance from Air Mechanic
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Hawker VC RFC Ace: The life of Major Lanoe Hawker VC DSO, 1890–1916
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667:. Andrews led the flight in an attack on two German aircraft over
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with the 33rd Fortress Company. His request for attachment to the
415:(who later became an ace himself), equipped with their design of
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Victoria Cross: Australia's Finest and the Battles they Fought
1051:"Stained Glass Windows at St. Nicholas, Longparish, Hampshire"
894:
222:
He was killed in a dogfight with the famous German flying ace
215:, the highest decoration for gallantry awarded to British and
1101:. Longparish Village Handbook. 8 January 2008. Archived from
629:, and shortly thereafter the even more advanced, twin-gunned
748:) commemorating Hawker was installed in St Nicholas church,
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Promoted to 1st Lieutenant in October 1913 he was posted to
484:'s pioneering award for bravery during a bombing raid, and
199:(30 December 1890 – 23 November 1916) was a British
865:
Bowyer, Chaz. "Hawker – Pioneer of air fighting".
988:'Somme Success', P. Hart, Pen & Sword, 2001; p. 52
939:
German plane shot down 25 July 1915 – Great War Forum
226:("The Red Baron"), who described him as "the British
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British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
1152:. Prahran, Victoria, Australia: Hardie Grant Books.
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Royal Flying Corps recipients of the Victoria Cross
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541:on 1 July 1915, some 225 miles (362 km) over
356:Hawker was posted to France in October 1914, as a
309:and after attending an aircraft flying display at
1290:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
1250:British military personnel killed in World War I
498:airship, using aerial bombing to bring it down.
1053:. Church Stained Glass Windows. Archived from
625:s first biplane fighter, the single-gun armed
246:, England, to Lieutenant Henry Colley Hawker,
1295:British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
1270:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
663:and including Lieutenant (later Air Marshal)
526:, had by this time, received examples of the
278:, a naval officer in the First World War and
8:
1300:People educated at Stubbington House School
520:two-seater observation units of the future
31:
20:
860:
858:
256:Mary Elizabeth Hawker ("Lanoe Falconer")
211:, he was the third pilot to receive the
800:
701:on the Flers Road, becoming the German
407:'pushers'. One aircraft received was a
238:Hawker was born on 30 December 1890 at
916:. Quarry.nildram.co.uk. Archived from
317:. On 4 March 1913, Hawker was awarded
1245:British Army personnel of World War I
713:for airmen lost with no known grave.
651:On 23 November 1916, while flying an
7:
1030:. victoriacross.org. 1 December 2010
633:, rapidly making the DH.2 obsolete.
62:, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom
16:British fighter pilot in World War I
336:was granted and he reported to the
1235:Aviators killed by being shot down
14:
1230:Military personnel from Hampshire
1049:Eberhard, Robert (October 2009).
588:He then led the squadron back to
890:"NOVA | Strange Captain Strange"
482:William Barnard Rhodes-Moorhouse
372:. The squadron converted to the
299:Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
1255:British World War I flying aces
969:. 24 August 1915. p. 8395.
655:(Serial No. 5964), Hawker left
291:Royal Navy College in Dartmouth
711:Arras Flying Services Memorial
1:
752:in 1967. The design features
38:
289:and at the age of 11 to the
1285:Royal Flying Corps officers
914:"Early A I Rcraft Armament"
596:monoplanes of the Imperial
378:Distinguished Service Order
344:With the Royal Flying Corps
266:(son of Royal Navy Admiral
172:Distinguished Service Order
1321:
1148:Staunton, Anthony (2005).
1131:Pusher Aces of World War I
1079:. Hampshire Church Windows
1077:"St. Nicholas, Longparish"
869:(7). Ian Allan Ltd: 11–18.
867:Aircraft Illustrated Extra
1240:British aviation pioneers
254:and sister of the author
30:
1280:Royal Engineers officers
1006:Guttman 2009, pp. 46–48.
979:Guttman 2009, pp. 31–32.
950:Guttman 2009, pp. 22–23.
778:Von Richthofen and Brown
771:Hawker was portrayed by
578:Hounslow Heath Aerodrome
287:Stubbington House School
209:seven credited victories
1170:Hawker, Tyrrel (2013).
380:for attacking a German
176:Mentioned in Despatches
1275:People from Longparish
843:Staunton 2005, p. 298.
744:A window (designed by
735:Royal Air Force Museum
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683:Manfred von Richthofen
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646:Manfred von Richthofen
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560:First Fighter Squadron
492:attack on an airborne
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394:Second Battle of Ypres
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262:since his own father,
224:Manfred von Richthofen
1129:Guttman, Jon (2009).
1099:"St. Nicholas Church"
807:Burrows 1970, p. 103.
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517:Feldflieger Abteilung
488:'s award for an anti-
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338:Central Flying School
319:Aviator's Certificate
274:. A first cousin was
264:George Charles Hawker
105:Years of service
997:Guttman 2009, p. 34.
941:at greatwarforum.org
902:on 21 November 2014.
879:Guttman 2009, p. 22.
657:Bertangles Aerodrome
532:synchronization gear
1201:Lanoe George Hawker
787:, he was played by
781:. In the 2008 film
725:Monument for Hawker
691:lMG 08 machine guns
301:before joining the
184:Lanoe George Hawker
141:No. 24 Squadron RFC
25:Lanoe George Hawker
966:The London Gazette
758:Army Flying Museum
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486:Reginald Warneford
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401:single-seat scouts
366:Royal Flying Corps
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334:Royal Flying Corps
285:Lanoe was sent to
131:Royal Flying Corps
1174:. Pen and Sword.
1140:978-1-84603-417-6
1133:. Osprey Pub Co.
1105:on 28 August 2008
920:on 3 January 2013
775:in the 1971 film
705:'s 11th victim.
465:Lewis machine gun
403:, and some early
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37:Lanoe Hawker
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1205:Find a Grave
1196:Lanoe Hawker
1171:
1149:
1130:
1122:Bibliography
1107:. Retrieved
1103:the original
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:the original
1044:
1034:13 September
1032:. Retrieved
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631:Albatros D.I
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469:Albatros C.I
453:
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413:Ernest Elton
398:
388:by dropping
355:
330:Cork Harbour
327:
307:Wright Flyer
284:
280:Albert Medal
276:Arthur Bagot
237:
221:
219:servicemen.
217:Commonwealth
183:
182:
147:Battles/wars
99:British Army
72:(1916-11-23)
18:
1225:1916 deaths
1220:1890 births
1109:25 December
1083:25 December
1061:25 December
961:"No. 29273"
598:German Army
311:Bournemouth
282:recipient.
272:Elizabeth I
1214:Categories
1016:CWGC entry
924:1 December
795:References
754:St Michael
750:Longparish
653:Airco DH.2
590:Bertangles
582:Airco DH.2
568:Airco DH.2
240:Longparish
234:Early life
201:flying ace
85:Allegiance
60:Longparish
53:1890-12-30
678:flown by
576:based at
574:Number 24
543:Lunéville
417:Lewis gun
368:, flying
260:Australia
244:Hampshire
207:. Having
108:1910–1916
680:Leutnant
547:Leutnant
536:Leutnant
490:Zeppelin
386:Gontrode
384:shed at
382:zeppelin
352:A B.E.2c
295:jaundice
137:Commands
93:Service/
80:, France
699:Bapaume
687:Jasta 2
358:captain
228:Boelcke
203:of the
78:Bapaume
1178:
1156:
1137:
739:Hendon
717:Legacy
669:Achiet
503:sortie
374:B.E.2c
315:Hendon
164:Awards
95:branch
637:Death
623:'
405:F.E.2
360:with
194:
192:,
117:Major
76:near
1176:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1111:2010
1085:2010
1063:2010
1036:2013
926:2012
442:The
248:R.N.
123:Unit
113:Rank
67:Died
47:Born
41:1915
1203:at
895:PBS
760:at
703:ace
685:of
600:'s
473:FFA
471:of
448:RFC
446:C,
230:".
196:DSO
1216::
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189:VC
186:,
39:c.
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55:)
51:(
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