Karipúna French Creole - Knowledge (XXG)

309:

threat to the country's territorial integrity." As a result the Oiapoque Colonization Commission was created in 1920. Later in 1927, an inspection commission commanded by the Ministry of War began to patrol the Oiapoque and report on the groups living there. The reports were the first to use the term of "Karipúna" for the inhabitants of the Cupiri River, and has been the label employed since. The Ministry of War intended to "incorporate the Indians into society," and from 1934–37, and then from 1945 onwards, non-indigenous teachers were recruited by the government to teach in Karipúna villages. This education "played a fundamental role in formulating the contemporary identity of these groups, in the propagation of the use of Portuguese and in the configuration of the villages."

373:

tends to be the mother tongue for speakers under 60 in the Karipúna community, and Karipúna French Creole is the mother tongue primarily only for speakers over 60. Anonby paraphrases from interviews with speakers, that "although most people understand KFC," a Karipúna speaker "admitted about half of the people in the village of Manga cannot speak it. He said there were no monolingual Karipúna speakers." Speakers of KFC tend to speak it as a second language, first learning Portuguese, and only learning KFC via a three-year Kheuól education primary school programme implemented by CIMI.

333:, and later MEC." Since this period, there has been a stated focus on promoting the maintenance of KFC as a second language and defending Amerindian rights while also providing a "bridge to the outside world," to a varying degree of success, often criticized, both by members of the community and linguistic anthropologists such as Jo-Anne Ferreira. Only in the 1990s did indigenous teachers, however, begin to receive training first by CIMI, then by the Organization of Indigenous Teachers of Oiapoque established in 2005, and now "many of the teachers are Karipúna or Galibi-Marwono." 2725:

Process verbs. Event verbs typically include transitives such as /ale/, "go," and /aʃte/, "buy." Experience and Process verbs, vaguely, characterize intransitive experiences and processes, although Tobler fails to provide specific examples of the distinctions. Tobler does note that Event and Experience verbs take a semantic agent, while Process and State phrases lack one, such that Experience verbs (like /sɔtʃi/, "leave/get out," and /asi/, "sit") could be analyzed as unergatives, and Process verbs (like /bule/, "be burned," and /tõbe/, "fall") as unaccusatives.

423:

a medium for inter-ethnic communication." This confirms that KFC's superstratum language is primarily French, but the other influences on the language are diverse and numerous. Alleyne and Ferreira suggest that the original "Karipúna" language — that is, that spoken by the original emigrants from Pará — "may or may not" have been a Tupi-Guarani language, and contributed to parts of the lexicon. Chris Corne notes that the indigenous influence is "substantial, particularly in the vocabulary of flora and fauna.

3510: 173: 1215:

morphological agglutination and "article reduction." Ladhams suggests that the Karipúna community is historically composed of "French Guinean Blacks, Chinese, Arabs, and Europeans," although the extent of non-European influence, outside of flora and fauna words, appears to be minimal. Arab and Chinese lexical influence is virtually nonexistent. Thus the generic open class of nouns involves morphologically reducing "la + noun" or "l’ + noun" to a monomorphemic word.

524:

working since 1978 to develop this educational process, but the "materials " are not readily available and are most likely used in the community for the three-year language education program. According to Anonby some of the Karipúna French Creole texts have been published and they are "mainly Biblical stories and folk tales," along with language "primers, such as those edited and organized by Fransisca Picanco Montejo (1985)."

353:, who also speak a French Creole language incredibly similar to Karipúna, and the Palikúr and Galibi do Oiapoque indigenous groups who speak their own non-creole languages. Members of the latter groups are often bilingual in Amapá French Creole, though only the Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono speak AFC natively. Anonby finds that "the differences between all the French Creoles do not pose a serious problem to intelligibility." 499:-level. The description is in-depth, categorical, and provides examples for various basic and complex sentence structures and clause types, along with justification of the classifications made. Based on Tobler's description and elicitation test, a phonetic inventory was made available for KFC online. Ladhams also notes that Monserrat & Silva published a 1513:

other French creoles, (346) and is thus presumably an innovative change, by analogy with the 1st person singular /mo/. Similarly, Tobler cites /nu/ as the 1st person plural pronoun, but Alleyne and Ferreira explain that KFC has "regularized" this to /no/. The 2nd and 3rd person plural pronouns are consistent between accounts.

1521:

In Alleyne and Ferreira, the bare possessive pronouns and the forms with the /-pa/ suffix are taken as equals. However, Tobler refers to the /-pa/ form as "possessive pronouns," and the bare form as "possessive adjectives." The difference appears to be that the pronominal form can occasionally fill a

1512:

Tobler, and Alleyne and Ferreira, give slightly different accounts of the pronouns, and the table above generally reflects the more recent account. Tobler does not make note of the /to/ and /so/ variants of the 2nd and 3rd person singular pronouns, which Alleyne and Ferreira explain is not present in

532:

The majority of rigorous Karipúna linguistic documentation was done in the 1980s, with Tobler (1983), Tobler (1987), Monserrat & Silva (1984) and Picanço (1988). Present-day language documentation agencies (such as Soas, Museu do Índio, Museu Goeldi, and Dobes, amongst others) do not seem to have

304:

Ladhams explains the adoption of a French creole by the group as a result of the broad ethnic backgrounds of the Karipúna. "Since at least the 1840s," the Karipúna community was "a highly disparate group ... and that there would have been an immediate need for a medium for inter-ethnic communication.

1981:

produces agglutination in KFC. Morpheme reanalysis and agglutination of this variety is common in creole languages, especially French-lexified creoles. Amongst French creole languages some of these categories are shared, but others are not, and Alleyne and Ferreira (amongst others) suggest that this

1141:

Relative to French and its substratum languages, Karipúna French Creole is more morphologically isolating, as tends to be the case with Caribbean creole languages. Morphemes in Karipúna French Creole are either root forms or derivational affixes, and inflectional affixes are apparently not present.

1132:

Nonetheless, the French influence is obvious. Like in French, only the open-mid and open vowels have phonemic nasalized variants. Alleyne and Ferreira note that this is consistent with other French creoles, and evidence for the hypothesis that all (or many) Atlantic French creole languages descended

475:

Karipúna do Amapá is referred to by a wide variety of names colloquially and in linguistic literature, including "Karipúna do Norte (Karipúna French Creole)," Kheuól, Crioulo, Patoá, Patuá, Patúa, and Amazonian/Amapá/Amerindian French Creole (which all also include the closely related Galibi-Marwono

422:

Alleyne and Ferreira, inspired by Ladham's social history generally agree that KFC is a direct descendant of Guyanais, or Guianan French Creole. As noted above, Ladham interprets the language as a tool which the ethnically fragmented early Karipúna communities employed to meet an "immediate need for

1890:

Some of these classes are open, such as class I, which takes new words loaned from French, while the others are not. The morphological reduction of the French article from these words does not have a consistent result on the syntactic category, despite all being non-proper nouns. Tobler claims that

308:

In December 1900, the Amapá region was ceded to Brazil from France, putting the Karipúna community in Brazilian territory, and in the 1920s, "Brazilian authorities deemed it necessary to implement projects for occupying the formerly contested territory whose ‘frenchified’ populations were seen as a

3205:

The "conditional tense marker" /teke/ indicates a strictly hypothetical conditional relation ("if S had been, H would have"). The conditional marker /si/ can also be used with other tense markers than /teke/ however, but requires strict correspondence between the markers used. Tobler distinguishes

2590:

It is apparent that there is a valency increase with the introduction of the "make" auxiliary, given that the tense marker "te" is no longer present in the /mo lẽj sɛk/ verbal compliment(s). While KFC can, and often does, use a null tense marker to indicate present completeness for "experience and

2359:

As stated before, the vast majority of French creoles lack a passive form. While in some French creole communities a passive form can be used, such as in Haitian French Creole, it doesn’t seem to be considered a part of a creole itself, but rather a French borrowing (Mandaly 2011). Jacobs analyzes

1530:

Alleyne and Ferreira give a simple account of reflexive pronouns by appending the /-kɔ/ suffix, but Tobler's grammar explains the nuance of KFC reflexives. To indicate a reflexive pronoun, KFC uses the bare possessive form in the object position and appends the word "body" (/kɔ/), or the body part

523:

in the 1980s, little other linguistic documentation appears to be available. Ferreira states that "the Catholic mission, CIMI, has been largely responsible for promoting a three-year Kheuól education primary school programme." According to CIMI statements, the Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono have been

376:

Anonby notes that "generally, people feel that the loss of KFC is not a good thing. They feel nostalgia for the time when they all spoke it. At the same time, people feel very positive about speaking Portuguese." Ferreira likewise confirms this, referencing the "discontent felt by many indigenous

372:

Ethnologue considers Karipúna French Creole to be "threatened," with a rating of 6b on the Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS). This designation seems generally due to the waning use of KFC as a mother tongue, and the steadily decreasing transmission rate. Anonby notes that Portuguese

2447:

This kind of construction for the verb is not necessarily a full passive, and can only form strictly stative constructions, using only auxiliary or verb-null copula phrases. Tobler notes "one cannot say, ‘The house was painted by John’; this must be expressed actively as ‘John painted the house’"

2192:

Creole languages tend to be characterized by a lack of "complex inflectional morphology in general," and appropriately syntactically- or morphologically-induced changes in verb valency are generally rare. Tobler's grammar does however mention a limited passive syntactic construction, as well as a

2451:

Interaction with verb stativity appears to be a common feature of Atlantic creole languages, and Winford (1988) looks to creole passivity to discuss the possible West African origins of the passive form. Karipúna French Creole's semi-passive verbal adjective form may, rather than the result of a

536:

Anonby's A Report on the Creoles of Amapá is the result of a joint study between SIL and the University of the West Indies to "investigate sociolinguistic aspects of the French-lexifier Creole languages spoken in the state of Amapá," albeit not funded by a particular major documentation project.

3380:

The hypothetical conditional construction translates roughly to "if S had been, H would have," and uses the past complete /te/ marker for the conditional clause, and the conditional /teke/ marker for the main clause. This construction applies strictly to hypothetical situations that might have

2724:

Tobler (1983) distinguishes five classes of verb phrase: Event, Experience, Process, State A, and State B. State A and B are typically copular, comparative, possessive or similar phrases that lack a main verb statement. KFC non-auxiliary verbs fall into the categories of Event, Experience, and

2355:

stative) verbs in Karipúna French Creole, the passive form cannot be used. While in (3) the number of arguments has been reduced to only a subject (‘banana’), /hete/ is an intransitive verb typically. In other words, Karipúna French Creole non-stative verbs do not have a valency-reducing form.

888:

Karipúna French Creole's consonants are relatively similar to French, with some exceptions. The palatal nasal stop, /ɲ/, voiced uvular fricative, /ʁ/, and labialized palatal approximant, /ɥ/, or /jʷ/, all of which are present in French, are not in KFC. Furthermore, /t/ and /d/ from French are

336:

Overall, Karipúna populations are healthily growing after the original migration from Pará that lessened populations drastically. Alleyne and Ferreira note that "the Karipúna population in 2001 is six times larger than it was in 1943." However, despite the optimistic growth in population, the

292:

speakers. Moving between French Guiana and Brazil in hotly contested territory from the Ounary to the Oyapock rivers, and finally towards the Curipi, where the Karipúna now live, these groups were joined by "members of the Palikúr and Galibí tribes, as well as Guianan Creoles, Arabs, Chinese,

2712:

A similar analysis can be taken to the monotransitive-to-ditransitive use of /fɛ/. Tobler's gloss suggests that the null past complete tense marker that "event and process" verbs take applies to "make," rather than "chop" in the causative construction, and therefore does not represent mere

1214:

Pronouns in KFC form a two-number and three-case system, which is undergoing a regularizing change by analogy. The /li/ pronoun, and /ka/ tense marker (see below), will elide with an adjacent verb. The KFC lexicon on the whole is greatly derived from French and has undergone a process more

545:

A series of anthropological analyses of the Karipúna community have been undertaken, especially in light of the Karipúna identity and schooling system. Tassinari and Cohn in 2009 critically evaluated, just like Ferreira, the bilingual education program and demonstrated the caveats in the

2460:

Karipúna French Creole does have a causative construction, using the auxiliary verb "make" (/fɛ/), which appears to be a widely productive, valency-increasing form. The "make" auxiliary changes either an intransitive construction into a transitive one, or a transitive to a ditransitive.

1990:

Reduplication is often considered a hallmark of creole language morphology, along with morphological conversion and compounding. Compounding, as above, is present in KFC, and as expected so too is reduplication. Tobler (1983) notes the highly productive reduplication possible in KFC.

312:

The 1970s "were marked by greater political participation of the Uaçá leaders," including the Karipúna amongst the other three groups in the Uaçá reserve, "who began to act in more organized fashion." Particularly, they opposed the installation of the proposed route for the

3209:

The first conditional, "authentic" construction is used for genuine, specific, events, that haven’t occurred yet. This construction uses the present progressive tense marker /ka/ in the conditional phrase and the future tense marker /ke/ in the result phrase. For example:

377:

leaders" who feel as though the state of education in KFC is not of a sufficient standard to be beneficial for the maintenance of KFC. This program was implemented in the 1980s by CIMI, the Catholic mission, but recently a new modified version of this program, the

2360:

another potential source for creole passives, however, suggesting that substratum origins and contact with earlier creole languages likely was the result of the oddly-distributed use of the passive in Papiamento, rather than top-down European-language influence.

317:

highway, and this struggle resulted in further pressure to fight for the demarcation of their land. A new route of the highway was eventually accepted with "the hiring of indigenous heads to assist in the inspection of the borders of the indigenous territory."

2183:

Tobler shows that reduplication in possible in a large variety of syntactic and morphological contexts. In all cases it tends to "emphasize the degree or quantity of that which is reduplicated," which corresponds to the generalized "more of the same meaning."

2591:

state" verbs, like /sɛk/, the gloss Tobler provides gives no evidence of a present-complete meaning. Therefore, we analyze this not as an embedded CP complement to /fɛ/, but rather as a valency-increase of the VP /sɛk/ from intransitive to monotransitive.

1894:

Morphophonemic shifts also occur in the 3rd-person singular pronoun and the present progressive marker in KFC. In the pre-verbal subject position, /li/ is often reduced to /i-/, and reduced to a verb suffix /-l/ in the post-verbal object position.

401:) and is spoken mainly around Macapá, the capital of Amapá state. Northern Amapá consists of two (relatively mutually intelligible) French-lexified creoles, both of which are considered "Amazonian French Creole," also often referred to as 2217:

Tobler notes that outside of certain stative clauses, the passive form can’t be used. Utterances are expressed solely in the active form. For example, the phrase "I was bitten by a wasp" must be expressed as "the wasp bit me," as below:

546:

CIMI-organized three-year educational programme. Ladhams is a well-cited and succinct socio-historical investigation of the Karipúna community's origins, which is generally accepted by anyone writing about KFC ethnography afterwards.

426:

Despite the contact with African speakers that GFC no doubt had in its creolization process, Corne explains that "the African contribution, on present information, is surprisingly small, including only a handful of words from

3295:

The "generalization" conditional construction applies to general rules and principles about the world, using the null tense marker in the conditional phrase and the present progressive /ka/ in the result phrase, as such:

1891:"almost all words are monomorphemic roots" in KFC, and the morphological reanalysis from French loanwords appears to move towards this conformity, as the French article, nor the noun stem, are "never found in isolation." 383:, is in the process of being implemented, although the value of the new program in maintaining KFC is unclear. Overall, due to the difficulty in transmitting the language to younger speakers as either a mother tongue or 1726:

Karipúna French Creole both in historical sound shifts and in present variation has agglutinative morphophonemic changes. As in many French Creole languages, many French calques were glossed into KFC and subsequently

4039:

Wittmann, Henri. 1987. "Substrat et superstrat dans le français créole des Indiens Karipouns." Paper, 7th Annual Congress of the Association québécoise de linguistique, University of Ottawa, May 19–22. Abstract in:

2902:

Exclusive to Event and Process class VPs is the present progressive /ka/ marker, and the past incomplete tense marker /teka/. For event and process verbs, a null tense marker is analyzed as the past complete tense.

360:, contained 465 people. They are far more dispersed as compared to the Galibi-Marwono community in the same reservation, wherein 1,578 out of a total population of 1,787 Galibi-Marwono are concentrated in the 3692:

Ferreira, Jo-Anne S. (2010). "Bilingual education among the Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono: Prospects and possibilities for language preservation". In Migge, Bettina; Léglise, Isabelle; Bartens, Angela (eds.).

261:. Alleyne and Ferreira explain that "today, the Karipúna people are a highly mixed group, comprising not only descendants of Amerindians, but also of Africans, Asians and Europeans, and mixtures thereof." 2721:

Karipúna French Creole's system of tense marking is complex, with "five overt tense markers and another marker." However the meaning of the null tense marker is dependent on the class of verb phrase.

4301: 1396:

The distinction between subject, direct object, and indirect object pronouns from French is simplified to a set of personal pronouns in KFC, which may occupy both subject and object position.

2193:

causative transitive construction. No mention of other valency-changing constructions, such as antipassives or comitative case, seem to be present in any investigation of the language.

2728:

Tense marking for sentences in KFC interacts with the class of verb phrase in the sentence. All classes of VP use the /ke/ future tense marker, and /teke/ conditional tense marker.

439:

languages," although the African influences in grammar are more obvious. Lastly and unsurprisingly Corne mentions that "Portuguese has contributed basic vocabulary" of KFC for both

305:

A prime candidate for this would have been Guyanais," as it was already used by parts of the Amerindian members and most of the non-Amerindian members of the Karipúna community.

3099:

For Experience and State class VPs, the past complete tense is marked by the tense marker /te/, whereas the null tense marker is understood as the present progressive tense.

1522:

DP (as English "mine") as well as act as a genitive adjunct to a noun phrase (/u-pa liv/, "your book"), whereas the bare possessive form must be adjunct to the possessed NP.

4294: 467:(‘window’)", generally as a result of increasing sociohistorical pressures from the mid-1900s as the Portuguese education system began to erode the transmission of KFC. 293:

Europeans, and Brazilians" and eventually settled in the Uaçá area. "These were ‘displaced Brazilians … called Karipúnas’." Furthermore in 1854, due to a gold rush in

2448:(Tobler 1983, 54). Clearly in this phrase /pẽtʃihe/ is no longer functioning as a VP in the passive construction, as it cannot take an agentive adjunct (‘by John’). 245:

tends to be the mother tongue for speakers under 60 in the Karipúna community, and Karipúna French Creole is the mother tongue primarily only for speakers over 60.

4922: 3920:

Kouwenberg, Silvia; LaCharité, Darlene (2001). "The iconic interpretations of reduplication: Issues in the study of reduplication in Caribbean Creole languages".

2363:

Tobler demonstrates how a pseudo-passive can be formed by coercing the verb into a verbal adjective, turning a monotransitive sentence into an intransitive one.

4963: 4287: 3633:

Alleyne, Mervyn C.; Ferreira, Jo-Anne S. (2007). "Comparative perspectives on the origins, development and structure of Amazonian (Karipúna) French Creole".

519:

Corne criticizes the "lack of serious lexicological research" for Karipúna French Creole and Guyanais in general. Despite the relatively large focus on

512:

is published in Portuguese and contains an (approximately) 2100 Karipúna words with their Portuguese translation, and vice versa, and also provides an

5824: 835: 5839: 4069: 554:

Karipúna French Creole has 32 phonemes — 22 consonants and 10 vowels. Its phoneme inventory is notably smaller than its lexifier language, French.

5834: 264:

John Ladhams offers what is probably the best description of the migration and formation of the current-day Karipúna population. Members of the

3852:

Tassinari, Antonella Imperatriz; Cohn, Clarice (2009). ""Opening to the Other": Schooling among the Karipúna and Mebengokré‐Xikrin of Brazil".

3579: 3904: 877: 861: 3381:

happened, rather than ones that have habitually (the generalization construction) or may in the future (the "authentic" construction).

330: 4171: 3818: 4956: 395:

French creoles in Brazil form two sub-groups, both in the Amapá regions. Southern Amapá consists only of "Amapá French Creole" (or

257:

to such a degree that at times (such as in the early 1930s) doubt arose as to whether or not the Karipúna should be referred to as

1223:

Karipúna French Creole's personal pronouns form a two-number, three-person system as in French, and are shown in the table below.

889:

dentalized in KFC. Lastly /h/ is present phonemically in KFC, despite having been lost in French due to historical sound changes.

5844: 5068: 768: 677: 506:

Also, in the same decade, two Karipúna-Portuguese dictionaries were published by A.W. Tobler (1987) and Montejo (1988). Tobler's

3895:

Hagemeijer, Tjerk (2009). "Initial vowel agglutination in the Gulf of Guinea creoles". In Aboh, Enoch O.; Smith, Norval (eds.).

995: 752: 513: 443:

categories of words. Some Kheuól words are even used in variation with Portuguese contributions to the lexicon, "for example,

1095: 1024: 4078: 1119: 811: 720: 100: 4838: 4204: 5829: 4949: 4746: 4699: 4188: 4062: 1107: 1008: 795: 761: 258: 4498: 4103: 1042: 966: 779: 5083: 4592: 4577: 1509:

KFC has a no-case system and retained the nominative form, whereas other French creoles retained the oblique form.

1067: 870: 661: 5681: 1938:

The present tense marker /ka/, like /li/, also elides with non-back vowels at the beginning of a preceding verb.

1125: 1089: 804: 585: 5330: 5219: 1982:

may be an effective area of research for understanding the origins and development of French creole languages.

1645: 979: 668: 163: 157: 5707: 5436: 3961:

Eckkrammer, Eva Martha (2004). "Passive voice in Papiamento: A corpus-based study on dialectal variability".

5702: 5315: 5012: 4991: 4540: 4358: 4353: 4310: 4134: 4129: 4055: 704: 686: 3292:

The (former) conditional clause in this construction can also drop /ka/, with no apparent semantic change.

2452:

superstratum French influence, be a construction derived from one of Karipúna's many substratum languages.

4804: 4729: 4528: 4166: 4108: 3509: 3473: 520: 484: 4047: 479:

Tolber provided what is apparently the first rigorous descriptive grammar of KFC. His account includes a

5557: 4928: 4815: 4704: 4611: 4093: 3701:. Creole Language Library Volume 36. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamis Publishing Company. pp. 711: 622: 613: 436: 419:. The two languages are "Karipúna French Creole" (KFC) as well as "Galibi-Marwono French Creole" (GMFC) 220: 5282: 5058: 211:

spoken by the Karipúna community, which lives in the Uaçá Indian Reservation in the Brazilian state of

5712: 5686: 5616: 5565: 5501: 5471: 5345: 5234: 4986: 4895: 4825: 4798: 4694: 4435: 4176: 729: 2262:

And the expression "all the bananas were eaten" might be expressed in either of the following ways:

5666: 5611: 5570: 5476: 5310: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5204: 5166: 5161: 5098: 4972: 4884: 4714: 4572: 4534: 4363: 4149: 2206:

As seems to be the case with the majority of creole languages, Karipúna French Creole lacks a true

745: 654: 322: 273: 242: 235: 5491: 4336: 3839:

No Djisone Kheuol-Portxige: O Nosso Dicionário Português-Khueol (Povos Karipúna e Galibi Marworno)

3544:

Ladhams, I. (1995). "Investigating the background of Karipúna Creole French". In Baker, P. (ed.).

172: 5738: 5524: 5456: 5446: 5365: 5262: 5118: 5050: 4857: 4513: 4475: 4406: 4373: 4250: 4220: 4032: 1355: 1336: 1317: 1291: 1272: 1253: 1234: 1229: 633: 580: 265: 232: 5636: 5591: 5575: 5431: 5360: 5350: 5325: 5224: 5189: 5113: 4023: 3702: 3659: 297:, many "coolies, Blacks, Chinese, Martinicans and French adventurers" moved to the Oyapock and 5773: 5728: 5621: 5601: 5514: 5451: 5413: 5390: 5375: 5370: 5355: 5320: 5272: 5176: 5128: 5123: 5093: 5088: 5073: 4849: 4684: 4552: 4503: 4396: 4386: 4240: 4230: 4144: 4139: 3900: 1101: 600: 590: 326: 269: 182: 5798: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5606: 5596: 5509: 5423: 5380: 5340: 5267: 5257: 5249: 5229: 5214: 5194: 5151: 5138: 5108: 5078: 5063: 5024: 5007: 4890: 4844: 4820: 4769: 4764: 4752: 4629: 4557: 4401: 4391: 4345: 4245: 4235: 4161: 4124: 3706: 3694: 3478: 1246: 788: 697: 575: 570: 178: 298: 5803: 5793: 5768: 5748: 5733: 5646: 5641: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5486: 5466: 5441: 5335: 5305: 5239: 5209: 5184: 5156: 5103: 4878: 4810: 4780: 4679: 4602: 4582: 4562: 4508: 4416: 4325: 989: 607: 595: 428: 384: 289: 208: 92: 5398: 4470: 357: 3206:

three kinds of conditional constructions, employing distinct uses of the tense markers.

476:

French Creole language). Ethnologue refers to the language as "Karipúna Creole French."

5763: 5758: 5753: 5676: 5631: 5626: 5532: 5408: 5199: 5029: 4915: 4734: 4724: 4639: 4567: 4518: 4465: 4453: 4448: 4442: 4425: 4381: 4279: 4225: 4156: 1978: 1018: 825: 440: 356:

The Karipúna people numbered 1,726 between 16 different villages in 2001. The largest,

350: 338: 4007: 3749:

From French to Creole: The development of new vernaculars in the French colonial world

1087:

Again, compared to French's 17 vowels, KFC is significantly less complicated, losing /

149: 5818: 5481: 5146: 4719: 4546: 4480: 4460: 3695: 2207: 1375: 910: 432: 285: 301:

rivers, where the Karipúna inhabited, further contributing to the broad ethnic mix.

5403: 4709: 4587: 4523: 1728: 851: 483:

with around 300 words, phonetic description of KFC, and analysis of the grammar at

288:. They joined with existing ethnic groups, thus coming into contact with French or 254: 3942:

Jacobs, Bart (2011). "The origin and originality of passivization in Papiamentu".

17: 4832: 4644: 4634: 4268: 1113: 1074: 1049: 1031: 960: 952: 940: 928: 905: 3801: 1172:

The "verbalizing" suffix /-e/ however can coerce some nouns into a verb class.

1150:

The "verbalizing" suffix /-e/ however can coerce some nouns into a verb class.

4792: 4663: 4657: 4650: 3502: 2211: 1732: 1310: 1057: 915: 739: 648: 562:

Karipúna French Creole's 22 phonemic consonants are shown in the table below.

294: 3976:

Winford, Donald (1988). "Stativity and other aspects of the creole passive".

3899:. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 29–50. 3497: 5461: 4623: 4036:. Série Lingüística Nº 10: 1-156. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Brasília. 380:

Projeto Político Pedagógico das Escolas Indígenas Karipúna e Galibi-Marworno

277: 142: 126: 349:

Today in the Uaçá Reservation there are three other Amerindian groups: the

3874: 1644:

In the case that no body part is affected, KFC can also use /mɛm/ for the

133: 3963:

Creoles, Contact, and Language Change: Linguistic and Social Implications

3312: 643: 496: 361: 212: 72: 3447: 3418: 3390: 3258: 3226: 3154: 3107: 2970: 2852: 2816: 2783: 2744: 2684: 2662: 2640: 2554: 2469: 2411: 2242: 2137: 2076: 2043: 2021: 1999: 1946: 1918: 1903: 1693: 1671: 1656: 1616: 1594: 1561: 1539: 1531:

affected, as the possessed NP of the pronoun. position (in bold below).

1489: 1451: 1426: 1404: 1180: 5019: 4617: 3370: 3322: 3032: 3014: 1731:. Alleyne and Ferreira list four classes, based on the original French 500: 480: 281: 216: 4941: 3710: 3004: 2762: 2599: 2270: 5743: 4786: 4774: 4757: 4491: 4183: 4098: 3457: 3400: 3139: 3121: 3089: 3055: 2509: 2491: 1239: 488: 314: 61: 3352: 3240: 2923: 2536: 3697:

Creoles in Education: An appraisal of current programs and projects

3158: 2558: 2473: 2319: 1697: 1620: 1565: 325:

programme was instituted, largely through the efforts of CIMI (the

231:

terms, with a complex mix of substratum languages—most notably the

4689: 4486: 4430: 3428: 2862: 228: 224: 276:

since the 16th century, and around 1830 to the 1840s, due to the

3820:

Dicionário Crioulo Karipúna/Português Português/Crioulo Karipúna

492: 4945: 4283: 4051: 3348: 3236: 3176: 2949: 2919: 2826: 2532: 2379: 2090: 1960: 3268: 2772: 2108: 321:

It was also during this period that the "Kheuól-to-Portuguese

2787: 2246: 1922: 1675: 1493: 1430: 3728: 2151: 2067:"He/she walked for a long time/long way." (CP reduplication) 462: 456: 450: 444: 402: 396: 201: 49: 43: 3635:

Synchronic and diachronic perspectives on contact languages

2214:

may be the only Atlantic Creole to possess a full passive.

284:

region moved to what is now Amapá and which was claimed by

507: 378: 3727:

Lewis, Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2016).

3111: 2688: 2666: 2644: 2603: 2415: 2274: 2141: 2080: 2047: 2025: 2003: 1950: 1907: 1660: 1598: 1543: 1455: 1408: 1184: 4024:

Dicionário crioulo karipúna/português português/karipúna

3729:"Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth edition" 4042:

Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée

2898:"If I had had the money, I would have bought a radio." 1205: 1195: 2179:"It was very white/white as snow." (AP reduplication) 280:, a revolt by a group of indigenous people from the 5721: 5695: 5659: 5584: 5556: 5523: 5500: 5422: 5389: 5281: 5248: 5175: 5137: 5049: 5040: 5000: 4979: 4871: 4672: 4601: 4415: 4372: 4344: 4335: 4318: 4261: 4213: 4197: 4117: 4086: 3762:Moore, Denny (2005). "Brazil: language situation". 156: 140: 124: 119: 89: 79: 67: 57: 32: 3463:"If he had arrive, I would have talked with him." 337:linguistic vitality of Karipúna French Creole is 4027:. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Brasília, DF. 4011:. SIL Electronic Survey Report. SILESR 2007-020. 4000:Cultura Crioula e Lanc-Patuá no Norte do Brasil. 1142:Tobler notes that most words are monomorphemic. 414: 408: 3751:. Westminster: University of Westminster Press. 897:Karipúna French Creole has 10 phonemic vowels. 3795: 3793: 4957: 4295: 4063: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 2895:if 1SG PRES have money 1SG COND buy one radio 8: 4018:. Elanders Boktryckeri Aktiebolag, Göteborg. 3722: 3720: 516:pronunciation guide for Kheuól orthography. 387:, KFC is justifiably in a threatened state. 4923:varieties with more than 5 million speakers 3764:Encyclopedia of languages and linguistics 2 1729:agglutinated with a French definite article 5046: 4964: 4950: 4942: 4341: 4302: 4288: 4280: 4070: 4056: 4048: 3869: 3867: 3666:. Instituto Socioambiental. February 2016. 3539: 2128:"He/she is very angry." (VP reduplication) 171: 29: 3937: 3935: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 2705:3SG.SUBJ make 3SG.SUBJ chop 3SG.SUBJ much 2064:3SG.SUBJ walk 3SG.SUBJ walk 3SG.SUBJ walk 253:The Karipúna community includes a mix of 3965:. Amsterdam: Benjamis. pp. 209–219. 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 1737: 1225: 899: 564: 3890: 3888: 3875:"Inventory Karipuna Creole French (PH)" 3742: 3740: 3738: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3490: 2583:sun PRES.PROG make 1SG.POSS clothes dry 2403:Compared with the active construction: 272:linguistic trunks were in contact with 4016:Die Palikur-Indianer und ihre Nachbarn 3854:Anthropology & Education Quarterly 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3376:"If you cut it quickly it will break." 2892:si mo te gã lajõ mo teke aʃte wun hadj 2708:"He/she made them chop a lot of wood." 1714:1SG.SUBJ buy-3SG.OBJ for 1SG.POSS self 533:assisted in the documentation of KFC. 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 7: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3285:if 3SG PRES.PROG arrive 3SG FUT good 2799:"If it's ripe, then we will eat it." 1502:3SG.SUBJ take this/that give 1SG.OBJ 3922:European Journal of English Studies 3837:Montejo, Francisca Picanço (1988). 3038:"He went where they were fighting." 2586:"The sun is making my clothes dry." 2125:3SG.SUBJ PRES be.angry FUT be.angry 503:of Karipúna in Portuguese in 1984. 4927:Languages between parentheses are 3897:Complex Processes in New Languages 3806:. Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1856:Class IV: (du, de l’, des + noun) 25: 3944:Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 3546:From Contact to Creole and Beyond 1124: 1118: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1088: 1073: 1066: 1048: 1041: 1030: 1023: 1007: 994: 978: 965: 876: 869: 860: 834: 810: 803: 794: 778: 767: 760: 751: 728: 719: 710: 703: 685: 676: 667: 660: 632: 621: 612: 5825:French-based pidgins and creoles 4008:A report on the creoles of Amapá 3581:A Report on the Creoles of Amapá 3508: 3288:"If he arrives it will be good." 5840:French language in the Americas 2961:"The fire is melting the lard." 2796:if 3SG ripe 1PL FUT eat-3SG.OBJ 1505:"He/she took this/that for me." 1133:from a common creole ancestor. 5835:Endangered pidgins and creoles 4931:of the language on their left. 4033:The grammar of karipúna creole 3803:The Grammar of Karipúna Creole 3453:si-l te hive mo teke pale ke-l 1: 4079:French-based creole languages 4002:Escola de Folclore, S. Paulo. 3460:arrive 1SG COND talk with-3SG 2347:"There were no bananas left." 3841:. Belem: Edicoes Mensageiro. 3028:li ale la kote je teka bhiga 2958:fire PRES.PROG melt lard DEM 1823:Class III: (un, une + noun) 1790:Class II: (les, des + noun) 1637:1SG.SUBJ cut 1SG.POSS finger 3998:Andrade, Julieta de. 1984. 3373:cut quickly PRES.PROG break 2443:"He/she painted the house." 509:Dicionário Crioulo Karipúna 329:) and with the approval of 5861: 3095:"The rain fell all night." 1742:Karipúna French Creole IPA 1582:1SG.SUBJ hit 1SG.POSS body 5682:Paulista General Language 4906: 3664:Povos Indígenas No Brasil 3366:si u ø kupe vitmã ka fãde 2310:"We ate all the bananas." 2176:3SG.SUBJ PAST white white 1855: 1822: 1789: 1757:Class I: (la, l’ + noun) 1756: 1717:"I bought it for myself." 1373: 1309: 1245: 1238: 1233: 1228: 914: 909: 904: 902: 850: 824: 738: 642: 606: 567: 508: 379: 170: 71:Uaça Indian Reservation, 42: 37: 27:Creole language of Brazil 4081:and pidgins by continent 4021:Tobler, Alfred W. 1987. 4014:Nimuendajú, Curt. 1926. 2515:"My clothes (were) dry." 1210:"He/she shoots an arrow" 5845:Creoles of the Americas 4992:Brazilian Sign Language 4311:Gallo-Romance languages 3800:Tobler, S. Joy (1983). 3031:3SG go there where 3PL 2399:"The house is painted." 2307:1PL.SUBJ eat all banana 2061:li maʃe li maʃe li maʃe 1360:/so/, /so-pa/, /di-li/ 463: 457: 451: 445: 403: 397: 202: 50: 44: 4030:Tobler, S. Joy. 1983. 3498:Karipúna French Creole 3474:French Guianese Creole 3282:si li ka hive li ke bõ 3193:1SG.POSS body PRES hot 3085:lapli ø tõbe tu nanwit 2702:li fɛ ye fãde bwa boku 2580:solej ka fɛ mo lẽj sɛk 528:Documentation projects 441:lexical and functional 415: 409: 193:Karipúna French Creole 109:Karipúna French Creole 105:French Guianese Creole 33:Karipúna French Creole 5687:Portunhol fronteiriço 4921:A star (*) indicates 4816:Poitevin-Saintongeais 4747:Labrador Inuit Pidgin 3817:Tobler, A.W. (1987). 3747:Corne, Chris (1999). 3578:Anonby, Stan (2007), 2793:si li mi nu ke mãje-l 219:rivers. It is mostly 4005:Anonby, Stan. 2007. 3731:. SIL International. 2955:dʒife ka fun ghɛs la 2631:"They chopped wood." 2440:3SG.SUBJ paint house 1931:3SG.SUBJ cut-3SG.OBJ 1439:3SG.SUBJ cut 3SG.OBJ 1299:‘he/she/it/him/her’ 215:, on the Curipi and 207:, is a French-based 5830:Languages of Brazil 4973:Languages of Brazil 4374:Bourbonnais Creoles 3587:, SIL International 1934:"He/she/it cut it." 1746:French Orthography 1711:mo aʃte-l pu mo mɛm 1517:Possessive pronouns 368:Linguistic vitality 323:bilingual education 197:Amapá French Creole 38:Amapá French Creole 5437:Gavião of Jiparaná 5001:Regional languages 2628:3PL.SUBJ chop wood 2304:nu mãdʒe tut bakɔv 2258:"The wasp bit me." 2122:li ka kɔlɛ ke kɔlɛ 1640:"I cut my finger." 1526:Reflexive pronouns 391:Linguistic origins 274:European explorers 259:indigenous peoples 241:Anonby notes that 5812: 5811: 5655: 5654: 5341:Laklãnõ (Xokléng) 4980:Official language 4939: 4938: 4916:extinct languages 4872:Francoprovencalic 4867: 4866: 4850:Wisconsin Walloon 4277: 4276: 3906:978-90-272-5257-9 3506:(21st ed., 2018) 3092:fall all in.night 2508:1SG.POSS clothes 2255:wasp bite 1SG.OBJ 1888: 1887: 1743: 1499:li pote sa bay mo 1394: 1393: 1378: 1085: 1084: 886: 885: 791: 748: 700: 657: 236:Karipúna language 190: 189: 85:2,400 (2008) 18:Lanc-Patuá creole 16:(Redirected from 5852: 5047: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4943: 4885:Franco-Provençal 4881:/Faetar-Cigliàje 4770:Louisiana French 4765:Louisiana Creole 4578:Saint-Barthélemy 4346:Antillean Creole 4342: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4281: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4049: 3986: 3985: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3939: 3930: 3929: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3892: 3883: 3882: 3871: 3862: 3861: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3826:. Brasília: SIL. 3825: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3797: 3768: 3767: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3733: 3732: 3724: 3715: 3714: 3700: 3689: 3668: 3667: 3656: 3643: 3642: 3630: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3575: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3495: 3479:Antillean creole 3459: 3449: 3430: 3420: 3402: 3392: 3372: 3354: 3350: 3324: 3314: 3270: 3260: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3178: 3160: 3156: 3141: 3123: 3113: 3109: 3091: 3057: 3034: 3016: 3006: 2972: 2951: 2925: 2921: 2864: 2854: 2828: 2818: 2789: 2785: 2774: 2764: 2746: 2690: 2686: 2668: 2664: 2646: 2642: 2605: 2601: 2560: 2556: 2538: 2534: 2511: 2493: 2475: 2471: 2417: 2413: 2381: 2321: 2276: 2272: 2248: 2244: 2153: 2143: 2139: 2110: 2092: 2082: 2078: 2049: 2045: 2027: 2023: 2005: 2001: 1970:1SG.SUBJ PRES-go 1962: 1952: 1948: 1924: 1920: 1909: 1905: 1741: 1738: 1699: 1695: 1677: 1673: 1662: 1658: 1622: 1618: 1600: 1596: 1567: 1563: 1545: 1541: 1495: 1491: 1457: 1453: 1442:"He/she cut it." 1432: 1428: 1410: 1406: 1374: 1347:/zɔt/, /zɔt-pa/ 1226: 1207: 1197: 1186: 1182: 1128: 1122: 1116: 1110: 1104: 1098: 1092: 1077: 1070: 1052: 1045: 1034: 1027: 1011: 998: 982: 969: 955: 948: 943: 936: 931: 924: 900: 880: 873: 864: 838: 814: 807: 798: 787: 782: 771: 764: 755: 744: 732: 723: 714: 707: 696: 689: 680: 671: 664: 653: 636: 625: 616: 565: 511: 466: 460: 454: 448: 418: 412: 406: 400: 382: 327:Catholic mission 205: 195:, also known as 175: 166: 152: 136: 129: 95: 53: 47: 30: 21: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5717: 5691: 5651: 5580: 5552: 5519: 5496: 5418: 5385: 5277: 5244: 5171: 5133: 5042: 5036: 4996: 4975: 4970: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4902: 4863: 4781:Moselle Romance 4741:Karipúna Creole 4668: 4597: 4509:Franco-Ontarian 4411: 4368: 4331: 4326:Canadian French 4314: 4308: 4278: 4273: 4257: 4209: 4193: 4113: 4104:Petit Mauresque 4082: 4076: 3995: 3993:Further reading 3990: 3989: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3941: 3940: 3933: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3894: 3893: 3886: 3873: 3872: 3865: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3799: 3798: 3771: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3745: 3736: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3691: 3690: 3671: 3658: 3657: 3646: 3632: 3631: 3592: 3584: 3577: 3576: 3553: 3543: 3542: 3517: 3507: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3470: 3465: 3451: 3440: 3432: 3422: 3412: 3404: 3394: 3378: 3364: 3356: 3342: 3334: 3326: 3316: 3306: 3290: 3280: 3272: 3262: 3252: 3244: 3230: 3220: 3203: 3198: 3188: 3180: 3170: 3162: 3147: 3133: 3125: 3115: 3097: 3083: 3075: 3067: 3059: 3049: 3040: 3026: 3018: 3008: 2998: 2990: 2982: 2974: 2963: 2953: 2943: 2935: 2927: 2913: 2900: 2890: 2882: 2874: 2866: 2856: 2846: 2838: 2830: 2820: 2810: 2801: 2791: 2776: 2766: 2756: 2748: 2738: 2719: 2710: 2700: 2692: 2678: 2670: 2656: 2648: 2633: 2623: 2615: 2607: 2588: 2578: 2570: 2562: 2548: 2540: 2526: 2517: 2503: 2495: 2485: 2477: 2458: 2445: 2435: 2427: 2419: 2401: 2396:house DEM paint 2391: 2383: 2373: 2349: 2344:NEG stay banana 2339: 2331: 2323: 2312: 2302: 2294: 2286: 2278: 2260: 2250: 2236: 2228: 2204: 2199: 2190: 2181: 2171: 2163: 2155: 2145: 2130: 2120: 2112: 2102: 2094: 2084: 2069: 2059: 2051: 2037: 2029: 2015: 2007: 1988: 1977:Morphophonemic 1975: 1965: 1954: 1936: 1926: 1911: 1724: 1719: 1709: 1701: 1687: 1679: 1664: 1642: 1634:mo kupe mo dwet 1632: 1624: 1610: 1602: 1587: 1585:"I hit myself." 1577: 1569: 1555: 1547: 1528: 1519: 1507: 1497: 1483: 1475: 1467: 1459: 1444: 1434: 1420: 1412: 1363:‘his/hers/its’ 1350:‘yours/y’alls’ 1312: 1248: 1221: 1212: 1204:3SG.SUBJ arrow- 1199: 1188: 1170: 1160: 1148: 1139: 951: 946: 939: 934: 927: 922: 895: 647: 586:Palato-alveolar 560: 552: 543: 530: 473: 393: 385:second language 370: 347: 290:Guianese Creole 251: 221:French-lexified 209:creole language 186: 162: 148: 132: 125: 115: 96: 93:Language family 91: 82: 81:Native speakers 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5858: 5856: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5817: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5759:Haitian Creole 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5703:Brazilian Sign 5699: 5697: 5696:Sign languages 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5660:Interlanguages 5657: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5529: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5506: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5428: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5287: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5055: 5053: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5022: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4946: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4925: 4919: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4882: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4735:Haitian Creole 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4705:Burundi Pidgin 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4615: 4607: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4422: 4420: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4094:Burundi Pidgin 4090: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3968: 3953: 3931: 3912: 3905: 3884: 3863: 3844: 3829: 3809: 3769: 3754: 3734: 3716: 3669: 3644: 3590: 3551: 3515: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3469: 3466: 3441: 3433: 3423: 3413: 3405: 3395: 3384: 3383: 3357: 3343: 3335: 3327: 3317: 3307: 3299: 3298: 3273: 3263: 3253: 3245: 3231: 3221: 3213: 3212: 3202: 3199: 3181: 3171: 3163: 3149: 3148: 3126: 3116: 3102: 3101: 3076: 3068: 3060: 3050: 3042: 3041: 3019: 3009: 2999: 2991: 2983: 2975: 2965: 2964: 2944: 2936: 2928: 2914: 2906: 2905: 2883: 2875: 2867: 2857: 2847: 2839: 2831: 2821: 2811: 2803: 2802: 2777: 2767: 2757: 2749: 2739: 2731: 2730: 2718: 2715: 2713:CP-embedding. 2693: 2679: 2671: 2657: 2649: 2635: 2634: 2616: 2608: 2594: 2593: 2571: 2563: 2549: 2541: 2527: 2519: 2518: 2496: 2486: 2478: 2464: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2428: 2420: 2406: 2405: 2393:kaz la pẽtʃihe 2384: 2374: 2366: 2365: 2332: 2324: 2314: 2313: 2295: 2287: 2279: 2265: 2264: 2237: 2229: 2221: 2220: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2197:Valency change 2195: 2189: 2186: 2164: 2156: 2146: 2132: 2131: 2113: 2103: 2095: 2085: 2071: 2070: 2052: 2038: 2030: 2016: 2008: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1955: 1941: 1940: 1912: 1898: 1897: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1837:‘arch’, ‘ark’ 1835: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1752:English Gloss 1750: 1747: 1744: 1723: 1720: 1702: 1688: 1680: 1665: 1651: 1650: 1625: 1611: 1603: 1589: 1588: 1570: 1556: 1548: 1534: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1484: 1476: 1468: 1460: 1446: 1445: 1421: 1413: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1390:‘these/those’ 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376:Demonstratives 1371: 1370: 1367: 1366:/je/, /je-pa/ 1364: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1328:/no/, /no-pa/ 1326: 1323: 1322:/mo/, /mo-pa/ 1320: 1315: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1251: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1220: 1217: 1189: 1175: 1174: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1144: 1138: 1135: 1083: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1071: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1046: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1028: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1005: 1003: 1001: 999: 992: 986: 985: 983: 976: 974: 972: 970: 963: 957: 956: 949: 944: 937: 932: 925: 919: 918: 913: 908: 903: 894: 891: 884: 883: 881: 874: 867: 865: 858: 856: 854: 848: 847: 845: 843: 841: 839: 832: 830: 828: 822: 821: 819: 817: 815: 808: 801: 799: 792: 784: 783: 776: 774: 772: 765: 758: 756: 749: 742: 736: 735: 733: 726: 724: 717: 715: 708: 701: 693: 692: 690: 683: 681: 674: 672: 665: 658: 651: 640: 639: 637: 630: 628: 626: 619: 617: 610: 604: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 559: 556: 551: 548: 542: 539: 529: 526: 472: 469: 392: 389: 369: 366: 351:Galibi Marwono 346: 345:Current status 343: 268:, Tupían, and 250: 247: 188: 187: 176: 168: 167: 160: 154: 153: 146: 138: 137: 130: 122: 121: 120:Language codes 117: 116: 114: 113: 112: 111: 99: 97: 90: 87: 86: 83: 80: 77: 76: 69: 65: 64: 59: 58:Native to 55: 54: 40: 39: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5857: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5039: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4962: 4960: 4955: 4953: 4948: 4947: 4944: 4930: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4720:Frainc-Comtou 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4547:Middle French 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4436:St. Marys Bay 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4337:Langues d'oïl 4334: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4293: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4043: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3833: 3830: 3822: 3821: 3813: 3810: 3805: 3804: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3582: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3491: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3439: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3346: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3166: 3161: 3152: 3146: 3145:"I was sick." 3143: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2842: 2837: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2691: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2606: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2539: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2506: 2505:mo lẽj te sɛk 2502: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2437:i pẽtʃihe kaz 2434: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2418: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2351:With active ( 2348: 2345: 2342: 2341:pa hete bakɔv 2338: 2335: 2330: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2240: 2235: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2208:passive voice 2201: 2196: 2194: 2187: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2173:li te blã blã 2170: 2167: 2162: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2041: 2036: 2033: 2028: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2006: 1997: 1992: 1986:Reduplication 1985: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1953: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1915: 1910: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1722:Agglutination 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1691: 1686: 1683: 1678: 1668: 1663: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1646:emphatic self 1641: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1623: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1568: 1559: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1487: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1471: 1466: 1463: 1458: 1449: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1411: 1402: 1397: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1202: 1198: 1192: 1187: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1151: 1146:Verb coercion 1145: 1143: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1000: 997: 993: 991: 988: 987: 984: 981: 977: 975: 973: 971: 968: 964: 962: 959: 958: 954: 950: 945: 942: 938: 933: 930: 926: 921: 920: 917: 912: 907: 901: 898: 892: 890: 882: 879: 875: 872: 868: 866: 863: 859: 857: 855: 853: 849: 846: 844: 842: 840: 837: 833: 831: 829: 827: 823: 820: 818: 816: 813: 809: 806: 802: 800: 797: 793: 790: 786: 785: 781: 777: 775: 773: 770: 766: 763: 759: 757: 754: 750: 747: 743: 741: 737: 734: 731: 727: 725: 722: 718: 716: 713: 709: 706: 702: 699: 695: 694: 691: 688: 684: 682: 679: 675: 673: 670: 666: 663: 659: 656: 652: 650: 645: 641: 638: 635: 631: 629: 627: 624: 620: 618: 615: 611: 609: 605: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 566: 563: 557: 555: 549: 547: 540: 538: 534: 527: 525: 522: 521:documentation 517: 515: 510: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 477: 470: 468: 465: 459: 453: 447: 442: 438: 434: 430: 424: 420: 417: 411: 405: 399: 390: 388: 386: 381: 374: 367: 365: 363: 359: 354: 352: 344: 342: 340: 334: 332: 328: 324: 319: 316: 310: 306: 302: 300: 296: 291: 287: 286:French Guiana 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 256: 248: 246: 244: 239: 237: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 204: 198: 194: 184: 180: 174: 169: 165: 161: 159: 155: 151: 147: 145: 144: 139: 135: 131: 128: 123: 118: 110: 107: 106: 104: 103: 102: 101:French Creole 98: 94: 88: 84: 78: 74: 70: 66: 63: 60: 56: 52: 46: 41: 36: 31: 19: 5722:Non-official 5708:Ka'apor Sign 5671: 5291:Akwẽ-Xerénte 5084:Enawenê-Nawê 4911: 4856: 4837: 4826:Saintongeais 4803: 4791: 4779: 4745: 4740: 4710:Camfranglais 4656: 4649: 4622: 4612:Anglo-Norman 4610: 4573:Newfoundland 4558:Metropolitan 4545: 4535:Jersey Legal 4533: 4524:Houma French 4364:Saint Lucian 4319:Areal groups 4313:and dialects 4214:Indian Ocean 4150:Saint Lucian 4041: 4031: 4022: 4015: 4006: 3999: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3962: 3956: 3947: 3943: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3896: 3878: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3838: 3832: 3819: 3812: 3802: 3763: 3757: 3748: 3696: 3663: 3638: 3634: 3580: 3545: 3501: 3493: 3462: 3455: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3434: 3427: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3399: 3396: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3371:PAST.INCOMPL 3368: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3328: 3323:PAST.INCOMPL 3321: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3267: 3264: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3235: 3232: 3225: 3222: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3204: 3201:Conditionals 3195: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3175: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3106: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3072: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3037: 3033:PAST.INCOMPL 3030: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3015:PAST.INCOMPL 3013: 3010: 3003: 3000: 2995: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2940: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2871: 2868: 2861: 2858: 2851: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2825: 2822: 2815: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2781: 2778: 2771: 2768: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2743: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2661: 2658: 2653: 2650: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2553: 2550: 2545: 2542: 2531: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2479: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2378: 2375: 2370: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2280: 2269: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2241: 2238: 2233: 2230: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2205: 2191: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2150: 2147: 2136: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2089: 2086: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2042: 2039: 2034: 2031: 2020: 2017: 2012: 2009: 1998: 1995: 1989: 1976: 1973:"I'm going." 1972: 1969: 1966: 1959: 1956: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1916: 1913: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1889: 1798:(les) armes 1725: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1692: 1689: 1684: 1681: 1669: 1666: 1655: 1652: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1604: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1579:mo bat mo kɔ 1578: 1574: 1571: 1560: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1520: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1488: 1485: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1464: 1461: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1403: 1400: 1395: 1384:‘this/that’ 1341:/u/, /u-pa/ 1305:‘they/them’ 1286:‘you/y’all’ 1222: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1193: 1190: 1179: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1149: 1140: 1131: 1086: 896: 887: 852:Approximants 561: 553: 544: 535: 531: 518: 505: 478: 474: 425: 421: 394: 375: 371: 355: 348: 335: 320: 311: 307: 303: 263: 252: 240: 200: 196: 192: 191: 158:Linguasphere 141: 108: 5734:Vlax Romani 5713:Terena Sign 5677:Macarrônico 5558:Nambikwaran 5316:Djeoromitxí 4918:or dialects 4805:Petit nègre 4695:Bourbonnais 4640:Guernésiais 4635:Cotentinais 4514:Frenchville 4476:New England 4407:Seychellois 4251:Seychellois 4221:Bourbonnais 4109:Petit nègre 3196:"I am hot." 3135:mo te malad 2625:ye fãde bwa 2252:muʃ mɔde mo 1779:(la) fumée 1749:French IPA 1311:Possessive 1296:/li/, /so/ 541:Ethnography 437:Senegambian 255:ethnicities 223:except for 177:The rivers 5819:Categories 5672:Lanc-Patuá 5571:Nambikwara 5502:Chapacuran 5477:Tenetehara 5351:Mẽbêngôkre 5311:Chiquitano 5220:Pará Arára 5205:Hixkaryana 5041:Indigenous 5013:Pomeranian 4987:Portuguese 4793:Old French 4715:Champenois 4700:Burgundian 4664:Sercquiais 4658:Old Norman 4651:Law French 4593:Vietnamese 4553:Meridional 4387:Chagossian 4231:Chagossian 4189:Belle Isle 4177:Lanc-Patuá 4145:Martinican 4140:Guadeloupe 3984:: 271–297. 3860:: 150–169. 3711:2139/41236 3503:Ethnologue 3485:References 3458:PAST.COMPL 3401:PAST.COMPL 3190:mo kɔ ø ʃɔ 3140:PAST.COMPL 3122:PAST.COMPL 3090:PAST.COMPL 3056:PAST.COMPL 2510:PAST.COMPL 2492:PAST.COMPL 2456:Causatives 2212:Papiamento 1979:reanalysis 1845:(une) âme 1834:/œ̃n‿aʁk/ 1801:/lez‿aʁm/ 1782:/la fyme/ 1765:(la) boue 1733:determiner 1436:li kupe li 1356:3rd person 1337:2nd person 1318:1st person 1292:3rd person 1277:/u/, /to/ 1273:2nd person 1254:1st person 1137:Morphology 740:Fricatives 649:Affricates 558:Consonants 471:Literature 398:Lanc-Patúa 339:threatened 295:Approuague 243:Portuguese 203:Lanc-Patuá 164:51-AAC-cdd 45:Lanc-Patuá 5739:Hungarian 5462:Nheengatu 5457:Munduruku 5447:Kagwahiva 5366:Rikbaktsa 5263:Kashinawa 5119:Wapishana 5059:Asháninka 5043:languages 4929:varieties 4914:indicate 4896:Valdôtain 4887:/Arpitan 4858:Zarphatic 4799:Orléanais 4685:Berrichon 4624:Auregnais 4499:Cambodian 4481:Québécois 4402:Rodriguan 4392:Mauritian 4359:Grenadian 4354:Dominican 4246:Rodriguan 4236:Mauritian 4162:Louisiana 4135:Grenadian 4130:Dominican 4125:Antillean 3660:"History" 3138:1SG.SUBJ 1878:(du) riz 1867:/dy sɛl/ 1864:(du) sel 1831:(un) arc 1812:(les) os 1776:/lafime/ 1473:this/that 1369:‘theirs’ 1247:Personal 1201:li flɛʃ-e 990:Close-mid 746:voiceless 655:voiceless 550:Phonology 455:(‘pen’), 364:village. 278:Cabanagem 143:Glottolog 127:ISO 639-3 5774:Romanian 5729:Japanese 5622:Katawixi 5617:Kanamarí 5566:Mamaindê 5525:Tukanoan 5472:Tapirapé 5371:Tapayúna 5346:Maxakalí 5321:Kaingang 5283:Macro-Jê 5273:Yaminawa 5235:Ye'kuana 5152:Jamamadí 5124:Warekena 5094:Mehinaku 5089:Mapidian 5074:Barawana 5051:Arawakan 4891:Savoyard 4821:Poitevin 4730:Guianese 4645:Jèrriais 4630:Cauchois 4583:Standard 4563:Missouri 4504:Francien 4454:Kinshasa 4172:Karipúna 4167:Guianese 4118:Americas 3950:: 31–56. 3928:: 59–80. 3468:See also 3081:in.night 2202:Passives 2118:be.angry 2100:be.angry 1967:mo k-ale 1928:i kupe-l 1881:/dy ʁi/ 1861:/disɛm/ 1848:/yn‿am/ 1815:/lez‿o/ 1785:‘smoke’ 1768:/la bu/ 1344:‘yours’ 1313:pronouns 1267:‘we/us’ 1249:pronouns 1235:Singular 1219:Pronouns 1123:/, and / 1019:Open-mid 644:Plosives 581:Alveolar 497:morpheme 485:sentence 362:Kumaruma 266:Arawakan 233:Arawakan 150:kari1301 75:, Brazil 5799:Chinese 5789:Turkish 5784:Tagalog 5779:Russian 5667:Cafundó 5612:Kadiwéu 5607:Irantxe 5597:Arutani 5510:Oro Win 5391:Nadahup 5381:Xavante 5376:Timbira 5331:Kĩsêdjê 5301:Arikapú 5296:Apinajé 5268:Shipibo 5258:Amawaka 5230:Sikiana 5215:Macushi 5195:Bakairi 5177:Cariban 5167:Zuruahá 5162:Paumarí 5109:Tariana 5099:Palikúr 5064:Atorada 5025:Italian 5020:Hunsrik 4912:Italics 4845:Walloon 4839:Tây Bồi 4753:Lorrain 4680:Angevin 4618:Augeron 4568:Muskrat 4541:Laotian 4519:Haitian 4466:Belgian 4449:Abidjan 4443:African 4426:Acadian 4397:Réunion 4382:Agalega 4262:Oceania 4241:Réunion 4226:Agalega 4205:Tây Bồi 4157:Haitian 4044:6:1.26. 3881:. 2014. 3879:PHOIBLE 3456:if-3SG 3369:if 2SG 3340:quickly 2568:clothes 2483:clothes 2422:pẽtʃihe 2386:pẽtʃihe 1884:‘rice’ 1875:/duhi/ 1870:‘salt’ 1851:‘soul’ 1818:‘bone’ 1762:/labu/ 1331:‘ours’ 1325:‘mine’ 1261:‘I/me’ 1168:"Arrow" 911:Central 601:Glottal 591:Palatal 501:grammar 481:lexicon 410:Crioulo 270:Cariban 249:History 217:Oyapock 185:in 1926 183:Aracaua 5804:Slovak 5794:Korean 5769:Polish 5749:French 5744:Arabic 5647:Xukuru 5642:Ticuna 5637:Pirahã 5592:Aikanã 5585:Others 5576:Sabanê 5548:Wanano 5543:Tuyuca 5538:Tukano 5487:Xipaya 5467:Omagua 5442:Juruna 5432:Akwáwa 5424:Tupian 5361:Panará 5336:Krenak 5326:Karajá 5306:Bororo 5250:Panoan 5240:Waiwai 5225:Salumá 5210:Ikpeng 5190:Apalaí 5185:Amonap 5157:Kulina 5139:Arawan 5114:Terêna 5104:Paresi 5069:Baniwa 5030:Talian 5008:German 4879:Faetar 4811:Picard 4787:Nouchi 4775:Michif 4758:Welche 4673:Others 4603:Norman 4529:Indian 4492:Magoua 4461:Aostan 4417:French 4184:Michif 4099:Nouchi 4087:Africa 3980:. 76. 3978:Lingua 3946:. 10. 3903: 3856:. 40. 3641:: 325. 3410:arrive 3250:arrive 3078:nanwit 2779:mãje-l 2337:banana 2300:banana 2188:Syntax 1914:kupe-l 1842:/nam/ 1828:/nak/ 1804:‘gun’ 1795:/zam/ 1771:‘mud’ 1667:aʃte-l 1630:finger 1283:/zɔt/ 1280:‘you’ 1240:Plural 1230:Person 1194:arrow- 1191:flɛʃ-e 893:Vowels 789:voiced 698:voiced 608:Nasals 576:Dental 571:Labial 495:, and 489:clause 458:la nét 435:, and 413:, and 404:Kheuól 315:BR-156 179:Curipi 68:Region 62:Brazil 51:Kheuól 5764:Greek 5754:Dutch 5632:Ninam 5627:Kwaza 5602:Guató 5533:Cubeo 5515:Wariʼ 5452:Kaiwá 5414:Nadëb 5409:Kakwa 5356:Ofayé 5200:Carib 5129:Waurá 4725:Gallo 4690:Bolze 4588:Swiss 4487:Joual 4471:Métis 4431:Chiac 3924:. 5. 3824:(PDF) 3585:(PDF) 3446:with- 3362:break 3337:vitmã 3128:malad 3088:rain 3044:lapli 3035:fight 3024:fight 3021:bhiga 2996:where 2988:there 2908:dʒife 2888:radio 2844:money 2717:Tense 2521:solej 2433:house 2425:paint 2389:paint 2371:house 2334:bakɔv 2297:bakɔv 2281:mãdʒe 2169:white 2161:white 1957:k-ale 1809:/zo/ 1387:/le/ 1381:/sa/ 1302:/je/ 1264:/no/ 1258:/mo/ 1165:arrow 1158:arrow 961:Close 953:nasal 947:plain 941:nasal 935:plain 929:nasal 923:plain 906:Front 596:Velar 464:janél 452:kanét 446:stilo 429:Bantu 416:Patuá 358:Manga 331:FUNAI 229:fauna 225:flora 213:Amapá 73:Amapá 5492:Zo'é 5482:Xeta 5147:Deni 5079:Baré 4833:Tayo 4269:Tayo 4198:Asia 3901:ISBN 3443:ke-l 3438:talk 3435:pale 3429:COND 3425:teke 3407:hive 3386:si-l 3359:fãde 3353:PROG 3349:PRES 3329:kupe 3278:good 3247:hive 3241:PROG 3237:PRES 3177:PRES 3168:body 3159:POSS 3142:sick 3131:sick 3112:SUBJ 3065:fall 3062:tõbe 3047:rain 3011:teka 2993:kote 2941:lard 2938:ghɛs 2933:melt 2924:PROG 2920:PRES 2911:fire 2885:hadj 2869:aʃte 2863:COND 2859:teke 2841:lajõ 2836:have 2827:PRES 2782:eat- 2754:ripe 2698:much 2695:boku 2689:SUBJ 2676:chop 2673:fãde 2667:SUBJ 2654:make 2645:SUBJ 2621:wood 2613:chop 2610:fãde 2604:SUBJ 2559:POSS 2546:make 2537:PROG 2533:PRES 2474:POSS 2416:SUBJ 2353:c.f. 2329:stay 2326:hete 2275:SUBJ 2234:bite 2231:mɔde 2226:wasp 2152:PAST 2142:SUBJ 2115:kɔlɛ 2097:kɔlɛ 2091:PRES 2081:SUBJ 2057:walk 2054:maʃe 2048:SUBJ 2035:walk 2032:maʃe 2026:SUBJ 2013:walk 2010:maʃe 2004:SUBJ 1961:PRES 1951:SUBJ 1917:cut- 1908:SUBJ 1707:self 1698:POSS 1670:buy- 1661:SUBJ 1627:dwet 1621:POSS 1605:kupe 1599:SUBJ 1575:body 1566:POSS 1544:SUBJ 1481:give 1465:take 1462:pote 1456:SUBJ 1415:kupe 1409:SUBJ 1206:VERB 1196:VERB 1185:SUBJ 1162:flɛʃ 1155:flɛʃ 1117:/, / 1111:/, / 1105:/, / 1099:/, / 1093:/, / 1058:Open 916:Back 826:Flap 493:word 461:and 449:and 299:Uaçá 282:Pará 227:and 199:and 181:and 5404:Hup 5399:Dâw 3707:hdl 3703:211 3500:at 3448:3SG 3419:1SG 3391:3SG 3389:if- 3332:cut 3313:2SG 3269:FUT 3259:3SG 3227:3SG 3186:hot 3155:1SG 3108:1SG 3073:all 3005:3PL 2977:ale 2971:3SG 2950:DEM 2930:fun 2880:one 2877:wun 2872:buy 2853:1SG 2817:1SG 2788:OBJ 2784:3SG 2773:FUT 2763:1PL 2745:3SG 2685:3SG 2681:bwa 2663:3SG 2641:3SG 2618:bwa 2600:3PL 2576:dry 2573:sɛk 2565:lẽj 2555:1SG 2524:sun 2512:dry 2501:dry 2498:sɛk 2480:lẽj 2470:1SG 2430:kaz 2412:3SG 2380:DEM 2368:kaz 2320:NEG 2292:all 2289:tut 2284:eat 2271:1PL 2247:OBJ 2243:1SG 2223:muʃ 2166:blã 2158:blã 2138:3SG 2109:FUT 2077:3SG 2044:3SG 2022:3SG 2000:3SG 1963:-go 1947:1SG 1923:OBJ 1919:3SG 1904:3SG 1704:mɛm 1694:1SG 1685:for 1676:OBJ 1672:3SG 1657:1SG 1617:1SG 1608:cut 1595:1SG 1562:1SG 1553:hit 1550:bat 1540:1SG 1494:OBJ 1490:1SG 1478:bay 1452:3SG 1431:OBJ 1427:3SG 1418:cut 1405:3SG 1181:3SG 1129:/. 721:d͡ʒ 678:t͡ʃ 514:IPA 433:Kwa 134:kmv 48:, 5821:: 4483:* 4445:* 3934:^ 3887:^ 3877:. 3866:^ 3772:^ 3737:^ 3719:^ 3705:. 3672:^ 3662:. 3647:^ 3639:32 3637:. 3593:^ 3554:^ 3518:^ 3415:mo 3397:te 3345:ka 3304:if 3301:si 3275:bõ 3265:ke 3255:li 3233:ka 3223:li 3218:if 3215:si 3183:ʃɔ 3165:kɔ 3151:mo 3118:te 3104:mo 3070:tu 3001:je 2985:la 2980:go 2967:li 2946:la 2916:ka 2849:mo 2833:gã 2823:te 2813:mo 2808:if 2805:si 2769:ke 2759:nu 2751:mi 2741:li 2736:if 2733:si 2659:ye 2651:fɛ 2637:li 2596:ye 2551:mo 2543:fɛ 2529:ka 2488:te 2466:mo 2376:la 2316:pa 2267:nu 2239:mo 2210:. 2148:te 2134:li 2105:ke 2087:ka 2073:li 2040:li 2018:li 1996:li 1943:mo 1735:. 1690:mo 1682:pu 1653:mo 1648:. 1613:mo 1591:mo 1572:kɔ 1558:mo 1536:mo 1486:mo 1470:sa 1448:li 1423:li 1401:li 1177:li 1114:œ̃ 1096:ɛː 1050:ɔ̃ 1032:ɛ̃ 712:d̪ 669:t̪ 646:, 491:, 487:, 431:, 407:, 341:. 238:. 4965:e 4958:t 4951:v 4737:* 4419:* 4328:* 4303:e 4296:t 4289:v 4071:e 4064:t 4057:v 3982:4 3948:2 3926:1 3909:. 3858:2 3766:. 3713:. 3709:: 3548:. 3351:. 3319:ø 3309:u 3239:. 3173:ø 3157:. 3110:. 3052:ø 2922:. 2786:. 2687:. 2665:. 2643:. 2602:. 2557:. 2535:. 2472:. 2414:. 2408:i 2273:. 2245:. 2140:. 2079:. 2046:. 2024:. 2002:. 1949:. 1921:. 1906:. 1900:i 1696:. 1674:. 1659:. 1619:. 1597:. 1564:. 1542:. 1492:. 1454:. 1429:. 1407:. 1183:. 1126:y 1120:ø 1108:œ 1102:ə 1090:ɑ 1075:ã 1068:a 1043:ɔ 1025:ɛ 1009:o 996:e 980:u 967:i 878:w 871:j 862:l 836:ɾ 812:ʒ 805:z 796:v 780:h 769:ʃ 762:s 753:f 730:g 705:b 687:k 662:p 634:ŋ 623:n 614:m 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index