586:
508:, prosperous families turn destitute when the male head of the household dies, as women are not permitted to take over their husband's land. Also, due to cultural tradition, the higher the status of the woman, the less likely she is to have any developed skills that would be useful in finding work. These women are forced to beg for food and shelter once their husbands die because they have not been allowed to gain work experience.
3835:
3130:
2112:
501:, land ownership defines social status and political power in the household and in the village, shaping relationships and creating family dynamics. Therefore, inheritance of land automatically puts men above women both in the household, and in the community. Without political pull in the village, and with limited bargaining powers within the household, women lack the voice to advocate for their own rights.
3861:
551:, as well. Land is passed down through male lineage which reinforces women's exclusion from land ownership. Another detriment to equality, pointed out by Women's Land Link Africa, is that women lack sufficient knowledge about the rights they have under the law to own land. Rural, illiterate women do not even have access to the new constitution which guarantees them land rights.
3848:
467:
In many parts of the world, women have access to land in order to farm and cultivate the land; however, there are traditions and cultural norms which bar women from inheriting or purchasing land. This puts women in a place of dependence on their husbands, brothers, or fathers for their livelihood and
542:
enforces equality between men and women, including the acquisition and ownership of land. However, research from Women's Land Link Africa reveals that women remain excluded from land ownership due to customs and deeply ingrained cultural habits. Even when women save up enough money to purchase land,
217:
Land rights are an integral part of Land Laws, as they socially enforce groups of individuals' rights to own land in concurrence with the land laws of a nation. Land Law addresses the legal mandates set forth by a country in regards to land ownership, while land rights refer to the social acceptance
209:
Land rights refer to the inalienable ability of individuals to freely obtain, use, and possess land at their discretion, as long as their activities on the land do not impede on other individuals' rights. This is not to be confused with access to land, which allows individuals the use of land in an
558:
Women's Land Link Africa provides suggestions to alleviate inequality in land ownership. Rural women can be educated about their rights through radio campaigns, community discussions, educational outreach programs, and public forums. The cultural nuances must be addressed in policies and community
554:
Although the 1995 Constitution provides for equality between men and women, there are still gaps in the law which affect women's rights to land. The law protects the rights to land of wives in marriage; however, it does not address the needs of widows or divorcees. Consequentially, these women are
226:
Globally, there has been an increased focus on land rights, as they are so pertinent to various aspects of development. According to
Wickeri and Kalhan, land ownership can be a critical source of capital, financial security, food, water, shelter, and resources. The UN Global Land Tool organisation
222:
takes the stance that although the law may advocate for equal access to land, land rights in certain countries and cultures may hinder a group's right to actually own land. Laws are important, but they must be backed up by cultural tradition and social acceptance. Therefore, laws concerning land
531:. In the new amendment, daughters and sons have equal rights to obtain land from their parents. This act was both a legally and socially important move for women's rights to land. Not only did it legally mandate equality in land succession, it also validated women's roles as equals in society.
511:
Bina
Agarwal argues that land ownership significantly decreases the chance of domestic violence against Indian women. Owning property elevates women to a higher status within the household, allowing more equality and bargaining power. In addition, owning property separately from their husbands
2620:
519:
Land rights are critical for women in India due to the heavily patriarchal society in which they live. Cultural perspectives play a key role in the acceptance of equality within land ownership. Women owning land ultimately benefits the household and society as a whole.
555:
left landless and without the protection land offers. Also, women have a difficult time taking cases to court due to corruption and expensive trials. The trials concerning land take so long to process that many women do not even attempt to seek legal assistance.
468:
shelter. Should there be an illness, domestic violence, or death in the family, women would be left landless and unable to either grow crops for food, or rent land for profit. Land ownership for women is a crucial form of security and income, increasing
435:
Several scholars argue that women's lack of sufficient land rights negatively affects their immediate families and the larger community, as well. With land ownership, women can develop an income and allocate this income more fairly within the household.
492:
practices which dominate the nation. Up until recently, Indian women have been left out of laws regarding the distribution of public land and were forced to rely on the small possibility of obtaining private land from their families.
242:
Although land rights are fundamental in achieving higher standards of living, certain groups of individuals are consistently left out of land ownership provisions. The law may provide access to land, however, cultural barriers and
1142:
2961:
1007:
239:
strives to improve the lives of 100 million slum dwellers. This includes increased land rights for impoverished people, which will ultimately lead to a higher quality of life.
559:
leaders can be educated about inclusion of minority groups. Also, the law itself can address the rights of widows and divorcees in addition to the rights of married women.
817:
247:
limit minority groups' ability to own land. In order to reach equality, these groups must obtain adequate land rights that are both socially and legally recognised.
3819:
922:
Deere, C.D., & Doss, C. R. (2006). “Gender and the
Distribution of Wealth in Developing Countries. World Institute for Development Economics Research, 1-27.
214:. When a person only has access to land, they are in constant threat of expulsion depending on the choices of the land owner, which limits financial stability.
2538:
504:
Another issue with land rights in India is that they leave women completely dependent on the lives of their husbands. A study by Bina
Agarwal found that in
2798:
1049:
3774:
2148:
440:
claims that providing sufficient land rights for women is beneficial because, once women can exercise those rights the following will be promoted:
3280:
3789:
1083:
3179:
3779:
2749:
953:
1011:
2729:
2372:
3804:
3602:
3285:
2833:
1965:
516:. Agarwal concluded that the prospect of a safe shelter outside of the main household decreases the longevity of domestic violence.
3144:
2703:
2267:
1589:
3051:
2431:
1042:
3759:
3739:
3204:
2693:
821:
696:
650:
385:
365:
910:
Agarwal, B. (2005). “Marital
Violence, Human Development, and Women’s Property Status in India” World Development. 823-850.
3865:
2724:
2141:
1106:
104:
Land rights are such a basic form of law that they develop even where there is no state to enforce them; for example, the
1008:"Uganda: Women's land rights – the gap between policy and practice | COHRE - Center on Housing Rights and Evictions"
3769:
3713:
3318:
1658:
1493:
806:
Centre on
Housing Rights and Evictions (2009), Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons, 3-5.
730:
236:
210:
economic sense (i.e. farming). Instead, land rights address the ownership of land which provides security and increases
3718:
3708:
3275:
2999:
2441:
2314:
1982:
993:
Women’s Land Link Africa. (2010). “The Impact of
National Land Policy and Land Reform On Women in Uganda”. WLLA. 1-8.
3375:
3265:
2478:
2456:
2115:
1999:
1943:
1035:
1005:
Centre on
Housing Rights and Evictions. (2010). “Uganda-Women’s Land Rights: The Gap Between Policy and Practice”.
635:
616:
528:
524:
425:
3323:
3220:
3172:
2572:
1530:
969:
645:
46:
3235:
2409:
2134:
1515:
670:
640:
572:
300:
177:
870:
Agarwal, B. (1988). “Who Sows? Who Reaps? Women and Land Rights in India” Journal of
Peasant Studies. 531-581.
894:
Agarwal, B. (1994). “A Field of One’s Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia”. Cambridge
University Press.
3517:
3406:
3255:
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1690:
1579:
630:
333:
3617:
3577:
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2657:
2473:
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2355:
2093:
1936:
1808:
685:
580:
539:
169:
119:
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3622:
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3411:
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3092:
3084:
2708:
2262:
1890:
1885:
1680:
1621:
736:
513:
497:
laws which cater towards men are one of the key issues behind inequality in land rights. According to
227:
has found that rural landlessness is a strong predictor of poverty and hunger, and negatively impacts
3839:
3592:
3522:
3385:
3328:
3250:
3240:
3230:
3165:
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2309:
2171:
2084:
2056:
2021:
1948:
1748:
1685:
1503:
1324:
940:
Mukund, K. (1999). “Women's Property Rights in South India: A Review”. Economic and Political Weekly.
655:
338:
3749:
3572:
3567:
3401:
3306:
3301:
3098:
2786:
2781:
2468:
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2324:
2257:
2079:
1987:
1975:
1865:
1818:
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1549:
1275:
1066:
620:
211:
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3627:
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3421:
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3065:
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2186:
2089:
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2004:
1960:
1850:
1436:
1341:
1096:
780:
Wickeri, Elisabeth; Kalhan, Anil (2010). "Land Rights Issues in International Human Rights Law".
379:
357:
328:
181:
950:
112:
were institutions that arose organically to enforce the system of rules appurtenant to mining.
3887:
3703:
3512:
3495:
3455:
3380:
3370:
3348:
3333:
3134:
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2279:
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2061:
1525:
1431:
1404:
1251:
1201:
1137:
1091:
793:
789:
625:
576:
452:
373:
351:
173:
150:
70:
3723:
3698:
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3539:
3500:
3460:
3035:
3027:
2955:
2652:
2592:
2345:
2231:
2221:
2206:
2176:
2011:
1970:
1953:
1840:
1738:
1270:
1174:
1058:
725:
710:
690:
664:
274:
185:
50:
3587:
3534:
3078:
2900:
2890:
2866:
2803:
2669:
2625:
2526:
2226:
2211:
2028:
1994:
1880:
1860:
1770:
1419:
1385:
1319:
1116:
1101:
957:
585:
323:
3814:
3794:
3754:
3693:
3475:
3445:
2983:
2754:
2737:
2674:
2630:
2319:
2252:
2216:
2196:
2069:
2016:
1926:
1845:
1830:
1825:
1777:
1665:
1461:
1409:
1392:
1226:
841:
Millennium Development Goal Monitor: Tracking the Mellennium Development Goals. (2010)
680:
607:
193:
146:
138:
94:
3881:
3612:
3544:
3529:
3358:
3073:
3040:
2838:
2818:
2769:
2446:
2426:
2367:
2284:
2181:
2033:
1870:
1760:
1717:
1498:
1375:
1261:
1211:
1075:
715:
189:
142:
109:
66:
27:
Form of law that deals with the rights to use, alienate, or exclude others from land
3784:
3683:
3668:
3642:
3465:
3431:
3045:
3021:
2988:
2969:
2950:
2905:
2878:
2871:
2853:
2791:
2567:
2521:
2516:
2419:
2404:
2247:
1835:
1793:
1569:
1520:
1456:
1312:
1216:
720:
498:
406:
244:
232:
98:
82:
118:, the occupation of land without ownership, is a globally ubiquitous phenomenon.
3809:
3663:
3485:
3480:
3353:
3188:
3013:
2813:
2698:
2587:
2562:
2550:
2531:
2414:
2394:
2304:
2201:
1931:
1875:
1697:
1675:
1670:
1537:
1414:
1380:
1368:
1256:
1179:
676:
612:
602:
598:
568:
548:
544:
505:
494:
469:
461:
457:
Their children will be more likely to get an education and stay in school longer
437:
410:
261:
228:
199:
130:
86:
62:
3764:
3637:
3106:
2993:
2610:
2191:
2038:
1855:
1813:
1755:
1724:
1363:
1295:
1233:
1206:
1169:
970:
http://www.ugandaonlinelawlibrary.com/files/constitution/constitution_1995.pdf
527:. This act aimed to remove the gender discrimination which was present in the
489:
235:. In order to home in on this critical problem of inadequate land rights, The
203:
158:
154:
134:
105:
543:
the land is signed in their husband's name, while women sign as the witness.
3007:
2808:
2759:
2742:
2680:
2662:
2436:
2350:
1921:
1803:
1611:
1606:
1584:
1473:
1466:
1285:
1280:
1187:
1164:
202:
refers to government policies that take and/or redistribute land, such as a
114:
17:
488:
have the legal right to own land, very few actually do as a result of the
3744:
3688:
3416:
3199:
2895:
2828:
2764:
2577:
2555:
2451:
2399:
2157:
2048:
1616:
1542:
1483:
1478:
1426:
1336:
1300:
1290:
1221:
1195:
1191:
1183:
523:
The most recent advance towards equality in land rights in India was the
445:
284:
90:
74:
58:
42:
2848:
2642:
2635:
2500:
2296:
1916:
1712:
1707:
1653:
1559:
1488:
1331:
1132:
473:
219:
78:
842:
3549:
2823:
2775:
2544:
1765:
1730:
1554:
1510:
1358:
1156:
38:
1027:
858:
Hanstad, T. (2010). Secure Land Rights. Rural Development Institute.
484:
Kanakalatha Mukund makes the important point that although women in
54:
931:
Hanstad, T. (2010). Secure Land Rights. Rural Development Institute
3505:
2912:
2508:
1798:
1638:
1564:
1351:
584:
485:
346:
266:
3470:
1743:
1599:
1594:
1574:
1448:
1399:
1243:
660:
590:
270:
3161:
2130:
1031:
818:"UN-HABITAT.:. Land & Tenure | Secure Land and Tenure"
758:
Adi, D.N. (2009). Critical Mass Representation in Uganda. 1-38.
3157:
2885:
1702:
1346:
34:
951:
http://www.hrln.org/admin/issue/subpdf/HSA_Amendment_2005.pdf
223:
ownership and land rights of a country must be in agreement.
2126:
418: restrictions on national jurisdiction and sovereignty
180:
countries. In common law jurisdictions, the land rights of
176:, as well as the national legal systems of common law and
2962:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
254:
149:. Nearly all of these jurisdictions have a system of
101:
are closely linked, and often interrelated concepts.
3732:
3651:
3558:
3430:
3394:
3294:
3213:
2921:
2723:
2603:
2489:
2338:
2295:
2240:
2164:
2047:
1905:
1786:
1646:
1637:
1447:
1242:
1155:
1125:
1074:
1065:
918:
916:
906:
904:
902:
900:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
866:
864:
854:
852:
850:
547:practices are a particular obstacle which reduces
460:Women will be better positioned to get access to
444:Women will be less likely to contract and spread
775:
773:
767:Hanstad, T. (2010). Secure Land Rights. Landesa.
754:
752:
256:Limits of national jurisdiction and sovereignty
81:, are an important intersection of property and
251:Limits of national jurisdiction and sovereignty
949:Hindu Succession Act 2005. September 5, 2005.
3820:List of housing markets by real estate prices
3173:
2142:
1043:
448:as they do not have to resort to prostitution
93:, may constitute the land rights of another.
8:
1001:
999:
512:allowed women an opportunity of escape from
451:Women will be less likely to be victims of
196:is the predominant form of land ownership.
3860:
3180:
3166:
3158:
2493:
2149:
2135:
2127:
1909:
1643:
1071:
1050:
1036:
1028:
57:. In many jurisdictions, these kinds of
748:
137:jurisdictions, is often referred to as
89:on the land rights of one, such as an
424: international jurisdiction per
344:
7:
3847:
843:http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal7.cfm
815:UN Global Land Tool Network (2010)
122:is also a perennial related issue.
3805:Undergraduate real estate programs
593:, showing Europe, Africa and Asia.
25:
3603:Investment rating for real estate
782:Malaysian Journal on Human Rights
3859:
3846:
3834:
3833:
3129:
3128:
2647:
2111:
2110:
968:Constitution of Uganda. (1995).
315:Exclusive Economic Zone surface
3760:Graduate real estate education
3205:Tertiary sector of the economy
2694:Right of way (property access)
697:Delgamuukw v. British Columbia
651:Israeli land and property laws
237:Millennium Development Goal 7D
1:
318:international waters surface
161:process to resolve disputes.
3714:Real estate investment trust
3319:Extraterrestrial real estate
1076:Pollution / quality
731:International Land Coalition
525:Hindu Succession Act of 2005
3719:Real property administrator
3709:Real estate investment club
3000:Two Treatises of Government
289:territorial waters airspace
3909:
3376:Private equity real estate
636:South African property law
617:Common heritage of mankind
566:
540:Uganda's 1995 Constitution
529:Hindu Succession Act, 1956
426:common heritage of mankind
380:extended continental shelf
358:extended continental shelf
309:territorial waters surface
3828:
3324:International real estate
3195:
3124:
2496:
2106:
1912:
1647:Types / location
646:Land acquisition in India
396:
392:
372:
362:
350:
337:
332:
322:
317:
294:
282:
260:
3052:The Great Transformation
2410:Labor theory of property
641:Land ownership in Canada
573:Public international law
292:contiguous zone airspace
3518:Real estate transaction
3407:Real estate development
2621:Forest-dwelling (India)
2583:restraint on alienation
2363:Common good (economics)
631:Australian property law
334:Exclusive Economic Zone
312:contiguous zone surface
306:internal waters surface
295:international airspace
231:and the realisation of
3618:Real estate derivative
3578:Effective gross income
3344:Healthcare real estate
3060:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
2834:Primitive accumulation
2689:Right of way (transit)
2474:Tragedy of the commons
2356:fictitious commodities
686:Indigenous land rights
594:
581:Indigenous land rights
170:Indigenous land rights
120:Indigenous land rights
77:agreements, including
3775:Industry trade groups
3679:Exclusive buyer agent
3633:Real estate valuation
3623:Real estate economics
3583:Gross rent multiplier
3412:Real estate investing
3314:Corporate Real Estate
3113:The Wealth of Nations
3093:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3085:The Ethics of Liberty
737:Struggle for the Land
588:
514:abusive relationships
431:Land rights and women
3593:Highest and best use
3559:Economics, financing
3523:Real estate contract
3417:Real estate flipping
3386:Residential property
3329:Lease administration
3281:United Arab Emirates
2976:Progress and Poverty
2310:Common-pool resource
2022:remnant natural area
1659:storage and recovery
1325:habitat conservation
1143:Deforestation (REDD)
656:Chinese property law
405: full national
386:international seabed
366:international seabed
339:international waters
126:National sovereignty
37:that deals with the
3573:Capitalization rate
3568:Asset-based lending
3402:Property management
3307:Commercial building
3302:Commercial property
3099:The Social Contract
2787:population transfer
2704:prior-appropriation
2383:homestead principle
1976:Earth Overshoot Day
1550:Marine conservation
1531:non-timber products
621:territorial dispute
277:, and their orbits)
257:
218:of land ownership.
184:are referred to as
69:, as distinct from
61:are referred to as
3800:Real estate trends
3704:Real estate broker
3674:Chartered Surveyor
3628:Real estate bubble
3608:Mortgage insurance
3441:Adverse possession
3364:Luxury real estate
3339:Garden real estate
3079:Murray N. Rothbard
2390:Free-rider problem
1961:Ecosystem services
1084:Ambient standards
956:2015-03-19 at the
595:
329:territorial waters
255:
212:human capabilities
182:indigenous peoples
172:are recognized by
3875:
3874:
3513:Property abstract
3496:Land registration
3456:Concurrent estate
3381:Real estate owned
3371:Off-plan property
3349:Vacation property
3334:Niche real estate
3155:
3154:
3066:What Is Property?
2859:human trafficking
2844:Regulatory taking
2719:
2718:
2464:Right to property
2124:
2123:
2102:
2101:
1901:
1900:
1580:genetic resources
1516:genetic resources
1151:
1150:
1059:Natural resources
626:Right to property
577:Environmental law
563:International law
549:women empowerment
453:Domestic violence
400:
399:
374:Continental Shelf
352:Continental Shelf
278:
265:(including Earth
174:international law
157:interests, and a
151:land registration
71:personal property
16:(Redirected from
3900:
3863:
3862:
3850:
3849:
3837:
3836:
3780:Investment firms
3699:Property manager
3598:Home equity loan
3501:Leasehold estate
3461:Conditional sale
3182:
3175:
3168:
3159:
3132:
3131:
3036:John Stuart Mill
2956:Friedrich Engels
2937:Frédéric Bastiat
2930:
2782:Forced migration
2750:Collectivization
2494:
2373:First possession
2346:Bundle of rights
2151:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2114:
2113:
2065:
2012:Natural heritage
1971:overexploitation
1910:
1644:
1590:herbal medicines
1570:FAO Plant Treaty
1110:
1087:
1072:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1010:. Archived from
1003:
994:
991:
972:
966:
960:
947:
941:
938:
932:
929:
923:
920:
911:
908:
895:
892:
871:
868:
859:
856:
845:
839:
833:
832:
830:
829:
820:. Archived from
813:
807:
804:
798:
797:
777:
768:
765:
759:
756:
726:The Land is Ours
711:English land law
691:Aboriginal title
665:right to housing
423:
417:
404:
275:celestial bodies
264:
258:
186:aboriginal title
21:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3824:
3728:
3647:
3588:Hard money loan
3560:
3554:
3535:Rent regulation
3426:
3390:
3290:
3209:
3191:
3186:
3156:
3151:
3120:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2867:husband-selling
2804:Illegal logging
2799:Illegal fishing
2728:
2715:
2626:Freedom to roam
2599:
2512:(agrarian land)
2485:
2442:Property rights
2334:
2291:
2253:Estate (landed)
2236:
2160:
2155:
2125:
2120:
2098:
2063:
2043:
2029:Systems ecology
1995:Natural capital
1897:
1782:
1771:reclaimed water
1633:
1595:UPOV Convention
1443:
1238:
1147:
1121:
1117:Ozone depletion
1108:
1085:
1061:
1056:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1004:
997:
992:
975:
967:
963:
958:Wayback Machine
948:
944:
939:
935:
930:
926:
921:
914:
909:
898:
893:
874:
869:
862:
857:
848:
840:
836:
827:
825:
816:
814:
810:
805:
801:
779:
778:
771:
766:
762:
757:
750:
746:
707:
583:
567:Main articles:
565:
537:
482:
472:and decreasing
433:
428:
421:
419:
415:
413:
402:
345:land territory
324:internal waters
253:
192:jurisdictions,
167:
128:
33:is the form of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3880:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3866:List of topics
3856:
3843:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3815:Urban planning
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3795:Property cycle
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3755:Gentrification
3752:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
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3696:
3694:Moving company
3691:
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3681:
3676:
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3666:
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3649:
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3600:
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3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:Eminent domain
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3446:Chain of title
3443:
3437:
3435:
3434:and regulation
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
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3409:
3404:
3398:
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3391:
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3321:
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3309:
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3286:United Kingdom
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3196:
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3192:
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3162:
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3137:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2986:
2984:Garrett Hardin
2981:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2933:
2931:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2861:
2856:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2755:Eminent domain
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2738:Bioprospecting
2734:
2732:
2730:redistribution
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2560:
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2483:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2439:
2434:
2432:Natural rights
2429:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
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2260:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2238:
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2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2064:(perpetuation)
2059:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2017:Nature reserve
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1913:
1907:
1903:
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1899:
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1873:
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1796:
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1650:
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1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1494:climate change
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1462:Bioprospecting
1459:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1339:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1107:Clean Air Act
1099:
1094:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1024:
995:
973:
961:
942:
933:
924:
912:
896:
872:
860:
846:
834:
808:
799:
769:
760:
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
706:
703:
702:
701:
693:
688:
683:
681:mineral rights
674:
667:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
610:
608:British Empire
605:
564:
561:
536:
533:
481:
478:
465:
464:
458:
455:
449:
432:
429:
420:
414:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
383:
377:
370:
369:
363:
361:
355:
349:
342:
341:
336:
331:
326:
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:land territory
297:
296:
293:
290:
287:
280:
279:
252:
249:
194:customary land
166:
163:
147:allodial title
139:absolute title
127:
124:
95:Mineral rights
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3905:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3868:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Mortgage loan
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:and valuation
3557:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Torrens title
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:Real property
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:Golf property
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:Categories:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:David Ricardo
3072:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3041:Elinor Ostrom
3039:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Privatization
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:Legal plunder
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2770:Expropriation
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2504:(watercourse)
2503:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:primogeniture
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Legal plunder
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:appropriation
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2368:Excludability
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2095:
2094:Non-renewable
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
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2034:Urban ecology
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1262:peak farmland
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1014:on 2011-01-24
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824:on 2012-01-11
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716:Land grabbing
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589:A photo from
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245:poverty traps
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190:customary law
187:
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143:radical title
140:
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110:American West
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:real property
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3893:Human rights
3864:
3852:
3838:
3785:Land banking
3684:Land banking
3669:Buyer broker
3643:Rental value
3490:
3466:Conveyancing
3276:Saudi Arabia
3140:Property law
3111:
3097:
3083:
3064:
3050:
3046:Karl Polanyi
3026:
3022:Marcel Mauss
3012:
2998:
2989:David Harvey
2974:
2970:Henry George
2960:
2951:Ronald Coase
2941:
2926:
2872:wife selling
2854:bride buying
2792:repatriation
2774:
2725:Disposession
2679:
2568:Property law
2543:
2539:Forest types
2509:
2501:
2490:Applications
2420:rent-seeking
2405:Gift economy
2263:Intellectual
2092: /
1966:Exploitation
1851:Conservation
1794:Desalination
1729:
1622:conservation
1457:Biodiversity
1405:conservation
1307:
1252:Agricultural
1180:Fossil fuels
1016:. Retrieved
1012:the original
964:
945:
936:
927:
837:
826:. Retrieved
822:the original
811:
802:
788:(1): 16–25.
785:
781:
763:
735:
721:Split estate
695:
669:
557:
553:
538:
522:
518:
510:
503:
499:Bina Agarwal
483:
466:
434:
407:jurisdiction
388:underground
241:
233:Human rights
225:
216:
208:
198:
168:
153:, to record
129:
113:
103:
99:water rights
83:contract law
53:others from
30:
29:
3810:Urban decay
3664:Buyer agent
3486:Foreclosure
3481:Encumbrance
3354:Arable land
3266:Puerto Rico
3214:By location
3189:Real estate
3014:Das Kapital
2901:progressive
2891:inheritance
2814:Land reform
2588:real estate
2563:Land tenure
2551:Inheritance
2479:anticommons
2415:Law of rent
2395:Game theory
2325:Information
2305:Common land
2202:Cooperative
2085:Nationalism
2057:Common-pool
1698:Hydrosphere
1691:remediation
1676:Groundwater
1271:Degradation
677:Water right
613:Sovereignty
603:imperialism
599:Colonialism
569:Land reform
545:Inheritance
506:West Bengal
495:Inheritance
490:patriarchal
470:Empowerment
462:Microcredit
438:Tim Hanstad
411:sovereignty
382:underground
376:underground
347:underground
262:Outer space
229:Empowerment
200:Land reform
165:Land rights
131:Sovereignty
106:claim clubs
87:Encumbrance
63:real estate
18:Land-rights
3882:Categories
3765:Green belt
3638:Remortgage
3422:Relocation
3221:Bangladesh
3145:by country
3107:Adam Smith
2994:John Locke
2658:indigenous
2653:aboriginal
2573:alienation
2268:indigenous
2258:Intangible
2172:Collective
2080:Extraction
2039:Wilderness
2000:accounting
1983:Management
1949:ecological
1937:tragedy of
1856:Peak water
1841:Efficiency
1814:Sanitation
1756:Stormwater
1749:harvesting
1725:Irrigation
1627:management
1585:gene banks
1526:management
1504:management
1420:resilience
1386:phosphorus
1342:industrial
1320:Management
1296:soundscape
1202:Geothermal
1018:2010-12-06
828:2010-12-06
744:References
273:and other
204:land grant
159:land claim
155:fee simple
135:common law
3750:Filtering
3740:Companies
3659:Appraiser
3540:Severance
3236:Indonesia
3008:Karl Marx
2809:Land Back
2760:Enclosure
2743:biopiracy
2681:Bergregal
2663:squatting
2437:Ownership
2351:Commodity
2330:Knowledge
2241:By nature
2197:Customary
2187:Community
2090:Renewable
2075:Depletion
2062:Conflict
1944:Economics
1922:enclosure
1881:Resources
1861:Pollution
1778:Watershed
1681:pollution
1612:Seed bank
1607:Rangeland
1489:Fisheries
1474:Biosphere
1467:biopiracy
1410:fertility
1286:cityscape
1281:Landscape
1188:peak coal
1175:Resources
1126:Emissions
671:Mabo case
283:national
178:civil law
115:Squatting
3888:Land law
3840:Category
3745:Eviction
3689:Landlord
3491:Land law
3256:Pakistan
3200:Property
3135:Property
3028:The Gift
2927:key work
2922:Scholars
2906:property
2863:spousal
2829:Poaching
2765:Eviction
2709:riparian
2670:Littoral
2578:easement
2556:executor
2527:literary
2452:usufruct
2400:Georgism
2280:Tangible
2275:Personal
2182:Communal
2165:By owner
2158:Property
2116:Category
2049:Resource
1988:adaptive
1886:improved
1846:Conflict
1831:Security
1826:Scarcity
1819:improved
1809:Leaching
1686:recharge
1666:Drinking
1617:Wildlife
1484:Bushmeat
1479:Bushfood
1432:planning
1337:gemstone
1332:Minerals
1313:property
1301:viewshed
1291:seascape
1222:sunlight
1196:peak oil
1192:peak gas
954:Archived
705:See also
446:HIV/AIDS
368:surface
285:airspace
91:easement
75:Land use
59:property
47:alienate
31:Land law
3853:Commons
3770:Indices
3652:Parties
3451:Closing
3395:Sectors
2943:The Law
2849:Slavery
2675:Mineral
2643:Hunting
2636:pannage
2631:Grazing
2616:Fishing
2502:Acequia
2469:Rivalry
2457:women's
2315:Digital
2297:Commons
2232:Unowned
2207:Private
1917:Commons
1906:Related
1871:Quality
1787:Aspects
1713:glacial
1654:Aquifer
1560:Pasture
1511:Forests
1437:reserve
1212:Nuclear
1182: (
1138:Trading
1133:Airshed
794:1921447
474:Poverty
360:surface
354:surface
303:surface
220:Landesa
108:of the
79:renting
51:exclude
3858:
3845:
3832:
3790:People
3724:Tenant
3550:Zoning
3271:Russia
3261:Panama
3246:Turkey
3226:Canada
2824:Piracy
2776:Farhud
2604:Rights
2545:Huerta
2517:Estate
2339:Theory
2320:Global
2222:Social
2212:Public
2177:Common
1927:global
1891:policy
1836:Supply
1799:Floods
1766:Sewage
1739:Marine
1731:huerta
1565:Plants
1555:Meadow
1415:health
1393:rights
1381:copper
1359:mining
1257:arable
1157:Energy
1097:Indoor
792:
700:(1997)
579:, and
535:Uganda
422:
416:
403:
269:; the
267:orbits
39:rights
3733:Other
3506:Lease
3295:Types
3251:Kenya
3241:Italy
3231:China
2913:Theft
2699:Water
2593:title
2522:legal
2510:Ejido
2248:Croft
2227:State
2192:Crown
2070:Curse
1876:Right
1718:polar
1708:bergs
1671:Fresh
1639:Water
1352:metal
1276:Field
1227:shade
1217:Solar
1207:Hydro
1092:Index
486:India
480:India
188:. In
145:, or
133:, in
49:, or
3471:Deed
2896:poll
2879:wage
2648:Land
2532:real
2285:real
2217:Self
2005:good
1954:land
1932:land
1744:Rain
1600:wood
1575:food
1538:Game
1449:Life
1400:Soil
1376:peak
1369:sand
1244:Land
1234:Wind
1109:(US)
1086:(US)
790:SSRN
679:and
663:and
661:Slum
615:and
601:and
591:NASA
409:and
271:Moon
97:and
55:land
3432:Law
2886:Tax
2611:Air
1804:Law
1703:Ice
1543:law
1521:law
1499:law
1427:Use
1364:law
1347:ore
1308:Law
1184:gas
1170:Law
1165:Bio
1102:Law
1067:Air
65:or
43:use
41:to
35:law
3884::
1194:,
1190:,
1186:,
998:^
976:^
915:^
899:^
875:^
863:^
849:^
784:.
772:^
751:^
619:,
575:,
571:,
476:.
206:.
141:,
85:.
73:.
45:,
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3174:t
3167:v
2929:)
2925:(
2727:/
2150:e
2143:t
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1051:e
1044:t
1037:v
1021:.
831:.
796:.
786:4
20:)
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