356:, not Christians, and there is no reason to suppose YelĂŒ Dashi was ever called Prester John. However, several vassals of the Qara Khitai practiced Nestorian Christianity, which may have contributed to the legend. It is also possible that the Europeans, who were unfamiliar with Buddhism, assumed that if the leader was not Muslim, he must be Christian. The defeat encouraged the Crusaders and inspired a notion of deliverance from the East. It is possible Otto recorded Hugh's confused report to prevent complacency in the Crusade's European backers â according to his account, no help could be expected from a powerful Eastern king.
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about
Prester John or his country in the early material that would make Ethiopia a more suitable identification than any place else, and furthermore, specialists in Ethiopian history have effectively demonstrated that the story was not widely known there until the Portuguese began to circumnavigate around Africa, which is how they reached Ethiopia (via the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea).
670:
38:
570:, the war between the Prester and Genghis Khan started when Genghis Khan, new ruler of the rebellious Tartars, asked for the hand of Prester John's daughter in marriage. Angered that his lowly vassal would make such a request, Prester John denied him in no uncertain terms. In the war that followed, Genghis Khan triumphed, and Prester John perished.
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en route to Europe, and identifies its capital as "Cosan", variously interpreted by translators as a number of names and locations. Joinville describes
Genghis Khan in his chronicle as a "wise man" who unites all the Tartar tribes and leads them to victory against their strongest enemy, Prester John.
140:
The letter described the very rich lands of this monarch located in central Asia. The king said he lived in an immense palace made of gems and gold and said he governed a huge territory extending from Persia to China. For many years the myth of
Prester John was associated with the dream of reaching a
805:
Ethiopia has been claimed for many years as the origin of the
Prester John legend, but most modern experts believe that the legend was simply adapted to fit that nation in the same fashion that it had been projected upon Ong Khan and Central Asia during the 13th century. Modern scholars find nothing
689:
one of the three. Westerners knew that
Ethiopia was a powerful Christian nation, but contact had been sporadic since the rise of Islam. No Prester John was to be found in Asia, so Europeans began to suggest that the legend was a reference to the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia. Evidence has suggested
488:
resuscitated this legend in order to raise
Christian hopes and to persuade European monarchs who had lost interest by that time in getting involved in costly crusades in a distant region that was far removed from their own states and affairs. The bishop of Acre was correct in thinking that a great
801:
in 1441, they were confused when (Roman
Catholic-led) council prelates insisted to the Ethiopians to refer to themselves as representatives of their monarch Prester John. They tried to explain that nowhere in Zara Yaqob's list of regnal names did that title occur. However, their admonitions did
601:
The major characteristic of
Prester John tales from this period is the king's portrayal not as an invincible hero, but merely one of many adversaries defeated by the Mongols. But as the Mongol Empire collapsed, Europeans began to shift away from the idea that Prester John had ever really been a
868:
demonstrated that there was no actual native connection between
Prester John and the Ethiopian monarchs, and search for the fabled king gradually ceased. But the legend had affected several hundred years of European and world history, directly and indirectly, by encouraging Europe's explorers,
802:
little to stop
Europeans from calling the King of Ethiopia Prester John. Some writers who used the title did understand it was not an indigenous honorific; for instance Jordanus seems to use it simply because his readers would have been familiar with it, not because he thought it authentic.
159:(Nestorianism) informed the legend as well. This church had gained a wide following in the Eastern nations and engaged the Western imagination as an assemblage both exotic and familiarly Christian. Particularly inspiring were the Church of the East's missionary successes among the
236:
Later accounts of Prester John borrowed heavily from literary texts concerning the East, including the great body of ancient and medieval geographical and travel literature. Details were often lifted from literary and pseudohistorical accounts, such as the tale of
221:. However, little links this figure, supposedly active in the late first century, to the Prester John legend beyond the name. The title "Prester" is an adaptation of the Greek word "ÏÏΔÏÎČÏÏΔÏÎżÏ, presbiteros", literally meaning "elder" and used as a title of
180:
394:. It circulated in ever more embellished form for centuries in manuscripts, examples of which still exist. The invention of printing perpetuated the letter's popularity in printed form; it was still current in popular culture during the period of
152:. This text inculcated in Westerners an image of India as a place of exotic wonders and offered the earliest description of Saint Thomas establishing a Christian sect there, motifs that loomed large over later accounts of Prester John.
999:(part of his "Adventures in Unhistory" series, and later republished in his 1993 book of that title), and a fantasy short story featuring Prester John's realm secretly still ruled by his descendant, "The King Across the Mountains" in
504:'s rise gave Western Christians the opportunity to visit lands that they had never seen before, and they set out in large numbers along the empire's secure roads. Belief that a lost Nestorian kingdom existed in the east, or that the
577:
and was one of his early allies, but the two had a falling-out. After Toghrul rejected a proposal to wed his son and daughter to Genghis Khan's children, the rift between them grew until war broke out in 1203. Genghis Khan captured
175:
clan, which had thousands of its members join the Church of the East shortly after the year 1000. By the 12th century, the Kerait rulers were still following a custom of bearing Christian names, which may have fueled the legend.
746:, were sent traveling secretly overland to gather information on a possible sea route to India, but also to inquire about Prester John. CovilhĂŁ managed to reach Ethiopia. Although well received, he was forbidden to depart.
389:
by Prester John, descendant of one of the Three Magi and King of India. The many marvels of richness and magic it contained captured the imagination of Europeans, and it was translated into numerous languages, including
814:
about this identification in 1751, and Prutky states that the man was "astonished, and told me that the kings of Abyssinia had never been accustomed to call themselves by this name." In a footnote to this passage,
778:("A True Relation of the Lands of Prester John of the Indies") was the first direct account of Ethiopia, greatly increasing European knowledge at the time, as it was presented to the pope, published and quoted by
405:
sent a letter to Prester John via his physician Philip on September 27, 1177. Nothing more is recorded of Philip, but it is most probable that he did not return with word from Prester John. The
573:
The historical figure behind these accounts, Toghrul, was in fact a Nestorian Christian monarch defeated by Genghis Khan. He had fostered the future Khan after the death of his father
352:. The Seljuks ruled over Persia at the time and were the most powerful force in the Muslim world; the defeat at Samarkand weakened them substantially. The Qara Khitai at the time were
602:
Central Asian king. At any rate they had little hope of finding him there, as travel in the region became dangerous without the security the empire had provided. In works such as
3885:
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616:, Prester John's domain tends to regain its fantastic aspects and finds itself located not on the steppes of Central Asia, but back in India proper, or some other exotic locale.
3064:. Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Classe der Koeniglichen Sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften (in German). Vol. VIIâVIII. Hildesheim; New York: G. Olms.
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for the purpose of finding allies, such as with Prester John increasingly fueled early European exploration and colonialism. More envoys were sent in 1507, after the island of
266:. These visits, apparently from the Saint Thomas Christians of India, cannot be confirmed, evidence of both being secondhand reports. What is certain is that German chronicler
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Prester John had been considered the ruler of India since the legend's beginnings, but "India" was a vague concept to the medieval Europeans. Writers often spoke of the "
988:(1998) on the chapter 'The Force of Falsity' where Eco pronounces that the letter from Prester John "... served as an alibi for the expansion of the Christian world..."
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with good news: King David of India, the son or grandson of Prester John, had mobilized his armies against the Saracens. He had already conquered Persia, then under the
3005:
Taylor, Christopher (2011). "Prester John, Christian Enclosure, and the Spatial Transmission of Islamic Alterity in the Twelfth-Century West". In Frakes, J. C. (ed.).
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states that this is apparently the first recorded statement by an Ethiopian monarch about this tale, and they were likely unaware of the title until Prutky's inquiry.
720:, around 1329. In discussing the "Third India", Jordanus records a number of fanciful stories about the land and its king, whom he says Europeans call Prester John.
708:
came to Europe, and Prester John was mentioned as the patriarch of their church in a record of their visit. Another description of an African Prester John is in the
306:. Hugh told Otto, in the presence of the pope, that Prester John, a Nestorian Christian who served in the dual position of priest and king, had regained the city of
641:, which, at the time of Crusades, experienced military resurgence challenging the Muslim power. However, this theory, though regarded with certain indulgence by
649:. The connection with Georgia is unlikely, considering that country was Orthodox, rather than Nestorian, and due to the fact that it and its predecessor states
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A New History of Ethiopia. Being a full and accurate description of the kingdom of Abessinia, vulgarly, though erroneously called the empire of Prester John
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The legend of Prester John drew strongly from earlier accounts of the Orient and of Westerners' travels there. Particularly influential were the stories of
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After this point, an African location became increasingly popular. This may have resulted from increasing ties between Europe and Africa as 1428 saw the
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stripped Prester John of much of his otherworldly veneer, portraying him as a more realistic earthly monarch. Odoric places John's land to the west of
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John, was defeated by the Mongols under Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan made off with Vut's daughter and married her to his son, and their union produced
129:
Though its immediate genesis is unclear, officially the origin of the legend of Prester John originates from a letter that the Byzantine emperor
1320:
527:
The link between Prester John and Genghis Khan was elaborated upon at this time, as the Prester became identified with Genghis' foster father,
322:
compelled him to return to his own country. His fabulous wealth was demonstrated by his emerald scepter; his holiness by his descent from the
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and Ethiopia actively negotiating the possibility of a strategic marriage between the two kingdoms. On 7 May 1487, two Portuguese envoys,
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and the Portuguese had established diplomatic contact with each other in 1520, Prester John was the name by which Europeans knew the
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A theory was put forward by the Russian scholar Ph. Bruun in 1876, who suggested that Prester John might be found among the kings of
92:. The accounts were often embellished with various tropes of medieval popular fantasy, depicting Prester John as a descendant of the
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The European Outthrust and Encounter: The First Phase c. 1400-c. 1700: Essays in Tribute to David Beers Quinn on His 85th Birthday
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were well known and documented at the time, with Episcopoi of Kartli having regular epistolary conversions with Bishops of Rome.
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398:. Part of the letter's essence was that a lost kingdom of Nestorian Christians still existed in the vastness of Central Asia.
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At first, Prester John was imagined to reside in India. Tales of the Nestorian Christians' evangelistic success there and of
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The prospect of finding Prester John had long since vanished, but the tales continued to inspire through the 20th century.
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series would use the name Prester John as the name of the recently deceased High King of the fantasy world of Osten Ard.
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The Prester John legend as such began in the early 12th century with reports of visits of an archbishop of India to
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and Persia, the Samiardi, in a great battle "not many years ago". Afterwards Prester John allegedly set out for
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based on his reading of earlier church fathers. This man, said in one document to be the author of two of the
121:, by which time it had been an isolated Christian "exclave" distant from any other Christian-ruled territory.
727:"Preste Iuan de las Indias" (Prester John of the Indies) positioned in East Africa on a 16th-century Spanish
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started spreading throughout Europe. An epistolary wonder tale with parallels suggesting its author knew the
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512:, was one reason for the numerous Christian ambassadors and missionaries sent to the Mongols. These include
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1930:
1773:. Cathay and the Way Thither. Being a collection of medieval notices of China. Vol. I. Translated by
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patriarch and king who was said to rule over a Christian nation lost amid the pagans and Muslims in the
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The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Möngke, 1253â1255
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1708:. Shaw, Margaret R. B. (ed.). Translated by Shaw, Margaret R. B. London: Penguin. pp. 161â353.
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was taken by the Portuguese. As a result of this mission, and facing Muslim expansion, regent queen
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1962:
1938:
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that locating Prester John's kingdom in Ethiopia entered the collective consciousness around 1250.
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291:
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46:
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704:, but they did not place Prester John there. Then in 1306, 30 Ethiopian ambassadors from Emperor
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Enquiries touching the diversity of languages and religions through the chief parts of the world
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2017:
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130:
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793:. The Ethiopians, though, had never called their emperor that. When ambassadors from Emperor
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sumptuous kingdom, where all material pleasures were fulfilled and people lived in opulence.
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The International Prester John Project: How A Global Legend Was Created Across Six Centuries
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2969:(July 1986) . Gardner Dozois (ed.). "Postscript on Prester John". Adventures in Unhistory.
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William of Rubruck says a certain "Vut", lord of the Keraites and brother to the Nestorian
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planned to reconquer and rebuild Jerusalem. Controversial Soviet historian and ethnologist
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A History of Magic and Experimental Science During the First Thirteen Centuries of Our Era
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Adventures in Unhistory: Conjectures on the Factual Foundations of Several Ancient Legends
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A lion rampant facing to the sinister holding in its paws a quasi-Tau cross of full height
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58:
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No more of the tale is recorded until about 1165 when copies of what was likely a forged
1841:
1149:
Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem: How Religion Drove the Voyages that Led to America
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uprising in South Africa. This book is an archetypal example of the early 20th-century
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728:
561:
311:
303:
275:
255:
164:
117:, and eventually Portuguese explorers came to believe that the term was a reference to
105:
69:
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continued to circulate, accruing more embellishments with each copy. In modern times,
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17:
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2776:. Translated by Arrowsmith-Brown, J. H. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 115â117.
2641:
2466:
Heraldic Notices of Canterbury Cathedral; with Genealogical and Topographical Notes
2145:(1994). "Ethiopia and Europe 1200-1650". In Clough, Cecil H.; Hair, P.E.H. (eds.).
1966:
1236:
1172:
1058:
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682:
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341:
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Additionally, the tradition may have drawn from the shadowy early Christian figure
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proselytizing in India, recorded especially in the third-century work known as the
114:
3303:
3284:
2751:
595:
84:, and king. Stories popular in Europe in the 12th to the 17th centuries told of a
49:, enthroned on a map of East Africa. From an atlas by the Portuguese cartographer
2979:
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2086:
3764:
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2315:, act II, scene 1, line 225. '...bring you the length of Prester Johnâs foot...'
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1087:
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893:
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in 1520. Francisco Ălvares's book, which included the testimony of CovilhĂŁ, the
591:
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474:
333:
50:
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205:, whose existence is first inferred by the ecclesiastical historian and bishop
179:
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2726:
Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the first journey from China to the West
2701:
1774:
1760:
1261:
959:, made Prester John a messianic protector of the Holy Grail in his 1930 novel
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705:
693:
642:
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513:
93:
630:, in which the Prester is the son of the Grail maiden and the Saracen knight
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Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom: The Legend of the Kingdom of Prester John
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353:
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king had conquered Persia; however "King David", as it turned out, was the
3204:. Vol. 30, no. 4. New York: Universal Publishing. pp. 73â87
2227:
913:
Throughout the rest of the century, Prester John appeared sporadically in
539:
title Ong Khan Toghrul. Fairly truthful chroniclers and explorers such as
413:
of the letter's variant Hebrew versions has suggested an origin among the
37:
3624:
3267:
2288:(Dec. VII, from McNutt, De orbe novo, II, 260 ; and Quattlebaum, 18)
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686:
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probably provided the first seeds of the legend. After the coming of the
2423:
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as well. This descendant of the great king who had defeated the Seljuks
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3572:
3567:
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832:
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and to the pope, in search of a coalition. Mateus reached Portugal via
751:
650:
582:, daughter of Toghrul's brother Jaqa Gambu, and married her to his son
574:
528:
466:
442:
438:
421:: several Italian words remained in the Hebrew texts. At any rate, the
287:
160:
110:
2500:
2220:
The African Prester John and the Birth of Ethiopian-European Relations
1446:
The Two Cities: A Chronicle of Universal History to the Year 1146 A.D.
3759:
2973:. Vol. 10, no. 7 (106). Davis Publications. pp. 16â61.
2091:. European Expansion and Indigenous Response. Brill. pp. 70â71.
941:. He was a significant supporting character in several issues of the
918:
654:
552:
485:
319:
279:
222:
171:
suggests that the Prester John story may have had its origins in the
89:
2527:
To the Mountains of the Moon: Mapping African Exploration, 1541-1880
2215:
973:, in which the titular protagonist enlists his friends to write the
433:
3251:
3092:
2858:
Ecstatic Transformation: On the Uses of Alterity in the Middle Ages
995:
published both a nonfiction essay, "Postscript on Prester John" in
96:, ruling a kingdom full of riches, marvels, and strange creatures.
3629:
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1057:
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contains an early modern reference to the legendary king, as does
722:
668:
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432:
202:
2121:
The role of myth and representation in the origins of colonialism
1104:
produced a speculative map of John's empire in Africa, featuring
981:, but it is stolen before they can send it out. The second is in
3769:
3007:
Contextualizing the Muslim Other in Medieval Christian Discourse
645:
and some modern Georgian historians, was summarily dismissed by
564:, the Khan at the time William wrote. According to Marco Polo's
259:
3333:
3041:. Vol. II. New York: Columbia University. pp. 236â245
770:, having returned with a Portuguese embassy, along with priest
3329:
767:
700:
had a legend that the nation would one day rise up and invade
414:
332:
connects this account with historic events of 1141, when the
213:, was supposed to have been the teacher of the martyr bishop
2344:. Translated by Weaver, William. Columbia University Press.
445:
as "Prester John" in "Le Livre des Merveilles", 15th century
696:
had discussed Ethiopia as a magnificent Christian land and
776:
Verdadeira Informação das Terras do Preste João das Indias
103:'s subcontinental travels as documented in works like the
251:'s conquests, was especially influential in this regard.
155:
Similarly, distorted reports of movements in Asia of the
853:, had told Anghiera that his land was ruled by priests.
2036:
1965:(1996) . "Prester John and the Empire of Ethiopia". In
1673:
1474:
1472:
963:. Prester John and his kingdom feature in two works by
318:
to rescue the Holy Land, but the swollen waters of the
849:, who was captured by Spaniards and taken to Spain by
1062:
Prester John's coat of arms in an Italian edition of
1040:
The first single from American experimental pop band
27:
Medieval mythical Christian king of an eastern nation
1173:"In search of the kingdom of Prester John âą Neperos"
3725:
3668:
3560:
3504:
3497:
3449:
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Assembly of the essential source texts and studies.
2151:. Liverpool: Liverpool University. pp. 78â95.
2014:
A Cultural History of the Atlantic World, 1250â1820
2832:
2615:
2585:
1693:
1443:
1031:He is also mentioned in the Vertigo imprint comic
955:, a member of the 20th-century literary group the
113:to the Western world, accounts placed the king in
3035:(1923). "Prester John and the Marvels of India".
2924:Prester John, the Mongols and the Ten Lost Tribes
2088:Mythology and Diplomacy in the Age of Exploration
1973:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 174â194.
1684:
1682:
1454:. New York: Columbia University. pp. 443â444
1268:. Translated by von DobschĂŒtz, Ernst. 2000-12-02
3009:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 39â63.
2774:Prutky's travels to Ethiopia and other countries
401:The credence given to the reports was such that
2812:. Garden City, New York: Garden City Publishing
586:; they had several children, including Möngke,
2861:. The New Middle Ages. Palgrave Macmillan US.
2469:. London: Harding, Lepard, and Co. p. 140
2016:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16â17.
1751:
1749:
1387:"Otto of Freising: The Legend of Prester John"
1082:have been given to Prester John. The nave of
869:missionaries, scholars, and treasure hunters.
302:; his counsel inspired Eugene to call for the
3345:
8:
3886:History of the foreign relations of Portugal
3871:History of the foreign relations of Ethiopia
3152:– via The Gardner Francis Fox Library.
2697:Mirabilia Descripta. The Wonders of the East
2326:El Burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra
1738:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
892:. In 1910, Scottish novelist and politician
1067:
673:A map of Prester John's kingdom as Ethiopia
135:John, Christian Sovereign and Lord of Lords
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3338:
3330:
2756:. Translated by J. P. London: Samuel Smith
2201:
2189:
2177:
2060:
2048:
1993:
1827:
1658:
1646:
1622:
1550:
1526:
1514:
1490:
1414:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1285:
1232:The Ecclesiastical History, in Two Volumes
1201:
1189:
861:Seventeenth-century academics like German
274:of 1145 that the previous year he had met
3881:History of the foreign relations of India
3290:Dictionary of African Christian Biography
831:identified the land of Prester John with
810:Franciscan Remedius Prutky asked Emperor
681:", and lacking any real knowledge of the
2072:
1971:Travel and travellers of the Middle Ages
1239:. London: William Heinemann. p. 293
1213:
620:tied the history of Prester John to the
178:
36:
2971:Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine
1881:. New York: Penguin. pp. 167â171.
1634:
1502:
1478:
1139:
425:'s author was most likely a Westerner.
294:, sent to seek Western aid against the
2439:"Animal Collective Announce New Album
2299:
2250:
1731:
1426:
910:, and proved very popular in its day.
465:'s control, and was moving on towards
2004:
2002:
1538:
857:End of the legend and cultural legacy
7:
2565:. London: Rivingtons. pp. 32â54
2222:. London: Routledge. pp. 1â17.
1692:(1977) . "The Life of Saint Louis".
1385:Halsall, Paul, ed. (December 1997).
1100:. In the 16th century, cartographer
3866:History of Christianity in Ethiopia
2670:The Mongols and the West: 1221â1410
2437:Ruiz, Matthew Ismael (2021-10-20).
2399:The Adventures of Doctor Eszterhazy
2037:Polo & Rustichello da Pisa 1930
1674:Polo & Rustichello da Pisa 1930
1565:"Prester John: Fiction and History"
1006:The Adventures of Doctor Eszterhazy
896:used the legend in his sixth book,
133:received in 1165. The sender was: "
3856:Church of the East in Central Asia
3323:English (unabridged, interpolated)
2926:. Aldershot, Hampshire: Variorum.
2922:; Hamilton, Bernard, eds. (1996).
2839:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday
2588:A Chronology of World Christianity
2341:Serendipities: Language and Lunacy
1879:The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
1608:(1960) . Huygens, R. B. C. (ed.).
605:The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
229:is the origin of the English word
167:of Central Asia; French historian
25:
1840:Halsall, Paul, ed. (March 1996).
1086:, which is adorned with heraldic
477:speculated that the much reduced
290:. Hugh was an emissary of Prince
258:, and of a Patriarch of India to
3876:History of Christianity in India
3790:
3789:
2562:Curious Myths of the Middle Ages
2402:. Philadelphia: Owlswick Press.
2372:. Philadelphia: Owlswick Press.
1941:New York: Penguin. p. 408.
510:alliance with an Eastern monarch
3164:. New York: Ballantine Del Rey.
2533:from the original on 2008-08-28
2266:The Medieval Heritage of Mexico
1852:from the original on 2021-02-28
1397:from the original on 2021-04-14
1090:, represents Prester John with
902:, to supplement a plot about a
457:, returned from the disastrous
225:holding a high office (indeed,
3275:New International Encyclopedia
1319:Rosenberg, Matt (2004-08-04).
967:. The first is the 2000 novel
382:was supposedly written to the
1:
3225:The Habitation of the Blessed
2338:Eco, Umberto (October 1998).
2311:Shakespeare, William (1600).
2124:(Thesis). Maynooth University
1235:. Vol. I. Translated by
547:, and the Franciscan voyager
310:from the brother monarchs of
32:Prester John (disambiguation)
3861:Medieval history of Ethiopia
3831:Maritime history of Portugal
2903:Resources in other libraries
1907:The Story of the Three Kings
1846:Internet Medieval Sourcebook
1842:"Mandeville on Prester John"
1581:10.1016/0191-6599(95)92954-S
1391:Internet Medieval Sourcebook
518:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine
2731:Kodansha International Ltd.
1806:. London: Hakluyt Society.
1612:(in French). Leiden: Brill.
1610:Lettres de Jacques de Vitry
1452:Mierow, Charles Christopher
1305:Online Etymology Dictionary
1095:, the Saviour on the Cross
508:' salvation depended on an
3907:
3695:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
3309:The Letter of Prester John
3174:The Monsters of St. Helena
2214:Salvadore, Matteo (2017).
1706:Villehardouin, Geoffroy de
1696:Chronicles of the Crusades
1050:is called "Prester John".
845:, a native of what is now
685:they sometimes considered
282:in Syria, at the court of
146:Saint Thomas the Apostle's
29:
3785:
3705:Massacre of the Innocents
3473:Lectio difficilior potior
3250:Stockmann, Alois (1913).
2978:Jubber, Nicholas (2005).
2898:Resources in your library
2835:The Realm of Prester John
2805:The Travels of Marco Polo
2772:Prutky, Remedius (1991).
2704:. London: Hakluyt Society
2618:The Empire of the Steppes
2549:General and cited sources
2324:de Molina, Tirso (1630).
1777:. London: Hakluyt Society
1569:History of European Ideas
1440:Otto I Bishop of Freising
780:Giovanni Battista Ramusio
217:, who had in turn taught
3142:. Number 360. New York:
2650:. Cambridge University.
2642:Gumilev, Lev Nikolaevich
2624:Rutgers University Press
2559:(1877). "Prester John".
2529:. Princeton University.
2118:Crotty, Kenneth (2004).
1802:; Morgan, David (eds.).
1702:Joinville, Jean, sire de
1690:Joinville, Jean, sire de
1151:. New York: Free Press.
1025:Memory, Sorrow and Thorn
997:Asimov's Science Fiction
977:for his adoptive father
838:Decades of the New World
374:and the above-mentioned
247:, a fabulous account of
3846:Legendary Indian people
3434:Comparative linguistics
3162:The Cross-Time Engineer
3015:10.1057/9780230370517_3
2263:Weckmann, Luis (1992).
1563:Bar-Ilan, Meir (1995).
1147:Delaney, Carol (2012).
851:Lucas VĂĄzquez de AyllĂłn
829:Peter Martyr d'Anghiera
3457:Contextual credibility
3221:Valente, Catherynne M.
3201:Galaxy Science Fiction
2521:Delaney, John (2007).
2424:"The Dragonbone Chair"
2313:Much Ado About Nothing
2269:. Fordham Univ Press.
1931:Wolfram von Eschenbach
1848:. Fordham University.
1393:. Fordham University.
1266:The Tertullian Project
1075:
1068:
1003:(later republished in
975:Letter of Prester John
889:El Burlador de Sevilla
879:Much Ado About Nothing
827:The Italian historian
731:
674:
618:Wolfram von Eschenbach
446:
366:Letter of Prester John
360:Letter of Prester John
194:
73:
62:
3683:Sources and parallels
3259:Catholic Encyclopedia
3196:"The All-at-Once Man"
3062:Der Priester Johannes
2984:. London: Doubleday.
2228:10.4324/9781315612294
1351:, pp. 16, 49â50.
1262:"Decretum Gelasianum"
1061:
991:In July 1986 issues,
986:: Language and Lunacy
726:
672:
543:, Crusader-historian
436:
417:of northern Italy or
182:
40:
3776:Vaticinium ex eventu
3517:Acts of the Apostles
3479:Multiple attestation
3318:Latin (interpolated)
3269:"Prester John"
3253:"Prester John"
2557:Baring-Gould, Sabine
2085:Knobler, A. (2016).
1084:Canterbury Cathedral
1019:The Dragonbone Chair
979:Frederick Barbarossa
948:Arak: Son of Thunder
843:Francisco de Chicora
785:By the time Emperor
764:Manuel I of Portugal
610:Historia Trium Regum
482:Kingdom of Jerusalem
396:European exploration
371:Romance of Alexander
207:Eusebius of Caesarea
125:Origin of the legend
30:For other uses, see
18:Land of Prester John
3419:Cognitive philology
3097:. Project Gutenberg
2796:Rustichello da Pisa
2204:, pp. 166â167.
2180:, pp. 188â189.
2063:, pp. 164â165.
2051:, pp. 176â177.
2039:, pp. 316â319.
1996:, pp. 163â164.
1875:Mosely, C. W. R. D.
1770:Odoric of Pordenone
1757:Odoric of Pordenone
1661:, pp. 86, 101.
1179:. 16 February 2024.
874:William Shakespeare
799:Council of Florence
791:Emperor of Ethiopia
710:Mirabilia Descripta
698:Orthodox Christians
624:legend in his poem
549:Odoric of Pordenone
249:Alexander the Great
190:Nuremberg Chronicle
47:Emperor of Ethiopia
3841:Mythological kings
3826:Legendary monarchs
3816:Christian folklore
3745:Hadith terminology
3380:Biblical criticism
3139:One Sword for Love
3058:Zarncke, Friedrich
2855:Uebel, M. (2016).
2829:Silverberg, Robert
2497:Dr Paul A Fox, FSA
2443:, Share New Video"
1903:John of Hildesheim
1796:William of Rubruck
1076:
732:
675:
614:John of Hildesheim
522:William of Rubruck
463:Khwarazmian Empire
447:
403:Pope Alexander III
292:Raymond of Antioch
199:John the Presbyter
195:
183:Prester John from
157:Church of the East
101:Thomas the Apostle
76:) was a legendary
63:
3803:
3802:
3755:Religious studies
3721:
3720:
3710:Geography of the
3573:Bardiya / Smerdis
3493:
3492:
3429:Textual criticism
3404:Demythologization
3283:Cerulli, Enrico.
3234:978-1-59780-199-7
3136:(December 1953).
3071:978-3-487-07013-1
2981:The Prester Quest
2943:Brerewood, Edward
2884:Library resources
2868:978-1-137-11140-1
2683:978-0-582-36896-5
2633:978-0-8135-1304-1
2603:978-0-8264-9633-1
2461:Willement, Thomas
2351:978-0-231-50014-2
2276:978-0-8232-1324-5
2143:Beckingham, C. F.
2098:978-90-04-32490-9
2010:Thornton, John K.
1909:. Neumann Press.
1676:, pp. 84â88.
1625:, pp. 71â73.
1553:, pp. 58â63.
1529:, pp. 40â73.
1505:, pp. 20â21.
1493:, pp. 12â13.
1375:, pp. 29â34.
1363:, pp. 46â48.
1298:Harper, Douglas.
1288:, pp. 35â39.
1192:, pp. 17â18.
1064:Sebastian MĂŒnster
1042:Animal Collective
817:Richard Pankhurst
772:Francisco Ălvares
756:Eleni of Ethiopia
647:Friedrich Zarncke
580:Sorghaghtani Beki
545:Jean de Joinville
437:Depiction of the
387:Manuel I Comnenus
384:Byzantine emperor
330:Robert Silverberg
264:Pope Callixtus II
244:Alexander Romance
239:Sinbad the Sailor
131:Manuel I Komnenos
74:Presbyter Ioannes
57:, c. 1555â1559. (
16:(Redirected from
3898:
3836:Medieval legends
3793:
3792:
3770:Myth § Mythology
3690:Founding of Rome
3583:Caligula's horse
3502:
3447:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3331:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3238:
3216:
3213:Internet Archive
3210:
3209:
3187:
3165:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3144:Gold Medal Books
3129:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3075:
3053:
3050:Internet Archive
3047:
3046:
3028:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2974:
2962:
2959:Internet Archive
2956:
2955:
2937:
2920:Beckingham, C.F.
2872:
2851:
2848:Internet Archive
2845:
2844:
2838:
2824:
2821:Internet Archive
2818:
2817:
2810:Marsden, William
2808:. Translated by
2787:
2768:
2765:Internet Archive
2762:
2761:
2743:
2716:
2713:Internet Archive
2710:
2709:
2700:. Translated by
2687:
2661:
2637:
2621:
2607:
2591:
2577:
2574:Internet Archive
2571:
2570:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2499:. Archived from
2488:
2482:
2481:
2478:Internet Archive
2475:
2474:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2434:
2428:
2427:
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2169:
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2034:
2028:
2027:
2006:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1963:Ross, E. Denison
1959:
1953:
1952:
1937:. Translated by
1927:
1921:
1920:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1871:Mandeville, John
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1792:
1786:
1785:
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1729:
1726:Internet Archive
1723:
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1656:
1650:
1644:
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1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1606:Jacques de Vitry
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1583:. Archived from
1575:(1â3): 291â298.
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
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1512:
1506:
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1466:
1463:Internet Archive
1460:
1459:
1450:. Translated by
1449:
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1402:
1382:
1376:
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1337:
1336:
1327:. Archived from
1316:
1310:
1309:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:Internet Archive
1245:
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1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1144:
1102:Abraham Ortelius
1073:
953:Charles Williams
758:sent ambassador
451:Jacques de Vitry
411:textual analysis
346:Battle of Qatwan
270:reported in his
268:Otto of Freising
211:Epistles of John
185:Hartmann Schedel
21:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3851:Indian folklore
3821:Fictional kings
3806:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3781:
3717:
3700:Kurukshetra War
3670:
3664:
3556:
3489:
3445:
3363:
3358:
3295:
3293:
3282:
3266:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3227:. Night Shade.
3219:
3207:
3205:
3192:Lafferty, R. A.
3190:
3184:
3168:
3158:Frankowski, Leo
3156:
3148:
3146:
3134:Fox, Gardner F.
3132:
3126:
3108:
3100:
3098:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3056:
3044:
3042:
3033:Thorndike, Lynn
3031:
3025:
3004:
2996:
2994:
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2977:
2967:Davidson, Avram
2965:
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2951:
2941:
2934:
2918:
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2907:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2878:Further reading
2875:
2869:
2854:
2842:
2840:
2827:
2815:
2813:
2800:Komroff, Manuel
2790:
2784:
2771:
2759:
2757:
2746:
2740:
2721:Rossabi, Morris
2719:
2707:
2705:
2690:
2684:
2664:
2658:
2640:
2634:
2610:
2604:
2594:Continuum Books
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2417:
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2394:Davidson, Avram
2392:
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2366:Davidson, Avram
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2238:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2202:Silverberg 1972
2200:
2196:
2190:Silverberg 1972
2188:
2184:
2178:Silverberg 1972
2176:
2172:
2163:
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2159:
2141:
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2136:
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2117:
2116:
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2099:
2084:
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2079:
2071:
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2061:Silverberg 1972
2059:
2055:
2049:Silverberg 1972
2047:
2043:
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2031:
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2008:
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1994:Silverberg 1972
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1828:Silverberg 1972
1826:
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1659:Silverberg 1972
1657:
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1647:Silverberg 1972
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1623:Silverberg 1972
1621:
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1604:
1603:
1599:
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1562:
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1557:
1551:Silverberg 1972
1549:
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1527:Silverberg 1972
1525:
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1515:Silverberg 1972
1513:
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1497:
1491:Silverberg 1972
1489:
1485:
1477:
1470:
1457:
1455:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1417:, pp. 3â7.
1415:Silverberg 1972
1413:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1373:Silverberg 1972
1371:
1367:
1361:Silverberg 1972
1359:
1355:
1349:Silverberg 1972
1347:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1318:
1317:
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1284:
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1269:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1242:
1240:
1225:
1224:
1220:
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1202:Silverberg 1972
1200:
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1190:Silverberg 1972
1188:
1184:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1114:
1080:attributed arms
1056:
1001:Amazing Stories
945:fantasy series
929:" in issues of
921:. For example,
908:adventure novel
884:Tirso de Molina
859:
825:
744:Afonso de Paiva
740:PĂȘro da CovilhĂŁ
736:Kings of Aragon
667:
506:Crusader states
431:
362:
300:Siege of Edessa
284:Pope Eugene III
262:at the time of
127:
59:British Library
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3750:Historiography
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3742:
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3738:Pseudepigrapha
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3539:Book of Mormon
3536:
3534:Book of Joshua
3531:
3529:Book of Esther
3526:
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3524:
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3406:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3384:Hadith studies
3377:
3375:Bayes' theorem
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3285:"Prester John"
3280:
3264:
3245:
3244:External links
3242:
3240:
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3233:
3217:
3188:
3182:
3170:Hansen, Brooks
3166:
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2688:
2682:
2666:Jackson, Peter
2662:
2656:
2638:
2632:
2612:Grousset, René
2608:
2602:
2578:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2523:"Prester John"
2513:
2483:
2452:
2429:
2415:
2409:978-0913896280
2408:
2385:
2379:978-0913896334
2378:
2357:
2350:
2330:
2317:
2304:
2292:
2275:
2255:
2253:, p. 115.
2243:
2236:
2216:"Introduction"
2206:
2194:
2192:, p. 189.
2182:
2170:
2157:
2134:
2110:
2097:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2022:
1998:
1986:
1979:
1967:Newton, Arthur
1954:
1947:
1922:
1915:
1894:
1887:
1862:
1832:
1830:, p. 139.
1820:
1812:
1800:Jackson, Peter
1787:
1765:Cordier, Henri
1745:
1714:
1678:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1637:, p. 342.
1627:
1615:
1597:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1468:
1431:
1429:, p. 177.
1419:
1407:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1321:"Prester John"
1311:
1300:"Prester John"
1290:
1278:
1253:
1218:
1216:, p. 191.
1206:
1194:
1182:
1164:
1158:978-1439102374
1157:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1055:
1052:
1044:'s 2022 album
993:Avram Davidson
932:Fantastic Four
925:has featured "
858:
855:
847:South Carolina
824:
821:
729:Portolan chart
666:
663:
531:, king of the
493:Mongol ruler,
455:Bishop of Acre
430:
427:
376:Acts of Thomas
361:
358:
336:khanate under
304:Second Crusade
256:Constantinople
150:Acts of Thomas
126:
123:
106:Acts of Thomas
26:
24:
14:
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3485:
3480:
3477:
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3468:
3467:Embarrassment
3465:
3463:
3462:Dissimilarity
3460:
3458:
3455:
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3442:
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3427:
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3218:
3214:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3194:(July 1970).
3193:
3189:
3185:
3183:0-312-42201-6
3179:
3176:. Macmillan.
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3125:0-15-602906-5
3121:
3117:
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3107:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3067:
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3059:
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3051:
3040:
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3034:
3030:
3026:
3024:9780230370517
3020:
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3008:
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2993:
2991:0-385-60702-4
2987:
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2968:
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2960:
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2933:0-86078-553-X
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2901:
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2807:
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2789:
2785:
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2775:
2770:
2766:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2739:4-7700-1650-6
2735:
2732:
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2718:
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2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2657:9780521322140
2653:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2503:on 2020-12-01
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:Fox, Paul A.
2487:
2484:
2479:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2449:. Condé Nast.
2448:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2395:
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2375:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2331:
2328:, jornada II.
2327:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2278:
2272:
2268:
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2259:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2237:9781317045465
2233:
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2203:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2111:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2078:
2075:, p. 42.
2074:
2073:Jordanus 1863
2069:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2023:9780521727341
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1980:0-415-15605-X
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1948:0-14-044361-4
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1916:0-911845-68-2
1912:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1888:0-14-044435-1
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
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1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
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1824:
1821:
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1813:0-904180-29-8
1809:
1805:
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1797:
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1772:
1771:
1766:
1762:
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1750:
1746:
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1735:
1727:
1717:
1715:9780140441246
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1649:, p. 73.
1648:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1587:on 2015-12-22
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
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1392:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1331:on 2016-11-08
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1238:
1237:Lake, Kirsopp
1234:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:Grousset 1970
1210:
1207:
1204:, p. 20.
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1123:Wandering Jew
1121:
1119:
1118:Eldad ha-Dani
1116:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1072:
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1065:
1060:
1053:
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1048:
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1038:
1036:
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1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
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1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
985:
984:Serendipities
980:
976:
972:
971:
966:
962:
961:War in Heaven
958:
954:
950:
949:
944:
940:
939:
934:
933:
928:
924:
923:Marvel Comics
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
900:
895:
891:
890:
885:
881:
880:
876:'s 1600 play
875:
870:
867:
864:
856:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:
834:
830:
822:
820:
818:
813:
809:
803:
800:
797:attended the
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
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753:
749:
745:
741:
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721:
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664:
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623:
619:
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581:
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569:
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559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:Mongol Empire
498:
496:
492:
487:
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:Fifth Crusade
456:
452:
444:
440:
435:
429:Mongol Empire
428:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:
367:
359:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:defeated the
339:
335:
331:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
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228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
192:
191:
186:
181:
177:
174:
170:
169:René Grousset
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
142:
138:
136:
132:
124:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
3891:Genghis Khan
3774:
3711:
3660:William Tell
3640:Prester John
3639:
3545:
3482:
3481: /
3471:
3424:Decipherment
3409:Palaeography
3399:Bibliography
3391:Ilm al-rijÄl
3390:
3382: /
3308:
3294:. Retrieved
3288:
3273:
3257:
3224:
3211:– via
3206:. Retrieved
3199:
3173:
3161:
3147:. Retrieved
3138:
3118:. Harcourt.
3113:
3110:Eco, Umberto
3099:. Retrieved
3094:Prester John
3093:
3089:Buchan, John
3061:
3048:– via
3043:. Retrieved
3037:
3006:
2995:. Retrieved
2980:
2970:
2957:– via
2952:. Retrieved
2947:
2923:
2889:Prester John
2888:
2857:
2846:– via
2841:. Retrieved
2834:
2819:– via
2814:. Retrieved
2804:
2773:
2763:– via
2758:. Retrieved
2752:
2748:Ludolf, Hiob
2725:
2711:– via
2706:. Retrieved
2696:
2669:
2646:
2617:
2587:
2582:Bowden, John
2572:– via
2567:. Retrieved
2561:
2535:. Retrieved
2526:
2516:
2505:. Retrieved
2501:the original
2496:
2486:
2476:– via
2471:. Retrieved
2465:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2432:
2418:
2397:
2388:
2369:
2360:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2295:
2287:
2280:. Retrieved
2265:
2258:
2246:
2219:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2162:. Retrieved
2147:
2137:
2126:. Retrieved
2120:
2113:
2102:. Retrieved
2087:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2013:
1989:
1970:
1957:
1939:Hatto, A. T.
1934:
1925:
1906:
1897:
1878:
1865:
1854:. Retrieved
1845:
1835:
1823:
1803:
1790:
1779:. Retrieved
1769:
1724:– via
1719:. Retrieved
1695:
1654:
1642:
1635:Gumilev 2009
1630:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:the original
1572:
1568:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1517:, p. 8.
1510:
1503:Jackson 2005
1498:
1486:
1481:, p. 5.
1479:Rossabi 1992
1461:– via
1456:. Retrieved
1445:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1399:. Retrieved
1390:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1324:
1314:
1303:
1293:
1281:
1270:. Retrieved
1265:
1256:
1246:– via
1241:. Retrieved
1231:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1148:
1142:
1105:
1091:
1077:
1070:Cosmographia
1045:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1014:Tad Williams
1011:
1004:
990:
982:
974:
968:
960:
946:
936:
930:
927:Prester John
915:pulp fiction
912:
899:Prester John
897:
887:
877:
871:
860:
836:
826:
823:The Americas
804:
787:Lebna Dengel
784:
775:
733:
709:
692:
683:Indian Ocean
679:Three Indias
676:
636:
625:
609:
603:
600:
572:
565:
557:
535:, given the
526:
520:in 1245 and
499:
495:Genghis Khan
448:
422:
406:
400:
379:
375:
369:
365:
363:
342:Seljuk Turks
328:
278:, bishop of
271:
253:
242:
235:
230:
226:
196:
188:
154:
149:
143:
139:
134:
128:
115:Central Asia
104:
98:
66:Prester John
65:
64:
42:
3765:Linguistics
3615:King Arthur
3598:myth theory
3368:Methodology
3361:Historicity
2792:Polo, Marco
2702:Yule, Henry
2441:Time Skiffs
2300:Ludolf 1684
2251:Prutky 1991
1775:Yule, Henry
1761:Yule, Henry
1427:Bowden 2007
1177:Neperos.com
1047:Time Skiffs
965:Umberto Eco
894:John Buchan
866:Hiob Ludolf
863:orientalist
716:missionary
475:Lev Gumilev
334:Qara Khitai
80:patriarch,
51:Diogo Homem
3810:Categories
3678:The Exodus
3669:Events and
3645:Robin Hood
3620:King David
3578:The Buddha
3441:Provenance
3296:2021-06-19
3208:2021-06-19
3149:2021-06-19
3101:2021-06-19
3045:2021-06-19
2997:2021-06-19
2954:2021-06-19
2912:Nonfiction
2843:2021-06-17
2816:2021-06-17
2783:0904180301
2760:2021-06-17
2708:2021-06-17
2569:2021-06-17
2537:2021-06-20
2507:2021-06-20
2473:2021-06-20
2164:2021-06-17
2158:0853232296
2128:2021-12-05
2104:2021-12-05
1856:2021-06-20
1781:2021-06-18
1721:2021-06-18
1591:2021-06-17
1539:Uebel 2016
1458:2021-06-17
1401:2021-06-18
1335:2021-06-18
1272:2021-06-17
1243:2021-06-17
1129:References
795:Zara Yaqob
706:Wedem Arad
694:Marco Polo
643:Henry Yule
622:Holy Grail
541:Marco Polo
516:explorers
514:Franciscan
338:YelĂŒ Dashi
324:Three Magi
298:after the
94:Three Magi
55:Queen Mary
3733:Apocrypha
3484:Mutawatir
3414:Philology
3115:Baudolino
3091:(1996) .
3060:(1980) .
2945:(1674) .
2798:(1930) .
2750:(1684) .
2694:(1863) .
2644:(2009) .
2447:Pitchfork
2282:16 August
1905:(1997) .
1873:(1983) .
1798:(1990) .
1759:(1913) .
1734:cite book
1442:(1928) .
1325:About.com
1229:(1926) .
1134:Citations
1016:'s novel
1012:In 1988,
1009:, 1990).
970:Baudolino
943:DC Comics
714:Dominican
596:Ariq Böke
524:in 1253.
449:In 1221,
419:Languedoc
354:Buddhists
350:Samarkand
316:Jerusalem
272:Chronicon
227:presbyter
86:Nestorian
82:presbyter
78:Christian
45:" as the
3795:Category
3650:Socrates
3635:Muhammad
3625:Lei Feng
3450:Criteria
3223:(2010).
3172:(2003).
3160:(1986).
3112:(2000).
2831:(1972).
2723:(1992).
2692:Jordanus
2668:(2005).
2614:(1970).
2584:(2007).
2531:Archived
2493:"Bay 32"
2463:(1827).
2396:(1990).
2368:(1993).
2012:(2012).
1935:Parzival
1933:(1980).
1850:Archived
1767:(eds.).
1395:Archived
1227:Eusebius
1112:See also
1078:Various
1054:Heraldry
957:Inklings
812:Iyasu II
762:to king
718:Jordanus
687:Ethiopia
665:Ethiopia
632:Feirefiz
627:Parzival
533:Keraites
491:Tengrist
479:crusader
308:Ecbatana
296:Saracens
219:Irenaeus
119:Ethiopia
3760:Legends
3726:Related
3712:Odyssey
3655:Sun Tzu
3608:Sources
3568:Abraham
3522:Gospels
3278:. 1905.
3081:Fiction
2802:(ed.).
2674:Longman
1969:(ed.).
1877:(ed.).
1074:, 1575.
1022:of his
835:in his
833:Chicora
752:Socotra
748:Contact
651:Colchis
639:Georgia
575:Yesugei
567:Travels
529:Toghrul
484:in the
471:in 1141
467:Baghdad
443:Toghrul
439:Keraite
348:, near
344:in the
288:Viterbo
223:priests
161:Mongols
111:Mongols
3671:places
3561:People
3498:Topics
3231:
3180:
3122:
3068:
3021:
2988:
2930:
2886:about
2865:
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1977:
1945:
1913:
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1810:
1712:
1155:
1088:bosses
1034:Fables
919:comics
760:Mateus
702:Arabia
659:Iberia
655:Lazica
594:, and
592:Hulagu
588:Kublai
562:Möngke
553:Cathay
486:Levant
441:ruler
423:Letter
407:Letter
392:Hebrew
380:Letter
378:, the
320:Tigris
280:Jabala
241:. The
231:priest
215:Papias
193:, 1493
173:Kerait
90:Orient
43:Preste
3630:Moses
3603:Quest
3593:Jesus
3588:Homer
3552:Quran
3546:Iliad
3512:Bible
3505:Texts
1700:. By
1093:Azure
808:Czech
584:Tolui
312:Media
203:Syria
165:Turks
70:Latin
3544:The
3229:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3120:ISBN
3066:ISBN
3019:ISBN
2986:ISBN
2928:ISBN
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2778:ISBN
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2271:ISBN
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2093:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1740:link
1710:ISBN
1153:ISBN
938:Thor
935:and
917:and
904:Zulu
742:and
657:and
608:and
558:King
500:The
415:Jews
276:Hugh
260:Rome
163:and
53:for
3011:doi
2224:doi
1577:doi
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768:Goa
712:of
612:by
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