489:
along with the phasing out of national passenger rail on the lines that serviced these areas has led to the near abandonment of many small rural towns across these regions with both a detrimental impact to the local economy and landscape. A recent trend toward greenbelt housing, cottages, acreages, and hobby farms has been fueled by an abundance of jobs in the oil & gas sector, speculation due to a rise of agricultural GDP in recent years and the cost of urban real estate that may in cases justify daily commuting to nearby cities particularly with the reintroduction of passenger rail as well as other modes of public transit.
317:, the federal government generally included minerals in the land grants. As settlement progressed, the federal government came to realise the value of the mineral rights, and began to reserve classes of minerals in subsequent land grants: first, just precious minerals; then reservations of coal; and finally land grants would reserve "all minerals unto the Crown." When the federal government finally transferred the natural resources to the three Prairie provinces in 1930, the provincial governments received the benefits of those mineral reservations.
328:, or individuals may be the owner of the mineral rights for a particular plot of land, separate from the owner of the surface rights. Careful examination of the title is therefore necessary to determine who owns the mineral rights to a particular piece of land. For example, in the leading petroleum-producing province of Alberta, 81% of the subsurface mineral rights are owned by the provincial Crown. The remaining 19% are owned by the federal Crown, individuals, or corporations.
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295:. That was the pattern of land ownership in the earliest British settlements in what is now eastern Canada. When the Crown granted land to settlers, the land grant normally included all minerals, other than precious minerals. The result is that in Ontario, Quebec, and the four Atlantic provinces, much of the mineral rights are privately owned.
485:, however, which are not land ownership in the traditional sense. In 1981, less than 4% of owner households owned condominiums. By 2001, this proportion had more than doubled to 9%, and by 2006, it had reached 10.9%. Again, this reflects the impact of urbanization which has changed land holding patterns substantially.
263:
to fund its transcontinental line, other areas were reserved for school boards to be sold to fund education, and the rest was distributed to settlers for agriculture. Settlers paid a $ 10 fee and agreed to make some improvements within a specified time for 160 acres (65 ha), commonly known as a
480:
In the last century, the trend in Canada has been for a smaller percentage of people to own land, as more urbanization has turned people into renters. Still Canada has one of the world's highest rates of home ownership, which actually increased during the economic boom of the mid 2000s. In 2008, of
204:
of 1871 to 1921, though not all groups signed treaties. In particular, in most of
British Columbia Aboriginal title has never been transferred to the Crown. Many native groups, both those that have never signed treaties or those that are dissatisfied with the execution of treaties have made formal
488:
In rural areas, the trend has been towards commercial farming operations. The number of farms has continually decreased since the end of the pioneering era in
Western Canada (as recently as the 1930s in some regions, but more generally 1914), and at the same time, farm sizes have increased. This
331:
When the ownership of the surface and the minerals are split between two different owners, the owners of the minerals cannot extract them in a way that damages the surface, for example by undercutting support of the surface. At the same time, the surface holder cannot prevent the owner of the
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Even when the land grant included minerals, as was the case with the land grants to the
Canadian Pacific Railway Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, those land-holders could sell the surface rights to agricultural settlers, while retaining the mineral rights themselves. Like the federal
306:, unlike the situation in eastern Canada, where the provinces held Crown lands and could make land grants. The federal Crown's ownership of the land in western Canada included the power to grant land titles, and also the power to determine if minerals would be included in the land grants.
134:
of 1930 the prairie provinces of
Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, and to a limited extent British Columbia, did not control Crown lands or subsoil rights within their boundaries, which instead rested with the federal government. This deprived them of the benefits of
332:
minerals from accessing their minerals. Most provinces, such as
Alberta, have passed legislation to govern these competing rights. Disputes between owners of the surface and owners of the mineral rights are adjudicated by the Land and Property Rights Tribunal.
200:, is subject to Aboriginal title. Native groups historically negotiated treaties in which they traded tenure to the land for annuities and certain legal exemptions and privileges. Most of Western Canada was secured in this way by the government via the
159:, which was similar to the type of late feudalism practised in France at the time, and land was divided into long strip lots running back from the riverfront. This land pattern was also used in certain areas of Western Canada by French and
321:
government, the
Canadian Pacific Railway Company initially sold the land with minerals to farm settlers, but then gradually came to realise the value of the minerals, and began to retain minerals, only selling the surface to settlers.
166:
In contrast, areas of
British settlement used square block patterns of land distribution. Those in Eastern Canada contoured around geographical features and consisted of smaller lots. In Western Canada, where the American-influenced
283:, which locals felt exploited them. The Government of Canada agreed to provide the Island with an $ 800,000 fund to purchase the remaining absentee landlord's estates as part of negotiations that brought PEI into Confederation.
264:
quarter section, of land. This was at a time of extreme land shortage in many agricultural areas of Europe, and aided in the rapid settlement of
Western Canada. In areas where ranching was preferred to field agriculture (e.g.
913:
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At common law, the owner of the land owned both the surface and the sub-surface, namely minerals. The only exception to this was that the Crown held the precious minerals (gold and silver), and any
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is the second-largest country in the world by area; at 9,093,507 km or 3,511,085 mi of land (and more if fresh water is included). It occupies more than 6% of the Earth's surface.
903:
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the 12.4 million households in Canada, more than 8.5 million, over two-thirds (68.4%) owned their home, the highest rate since 1971. Much of the recent increases were in the form of
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66:
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414:, the communal and state ownership typical of Communist countries, or the small-holdings in those parts of Europe and Latin America where the estates were broken up.
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196:, or vacant land, and was seized from Aboriginal peoples without compensation. In consequence, all of Canada, save a section of southern Quebec exempted by the
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After Canada acquired the HBC's land in 1870, the federal government used the land as an economic tool to promote settlement and development. Under the
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The largest class of landowners are the provincial governments, who hold all unclaimed land in their jurisdiction. Over 90% of the sprawling
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186:. However, the British and Canadian authorities recognized that indigenous peoples already on the lands had a prior claim,
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where Crown lands are vested in the federal, rather than territorial, government. In addition the federal government owns
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is provincial Crown land. Provincial lands account for 60% of the area of the province of
Alberta, 94% of the land in
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The situation changed as settlement progressed westwards. The federal government initially retained all lands in
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at a nominal rate, allowing the development of an industrial-scale beef export industry centred on the city of
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was used, geographical features were largely ignored in favour of geometric standardization, with larger lots.
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53:(48%); the remaining 11% is privately owned. Most federally administered land is in the Canadian territories (
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Canada may be considered distinct from the few large landed estates and masses of tenant farmers typical of
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bases. In contrast, provinces hold much of their territory as provincial Crown land, which may be held as
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from mining, oil and gas, or forestry (stumpage) within their boundaries. This was a major source of
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The largest single landowner in Canada by far, and by extension one of the world's largest, is the
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At the same time, major land reforms were underway in Prince Edward Island to end the practice of
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all lands are subject to the Crown, and this has been true since
Britain acquired much of
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45:. About 89% of Canada's land area (8,886,356 km) is Crown land, which may either be
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669:(Toronto: Thomson Reuters, 5th ed. (looseleaf, current to 2022), para. 29.3, note 8.
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216:(HBC) which from 1670 to 1870 had a legal and economic monopoly on all land in the
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69:; only 4% of land in the provinces is federally controlled, largely in the form of
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The English Crown also gave tenure to much of Canada to a private company, the
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The result, particularly in western Canada, is that the Crown, corporations,
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779:"2006 Census: Changing patterns in Canadian homeownership and shelter costs"
616:
Mitchell, Simon J. (June 2003). "Who Owns Crown Lands?". Falls Brook Centre.
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that saw most of its land ownership transferred to the Dominion of Canada.
452: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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In the grants to the first two major corporations in the west, the
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by governments, Indigenous groups, corporations, and individuals.
236:(now British Columbia, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and
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Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec
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37:
The majority of all lands in Canada are held by governments as
743:
Benson, Bowden and Newman, Understanding Property, para. 14.2.
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339:
111:. The bulk of the federal government's lands are in the vast
1115:
Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada
1105:
Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario
652:
Marjorie L. Benson, Marie-Anne Bowden, and Dwight Newman,
656:(Toronto: Thomson Carswell, 2008, 2nd ed., para. 14.1(a).
654:
Understanding Property: A Guide to Canada's Property Law
904:
National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy
1120:
Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions
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Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America
718:. Alberta Government. September 2012. Archived from
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410:and Latin American countries that have not enacted
259:system of 1872, 25,000,000 acres were given to the
67:Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada
869:Comparison of Canadian and American economies
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1260:Canadian Federation of Independent Business
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374:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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767:Alberta Land and Property Rights Tribunal.
713:"Talk about Royalties, Facts on Royalties"
567:State of Canada's Forests 2004–2005, p. 49
1075:Canada Development Investment Corporation
468:Learn how and when to remove this message
394:Learn how and when to remove this message
1135:Western Economic Diversification Canada
1085:Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
693:
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533:
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1183:Federal financing for small businesses
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336:Characteristics of modern distribution
1291:Canadian Index of Consumer Confidence
924:Public-private partnerships in Canada
7:
1070:Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation
1060:Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency
701:, 2004 SCC 49, 3 SCR 3, paras. 4–7.
544:The Canadian Encyclopedia: Geography
450:adding citations to reliable sources
372:adding citations to reliable sources
65:), and is administered on behalf of
1110:Financial Consumer Agency of Canada
594:Minister of Agriculture and Lands;
665:Peter W. Hogg and Wade W. Wright,
546:. Historica Foundation of Canada.
155:land was settled according to the
14:
1296:International rankings of Canada
1037:Social Union Framework Agreement
914:Provinces and territories by GDP
426:
344:
315:Canadian Pacific Railway Company
550:from the original on 2014-10-22
437:needs additional citations for
1255:Canada Development Corporation
874:Economic impact of immigration
268:), large areas were leased to
125:national defence installations
1:
1270:Canadian Payroll Association
1178:Federal Contractors' Program
667:Constitutional Law of Canada
220:territory (identical to the
147:History of land distribution
859:Agreement on Internal Trade
681:Benson, Bowden and Newman,
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1265:Credit Institute of Canada
1080:Canada Infrastructure Bank
198:Royal Proclamation of 1763
30:
1006:List of tariffs in Canada
894:Interprovincial migration
837:
503:Patterns of landholding:
98:Newfoundland and Labrador
1275:Canadian Labour Congress
261:Canadian Pacific Railway
209:against the government.
33:Crown land § Canada
699:Anderson v Amoco Canada
581:March 12, 2009, at the
304:North-Western Territory
234:North-Western Territory
90:boreal forest of Canada
17:Land is owned in Canada
1322:Property law of Canada
1239:Toronto Stock Exchange
1193:National Child Benefit
1032:Minimum wage in Canada
1001:Canadian import duties
975:Science and technology
683:Understanding Property
207:Aboriginal land claims
184:Treaty of Paris (1763)
132:Natural Resources Acts
121:First Nations reserves
1327:Real estate in Canada
1173:Equalization payments
1095:Department of Finance
884:Free trade agreements
757:, RSA 2000, c. S-24.
596:Crown Land Fact Sheet
55:Northwest Territories
446:improve this article
368:improve this section
311:Hudson's Bay Company
281:absentee landlordism
214:Hudson's Bay Company
169:Dominion Land Survey
113:northern territories
109:Government of Canada
1317:Geography of Canada
1158:Canada Savings Bond
1130:Royal Canadian Mint
1027:Canadian labour law
242:Imperial Parliament
182:from France by the
1011:Taxation in Canada
754:Surface Rights Act
603:2011-09-03 at the
256:Dominion Lands Act
157:seigneurial system
141:Western alienation
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1153:Transfer payments
864:Banking in Canada
831:Economy of Canada
629:Missing or empty
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247:Rupert's Land Act
230:Columbia District
228:), and later the
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41:and are known as
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83:Provincial Parks
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889:Great Recession
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909:Oil reserves
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839:
787:. Retrieved
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727:. Retrieved
720:the original
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698:
685:, para. 2.1.
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543:
540:"Crown Land"
509:Smallholding
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789:18 February
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1125:PPP Canada
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