80:. As such, the Singaporean government has used land reclamation to supplement Singapore's available commercial, residential, industrial, and governmental properties (military and official buildings). Land reclamation in Singapore also allows for the preservation of local historic and cultural communities, as building pressures are reduced by the addition of reclaimed land. Land reclamation has been used in Singapore since the early 19th century, extensively so in this last half-century in response to the city-state's rapid economic growth. In 1960, Singapore was home to fewer than two million people; that number had more than doubled by 2008, to almost four and a half million people. To keep up with such an increase in population (as well as a concurrent surge in the country's economy and industrialization efforts), Singapore has increased its land mass by 22% since independence in 1965, with land continuously being set aside for future use. Though Singapore's native population is no longer increasing as rapidly as it was in the mid-twentieth century, the city-state has experienced a continued influx in its foreign population, resulting in a continued investment in land reclamation by the government. The government thus plans to expand the city-state by an additional 7-8% by 2030.
265:, although that country's prohibition was less all-encompassing: though sand from some seabeds could still be exported, river sand could no longer be dredged and distributed. More recently, however, certain rivers that receive replenishments of sand naturally due to their proximity to seawater have been made exempt from this ban. In spite of these restrictions, Cambodia, which provided just 25% of Singapore's sand imports in 2010, is now its primary source of sand. This increase has dramatically changed local ecosystems. After the dredging of Cambodia's Tatai River (exempt from the ban) began in 2010, locals saw an estimated 85% reduction in the catch of fish, crab, and lobsters; tourist numbers have similarly decreased as construction and noise have surged. People living near the river have petitioned for an end to sand mining there. Large-scale damage has been seen throughout
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388:, for example, an extensive EIA was carried out after the project's commission in 1999. The assessment found that coral reefs and mangroves within the allotted 350 ha (860 acres) project would be harmed, and as a result plans were put in place to reforest the mangroves elsewhere, and sediment screens were installed to prevent silt from reaching reefs that would have otherwise been negatively affected. EIAs are not, however, required by any legislature, and thus are not mandatory for land reclamation projects. Yet the Singapore government has been increasingly open to public feedback regarding increased sustainability in future land projects.
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316:, which Malaysia plans to advertise as a garden oasis, with buildings covered by greenery and an impressive expanse of public transport. Progress on the project came to a halt after Singapore protested against its construction in 2014, but the Malaysian government reportedly approved a scaled-down version of the project in January 2015.
76:. Each of these is a small coastal territory restrained by its geographical boundaries, and thus traditionally limited by the ocean's reach. The use of land reclamation allows these territories to expand outwards by recovering land from the sea. At just 719 km (278 sq mi), the entire country of Singapore is smaller than
200:. By 2008, Singapore was one of the top three oil trading and refining hubs globally. The necessary facilities for such an involvement in the oil industry require a very large amount of space, and today, Singapore's facilities are housed almost entirely on Jurong Island and the Jurong Industrial Estates.
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Singapore's industrialisation (particularly in terms of coastal development) and land reclamation projects have resulted in the extensive loss of marine habitats along the city-state's shores. The majority of
Singapore's southern coast has been altered through the process of land reclamation, as have
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opened after the clearing of roughly 2 km (0.8 sq mi) of swampland and the introduction of over 52,000,000 m (68,000,000 cu yd) of land- and seafill. As Changi
Airport maintains a policy of continual development in preparation for the future, a third airport terminal was
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enacted a ban against exporting sand specifically to
Singapore. This ban followed tensions between Singapore and Indonesia regarding islands lying between the two countries: sand miners had reportedly all but demolished these islands. In 2007, more than 90% of Singapore's imported sand had come from
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in 1963. As part of
Malaysia and continuing after independence in 1965, Singapore benefitted from economic development programs, which both enabled and required significant land reclamation projects. Rapidly increasing demand for industrial, infrastructural, commercial, and residential land resulted
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and directed focus away from an improved
Singapore and towards an extended Japanese culture. There was thus a lull in industrialization in Singapore during this period, which continued throughout the 1950s and early 1960s (during which time Singapore experienced extensive political change) until the
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as the result of extensive land and coastal development. Prior to the land reclamation of the last several decades, Singapore's coral reefs covered an estimated 100 km (39 sq mi). By 2002, that number had dropped to 54 km (21 sq mi). Estimates are that up to 60% of the
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Such development has led to the loss of 95% of
Singapore's mangroves. When Stamford Raffles arrived in Singapore in 1819, the land was largely mangrove swamp; today, mangrove cover accounts for less than 0.5% of Singapore's total land area. This loss has greatly diminished the beneficial effects of
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arrived in what would become modern
Singapore in 1819. Raffles had come to the area with the goal of developing a British port to rival that of the Dutch, and though contemporary Singapore was the ideal location for a harbour, it was at the time only a small fishing village. Converting this village
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Reclamation of submerged land requires a substance to fill in the reclaimed area. Given the shallow depth of the waters surrounding much of
Singapore, sand has generally been seen as the best option for this process. Raffles used soil from a razed hill to raise the southwest bank of the Singapore
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Though much harm has been done to
Singapore's aquatic ecosystems as the result of land reclamation projects and expansive industrialisation, there has been more of an effort in recent years to accommodate and restore damaged environments. Since the mid-1990s, more attention has been paid to
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land reclamation projects were completed after their commission in the late 1970s, encompassing 360 ha (890 acres) of waterfront development. These projects involved the removal of the Telok Ayer Basin and Inner Roads; the mouth of the
Singapore River was also rerouted to flow into
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Indonesia. The ban resulted in an increase in construction costs in Singapore as well as the need to find new sources of sand, which has become increasingly difficult as more neighbouring countries institute their own bans and regulations regarding the export of sand. In 2009,
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More recently, Singapore has issued its own complaints against Malaysia regarding the latter's two land reclamation projects in the Straits of Johore. One project would involve the creation and linkage of four islands within the strait, creating a new metropolis called
113:, expressed concerns about the cost and feasibility of reclaiming this land, it was eventually decided that the project was achievable. The southwest bank of the river was found to be prone to flooding, so Raffles decided to dismantle a small hill (located in today's
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Industrial Estate began development in the early 1960s to meet industrial land needs, and by 1968 already housed 153 factories, with another 46 under construction. The original landscape of the region was greatly changed and is now restricted to the areas around the
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rather than directly into the sea. The Marina Bay reclamation projects added significant waterside land adjacent to Singapore's central business district, creating prime real estate that is used for commercial, residential, hotel, and entertainment purposes today.
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habitat is no longer sustainable. Since coral reef monitoring was first instigated in the late 1980s, a clear overall decline in live coral cover has been noted, as has a decline in the depths at which corals thrive. Fortunately, though there have been limited
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After the turn of the century (particularly from 1919 to 1923), Singaporean land reclamation was primarily the result of a need for increased public utilities (such as roads and railways) and military coastal protection. Such development was interrupted by
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River, but sand is the predominant choice. In fact, Singapore has used so much sand that it has run out of its own, and imports sand from surrounding areas in order to meet its land reclamation needs. Though industries around the world depend on sand, the
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into a significant trading centre required reorganization and better utilization of the land. After some alterations to his original plans, Raffles decided in 1822 that the commercial centre of his new port should be located on the south bank of the
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In recent years, however, sources of sand have become more scarce. In 1997, Malaysia announced a ban on the export of sand, yet Malaysian media continue to report rampant smuggling of sand into Singapore, leading then former Prime Minister
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After this first land reclamation project, there were no significant alterations to Singapore's geography until 1849, which brought the building of port facilities that became increasingly important after the establishment of the British
304:, which separate the two countries. Malaysia claimed that Singapore's plans infringed on Malaysian dominion and were detrimental to both the environment and the livelihoods of local fishermen, and legally challenged Singapore under the
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In terms of restoration efforts, nature activists and public authorities alike have been working more and more towards the strengthening of biotic communities. Though Singapore has seen the extinction of more than 28% of native
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of local species, overall coral reef diversity has not diminished: the main loss has instead been a general, relatively equal decrease in the population abundance of each species. Coral reefs are valued for their work towards
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for many years, this method involves building a wall to keep out seawater from a low-lying tract of land, known as a polder, while drains and/or pumps control water levels. It is to be used first on the northwestern tip of
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By 1991, 10% of Singapore was reclaimed land. By that year, industrial land on Singapore's mainland had again grown scarce, and it was decided that seven islets south of Jurong would be merged to form one large island,
117:) and use the soil to raise and fill in the low-lying areas that would otherwise be affected by flooding. The project began in the second half of 1822, and was completed in three to four months (largely by
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384:(EIAs), which identify the potential ecological consequences of a given developmental venture as well as possible ways to lessen the environmental harm. In the development of the
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large areas of the northeastern coast. Many offshore islands have been changed, often through the filling of waters between small islands in order to create cohesive landmasses.
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the predominant material used. Due to a global shortage and restricted supply of the required type of sand (river and beach sand, not desert sand), Singapore has switched to
38:'s limited area of usable, natural land. Land reclamation is most simply done by adding material such as rocks, soil and cement to an area of water; alternatively submerged
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has said that the government buys sand from "a diverse range of approved sources", but maintains that further details are not public information.
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Singapore continues to develop and expand, with plans to expand the city's land area by an additional 7-8% of reclaimed land by 2030.
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was extended into land reclaimed from the sea. Post-war industrialization and land reclamation transformed Singapore's weak economy.
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http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/feddcf2a-2074-4ae6-b272-dc0db80e2146 “Singapore’s First Land Reclamation Project Begins"
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found Singapore to be the largest importer of sand worldwide in 2014. In 2010 alone, Singapore imported 14.6 million tons of sand.
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and shore protection (particularly in the dispersal of wave energy), as well as for their contributions to fisheries production,
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Goh Chok Tong, "Singapore is the Global City of Opportunity" (Keynote Address, Singapore Conference in London, March 15, 2015).
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Singapore has also seen the negative effects of industrialisation impact several other coastal and marine habitats, such as
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R. Glaser, P. Haberzettl, and R. P. D. Walsh, "Land Reclamation in Singapore, Hong Kong, and Macau,"
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to protest that these corrupt sand miners were "digging Malaysia and giving her to other people".
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Starting in November 2016, Singapore has started to use a different land reclamation method, the
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development method, which should lessen its reliance on sand for land reclamation. Used by the
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labourers). The land was broken up into lots, which were sold off to commercial investors.
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instituted its own ban against the export of sand to Singapore, followed the same year by
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Modern Singapore's Marina Bay area, a development made possible through land reclamation
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trees and sprinkled with creeks. Though Singapore's first British Resident,
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In Singapore the former has been the most common method until recently, with
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planned from the beginning, and was opened on January 1, 2007.
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The early phases of land reclamation began not long after Sir
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Denis D. Gray, "Cambodia sells sand; environment ravaged",
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Pacific Worlds: A History of Seas, Peoples, and Cultures
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Pacific Worlds: A History of Seas, Peoples, and Cultures
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Tai-Chee Wong, Belinda Yuen, and Charles Goldblum, ed.,
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and Sungei Pandan. Also in the early 1960s, Singapore's
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Stamford Raffles's plan for the Town of Singapore, 1822.
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Land reclamation allows for increased development and
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584:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). 197.
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351:Singapore has also suffered an enormous loss in
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1107:
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1102:
1098:
1097:Town Councils
1095:
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1090:
1089:
1086:
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1077:
1067:
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1062:
1059:
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1056:Urban renewal
1054:
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583:
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564:
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557:
551:
548:
544:
543:The Economist
538:
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223:
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218:
215:
210:
206:
205:Marina Centre
203:In 1992, the
201:
199:
198:Jurong Island
193:
190:
181:
177:
175:
171:
166:
162:
157:
152:
148:
142:
140:
136:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:Raffles Place
112:
108:
104:
99:
90:
83:
81:
79:
78:New York City
75:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
20:
16:
1676:
1596:Bibliography
1538:Coat of arms
1515:Singaporeans
1436:Architecture
1383:Prostitution
1333:Demographics
1151:Conscription
1136:Human rights
1104:Constitution
884:
868:
863:
855:
837:
832:
824:
808:
792:
772:
767:
759:
737:
719:
699:
677:
643:
638:
629:
621:
581:
576:
568:
563:
555:
550:
542:
510:
505:
471:
466:
458:
453:
402:biodiversity
390:
378:
371:
350:
327:
323:
310:
299:
290:Pulau Tekong
278:
271:
251:
235:
227:
219:
209:Marina South
202:
194:
186:
147:World War II
143:
131:
95:
66:urbanization
63:
44:
25:
15:
1672:Netherlands
1408:Social fund
1204:Agriculture
358:extinctions
353:coral reefs
314:Forest City
285:Netherlands
149:, when the
55:Netherlands
1696:Categories
1495:Mass media
1490:Literature
1318:Disability
1226:(currency)
1158:Parliament
1119:Government
1041:Reservoirs
871:. 177-178.
775:. 197-200.
459:GeoJournal
445:References
367:ecotourism
214:Marina Bay
139:Suez Canal
36:city-state
1677:Singapore
1553:Lion head
1461:Languages
1373:OB marker
1328:Education
1272:Transport
1173:President
1109:Elections
1061:Waterways
1004:Geography
925:Singapore
558:. 120–21.
254:Indonesia
252:In 2007,
187:In 1981,
70:Hong Kong
32:Singapore
1605:Category
1505:Religion
1456:Gambling
1247:Reserves
1209:Aviation
1146:Military
1080:Politics
1066:Wildlife
929:articles
408:See also
374:seagrass
263:Cambodia
161:hectares
156:Malaysia
107:mangrove
40:wetlands
1582:Outline
1558:Merlion
1525:Symbols
1483:history
1478:culture
1446:Cuisine
1423:Culture
1403:Smoking
1343:Five Cs
1313:Driving
1286:Society
1267:Tourism
1224:Dollar
1187:Economy
1124:Cabinet
1031:Islands
1026:Geology
1016:Beaches
992:present
937:History
722:(2016).
702:(2016).
680:(2011).
331:erosion
259:Vietnam
119:Chinese
84:History
51:polders
1667:Monaco
1610:Portal
1563:Pledge
1548:Flower
1533:Anthem
1510:Sports
1441:Cinema
1348:Health
1303:Caning
1237:Labour
1232:Energy
1163:Police
1046:Rivers
927:
887:. 178.
883:Wong,
867:Wong,
854:Wong,
840:. 174.
836:Wong,
827:. 173.
823:Wong,
811:. 176.
807:Wong,
795:. 172.
791:Wong,
762:. 171.
758:Wong,
740:. 170.
736:Wong,
620:Wong,
567:Wong,
554:Wong,
513:. VII.
509:Wong,
281:polder
165:Jurong
127:Indian
125:, and
1662:China
1589:Index
1500:Music
1451:Dance
1323:Women
1308:Crime
1036:Parks
858:. 11.
624:. 51.
571:. 23.
398:fauna
394:flora
123:Malay
74:Macau
1543:Flag
1473:LGBT
396:and
207:and
72:and
59:dyke
47:sand
26:The
1431:Art
1141:Law
1698::
876:^
845:^
816:^
800:^
780:^
745:^
727:^
707:^
685:^
651:^
613:^
589:^
518:^
479:^
121:,
1644:e
1637:t
1630:v
994:)
917:e
910:t
903:v
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