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thick, geologically stable sites and collection systems to contain and capture this leachate. It can then be treated and evaporated. Once a landfill site is full, it is sealed off to prevent precipitation ingress and new leachate formation. However, liners must have a lifespan, be it several hundred years or more. Eventually, any landfill liner could leak, so the ground around landfills must be tested for leachate to prevent pollutants from contaminating groundwater.
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place at night and then removed the following day prior to waste placement. The space that is occupied daily by the compacted waste and the cover material is called a daily cell. Waste compaction is critical to extending the life of the landfill. Factors such as waste compressibility, waste-layer thickness and the number of passes of the compactor over the waste affect the waste densities.
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may weigh waste collection vehicles on arrival and personnel may inspect loads for wastes that do not accord with the landfill's waste-acceptance criteria. Afterward, the waste collection vehicles use the existing road network on their way to the tipping face or working front, where they unload their
1443:
When precipitation falls on open landfills, water percolates through the garbage and becomes contaminated with suspended and dissolved material, forming leachate. If this is not contained it can contaminate groundwater. All modern landfill sites use a combination of impermeable liners several metres
1185:
Usually, aerobic decomposition is the first stage by which wastes are broken down in a landfill. These are followed by four stages of anaerobic degradation. Usually, solid organic material in solid phase decays rapidly as larger organic molecules degrade into smaller molecules. These smaller organic
1152:
Typically, in the working face, the compacted waste is covered with soil or alternative materials daily. Alternative waste-cover materials include chipped wood or other "green waste", several sprayed-on foam products, chemically "fixed" bio-solids, and temporary blankets. Blankets can be lifted into
1474:, the fraction of gas constituents will vary, depending on the age of landfill, type of waste, moisture content and other factors. For example, the maximum amount of landfill gas produced can be illustrated a simplified net reaction of diethyl oxalate that accounts for these simultaneous reactions:
1550:, and is flammable and potentially explosive at certain concentrations, which makes it perfect for burning to generate electricity cleanly. Since decomposing plant matter and food waste only release carbon that has been captured from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, no new carbon enters the
1148:
on the working face. Before leaving the landfill boundaries, the waste collection vehicles may pass through a wheel-cleaning facility. If necessary, they return to the weighbridge for re-weighing without their load. The weighing process can assemble statistics on the daily incoming waste tonnage,
1758:
Landfilling is currently the major method of municipal waste disposal in India. India also has Asia's largest dumping ground in Deonar, Mumbai. However, issues frequently arise due to the alarming growth rate of landfills and poor management by authorities. On and under surface fires have been
1173:
is usually shorthand for a municipal landfill or sanitary landfill. These facilities were first introduced early in the 20th century, but gained wide use in the 1960s and 1970s, in an effort to eliminate open dumps and other "unsanitary" waste disposal practices. The sanitary landfill is an
1072:
Some landfill sites are used for waste management purposes, such as temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or for various stages of processing waste material, such as sorting, treatment, or recycling. Unless they are stabilized, landfills may undergo severe shaking or
3648:
1149:
which databases can retain for record keeping. In addition to trucks, some landfills may have equipment to handle railroad containers. The use of "rail-haul" permits landfills to be located at more remote sites, without the problems associated with many truck trips.
1655:. Landfill gas monitoring alerts workers to the presence of a build-up of gases to a harmful level. In some countries, landfill gas recovery is extensive; in the United States, for example, more than 850 landfills have active landfill gas recovery systems.
1317:
bacteria increases the amount of degradation of the waste material and consuming nutrients. Metals, which are generally more water-soluble at lower pH, may become more mobile during this phase, leading to increasing metal concentrations in the leachate.
1810:
Permitting a landfill generally takes between five and seven years, costs millions of dollars and requires rigorous siting, engineering and environmental studies and demonstrations to ensure local environmental and safety concerns are satisfied.
1205:
increases with increasing concentrations of the more recalcitrant compounds compared to the more reactive compounds in the leachate. Successful conversion and stabilization of the waste depend on how well microbial populations function in
1334:
by methanogenic microorganisms. As VFAs are metabolized by the methanogens, the landfill water pH returns to neutrality. The leachate's organic strength, expressed as oxygen demand, decreases at a rapid rate with increases in
1371:
potential (ORP) in the leachate toward oxidative processes. The residual organic materials may incrementally be converted to the gas phase, and as organic matter is composted; i.e. the organic matter is converted to
1404:
disruption, such as damage to access roads by heavy vehicles, may occur. Pollution of local roads and watercourses from wheels on vehicles when they leave the landfill can be significant and can be mitigated by
774:
2728:
Gomez, A.M.; Yannarell, A.C.; Sims, G.K.; Cadavid-Resterpoa, G.; Herrera, C.X.M. (2011). "Characterization of bacterial diversity at different depths in the
Moravia Hill Landfill site at MedellĂn, Colombia".
1186:
molecules begin to dissolve and move to the liquid phase, followed by hydrolysis of these organic molecules, and the hydrolyzed compounds then undergo transformation and volatilization as carbon dioxide (CO
953:
1885:
contexts, companies have also discovered landfill sites, and many have begun harvesting materials and energy. Well-known examples include gas-recovery facilities. Other commercial facilities include waste
948:
1598:
1178:) in which microbes will break down complex organic waste into simpler, less toxic compounds over time. These reactors must be designed and operated according to regulatory standards and guidelines (See
1720:
Landfills in Canada are regulated by provincial environmental agencies and environmental protection legislation. Older facilities tend to fall under current standards and are monitored for
2315:
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (2007) Landfill bioreactor performance: second interim report: outer loop recycling & disposal facility - Louisville, Kentucky, EPA/600/R-07/060
1229:
content of the landfill bioreactor strata gradually decreases. Microbial populations grow, density increases. Aerobic biodegradation dominates, i.e. the primary electron acceptor is O
1061:, although the systematic burial of waste with daily, intermediate and final covers only began in the 1940s. In the past, waste was simply left in piles or thrown into pits (known in
3705:
3641:
2375:
US EPA, "Solid Waste
Disposal Facility Criteria; Proposed Rule", Federal Register 53(168):33314–33422, 40 CFR Parts 257 and 258, US EPA, Washington, D.C., August 30 (1988a).
2473:
Powell, Jon T.; Townsend, Timothy G.; Zimmerman, Julie B. (September 21, 2015). "Estimates of solid waste disposal rates and reduction targets for landfill gas emissions".
1803:
U.S. landfills are regulated by each state's environmental agency, which establishes minimum guidelines; however, none of these standards may fall below those set by the
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2536:
2236:
958:
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2706:
2059:
1804:
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Weitz, Keith; Barlaz, Morton; Ranjithan, Ranji; Brill, Downey; Thorneloe, Susan; Ham, Robert (July 1999). "Life Cycle
Management of Municipal Solid Waste".
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1833:: for commercial and industrial waste. Other related landfills include Construction and Demolition Debris Landfills and Coal Combustion Residual Landfills.
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The rate of microbiological activity slows during the last phase of waste decomposition as the supply of nutrients limits the chemical reactions, e.g. as
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2090:
1919:
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from aerobic and anaerobic decomposition, respectively. Both processes occur simultaneously in different parts of a landfill. In addition to available O
2115:
1249:
leads to less aerobic and more anaerobic conditions in the layers. The primary electron acceptors during transition are nitrates and sulphates since O
3011:
2815:
2205:
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1524:
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217:
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In the
European Union, individual states are obliged to enact legislation to comply with the requirements and obligations of the European
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Hydrolysis of the biodegradable fraction of the solid waste begins in the acid formation phase, which leads to rapid accumulation of
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generation phase is relatively short because it is complete by the end of the acid formation phase. The increase in the biomass of
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2100:
2001:
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They can also cover waste (usually daily) with layers of soil or other types of material such as woodchips and fine particles.
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disruption due to occupation of habitat and animal health disruption caused by consuming waste from landfills, dust, odor,
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3453:
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The majority of EU member states have laws banning or severely restricting the disposal of household trash via landfills.
974:
424:
2387:
Themelis, Nickolas J., and
Priscilla A. Ulloa. "Methane generation in landfills." Renewable Energy 32.7 (2007), 1243–1257
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from approximately 7.5 to 5.6. During this phase, the decomposition intermediate compounds like the VFAs contribute much
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512:
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134:
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1201:, as the biodegradable organic matter of the waste undergoes a rapid decrease in volume. Meanwhile, the leachate's
1022:
379:
229:
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Operators of well-run landfills for non-hazardous waste meet predefined specifications by applying techniques to:
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3611:
3538:
3503:
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3478:
2572:"Fighting Mountains Of Garbage: Here Is How Indian Cities Dealt With Landfill Crisis In 2018 | Swachh Year Ender"
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where authorities cannot 'trade' amongst themselves, but have allowances known as the
Landfill Allowance Scheme.
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754:
719:
679:
332:
299:
149:
21:
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engineered facility that separates and confines waste. Sanitary landfills are intended as biological reactors (
1992:, have banned the disposal of untreated waste in landfills. In these countries, only certain hazardous wastes,
1840:
1785:
has been established for local authorities to trade landfill quotas in
England. A different system operates in
1648:
1567:
1326:
The acid formation phase intermediary products (e.g., acetic, propionic, and butyric acids) are converted to CH
749:
369:
304:
241:
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1956:. Depending on local economics and incentives, these can be made more financially attractive than landfills.
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1953:
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779:
734:
354:
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1704:
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Landfilling practices in the UK have had to change in recent years to meet the challenges of the
European
1274:
1202:
917:
404:
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2448:
3163:
3143:
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by microbes. In a properly managed landfill, this gas is collected and used. Its uses range from simple
1579:
887:
729:
595:
507:
204:
1628:
1388:
Landfill operation in Hawaii. The area being filled is a single, well-defined "cell" and a protective
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3358:
3263:
2738:
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1937:
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As the waste is placed in the landfill, the void spaces contain high volumes of molecular oxygen (O
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709:
674:
600:
527:
477:
472:
457:
114:
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998:
759:
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179:
119:
89:
36:
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570:
563:
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384:
174:
169:
79:
2292:
Municipal
Landfill, D. Vallero and G. Blight, pp. 235–249 in Waste: A Handbook for Management
2265:
1890:
which have built-in material recovery. This material recovery is possible through the use of
1823:: takes in household waste and nonhazardous material. Included in this type of landfill is a
3790:
3658:
3589:
3430:
3400:
3390:
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3323:
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2140:
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2015:
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993:
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583:
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409:
349:
234:
184:
17:
2500:
1210:, i.e. an interaction of different populations to provide each other's nutritional needs.:
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3420:
3415:
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3283:
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3173:
3168:
3128:
1933:
1925:
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1843:: Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) landfills that are monitored in the United States by the
1611:
1098:
692:
652:
522:
487:
419:
359:
287:
224:
124:
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3333:
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3203:
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3024:
2599:"India's 'Mount Everest' of Trash Is Growing So Fast, It Needs Aircraft Warning Lights"
2035:
1856:
The status of a landfill's microbial community may determine its digestive efficiency.
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1559:
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1401:
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814:
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109:
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67:
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3198:
2085:
1997:
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1542:
Landfill gases can seep out of the landfill and into the surrounding air and soil.
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1352:
862:
824:
809:
640:
605:
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269:
129:
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1269:(VFAs) in the leachate. The increased organic acid content decreases the leachate
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3370:
3208:
3123:
3086:
2975:. 2nd Edition. Academic Press, Amsterdam, Netherlands and Boston MA, Print Book
2110:
2070:
2054:
2049:
1989:
1985:
1887:
1652:
1587:
1418:
1175:
1136:
1132:
1062:
784:
482:
462:
99:
3012:
A Compact Guide to Landfill Operation: Machinery, Management and Misconceptions
2841:
1277:(COD). Long-chain volatile organic acids (VOAs) are converted to acetic acid (C
3775:
3133:
3118:
2206:"Waste Management. Background information. General objectives of waste policy"
2011:
1941:
1907:
1891:
1558:
is not affected. Carbon dioxide traps heat in the atmosphere, contributing to
1384:
1314:
1078:
834:
590:
94:
2354:
2294:. Amsterdam, Netherlands and Boston MA, Print Book: Elsevier Academic Press.
3755:
3308:
3047:
2943:
A Brief History of Solid Waste Management in the US During the Last 50 Years
2125:
1949:
1929:
1709:
1644:
1583:
1563:
1503:
On average, about half of the volumetric concentration of landfill gas is CH
1410:
1207:
1141:
902:
857:
819:
769:
704:
610:
74:
44:
3218:
1696:
1245:
is rapidly degraded by the existing microbial populations. The decreasing O
2778:
3238:
3158:
2892:"Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999, on the landfill of waste"
2486:
1882:
1873:
One can treat landfills as a viable and abundant source of materials and
1721:
1607:
1438:
1422:
1393:
1198:
274:
2801:
2623:
3248:
2519:"Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks | ontario.ca"
2346:
1993:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1543:
1213:
The life cycle of a municipal landfill undergoes five distinct phases:
1110:
54:
3193:
3148:
2135:
2105:
1973:
1586:. The occurrence of such vectors can be mitigated through the use of
1305:
production by fermentative bacteria, which stimulates the growth of H
1066:
912:
892:
799:
789:
497:
1602:
A group of wild elephants interacting with a trash dump in Sri Lanka
1161:
1093:
16:
For the practice of filling a body of water to create new land, see
2918:"The Landfill Operation Management Advisor Web Based Expert System"
1932:
strategies, there are various alternatives to landfills, including
3188:
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2120:
1786:
1731:
1703:
1695:
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1627:
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1383:
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1160:
1104:
1092:
1054:
922:
867:
259:
3001:
1737:
1528:
1363:
and oxidized species gradually reappearing in the gas wells as O
1194:), with rest of the waste remaining in solid and liquid phases.
897:
144:
139:
104:
3020:
2537:"Aging Landfills: Ontario's Forgotten Polluterswork=Eco Issues"
1759:
commonly seen in the Indian landfills over the last few years.
1396:
migrating downward through the underlying geological formation.
1367:
permeates downwardly from the troposphere. This transforms the
2703:"Disposal and Storage of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Waste"
2555:"CEWEP - The Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants"
1392:
is in place (exposed on the left) to prevent contamination by
2921:
2383:
2381:
1197:
During the early phases, little material volume reaches the
1859:
Bacteria that digest plastic have been found in landfills.
1270:
1400:
Landfills have the potential to cause a number of issues.
2501:"U.S. Landfills Are Getting a Second Life as Solar Farms"
1724:. Some former locations have been converted to parkland.
1343:
gas production. This is the longest decomposition phase.
3006:
1562:. In properly managed landfills, gas is collected and
1511:. The gas also contains about 5% molecular nitrogen (N
1781:
which is put into landfills. In addition to this the
1681:
is a repurposed used landfill that is converted to a
1578:
Poorly run landfills may become nuisances because of
1458:
Rotting food and other decaying organic waste create
1057:
materials. It is the oldest and most common form of
3698:
3667:
3577:
3429:
3226:
3062:
2423:"How does landfill and litter affect our wildlife?"
3706:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
2973:Environmental Biotechnology: A Biosystems Approach
2327:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
1081:. Once full, the area over a landfill site may be
2945:. Archived from the original on November 23, 2005
2566:
2564:
1297:). High concentrations of VFAs increase both the
2937:H. Lanier Hickman Jr. and Richard W. Eldredge.
2816:"Commercial exploitation of gas from landfills"
2624:"Waste Management: A Half Century of Progress."
1359:production almost completely disappears, with O
1301:(BOD) and VOA concentrations, which initiates H
1881:often scavenge for still-usable materials. In
3032:
3002:US National Waste & Recycling Association
2707:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2060:Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance
1805:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1121:confine waste to as small an area as possible
1030:
8:
2687:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1902:and potassium filter, quench, HCl-washer, SO
1827:that specifically degrades organic material.
1347:Final maturation and stabilization (Phase V)
2290:Letcher, T.M.; Vallero, D.A., eds. (2019).
1639:Gases are produced in landfills due to the
3039:
3025:
3017:
2116:National Waste & Recycling Association
2091:List of solid waste treatment technologies
1920:List of solid waste treatment technologies
1355:phosphorus becomes increasingly scarce. CH
1109:Garbage dumped in the middle of a road in
1037:
1023:
927:
53:
31:
2777:
2285:
2283:
1225:). With added and compacted wastes, the O
3007:Solid Waste Association of North America
1582:such as rats and flies which can spread
27:Site for the disposal of waste materials
3736:High-level radioactive waste management
2662:EPA, OSWER, ORCR, US (March 24, 2016).
2197:
2153:
1777:. The UK now imposes landfill tax upon
1554:and the atmospheric concentration of CO
966:
930:
43:
2956:
2680:
1700:A landfill in Perth, Western Australia
1632:A gas flare produced by a landfill in
2398:"CO2 101: Why is carbon dioxide bad?"
1708:South East New Territories Landfill,
1614:, and reduced local property values.
1140:contents. After loads are deposited,
7:
3751:Sewage regulation and administration
2764:Gwyneth Dickey Zaikab (March 2011).
2622:Horinko, Marianne, Cathryn Courtin.
2539:. September 28, 2010. Archived from
2231:
2229:
1845:Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976
1525:non-methane organic compounds (NMOC)
2842:"Regeringskansliets rättsdatabaser"
2664:"Basic Information about Landfills"
2626:EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.
265:Radium and radon in the environment
14:
2213:www.sustainabledevelopment.un.org
1783:Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme
1507:and slightly less than half is CO
1097:One of several landfills used by
3801:
3800:
3789:
3731:Extended producer responsibility
3217:
2766:"Marine microbes digest plastic"
2597:Cassella, Carly (June 5, 2019).
2028:
2014:
1538:Waste disposal in Athens, Greece
1004:
992:
3289:Mechanical biological treatment
2939:"Part 3: The Sanitary Landfill"
2262:"Alternative Daily Cover (ADC)"
2101:Mechanical biological treatment
2004:plants may still be deposited.
2002:mechanical biological treatment
1946:mechanical biological treatment
1769:Landfills in the United Kingdom
1606:Other potential issues include
1523:S), and a low concentration of
1380:Social and environmental impact
1322:Methane fermentation (Phase IV)
85:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
1799:Landfills in the United States
1131:During landfill operations, a
1124:compact waste to reduce volume
1053:is a site for the disposal of
954:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
2751:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.02.018
2731:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2449:"Landfills are Ruining Lives"
1144:or bulldozers can spread and
425:Electrical resistance heating
2000:or the stabilized output of
1217:Initial adjustment (Phase I)
1157:Sanitary landfill life cycle
135:Persistent organic pollutant
3741:History of waste management
1877:. In the developing world,
1417:, such as contamination of
3869:
3329:fluorescent lamp recycling
2131:Recycling rates by country
1917:
1866:
1796:
1766:
1621:
1451:
1436:
1309:-oxidizing bacteria. The H
1261:Acid formation (Phase III)
1253:is rapidly displaced by CO
15:
3784:
3215:
2963:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2237:"How a Landfill Operates"
1653:generation of electricity
1299:biochemical oxygen demand
1180:environmental engineering
1165:Sanitary landfill diagram
680:War and environmental law
300:Health effects from noise
150:Volatile organic compound
22:Landfill (disambiguation)
3711:China's waste import ban
1649:landfill gas utilization
1568:landfill gas utilization
1077:of the ground during an
305:Marine mammals and sonar
3072:Agricultural wastewater
2241:www.co.cumberland.nc.us
1954:plasma arc gasification
780:Freshwater salinization
700:Agricultural wastewater
3796:Environment portal
3474:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3364:water recycling shower
2543:on September 28, 2010.
1740:
1736:The Rusko landfill in
1712:
1701:
1674:
1670:on a full landfill in
1636:
1603:
1539:
1397:
1275:chemical oxygen demand
1203:chemical oxygen demand
1166:
1114:
1102:
999:Environment portal
20:. For other uses, see
3164:Municipal solid waste
3144:Industrial wastewater
2779:10.1038/news.2011.191
2475:Nature Climate Change
2402:Mother Nature Network
1821:Municipal solid waste
1735:
1707:
1699:
1666:
1631:
1601:
1537:
1407:wheel washing systems
1387:
1293:, and hydrogen gas (H
1257:in the effluent gas.
1237:Transition (Phase II)
1164:
1108:
1096:
740:Industrial wastewater
508:Municipal solid waste
430:Soil guideline values
3359:water heat recycling
3264:Garden waste dumping
2878:on February 22, 2015
2804:on December 8, 2009.
2794:"Sinologie Spectrum"
2643:on February 22, 2015
2487:10.1038/nclimate2804
2081:Landfill restoration
1964:Countries including
1863:Reclaiming materials
1429:may occur, as well.
1267:volatile fatty acids
949:Most polluted cities
601:Overhead power lines
59:A landfill in Poland
3726:Eco-industrial park
3314:appliance recycling
3234:Anaerobic digestion
3179:Post-consumer waste
3077:Biodegradable waste
2971:Daniel A. Vallero,
2924:on October 30, 2005
2846:rkrattsbaser.gov.se
2822:on October 24, 2011
2743:2011SBiBi..43.1275G
2578:. December 31, 2018
2339:1999IJLCA...4..195W
2045:Bioreactor landfill
1938:anaerobic digestion
1825:Bioreactor Landfill
1779:biodegradable waste
1641:anaerobic digestion
1584:infectious diseases
1460:decomposition gases
1448:Decomposition gases
1369:oxidation–reduction
765:Ocean acidification
675:Unexploded ordnance
596:Advertising clutter
528:Post-consumer waste
473:Foam food container
458:Biodegradable waste
115:Global distillation
3771:Waste minimisation
3716:Cleaner production
3381:Reusable packaging
3294:Mechanical sorting
3097:Construction waste
2872:"Modern landfills"
2637:"Modern landfills"
2429:. January 30, 2009
2347:10.1007/BF02979496
2076:Landfill diversion
2022:Environment portal
1775:Landfill Directive
1745:Landfill Directive
1741:
1713:
1702:
1675:
1637:
1604:
1540:
1427:soil contamination
1398:
1167:
1115:
1103:
1011:Ecology portal
636:Herbicidal warfare
180:Introduced species
120:Indoor air quality
90:Chlorofluorocarbon
3835:
3834:
3766:Waste legislation
3675:Sanitation worker
3649:London Convention
3585:Bamako Convention
3376:Resource recovery
3344:textile recycling
3339:plastic recycling
3319:battery recycling
3259:Ecological design
3184:Radioactive waste
2709:. August 19, 2015
1910:-grating, etc.).
1692:Regional practice
1634:Lake County, Ohio
1566:or recovered for
1376:-like compounds.
1190:) and methane (CH
1146:compact the waste
1075:soil liquefaction
1047:
1046:
982:
981:
648:Nuclear holocaust
571:Urban heat island
385:Radioactive waste
170:Biological hazard
80:Air quality index
3860:
3853:Waste management
3804:
3803:
3794:
3793:
3659:OSPAR Convention
3590:Basel Convention
3401:Waste collection
3391:Sewage treatment
3349:timber recycling
3324:bottle recycling
3304:Reclaimed lumber
3299:Photodegradation
3221:
3139:Industrial waste
3107:Electronic waste
3102:Demolition waste
3082:Biomedical waste
3056:waste management
3041:
3034:
3027:
3018:
2968:
2962:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2920:. Archived from
2913:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2897:. Archived from
2896:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2874:. Archived from
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2818:. Archived from
2812:
2806:
2805:
2800:. Archived from
2798:www.chinalize.nl
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2737:(6): 1275–1284.
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2639:. Archived from
2633:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2453:www.cdenviro.com
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2376:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2264:. Archived from
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2202:
2185:
2160:Also known as a
2158:
2141:Waste management
2066:Land reclamation
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2018:
1852:Microbial topics
1831:Industrial waste
1517:hydrogen sulfide
1515:), less than 1%
1085:for other uses.
1039:
1032:
1025:
1009:
1008:
1007:
997:
996:
928:
631:Chemical warfare
533:Waste management
493:Industrial waste
468:Electronic waste
453:Advertising mail
435:Phytoremediation
410:Land degradation
350:Depleted uranium
235:Overillumination
185:Invasive species
57:
47:
32:
18:Land reclamation
3868:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3807:Category: Waste
3788:
3780:
3761:Waste hierarchy
3694:
3685:Waste collector
3663:
3654:Oslo Convention
3573:
3425:
3421:Waste-to-energy
3416:Waste treatment
3386:Right to repair
3284:Landfill mining
3269:Illegal dumping
3222:
3213:
3174:Packaging waste
3169:Open defecation
3129:Hazardous waste
3058:
3045:
2998:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2936:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2905:
2904:on July 5, 2010
2901:
2894:
2890:
2881:
2879:
2870:
2867:
2865:Further reading
2862:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2679:
2672:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2507:. June 2, 2022.
2499:
2498:
2494:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2268:on June 5, 2012
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2010:
1962:
1934:waste-to-energy
1926:waste reduction
1924:In addition to
1922:
1916:
1905:
1871:
1869:Landfill mining
1865:
1854:
1837:Hazardous waste
1817:
1801:
1795:
1771:
1765:
1756:
1730:
1718:
1694:
1661:
1626:
1620:
1612:noise pollution
1596:
1594:Other nuisances
1576:
1557:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:, especially CO
1456:
1450:
1441:
1435:
1382:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1193:
1189:
1159:
1099:Dryden, Ontario
1091:
1043:
1005:
1003:
991:
984:
983:
883:
875:
874:
848:
840:
839:
775:Pharmaceuticals
755:Nonpoint source
695:
685:
684:
653:Nuclear fallout
626:
616:
615:
586:
576:
575:
566:
556:
555:
546:
538:
537:
523:Packaging waste
488:Hazardous waste
448:
440:
439:
400:
390:
389:
360:Nuclear fallout
355:Nuclear fission
335:
325:
324:
290:
280:
279:
255:
247:
246:
220:
218:Electromagnetic
210:
209:
200:
192:
191:
165:
155:
154:
125:Ozone depletion
70:
60:
45:
28:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3866:
3864:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3840:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3798:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3680:Street sweeper
3677:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3564:United Kingdom
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3354:tire recycling
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3334:land recycling
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3244:Biodegradation
3241:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3204:Surface runoff
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3092:Chemical waste
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2996:External links
2994:
2993:
2992:
2969:
2934:
2914:
2888:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2833:
2807:
2785:
2756:
2720:
2694:
2654:
2628:
2615:
2589:
2560:
2546:
2528:
2523:www.ontario.ca
2510:
2492:
2481:(2): 162–165.
2465:
2440:
2414:
2389:
2377:
2368:
2333:(4): 195–201.
2317:
2308:
2300:
2279:
2253:
2225:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2182:dumping ground
2152:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:Ecology portal
2025:
2009:
2006:
1961:
1958:
1936:incineration,
1915:
1912:
1903:
1896:electro filter
1867:Main article:
1864:
1861:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1834:
1828:
1816:
1813:
1797:Main article:
1794:
1791:
1767:Main article:
1764:
1763:United Kingdom
1761:
1755:
1752:
1729:
1728:European Union
1726:
1717:
1714:
1693:
1690:
1679:Solar landfill
1660:
1659:Solar landfill
1657:
1622:Main article:
1619:
1616:
1595:
1592:
1575:
1572:
1560:climate change
1555:
1548:greenhouse gas
1520:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1452:Main article:
1449:
1446:
1437:Main article:
1434:
1431:
1402:Infrastructure
1390:landfill liner
1381:
1378:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1191:
1187:
1158:
1155:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1090:
1087:
1059:waste disposal
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1001:
986:
985:
980:
979:
978:
977:
969:
968:
964:
963:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
944:Law by country
941:
933:
932:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
873:
872:
871:
870:
865:
855:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
815:Surface runoff
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
715:Eutrophication
712:
707:
702:
696:
691:
690:
687:
686:
683:
682:
677:
672:
670:Scorched earth
667:
666:
665:
663:Nuclear winter
660:
658:Nuclear famine
655:
645:
644:
643:
633:
627:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
587:
582:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
567:
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
415:Bioremediation
412:
407:
401:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
345:Bioremediation
342:
336:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
295:Transportation
291:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
242:Radio spectrum
239:
238:
237:
232:
221:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
188:
187:
177:
172:
166:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
110:Global dimming
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
71:
66:
65:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
41:
40:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3865:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3828:
3827:Organizations
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3799:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:Landfill fire
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3595:EU directives
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3569:United States
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:Waste sorting
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Marine debris
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2989:9780124078970
2986:
2982:
2981:9780124077768
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2721:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2428:
2427:MY ZERO WASTE
2424:
2418:
2415:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2301:9780128150603
2297:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2272:September 14,
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2214:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2096:Marine debris
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1900:active-carbon
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1879:waste pickers
1876:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1793:United States
1792:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1739:
1738:Oulu, Finland
1734:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1698:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1527:, about 2700
1526:
1518:
1501:
1475:
1461:
1455:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:of the local
1412:
1408:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1354:
1346:
1344:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1300:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1236:
1234:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1002:
1000:
995:
990:
989:
988:
987:
976:
973:
972:
971:
970:
965:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
934:
929:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
879:
878:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
844:
843:
836:
833:
831:
830:Water quality
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
694:
689:
688:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
646:
642:
639:
638:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
625:
620:
619:
612:
609:
607:
606:Traffic signs
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
585:
580:
579:
572:
569:
568:
565:
560:
559:
552:
549:
548:
542:
541:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
513:Nanomaterials
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
444:
443:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
399:
394:
393:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
375:Radioactivity
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
334:
329:
328:
321:
320:Soundproofing
318:
316:
315:Noise control
313:
311:
310:Noise barrier
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
289:
284:
283:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
251:
250:
243:
240:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
214:
213:
206:
203:
202:
196:
195:
186:
183:
182:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
164:
159:
158:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
72:
69:
64:
63:
56:
52:
51:
48:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
23:
19:
3699:Other topics
3690:Waste picker
3617:incineration
3396:Urban mining
3278:
3274:Incineration
3254:Durable good
3199:Sharps waste
3159:Mining waste
2972:
2947:. Retrieved
2942:
2926:. Retrieved
2922:the original
2906:. Retrieved
2899:the original
2882:February 21,
2880:. Retrieved
2876:the original
2850:. Retrieved
2848:(in Swedish)
2845:
2836:
2826:November 28,
2824:. Retrieved
2820:the original
2810:
2802:the original
2797:
2788:
2769:
2759:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2697:
2671:. Retrieved
2667:
2657:
2647:February 21,
2645:. Retrieved
2641:the original
2631:
2618:
2608:February 21,
2606:. Retrieved
2603:ScienceAlert
2602:
2592:
2582:February 21,
2580:. Retrieved
2575:
2549:
2541:the original
2531:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2458:February 22,
2456:. Retrieved
2452:
2443:
2433:February 22,
2431:. Retrieved
2426:
2417:
2407:November 30,
2405:. Retrieved
2401:
2392:
2371:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2311:
2291:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:the original
2256:
2246:February 22,
2244:. Retrieved
2240:
2216:. Retrieved
2212:
2200:
2181:
2177:
2174:garbage dump
2173:
2170:rubbish dump
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2086:Landfill tax
2062:(HELP) model
1998:incineration
1963:
1960:Restrictions
1923:
1914:Alternatives
1888:incinerators
1872:
1858:
1855:
1809:
1802:
1772:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1719:
1676:
1672:Rehoboth, MA
1668:Solar arrays
1638:
1624:Landfill gas
1618:Landfill gas
1605:
1577:
1552:carbon cycle
1541:
1502:
1476:
1457:
1454:Landfill gas
1442:
1399:
1353:bioavailable
1350:
1325:
1264:
1240:
1220:
1212:
1196:
1184:
1170:
1168:
1151:
1130:
1127:
1116:
1071:
1050:
1048:
918:Point source
863:Heavy metals
825:Urban runoff
810:Sulfur water
785:Septic tanks
641:Agent Orange
551:Space debris
405:Agricultural
270:Volcanic ash
130:Particulates
29:
3721:Downcycling
3668:Occupations
3637:waste water
3534:Switzerland
3524:South Korea
3514:New Zealand
3439:Afghanistan
3411:Waste trade
3371:Repurposing
3209:Toxic waste
3189:Scrap metal
3124:Green waste
3087:Brown waste
3064:Major types
2668:www.epa.gov
2111:Milorganite
2071:Landfarming
2055:Fly-tipping
2050:Daily cover
1990:Switzerland
1986:Netherlands
1683:solar array
1588:daily cover
1419:groundwater
1415:environment
1176:bioreactors
1137:weighbridge
888:Area source
730:Groundwater
483:Green waste
463:Brown waste
447:Solid waste
205:Information
100:Exhaust gas
3842:Categories
3776:Zero waste
3578:Agreements
3509:Kazakhstan
3464:Bangladesh
3249:Composting
3134:Heat waste
3119:Food waste
3112:by country
2949:August 29,
2928:August 29,
2908:August 29,
2306:804 pages.
2192:References
2178:trash dump
1942:composting
1918:See also:
1908:bottom ash
1883:commercial
1686:solar farm
1315:acidogenic
1142:compactors
1113:, Pakistan
1089:Operations
1079:earthquake
1063:archeology
975:By country
967:Categories
858:Pollutants
835:Wastewater
805:Stagnation
750:Monitoring
725:Freshwater
591:Air travel
478:Food waste
420:Defecation
230:Ecological
163:Biological
95:Combustion
35:Part of a
3756:Upcycling
3622:landfills
3612:framework
3605:Recycling
3600:batteries
3529:Sri Lanka
3489:Hong Kong
3454:Australia
3431:Countries
3309:Recycling
3227:Processes
3048:Biosolids
2673:March 14,
2363:108698198
2355:0948-3349
2126:Open dump
1994:fly ashes
1950:pyrolysis
1930:recycling
1906:-washer,
1841:PCB waste
1710:Hong Kong
1493:O → 13 CH
1411:Pollution
1394:leachates
1208:syntrophy
1169:The term
1083:reclaimed
903:Garbology
820:Turbidity
770:Oil spill
720:Firewater
705:Biosolids
611:Vandalism
370:Poisoning
365:Plutonium
340:Actinides
333:Radiation
75:Acid rain
46:Pollution
3848:Landfill
3817:Journals
3632:vehicles
3554:Thailand
3544:Tanzania
3279:Landfill
3239:Balefill
2983:; eBook
2959:cite web
2683:cite web
2008:See also
1722:leaching
1608:wildlife
1439:Leachate
1433:Leachate
1423:aquifers
1199:leachate
1171:landfill
1101:, Canada
1051:landfill
959:Treaties
939:Diseases
795:Shipping
760:Nutrient
710:Diseases
275:Wildfire
3484:Georgia
3459:Belgium
3449:Armenia
3444:Albania
2991:. 2015.
2739:Bibcode
2713:May 10,
2335:Bibcode
2218:May 10,
1982:Belgium
1978:Denmark
1970:Austria
1966:Germany
1892:filters
1847:(TSCA).
1807:(EPA).
1647:to the
1645:flaring
1580:vectors
1574:Vectors
1544:Methane
1497:+ 11 CO
1111:Karachi
1067:middens
853:History
735:Hypoxia
564:Thermal
518:Plastic
380:Uranium
254:Natural
199:Digital
175:Genetic
3805:
3559:Turkey
3549:Taiwan
3519:Russia
3499:Israel
3469:Brazil
3194:Sewage
3149:Litter
3054:, and
2987:
2979:
2852:May 9,
2770:Nature
2361:
2353:
2298:
2136:Sludge
2106:Midden
1988:, and
1984:, the
1974:Sweden
1875:energy
1716:Canada
1564:flared
1466:and CH
1339:and CO
1330:and CO
913:Midden
908:Legacy
893:Debris
847:Topics
800:Sludge
790:Sewage
745:Marine
584:Visual
503:Mining
498:Litter
37:series
3822:Lists
3812:Index
3539:Syria
3504:Japan
3494:India
3479:Egypt
3052:waste
2902:(PDF)
2895:(PDF)
2359:S2CID
2209:(PDF)
2180:, or
2148:Notes
2121:NIMBY
1996:from
1815:Types
1787:Wales
1754:India
1546:is a
1489:+ 6 H
1374:humic
1289:), CO
1241:The O
1133:scale
1055:waste
931:Lists
923:Waste
868:Paint
693:Water
545:Space
288:Noise
260:Ozone
225:Light
3642:WEEE
3627:RoHS
2985:ISBN
2977:ISBN
2965:link
2951:2005
2930:2005
2910:2005
2884:2015
2854:2019
2828:2009
2715:2017
2689:link
2675:2017
2649:2015
2610:2020
2584:2020
2576:NDTV
2505:TIME
2460:2020
2435:2020
2409:2016
2351:ISSN
2296:ISBN
2274:2012
2248:2020
2220:2024
2166:dump
1952:and
1928:and
1651:and
1529:ppmv
898:Dust
882:Misc
398:Soil
145:Soot
140:Smog
105:Haze
2774:doi
2747:doi
2483:doi
2343:doi
2162:tip
1839:or
1477:4 C
1425:or
1421:or
1182:).
1135:or
1069:).
1065:as
624:War
68:Air
3844::
3050:,
2961:}}
2957:{{
2941:.
2844:.
2796:.
2772:.
2768:.
2745:.
2735:43
2733:.
2705:.
2685:}}
2681:{{
2666:.
2601:.
2574:.
2563:^
2521:.
2503:.
2477:.
2451:.
2425:.
2400:.
2380:^
2357:.
2349:.
2341:.
2329:.
2282:^
2239:.
2228:^
2211:.
2176:,
2172:,
2168:,
2164:,
1980:,
1976:,
1972:,
1968:,
1948:,
1944:,
1940:,
1898:,
1747:.
1688:.
1677:A
1590:.
1570:.
1531:.
1519:(H
1483:10
1409:.
1335:CH
1271:pH
1233:.
1049:A
39:on
3040:e
3033:t
3026:v
2967:)
2953:.
2932:.
2912:.
2886:.
2856:.
2830:.
2782:.
2776::
2753:.
2749::
2741::
2717:.
2691:)
2677:.
2651:.
2612:.
2586:.
2557:.
2525:.
2489:.
2485::
2479:6
2462:.
2437:.
2411:.
2365:.
2345::
2337::
2331:4
2304:.
2276:.
2250:.
2222:.
2184:.
1904:2
1894:(
1556:2
1521:2
1513:2
1509:2
1505:4
1499:2
1495:4
1491:2
1487:4
1485:O
1481:H
1479:6
1472:2
1468:4
1464:2
1365:2
1361:2
1357:4
1341:2
1337:4
1332:2
1328:4
1311:2
1307:2
1303:2
1295:2
1291:2
1287:2
1285:O
1283:4
1281:H
1279:2
1255:2
1251:2
1247:2
1243:2
1231:2
1227:2
1223:2
1192:4
1188:2
1038:e
1031:t
1024:v
24:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
