109:
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92:
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80:
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The
Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel were famous for renting out their army to other European nations during the 17th and 18th centuries. It was a widespread practice at the time for small countries to rent out troops to larger countries in exchange for subsidies. International jurists drew a distinction
1030:
Whereas in the mid-eighteenth century
Austria and Russia had between approximately 1.1 per cent and 1.5 per cent of their population in the army, the percentage for Prussia for 4.2. ... In 1730, a year of peace but also of war preparations, Hesse-Cassel had 1 in 19 of the population under
829:, a country that was so heavily militarized that it was described as "not a country with an army, but an army with a country". The Hessian army served as a readily available reserve for other European nations. During the
824:
Hesse-Kassel took the practice to an extreme, maintaining 5.3-7.3% of its population under arms in peacetime in it’s history, however was know to double that in times of war. This was a higher proportion than even
651:. Amalie Elisabeth also introduced the rule of primogeniture to prevent Hesse-Kassel from being divided again in the future. However, her health was ruined by the stresses of the war, and she died in 1651.
1898:
1132:
505:-Kassel served in the Danish military gaining high ranks and power in the realm because many Landgraves were married to Danish princesses. Members of the family who are known to have served
108:
1952:
447:
426:
1942:
1947:
1932:
745:, against the First French Republic. In 1801, they would cede territories on the west bank of the Rhine to France. Following the reorganization of the German states during the
1937:
1259:
804:. However, he was rebuffed by the Great Powers, who listed him as a "Royal Highness" along with the other grand dukes. To secure his pre-eminence over his cousin, the
91:
1154:
821:
between mercenaries and auxiliaries. Mercenaries served in foreign armies as individuals, while auxiliaries were sent by their ruler to the aid of another ruler.
808:
in the former Hesse-Darmstadt, William chose to keep his title of Prince-Elector. The rulers of the
Electorate of Hesse became the only Prince-Electors in the
1622:
635:
Amalie
Elisabeth vigorously advanced the interests of Hesse-Kassel. After expelling Imperial troops from Hesse-Kassel, she sent troops to take the city of
1927:
1922:
912:
Following the German spelling reform of the early 20th century, the town of Cassel became Kassel, long after the dissolution of Hesse-Kassel itself.
718:
706:
699:
255:
243:
625:
1076:
Because most of these soldiers-for-hire came from the
Germany principality of Hesse, the Americans called all the European mercenaries Hessians.
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663:
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573:
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838:
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497:
reorganisation of the Empire in 1803, the
Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel was elevated to an Electorate and Landgrave William IX became an
1442:
1054:
1023:
998:
695:
621:
522:
1417:
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to foreign powers as auxiliaries, as a means of improving the finances of his principality. William V was succeeded by
Landgraves
514:
1353:
1296:
593:
487:
849:. Due to this, American colonists in the colonies referred to all German troops serving with the British with the synecdoche "
1781:
1594:
1229:
518:
1957:
1832:
1484:
1140:
31:
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467:
932:
Brendan
Morrissey. "The American Revolution The Global Struggle for National Independence." Salamander: 2001. Page 240.
800:, a number of Napoleonic electorates were elevated to kingdoms, and William tried to secure recognition as King of the
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662:, who came of age in 1650, was an enlightened patron of learning and the arts. He was succeeded by his son
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The
Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel was founded by William IV the Wise, the eldest son of
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309:
1911:
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began, on the
Protestant side. After being forced to cede some of his territories to
479:
1535:
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1370:
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564:
was divided into four parts. William IV received about half of the territory, with
1210:
1096:
1091:
1044:
1745:
1735:
1705:
1687:
1244:
846:
722:
168:
869:, founded by German immigrants, is named for the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel.
796:
as king. Following Napoleon's defeat in 1813, the elector was restored. At the
1567:
883:
639:, which her father-in-law had lost to their Hesse-Darmstadt relatives. At the
1740:
1380:
1348:
749:
of 1803, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel gained land and was raised to the
702:, ruled in Kassel as regent until he succeeded his brother as William VIII.
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585:
200:
173:
812:, even though there was no longer a Holy Roman Emperor for them to elect.
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1725:
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991:
The Hessians: Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in the American Revolution
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inherited the Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg from his childless uncle,
1824:
1791:
1776:
1710:
1695:
801:
565:
475:
134:
959:
Wie's klingt am Rhei' mundartliche Gedichte aus der hessischen Pfalz
666:, then an infant, who died in 1670. He was succeeded by his brother
474:
inherited the northern half of the Landgraviate and the capital of
1552:
1452:
1786:
1771:
1431:
1427:
705:
On Frederick I's death in 1751, he was succeeded by his brother
1136:
993:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
536:, but in 1803 it was compensated with land around the former
643:
in 1648, Hesse-Kassel was further rewarded with most of the
773:), although still usually referred to as Hesse-Kassel.
725:
after a long line of Protestant Landgraves. When the
624:
invaded. He died in exile in 1637, leaving his widow
1097:
Hoeckmann.de: Map of Hesse (Southern part) — in 1789
1092:
Hoeckmann.de: Map of Hesse (Northern part) — in 1789
27:
State within the Holy Roman Empire from 1567 to 1803
1754:
1686:
1677:
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568:as his capital. Hesse-Kassel expanded in 1604 when
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39:
30:"Hesse-Kassel" redirects here. For other uses, see
845:, half of whom came from Hesse-Kassel and nearby
596:, Maurice abdicated in 1627 in favour of his son
788:. Kassel was designated as the capital of a new
1953:1803 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
698:from 1730 to 1751, the King's younger brother,
478:. The other sons received the Landgraviates of
441:during its entire existence, also known as the
628:to act as regent for their eight-year-old son
1943:States and territories disestablished in 1803
1148:
741:Hesse fought on the side of Coalition in the
8:
1948:1567 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1933:People from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
763:
60:
46:
1938:States and territories established in 1567
1683:
1436:
1155:
1141:
1133:
1101:
670:. Charles' chief claim to fame is that he
532:In 1801, Hesse was forced to cede land to
107:
36:
753:and Landgrave William IX was elevated to
462:. The state was created in 1567 when the
761:. The principality thus became known as
925:
905:
792:, where Napoleon appointed his brother
776:In 1806, William I was dispossessed by
322:
1046:Coercion, Capital, and European States
731:leased Hessian troops to Great Britain
664:William VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
548:, officially ending the Landgraviate.
560:. On his father's death in 1567, the
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236:
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7:
626:Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-MĂĽnzenberg
574:Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg
957:The Bavarian State Library (1886).
942:The Bavarian State Library (1892).
694:. Although the Landgraviate was in
620:, losing most of Hesse-Kassel when
570:Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
540:and was elevated to the status of
25:
1928:Counties of the Holy Roman Empire
1074:. Cengage Learning. p. 147.
816:Hessian troops in foreign service
1258:
1164:
612:. William V allied himself with
515:Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel
392:
367:
90:
78:
1923:Early modern history of Germany
1108:House of Palatinate-ZweibrĂĽcken
975:A Guide to Diplomatic Practice
519:Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel
466:was divided upon the death of
1:
525:: one for itself and one for
32:Hesse-Kassel (disambiguation)
1918:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
972:Satow, Ernest Mason (1932).
600:. His younger sons received
468:Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
435:Landgrafschaft Hessen-Kassel
422:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
48:Landgrafschaft Hessen-Kassel
41:Landgraviate of Hesse-Cassel
18:Landgraviate of Hesse-Cassel
1968:Former monarchies of Europe
1016:European Warfare, 1660-1815
786:War of the Fourth Coalition
759:William I, Elector of Hesse
709:, who fought as an ally of
614:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
232:Frederick I, King of Sweden
1984:
1115:Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel
1070:Kennedy, David M. (2012).
839:thousands of German troops
831:American Revolutionary War
743:War of the First Coalition
727:American Revolutionary War
696:personal union with Sweden
647:and the newly secularized
521:. It had two votes to the
29:
1864:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
1814:
1256:
1125:House of Holstein-Gottorp
1121:
1112:
1104:
346:
342:
328:
319:
292:
280:
209:
106:
74:
69:
1049:. Cambridge: Blackwell.
835:Kingdom of Great Britain
733:for service in America.
729:broke out, Frederick II
711:Kingdom of Great Britain
604:, which created several
584:In 1605, Maurice became
511:Prince Frederik of Hesse
113:Hesse-Kassel within the
1899:Unencircled territories
1043:Tilly, Charles (1992).
989:Atwood, Rodney (2002).
780:for his support of the
737:End of the landgraviate
655:17th and 18th centuries
1014:Black, Jeremy (1994).
863:Hessen Cassel, Indiana
764:
672:hired out his soldiers
501:. Many members of the
458:), was a state of the
455:
434:
61:
47:
1018:. London: Routledge.
790:Kingdom of Westphalia
690:, became by marriage
684:Frederick I of Sweden
608:lines in yet another
562:Landgraviate of Hesse
464:Landgraviate of Hesse
375:Landgraviate of Hesse
141:Common languages
1958:Swedish royal houses
1171:Upper Rhenish Circle
1072:The American Pageant
810:German Confederation
771:KurfĂĽrstentum Hessen
747:German mediatisation
645:County of Schaumburg
534:Revolutionary France
1875:Circles est. 1512:
1850:Circles est. 1500:
1173:(1500–1806) of the
978:. London: Longmans.
806:Grand Duke of Hesse
757:, taking the title
751:Electorate of Hesse
641:Peace of Westphalia
546:Electorate of Hesse
538:Electorate of Mainz
388:Electorate of Hesse
298:• Established
1896:
1892:
1841:
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1829:
1822:
889:Pennsylvania Dutch
798:Congress of Vienna
782:Kingdom of Prussia
778:Napoleon Bonaparte
610:partition of Hesse
579:
443:Hessian Palatinate
43:Hessian Palatinate
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1904:
1889:Electoral Rhenish
1845:Swiss Confederacy
1810:
1809:
1673:
1672:
1485:BĂĽdingen-Birstein
1324:Isenburg-Birstein
1175:Holy Roman Empire
1131:
1130:
1122:Succeeded by
843:Thirteen Colonies
717:. His successor,
590:Thirty Years' War
580:Thirty Years' War
470:. His eldest son
460:Holy Roman Empire
418:
417:
404:
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399:
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308:• Raised to
276:
263:• 1785–1803
251:• 1760–1785
239:• 1751–1760
227:• 1730–1751
215:• 1567–1592
194:Absolute monarchy
182:
115:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
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1721:MĂĽnster im ElsaĂź
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894:Rulers of Hesse
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721:, converted to
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961:. p. 112.
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49:
38:
33:
19:
1859:
1816:Part of the
1736:Schlettstadt
1638:Wächtersbach
1595:Wittgenstein
1585:Wittgenstein
1306:
1113:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1015:
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943:
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928:
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823:
819:
775:
770:
762:
740:
719:Frederick II
707:William VIII
704:
658:
634:
583:
555:
531:
492:
442:
439:Hesse-Cassel
438:
421:
419:
357:Succeeded by
356:
351:
334:• 1775
256:Frederick II
244:William VIII
126:Landgraviate
97:Coat of arms
1963:North Hesse
1885:Upper Saxon
1839:until 1736.
1827:after 1737.
1726:Oberehnheim
1706:Kaisersberg
1623:Falkenstein
1613:Bretzenheim
1509:Kriechingen
1458:Lichtenberg
1418:ZweibrĂĽcken
1354:SaarbrĂĽcken
1282:Heitersheim
847:Hesse-Hanau
723:Catholicism
713:during the
686:, the next
680:William VII
588:. When the
493:During the
437:), spelled
352:Preceded by
169:Lutheranism
99:(1736–1804)
1912:Categories
1881:Burgundian
1868:Franconian
1746:WeiĂźenburg
1665:Wartenberg
1660:Salm-Dhaun
1645:Mensfelden
1558:Hohensolms
1541:Grehweiler
1529:Westerburg
1524:Hardenburg
1492:Königstein
1463:MĂĽnzenberg
1245:WeiĂźenburg
1119:1567–1803
920:References
884:New Sweden
867:Fort Wayne
676:William VI
660:William VI
630:William VI
542:Electorate
495:Napoleonic
472:William IV
324:Population
310:Electorate
268:William IX
220:William IV
190:Government
1833:Reichstag
1782:StraĂźburg
1767:Friedberg
1762:Frankfurt
1716:MĂĽlhausen
1590:Berleburg
1573:Rödelheim
1514:Leiningen
1443:Imp. Diet
1349:Ottweiler
1317:Rheinfels
1297:Darmstadt
1230:StraĂźburg
857:Namesakes
765:Kurhessen
688:landgrave
668:Charles I
616:and then
602:appanages
598:William V
586:Calvinist
523:Reichstag
513:-Kassel,
448:‹See Tfd›
427:‹See Tfd›
201:Landgrave
174:Calvinism
162:Religion
70:1567–1803
1877:Austrian
1852:Bavarian
1847:in 1515.
1831:without
1741:TĂĽrkheim
1688:DĂ©capole
1633:Meerholz
1628:Isenburg
1618:Dagstuhl
1580:Wetterau
1546:Grumbach
1519:Dagsburg
1502:Stolberg
1480:BĂĽdingen
1475:Birstein
1470:Isenburg
1403:Sponheim
1364:Weilburg
1334:Lorraine
1287:Hersfeld
1215:Bruchsal
1211:Odenheim
1201:Hersfeld
873:See also
558:Philip I
509:include
275:to 1821)
1856:Swabian
1843:Joined
1797:Wetzlar
1731:Rosheim
1701:Hagenau
1650:OlbrĂĽck
1606:Without
1563:Laubach
1413:Waldeck
1408:Veldenz
1393:Simmern
1376:Kyrburg
1359:Usingen
1344:Idstein
1329:Lautern
1312:Marburg
1302:Homburg
1269:Secular
865:, near
851:Hessian
837:rented
827:Prussia
784:in the
637:Marburg
552:History
544:as the
413:Germany
338:300,000
285:History
153:Hessian
131:Capital
117:in 1618
1825:Nomeny
1792:Verdun
1777:Speyer
1755:Others
1711:Landau
1696:Colmar
1679:Cities
1428:Counts
1339:Nassau
1307:Kassel
1240:Verdun
1225:Speyer
1053:
1022:
997:
833:, the
802:Chatti
618:France
566:Kassel
517:, and
476:Kassel
452:German
431:German
288:
205:
177:(from
148:German
135:Kassel
123:Status
55:German
51:
1835:seat.
1802:Worms
1553:Solms
1497:Mainz
1453:Hanau
1446:seats
1432:Lords
1388:Savoy
1292:Hesse
1250:Worms
1196:Fulda
1191:Basel
1031:arms.
900:Notes
769:(aka
606:cadet
1787:Toul
1772:Metz
1568:Lich
1536:Salm
1440:With
1381:Salm
1371:Salm
1235:Toul
1220:PrĂĽm
1206:Metz
1051:ISBN
1020:ISBN
995:ISBN
678:and
486:and
420:The
315:1803
302:1567
179:1605
85:Flag
1277:Bar
853:".
1914::
1894:·
1887:,
1883:,
1879:,
1870:,
1866:,
1862:,
1858:,
1854:,
1430:/
1028:.
682:.
632:.
529:.
490:.
482:,
454::
433::
1820:.
1213:–
1156:e
1149:t
1142:v
1059:.
1003:.
445:(
424:(
271:(
181:)
57:)
53:(
34:.
20:)
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