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835:. The Hainan delegation conferred with the PRC's military leadership before returning south in the wake of the PRC's advance. They arrived in time to attend the final invasion planning meeting in February 1950 which was attended by both Hainanese and PLA officers. Ma relayed Feng's suggestion that the attack from the north be made of pincer movements rather than a frontal assault on – and battle of attrition for –
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43:
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forces linked up quickly. The HIC prepared the beachheads and by the morning of 17 April over 100,000 PLA troops had landed. Haikou in the north fell on 23 April. The ROC defence disintegrated from disunity of command and lack of supplies. The ROC retreated southwards, pursued by the communists. The ROC evacuated commanders and nearly 70,000 troops and refugees.
1617:
723:(CCP) established a branch on Hainan in 1926. Lines of communication between the branch and the CCP leadership were tenuous from the beginning, resulting in the Hainan communist movement developing independently and operating with minimal outside support. The Hainan communists were hard hit by the ROC's repression that followed the end of the
751:
of the southern interior mountains by occupying Hlai territory and demanding materiel support. In July 1943, the Hlai – led by Wang
Guoxing and Wang Yujin – attacked the ROC in the Baisha Uprising. The Hlai were crushed and suffered ROC reprisals. Wang Guoxing and Wang Yujin survived. On Wang Yujin's
998:
The PRC's military histories emphasized the 15th Corps' actions. The assault across the strait was popularized into stories of a "people's flotilla" of wooden junks manned by volunteers and fishermen fighting metal ROC warships. The role of the HIC and the Hlai received much less attention. For the
994:
The CCP marginalized the Hainan communist movement in the following decade. The CCP was dissatisfied with the HIC's relative lack of ideological rigour and its perceived "localism"; the HIC survival strategy had been pragmatic and had included compromise with the Hlai. Local communists and the Hlai
883:
reported 140,000 troops, including 80,000 veterans. Many had been evacuated from the mainland and were demoralized and poorly supplied; they were also accompanied by refugees. Most of the defenders were concentrated around Haikou. The ROC air force and navy were better equipped than the communists,
962:
The main communist amphibious assault started on the night of 16 April. The troops crossed in 318 junks divided into multiple waves. A number of transports were sunk by the ROC air force and navy. Most of the campaign's 4,000 communist casualties occurred during the initial crossing. The communist
780:
By late 1949, the PRC was looking forward to finishing the war by capturing the islands constituting the ROC's remaining strongholds. These tasks were difficult as the ROC retained superior naval and air forces; the communist navy only began to form in the summer with the capture of ROC ships. The
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in 1939 – they had little communication, and no radio contact, with the CCP leadership until the end of the war. Limited hostilities between the Hainan communists and ROC resumed in 1940. The Hainan communists formed a militia called the Hainan
Independent Column (HIC). The ROC meanwhile alienated
763:
in 1945. On Hainan, the ROC left Hlai territory and reestablished themselves along the coast. The Hainan communists used access to Hlai territory to grow within the ROC blockade. Maintaining communications with the mainland CCP remained difficult. CCP orders to abandon the island in 1946 were
727:. The Hainan communists were nearly destroyed due to the confined geography of the island; like their mainland counterparts, the few survivors abandoned the urban coast for the rural interior. In 1929, Wang Wenming, leader of the Hainan communists, named
846:
in preparation for the PRC's invasion of Hainan. The currency would be issued to invading PLA troops to purchase supplies on Hainan; the wider distribution and usage would help tie the island to the PRC's economy. The HIC responded by issuing
953:
From late-February 1950, the PLA reinforced the HIC through small scale landings; most evaded detection. The strength of landing units was masked by dispersal. Larger movements occurred on 10, 26 and 31 March using dozens of junks.
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suggestion, the Hlai formed an alliance with the communists, who were based in the northern interior. The communists relied heavily on the Hlai for survival, and their main base shifted south to
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was assigned to defend Hainan in late 1949. He launched a suppression campaign in early 1950; the Hainan communists were "devastated" in
February but not eliminated.
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and were forced to retreat south after the landings. The communists secured Hainan's southern cities by the end of the month and declared victory on 1 May.
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855:, the ROC governor of Hainan, also attempted to issue currency around the same time; this failed in part due to a lack of support from the ROC government.
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The invasion was preceded by three months of training with Soviet assistance. Training included swimming and the operation of sail and motor boats.
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Planning for the invasion occurred in the winter of 1949–1950. Wang
Guoxing and Ma Baishan travelled through ROC-held territory to communist-held
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Hainan communist movement the battle was the culmination of the war they had fought against the ROC for 23 years with little outside support.
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The ROC bombed communist bases on Hainan and the
Leizhou Peninsula with impunity; the latter had practically no anti-aircraft defences.
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and Yulin in the south fell to the communists within seven days of Haikou, allowing the PRC to proclaim victory on 1 May.
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The invasion was postponed by a few weeks on Soviet advice, who believed the winds would then be more favourable for
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A PLA soldier (left) shakes hands with an HIC soldier (right), shortly after their forces' joint capture of Haikou.
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rejected by the Hainan communists, who spent the years following the
Japanese withdrawal building popular support.
865:. On the other hand, the main landings in April and May were unable to take advantage of favourable winter winds.
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in response to
Japanese aggression; formal arrangements for Hainan were only made in 1938 after the start of the
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on 16 April, assisted by the Hainan communist movement which controlled much of the island's interior, while the
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The ROC government concentrated on defending Taiwan and denied most requests for reinforcement and materiel.
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in the winter and spring of 1949–1950; this instigated a final suppression campaign by the ROC.
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The
Communist Southern Branch Party Bureau ordered the HIC to prepare and distribute
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China's Lonely
Revolution: The Local Communist Movement of Hainan Island, 1926–1956
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668:(ROC) controlled the coast; their forces were concentrated in the north near
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As of
December 1949, the Chinese Communists had controlled the entire
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ROC forces included perhaps 200,000 regular troops and militiamen.
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Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China
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failed. The invasion of Hainan was deferred. In January 1950,
36:
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became notable obstacles to the PRC's land reform program.
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A parade celebrating the liberation of Hainan on 1 May 1950
808:(PLA) was tasked with the invasion. It was deployed to the
30:
For the operation during the Second Sino-Japanese War, see
983:
The conquest was quickly overshadowed by the start of the
925: with: more details of the campaign. You can help by
1574:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
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from Hainan. The subordinate 15th Corps, led by General
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Location of Hainan island with respect to mainland China
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The People's Republic of China takes control of Hainan.
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Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946-1950
742:. The Hainan communists were further isolated by the
1019:
Martyrs' cemetery in Golden Bull Mountain Ridge Park
781:
PRC was unprepared; the invasions of the islands of
1593:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
831:in the fall of 1949; they were in the city for the
801:; he likely sought a victory to impress his hosts.
652:) occurred in 1950, during the final phase of the
776:PLA soldiers training for the offensive in 1949
759:The civil war intensified after the end of the
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833:proclamation of the People's Republic of China
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1979:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists
69:introducing citations to additional sources
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884:with 25 warplanes and 50 military ships.
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660:(PRC) conducted an amphibious assault on
59:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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427:140,000–200,000 soldiers and militiamen
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537:Resumption of hostilities (1945–1949)
7:
27:1950 battle of the Chinese Civil War
793:approved the invasion while in the
2176:Campaigns of the Chinese Civil War
1622:Landing Operation on Hainan Island
25:
18:Landing Operation on Hainan Island
734:The communists and ROC created a
2119:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan
1803:
1790:
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1045:"Republic of China Marine Corps"
1009:Outline of the Chinese Civil War
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502:Outline of the Chinese Civil War
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363:163rd Division of the 109th Army
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52:relies largely or entirely on a
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2108:Yangtze River Crossing campaign
1043:Hao-Chang, Yu (November 1966).
744:Japanese invasion of the island
649:
641:
525:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
394:Republic of China Marine Corps
1:
2148:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
2123:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang
1715:Constitutional ROC Government
804:The Fourth Field Army of the
609:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
2137:Wanshan Archipelago Campaign
1873:Chinese Communist Revolution
1733:Republic of China on Taiwan
1701:National Revolutionary Army
1669:Principal belligerents and
1053:. Marine Corps Association.
411:Republic of China Air Force
328:43rd Army of the 15th Corps
325:40th Army of the 12th Corps
2222:
2191:Military history of Taiwan
2186:Military history of Hainan
1945:Fujian People's Government
1811:People's Republic of China
1570:Murray, Jeremy A. (2017).
989:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
658:People's Republic of China
332:Hainan Independent Column
238:People's Republic of China
29:
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1589:Westad, Odd Arne (2003).
715:Hainan communist movement
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224:
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80:"Battle of Hainan Island"
1796:People's Liberation Army
869:Nationalist preparations
806:People's Liberation Army
740:Second Sino-Japanese War
320:People's Liberation Army
1935:Chinese Soviet Republic
1911:Autumn Harvest Uprising
721:Chinese Communist Party
634:Battle of Hainan Island
515:Autumn Harvest Uprising
509:First Phase (1927–1937)
360:32nd, 62nd, 64th Armies
166:preparing to cross the
139:Battle of Hainan Island
32:Hainan Island Operation
2133:Hainan Island campaign
2012:Double Tenth Agreement
2008:Chongqing Negotiations
1925:Encirclement campaigns
980:
907:
777:
768:Communist preparations
711:
703:
520:Encirclement campaigns
446:1 ship sunk, 5 damaged
376:Republic of China Navy
355:Republic of China Army
256:Commanders and leaders
2022:Jiaochangkou Incident
978:
905:
775:
709:
683:
619:Cross-strait conflict
436:Casualties and losses
181:16 April – 1 May 1950
150:Cross-Strait conflict
1624:at Wikimedia Commons
1050:Marine Corps Gazette
448:2 aircraft shot down
65:improve this article
1975:Second United Front
1895:Nanjing–Wuhan split
1843:Sun–Joffe Manifesto
1692:National Government
1555:, pp. 169–170.
1543:, pp. 143–145.
1528:, pp. 163–184.
1489:, pp. 159–160.
1477:, pp. 160–161.
1383:, pp. 151–152.
1359:, pp. 153–154.
1255:, pp. 297–301.
1243:, pp. 176–176.
1231:, pp. 136–137.
1216:, pp. 129–130.
1168:, pp. 114–118.
1156:, pp. 113–114.
1105:, pp. 130–131.
946:Preliminary attacks
736:Second United Front
646:traditional Chinese
336:1st, 3rd, 5th Corps
282:Wang Guoxing (Hlai)
2181:Landing operations
1915:Guangzhou Uprising
1853:First United Front
981:
908:
880:The New York Times
787:Dengbu in November
778:
731:as his successor.
725:First United Front
712:
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638:simplified Chinese
614:China–Burma border
399:2nd Marine Brigade
2206:Conflicts in 1950
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2077:Liaoshen campaign
2059:Yu Zisan Incident
2026:Peiping rape case
1995:
1994:
1907:Nanchang uprising
1903:Little Long March
1891:Shanghai massacre
1681:Nationalist Party
1659:Chinese Civil War
1620:Media related to
1066:, pp. 61–67.
943:
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810:Leizhou Peninsula
783:Kinmen in October
666:Republic of China
654:Chinese Civil War
627:
626:
488:Chinese Civil War
485:Campaigns of the
452:
451:
444:33,000 casualties
424:15,000 militiamen
285:Wang Yujin (Hlai)
250:Republic of China
220:
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206:Communist victory
146:Chinese Civil War
130:
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16:(Redirected from
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2091:Pingjin campaign
2087:Huaihai campaign
2036:Marshall Mission
2001:
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1887:Shanghai Commune
1883:Nanking incident
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761:Second World War
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1768:Liberated Area
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63:. Please help
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958:Main landings
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921:This section
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662:Hainan Island
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572:Yangtze River
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82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
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56:
55:
54:single source
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2132:
2112:
2101:
2070:
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1899:715 Incident
1736:
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927:adding to it
922:
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795:Soviet Union
779:
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384:
366:
345:
331:
310:
225:Belligerents
144:Part of the
131:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
51:
1863:Canton Coup
1553:Murray 2017
1541:Murray 2017
1526:Murray 2017
1514:Westad 2003
1499:Murray 2017
1487:Murray 2017
1475:Murray 2017
1463:Murray 2017
1434:Murray 2017
1422:Murray 2017
1410:Murray 2017
1393:Murray 2017
1381:Murray 2017
1369:Murray 2017
1357:Murray 2017
1345:Murray 2017
1330:Murray 2017
1313:Murray 2017
1290:Westad 2003
1265:Westad 2003
1253:Westad 2003
1241:Murray 2017
1229:Murray 2017
1214:Murray 2017
1202:Murray 2017
1190:Murray 2017
1178:Murray 2017
1166:Murray 2017
1154:Murray 2017
1142:Murray 2017
1130:Murray 2017
1118:Murray 2017
1103:Murray 2017
1091:Murray 2017
1079:Murray 2017
1064:Murray 2017
934:August 2022
853:Chen Jitang
799:state visit
749:Hlai people
702:. (CIA map)
431:40 aircraft
211:Territorial
2170:Categories
2046:Operation
1955:Long March
1025:References
985:Korean War
791:Mao Zedong
729:Feng Baiju
676:Background
544:Operation
530:Long March
277:Feng Baiju
121:April 2023
91:newspapers
2144:1950–1958
2083:1948–1949
2048:Beleaguer
2042:1945–1949
2032:1945–1947
1971:1937–1946
1951:1934–1936
1941:1933–1934
1931:1931–1934
1921:1930–1934
1869:1927–1949
1828:Post-1945
1671:campaigns
1030:Citations
971:Aftermath
849:war bonds
814:Guangdong
754:Wuzhishan
598:Aftermath
587:Guningtou
546:Beleaguer
381:3rd Fleet
195:Kwangtung
61:talk page
2115:Incident
2113:Amethyst
2104:Incident
2073:incident
1824:Pre-1945
1761:Red Army
1003:See also
987:and the
898:Invasion
887:General
844:currency
822:Deng Hua
698:country
695:de facto
604:Xinjiang
577:Shanghai
557:Liaoshen
429:52 ships
417:Strength
272:Deng Hua
186:Location
148:and the
2071:Kiangya
1563:Sources
889:Xue Yue
829:Beijing
688:except
592:Wanshan
567:Pingjin
562:Huaihai
342:militia
299:Xue Yue
213:changes
197:, China
105:scholar
1808:
1597:
1578:
837:Haikou
797:for a
690:Hainan
670:Haikou
656:. The
648::
640::
582:Hainan
408:
391:
373:
352:
317:
203:Result
191:Hainan
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
965:Sanya
877:from
863:junks
700:Tibet
650:海南島戰役
642:海南岛战役
279:(HIC)
164:junks
112:JSTOR
98:books
2129:1950
2097:1949
2065:1948
2055:1947
2018:1946
2004:1945
1986:1944
1961:1936
1879:1927
1859:1926
1849:1924
1839:1923
1785:etc.
1595:ISBN
1576:ISBN
785:and
719:The
692:and
632:The
340:Hlai
178:Date
162:PLA
84:news
2069:SS
929:.
812:in
67:by
2172::
1798:)
1783:,
1779:,
1763:)
1745:/
1721:)
1703:)
1683:/
1533:^
1506:^
1441:^
1400:^
1337:^
1320:^
1297:^
1272:^
1221:^
1110:^
1071:^
1047:.
991:.
839:.
644:;
193:,
1981:)
1977:(
1800:→
1788:→
1770:(
1765:→
1754:(
1723:→
1717:(
1705:→
1694:(
1651:e
1644:t
1637:v
1603:.
1584:.
936:)
932:(
636:(
477:e
470:t
463:v
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
71:.
57:.
34:.
20:)
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