3792:
2100:
3530:
3170:
2218:
344:
For landlocked countries, the effect is particularly strong, as they are limited in their trading activity with the rest of the world. He states, "If you are coastal, you serve the world; if you are landlocked, you serve your neighbors." Others have argued that being landlocked has an advantage as it creates a "natural tariff barrier" that protects the country from cheap imports. In some instances, this has led to more robust local food systems.
3070:
3429:
2684:
3634:
1992:
38:
3471:
1500:
3738:
3584:
3262:
2726:
2540:
2434:
1728:
3896:
3375:
3124:
2922:
2310:
2268:
1938:
2880:
2646:
2372:
2052:
1880:
1782:
1660:
1608:
1562:
3830:
3684:
3300:
3212:
2772:
2490:
1838:
3008:
2966:
2818:
2590:
2160:
311:
583:(the same access is given to inland parts of Germany and Croatia, though Germany and Croatia are not landlocked). However, oceangoing ships cannot use the Danube, so cargo must be transloaded anyway, and many overseas imports into Austria and Hungary use land transport from Atlantic and Mediterranean ports. A similar situation exists for the
4458:
343:
argues that being landlocked in a poor geographical neighbourhood is one of four major development "traps" by which a country can be held back. In general, he found that when a neighbouring country experiences better growth, it tends to spill over into favorable development for the country itself.
708:
and accepted it in treaties signed in 1884 and 1904. The last treaty gives port storage facilities and special treatment for the transit of goods from and to
Bolivia through Chilean ports and territory. Peru and Argentina have also given special treatment for the transit of goods. A fluvial
963:
Some countries or important parts of countries have coastlines or river ports reachable by oceangoing ships, but only through a strait or river part of the territory of another country. The other country can put restriction on passage. Between 1429 and 1857
333:, a crucial component of economic and social advance. As such, coastal regions, or inland regions that have access to the World Ocean, tended to be wealthier and more heavily populated than inland regions that have no access to the World Ocean.
4756:
4476:
261:
1231:
A country is "doubly landlocked" or "double-landlocked" when it is surrounded only by landlocked countries (i.e. requiring the crossing of at least two national borders to reach a coastline). There are two such countries:
1481:
4498:
929:. On the other hand, some landlocked countries can have access to the ocean along wide navigable rivers. For instance, Paraguay (and Bolivia to a lesser extent) have access to the ocean through the
729:
and what has proven to be one of the most significant and lucrative copper deposits in the world. Early in the 21st century, the selection of the route of gas pipes from
Bolivia to the sea fueled
354:
Historically, traveling between a landlocked country and a country which did not border said country required the traveler to pass border controls twice or more. In recent times the advent of
4641:
394:
part of the
Adriatic coast in two. Since Bosnia and Herzegovina is a new country, railways and ports have not been built for its need. There is no freight port along its short coastline at
460:, to which Poland was given free access. However, the Germans placed obstacles to this free access, especially when it came to military material. In response, the small fishing harbour of
4503:
1445:
dispute is settled. If it is decided the
Caspian is a real sea, not a lake, it would make Uzbekistan only a simple landlocked country since its neighbours Turkmenistan and
4846:
4513:
4471:
644:
Losing access to the sea is generally a great loss to a nation, politically, militarily, and economically. The following are examples of countries becoming landlocked.
4424:
1471:
891:
107:
would avoid. For this reason, nations large and small throughout history have fought to gain access to open waters, even at great expense in wealth, bloodshed, and
4369:(de facto state) are counted as parts of Europe, then Europe has the most landlocked countries, at 20 (including all three landlocked de facto states). If these
4702:
234:
222:
3326:
1465:
189:
rankings are landlocked. International initiatives are aimed at reducing inequalities resulting from issues such as these, such as the United
Nations
5211:
4649:
4205:
679:
556:
230:
4334:
4029:
1169:
287:
246:
85:
5310:
737:
242:
4691:
325:
Historically, being landlocked has been disadvantageous to a country's development. It cuts a nation off from important sea resources such as
5014:
4940:
4867:
4734:
226:
905:
Some countries have a long coastline, but much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce. For instance, in its early history,
351:
have significantly higher costs of international cargo transportation compared to coastal developing countries (in Asia the ratio is 3:1).
4752:"Neoliberal Policy, Rural Livelihoods and Urban Food Security in West Africa: A Comparative Study of The Gambia, CĂ´te d'Ivoire and Mali"
687:
4370:
4231:
886:, causing the former to become landlocked. There still remains conflict over the oil fields in South Sudan between the two countries.
5072:
4209:
3860:
3706:
3498:
3238:
2136:
2076:
410:
4680:
249:(de facto state) created 15 new landlocked countries and five landlocked de facto states while the former landlocked country of
4259:
There are the following 12 "single" landlocked countries (each of them borders no other landlocked country or de facto state):
1435:
1349:
there were several other landlocked states that only bordered landlocked states and landlocked exclaves of coastal states: the
1325:, giving WĂĽrttemberg a border with a coastal country but any path to a coast would still lead across at least two borders. The
206:
190:
178:
114:
The economic disadvantages of being landlocked can be alleviated or aggravated depending on degree of development, surrounding
4956:
4508:
1400:
894:
now gives a landlocked country a right of access to and from the sea without taxation of traffic through transit states. The
238:
4669:
898:
has a programme of action to assist landlocked developing countries, and the current responsible
Undersecretary-General is
5499:
4215:
The
Central and Southern Asian cluster and the Western Asian group can be considered contiguous, joined by the landlocked
1321:. The latter two were themselves landlocked between each other, WĂĽrttemberg, and Baden. In 1866 they became an exclave of
210:
4850:
1216:
653:
279:
was officially dissolved on 1 January 2024. As a result, Artsakh ceased to exist as a landlocked de facto state and the
257:
4884:
5509:
5504:
1370:
868:
406:
31:
4581:
4552:
996:, two or more such countries, or be surrounded by other landlocked countries, making a country doubly landlocked.
5045:
4532:
A country is "doubly landlocked" or "double-landlocked" when it is surrounded only by other landlocked countries.
1290:
872:
4491:
4330:
4049:
3494:
2186:
2105:
1476:
1460:
1423:. After World War II, Austria regained its independence and Liechtenstein once again became doubly landlocked.
1314:
1056:
Seven landlocked countries are surrounded by only two mutually bordering neighbours (semi-enclaved countries):
770:
599:
has no boat access, even though it is located along the Rhine, as the Rhine is not navigable that far upstream.
4212:
would join the two
African clusters into one, making it the biggest contiguous cluster in the world instead.
1385:
899:
484:
218:
186:
5223:
3330:
1377:
1326:
1318:
441:
387:
202:
956:
are still considered landlocked. Although the
Caspian Sea is connected to the Black Sea via the man-made
4408:
2132:
832:
730:
683:
276:
214:
4908:
5387:
4765:
1362:
1350:
1346:
1334:
1306:
1298:
993:
697:
619:
501:
480:
429:
418:
104:
5318:
957:
4481:
1366:
1330:
1005:
840:
457:
272:
5357:
4828:
4623:
4374:
1322:
1294:
1220:
753:
714:
705:
625:
496:
Countries can make agreements on getting free transport of goods through neighbouring countries:
452:
a short coastline, but without a large harbour. This was also the pretext for making Danzig (now
383:
371:
348:
339:
318:
5136:
The West Bank is a landlocked territory on the west bank of the Jordan River in the Middle East.
5374:
4811:
Moseley, W. G. (2011). "Lessons from the 2008 Global Food Crisis: Agro-Food
Dynamics in Mali".
4726:
103:
Generally, being landlocked creates political and economic disadvantages that having access to
5189:
5171:
5127:
5109:
5010:
4936:
4863:
4793:
4730:
4247:
3451:
1754:
1636:
1286:
1194:
980:, a toll needed to be paid to reach Western European waters. Sweden bypassed it by conquering
741:
108:
725:" (Day of the Sea) to remember its territorial loss, which included both the coastal city of
5349:
5264:
5256:
5179:
5161:
5117:
5101:
4820:
4783:
4773:
4703:
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic will cease to exist from Jan 1 2024 – Nagorno-Karabakh authorities
4615:
4463:
4235:
852:
810:
778:
in the periods 1779–1813, 1822–1848 and 1868–1918. The most important ports in Austria were
615:
399:
330:
280:
5076:
4103:
3355:
3075:
2520:
1959:
1583:
1358:
1342:
798:
611:
592:
437:
398:, making it effectively landlocked, although there are plans to change this. Instead, the
366:
Countries have acted to overcome being landlocked by acquiring land that reaches the sea:
159:
69:
5198:
The West Bank is a landlocked region close to the Mediterranean shoreline of Western Asia
5069:
4567:"Landlocked country | Meaning, Examples, Maps, List, & Navies | Britannica"
934:
5088:
Sweileh, Waleed M.; Al-Jabi, Samah W.; Sawalha, Ansam F.; Zyoud, Sa'ed H. (2009-04-07).
4769:
1373:(until 1871). All of these bordered Prussia but not the main territory with sea access.
5184:
5149:
5122:
5089:
4859:
4788:
4751:
4719:
4486:
4390:
4087:
3401:
2609:
2223:
2119:
1801:
1684:
1679:
1427:
1393:
1240:
930:
895:
836:
821:
802:
661:
632:
545:
505:
379:
250:
182:
5007:
The Eritrean Struggle for Independence - Domination, resistance, nationalism 1941-1993
4566:
5493:
5361:
5210:
Musaee, Anwar H. M.; Abbas, Eeman Muhammad; Mujani, Wan Kamal; Sidik, Roziah (2014).
4832:
4603:
4412:
4394:
4366:
4350:
4280:
4099:
3568:
3434:
2689:
1901:
1700:
1354:
1338:
1329:
which was independent between 1815 and 1866 was doubly landlocked as it bordered the
1236:
1190:
1102:
992:
Landlocked countries may be bordered by a single country having direct access to the
926:
856:
814:
806:
718:
710:
596:
295:
174:
135:
77:
4627:
37:
17:
5418:
4714:
4443:
4382:
4303:
4169:
4137:
4041:
3926:
3797:
3776:
3639:
3175:
3038:
2844:
2668:
2470:
2453:
2294:
1997:
1968:
1542:
1431:
1412:
1389:
1278:
1258:
1176:
1128:
1096:
1032:
1016:
910:
828:'s lack of direct ocean access (although this is disputed; see the linked article).
529:
334:
299:
151:
733:, as people were against the option of laying the pipes through Chilean territory.
635:
allows sealed road transport without customs checks and charges, mostly in Europe.
122:, commonality of language, and other considerations. Some landlocked countries in
5288:
4824:
4619:
4589:
Growth and Export Performance of Developing Countries: Is Landlockedness Destiny?
5340:"IGU regional conference on environment and quality of life in central Europe".
5150:"Quality of Drinking Water from Springs in Palestine: West Bank as a Case Study"
4377:
European countries are included in Asia, then both Africa and Europe (including
4216:
4121:
4115:
4073:
3983:
3760:
3718:
3656:
3606:
3535:
3476:
2848:
2710:
2352:
2140:
2071:
2020:
2011:
1712:
1505:
1442:
1381:
1310:
1302:
1262:
1248:
1110:
941:
879:
851:
was promised part of the Trebizond vilayet (roughly corresponding to the modern
844:
726:
722:
541:
425:
147:
115:
544:) until 2028 could be used for sea trade by a successor of Czechoslovakia, the
5482:
5260:
4453:
4423:(which is usually not considered a continent but a geographical region by the
4416:
4386:
4362:
4358:
4299:
4295:
4224:
4190:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4125:
3922:
3868:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3743:
3668:
3664:
3618:
3614:
3589:
3351:
3267:
2856:
2794:
2731:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2545:
2516:
2474:
2462:
2439:
2348:
2290:
1733:
1632:
1546:
1538:
1521:
1446:
1416:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1254:
1092:
1036:
1022:
977:
953:
918:
736:
Austria and Hungary also lost their access to the sea as a consequence of the
675:
588:
445:
355:
268:
143:
139:
119:
93:
89:
81:
5248:
5212:"Financial Analysis of Waqf Real Estate Revenues in the West Bank: 1994-2014"
5175:
5113:
1407:, Liechtenstein became the sole doubly landlocked country until 1938. In the
940:
Several countries have coastlines on landlocked bodies of water, such as the
5314:
5235:
The West Bank is a landlocked territory near the eastern Mediterranean coast
4778:
4606:; Snow, T. (2004). "The Challenges Facing Landlocked Developing Countries".
3146:
2941:
1906:
1810:
1627:
1420:
1408:
1204:
922:
864:
749:
580:
286:
As of 1 April 2024, there were 44 landlocked countries and three landlocked
201:
In 1990, there were only 30 landlocked countries in the world. However, the
5193:
5166:
5131:
4797:
453:
1441:
However, Uzbekistan's doubly landlocked status depends on if and when the
310:
5269:
4477:
Declaration recognising the Right to a Flag of States having no Sea-coast
4439:
4435:
4402:
4314:
4307:
4272:
4220:
4180:
4159:
4147:
4111:
4057:
3918:
3901:
3880:
3876:
3856:
3722:
3502:
3380:
3334:
3242:
3129:
3096:
2927:
2798:
2626:
2614:
2414:
2410:
2332:
2315:
2273:
2252:
2182:
2124:
2084:
1976:
1943:
1918:
1896:
1708:
1704:
1534:
1165:
1134:
1088:
945:
825:
765:
665:
657:
576:
537:
513:
97:
5455:
5439:
5353:
4431:
4420:
4398:
4354:
4318:
4291:
4287:
4186:
4176:
4165:
4091:
4083:
4045:
3872:
3560:
3552:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3359:
3343:
3338:
3322:
3234:
3196:
3192:
3150:
3092:
3054:
3030:
2906:
2902:
2885:
2864:
2840:
2756:
2748:
2706:
2651:
2630:
2622:
2512:
2418:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2377:
2344:
2336:
2244:
2240:
2198:
2057:
1964:
1885:
1822:
1787:
1750:
1692:
1688:
1665:
1613:
1567:
1404:
1244:
1184:
1180:
1163:
To this group could be added three landlocked territories, two of them
1124:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1060:
1012:
848:
779:
745:
649:
568:
564:
560:
533:
509:
472:
468:
433:
391:
326:
314:
131:
127:
61:
5249:"Instruments and Methods for the Survey and Analysis of Amphitheatres"
4591:. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University. pp. 13–72.
5471:
5105:
4957:"What next for Czech port lot after Hamburg's rejection of Olympics?"
4692:
How Azerbaijan Found Victory, and Armenia Defeat, in Nagorno-Karabakh
4378:
4342:
4338:
4264:
4239:
4227:
by only 30 km (19 mi), across Chinese or Russian territory.
4155:
4151:
4107:
4095:
4077:
4069:
3930:
3864:
3852:
3835:
3714:
3689:
3556:
3514:
3455:
3409:
3347:
3305:
3246:
3217:
3154:
3108:
3104:
3100:
2950:
2852:
2802:
2777:
2752:
2524:
2495:
2466:
2406:
2248:
2080:
1972:
1954:
1910:
1843:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1766:
1762:
1644:
1588:
1578:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1142:
1074:
1064:
981:
973:
969:
965:
906:
860:
761:
691:
603:
572:
552:
525:
476:
461:
449:
414:
291:
166:
123:
913:
and frozen shut for much of the year. The wish to gain control of a
5148:
Daghara, Azza; Al-Khatib, Issam A.; Al-Jabari, Maher (2019-06-23).
587:
river where Switzerland has boat access, but not oceangoing ships.
165:
However, 32 out of the 44 landlocked countries, including those in
4885:"This Country's Coastline Is So Short, You Could Walk It in A Day"
4276:
4243:
4201:
4065:
3814:
3710:
3610:
3564:
3510:
3506:
3284:
3046:
3034:
3013:
2992:
2988:
2971:
2946:
2860:
2618:
2562:
2458:
2356:
2340:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2144:
2032:
2024:
2016:
1914:
1864:
1860:
1696:
1592:
1526:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1113:) – one of the only two "doubly landlocked countries" in the world
1082:
1078:
1068:
1040:
1026:
883:
794:
787:
757:
701:
669:
584:
309:
65:
36:
801:
assumed the shape it is now remembered for: that of a landlocked
4681:
Mapping the occupied Ukraine regions Russia is formally annexing
4346:
4268:
4061:
4053:
3660:
3050:
3042:
2823:
2595:
2165:
2128:
2036:
2028:
1922:
1758:
1640:
1530:
1516:
1044:
949:
914:
783:
775:
721:
and rivers. The Bolivian people annually celebrate a patriotic "
607:
521:
517:
395:
375:
170:
155:
4981:
4499:
List of countries and territories by land and maritime borders
628:
allow transshipment to short-distance ships or river vessels.
805:
with territories in central Deccan, bounded on all sides by
72:. Currently, there are 44 landlocked countries, two of them
4847:
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
4223:
is almost a part of this cluster too, being separated from
1453:
List of landlocked countries and landlocked de facto states
154:, all of which, excluding Luxembourg (a founding member of
952:
without access to wider seaborne trade, countries such as
5090:"Pharmacy Education and Practice in West Bank, Palestine"
5009:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–25.
1438:
in 1991 and became the second doubly landlocked country.
193:, which aims to reduce inequality substantially by 2030.
96:
is the furthest landlocked country from any ocean, while
5275:
The West Bank is a landlocked territory bordering Jordan
5419:"Economic Development Problems of Landlocked Countries"
5386:
Zimnitskaya, Hanna; von Geldern, James (January 2011).
917:
was a major motivator of Russian expansion towards the
382:
because it did not want to have a land border with the
4341:
has the most landlocked countries, at 16, followed by
875:, which firmly established Turkish rule over the area.
275:(de facto state) and achieved a decisive victory. The
4555:. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
4082:
Eastern, Southern, and Western European cluster (9):
413:, was awarded a narrow piece of land cutting through
5417:
MacKellar, Landis; Wörgötter, Andreas; Wörz, Julia.
4504:
List of countries that border only one other country
4397:). South America only has two landlocked countries:
1004:
Three countries are landlocked by a single country (
960:, large oceangoing ships are unable to traverse it.
717:, was created later and both trains and operates in
264:
and ceased to exist as a landlocked de facto state.
5388:"Is the Caspian Sea a sea; and why does it matter?"
4385:) have the most, at 16. Depending on the status of
4040:Eastern, Middle, and Western African cluster (10):
1403:in 1918 and creation of an independent, landlocked
1376:There were no doubly landlocked countries from the
1170:
states with limited or no international recognition
390:and now provides limited sea access, splitting the
5424:. Wien Institute for Advanced Studies. p. 12.
4718:
4582:"Landlockedness and Economic Growth: New Evidence"
4200:If it were not for the 40 km (25 mi) of
976:and more Baltic countries were suffering from the
4514:List of countries bordering on two or more oceans
4472:Convention on Transit Trade of Land-locked States
774:, to provide Hungary with its only international
764:on the Croatian coast was governed directly from
475:received a 600-metre (650-yard) long bank of the
409:, which owned the territory now constituting the
100:is the world's most populous landlocked country.
64:that does not have any territory connected to an
30:"Landlocked" redirects here. For other uses, see
4393:countries, Asia has between 9 and 13 (including
867:. However, the Sèvres treaty collapsed with the
606:is an international waterway so that landlocked
467:As a result of a 2005 territorial exchange with
4750:Moseley, W. G.; Carney, J.; Becker, L. (2010).
1392:coastline, and Uzbekistan was then part of the
892:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
863:). This would have given Armenia access to the
185:. Nine of the twelve countries with the lowest
4725:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
508:a lease for 99 years of parts of the ports in
820:It is possible that one of the causes of the
8:
5094:American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education
4670:Czechoslovakia Breaks in Two, To Wide Regret
1293:became a doubly landlocked state, bordering
516:, allowing Czechoslovakia sea trade via the
4012:
386:. This small municipality was inherited by
329:, and impedes or prevents direct access to
321:(1879–1884) remains a major political issue
92:is the world's largest landlocked country,
5154:Journal of Environmental and Public Health
4146:Eastern and Southern African cluster (4):
1456:
744:(1920) respectively. Previously, although
618:). However, it is not navigable above the
5451:
5449:
5447:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5268:
5183:
5165:
5121:
4935:. New York: Routledge. pp. 4, 5, 6.
4787:
4777:
809:, whereas 150 years earlier it had had a
713:, which did not exist at the time of the
283:region was reintegrated into Azerbaijan.
5483:South America Map – Countries and Cities
4120:Central and Southern Asian cluster (6):
3982:Has a coastline on the inland saltwater
5467:
5465:
5463:
5030:Chopra, P. N.; Puri, B. N.; Das, M. N.
4544:
4525:
3957:
3941:
1426:Uzbekistan, which had been part of the
1396:, which had both ocean and sea access.
5046:"The 10 Newest Countries In The World"
4250:formed their own Southern Asian group.
738:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
243:unilateral declaration of independence
73:
3951:
1411:that year, Austria was absorbed into
540:so that part of the port (now called
358:has largely negated this impediment.
271:launched a new offensive against the
7:
5456:Map of Europe (Countries and Cities)
4427:) also has no landlocked countries.
4415:have no landlocked countries, while
684:State Union of Serbia and Montenegro
614:(since Laos became independent from
5216:Asian Economic and Financial Review
4911:. International Waterway Governance
4883:Jennings, Ken (19 September 2016).
1434:, gained its independence with the
253:ceased to exist on 1 January 1993.
4852:Review of Maritime Transport, 2010
3990:
1415:, which possessed a border on the
660:to become landlocked in 1991: the
68:or whose coastlines lie solely on
25:
4430:All landlocked countries, except
4325:Landlocked countries by continent
3976:
948:. Since these seas are in effect
362:Actions to avoid being landlocked
51: Doubly landlocked countries
5032:A Comprehensive History of India
4456:
4001:
3894:
3828:
3790:
3736:
3682:
3632:
3582:
3528:
3469:
3427:
3373:
3298:
3260:
3210:
3168:
3122:
3068:
3006:
2964:
2920:
2878:
2816:
2770:
2724:
2682:
2644:
2588:
2538:
2488:
2432:
2370:
2308:
2266:
2216:
2158:
2098:
2050:
1990:
1936:
1878:
1836:
1780:
1726:
1658:
1606:
1560:
1498:
1449:have access to the Caspian Sea.
817:that was annexed by the British.
417:to connect it to the sea by the
411:Democratic Republic of the Congo
317:'s loss of its coastline in the
5222:(10): 1260–1274. Archived from
672:before being dissolved in 1996.
664:operated from foreign ports in
652:, brought about by the 30-year
524:rivers. Stettin was annexed by
191:Sustainable Development Goal 10
179:Landlocked Developing Countries
27:Country with no ocean coastline
4602:Faye, M. L.; McArthur, J. W.;
4509:Navies of landlocked countries
4007:Landlocked by a single country
1401:dissolution of Austria-Hungary
1000:Landlocked by a single country
768:by an appointed governor as a
1:
5375:CIA World Factbook Uzbekistan
4255:"Single" landlocked countries
4232:Annexation of Sikkim by India
4028:The landlocked countries and
1492:Neighbours with ocean access
1384:. Liechtenstein bordered the
1285:After the dissolution of the
748:had a limited constitutional
483:), subsequently building its
4825:10.1080/09614524.2011.561290
4620:10.1080/14649880310001660201
4608:Journal of Human Development
4164:Eastern European group (2):
654:Eritrean War of Independence
374:, in 1699, gave the town of
162:in global political issues.
5472:Map of Asia – Country Atlas
5392:Journal of Eurasian Studies
5034:. Vol. 3. p. 298.
1219:partly administered by the
1052:Landlocked by two countries
869:Turkish War of Independence
407:International Congo Society
32:Landlocked (disambiguation)
5526:
4961:Radio Prague International
4757:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
4425:English-speaking countries
4175:South American group (2):
1486:Neighbouring country(ies)
1217:Israeli-occupied territory
909:'s only ports were on the
871:and was superseded by the
579:have secure access to the
504:required Germany to offer
464:was soon greatly enlarged.
256:On 30 September 2022, the
241:(de facto state); and the
177:, have been classified as
45: Landlocked countries
29:
5287:Dempsey Morais, Caitlin.
5261:10.1515/9789048519590-038
4931:Martin, McCauley (2017).
4419:has no countries at all.
4185:Western Asian group (2):
4018:Doubly landlocked country
1436:dissolution of the latter
1380:in 1871 until the end of
873:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
692:current independent state
557:an international waterway
258:Luhansk People's Republic
239:Luhansk People's Republic
4492:List of island countries
4331:United Nations geoscheme
4050:Central African Republic
3959:Percentage of the World
3495:Central African Republic
2187:Central African Republic
2106:Central African Republic
1491:
1315:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
1025:, a state surrounded by
1015:, a state surrounded by
219:independence referendums
84:), and three landlocked
4858:. New York and Geneva:
4813:Development in Practice
4779:10.1073/pnas.0905717107
1386:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1369:(both until 1826), and
900:Anwarul Karim Chowdhury
690:to become a landlocked
640:Political repercussions
456:) with its harbour the
440:" was given to the new
187:Human Development Index
5311:"Landlocked Countries"
5289:"Landlocked Countries"
4933:The Cold War 1949-2016
4580:Paudel, R. C. (2012).
3331:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1378:unification of Germany
1327:Free City of Frankfurt
1319:Hohenzollern-Hechingen
1291:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
811:considerable coastline
700:lost its coastline to
688:federal unit of Serbia
559:, and thus landlocked
481:international waterway
442:Second Polish Republic
388:Bosnia and Herzegovina
322:
267:On 19 September 2023,
126:are affluent, such as
53:
4438:, are located on the
591:has such through the
313:
277:Government of Artsakh
260:(de facto state) was
215:breakup of Yugoslavia
158:), frequently employ
40:
5500:Landlocked countries
5321:on September 6, 2015
5167:10.1155/2019/8631732
4909:"Danube River Basin"
4440:continental mainland
1363:Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
1351:Grand Duchy of Hesse
1347:German Confederation
1335:Grand Duchy of Hesse
1307:Grand Duchy of Hesse
648:The independence of
620:Khone Phapheng Falls
502:Treaty of Versailles
485:Port of Giurgiulești
444:, for access to the
430:Treaty of Versailles
419:Conference of Berlin
349:developing countries
105:international waters
18:Landlocked countries
5005:Iyob, Ruth (1997).
4889:Condé Nast Traveler
4770:2010PNAS..107.5774M
4482:Enclave and exclave
4036:groups as follows:
3327:Kosovo and Metohija
1367:Saxe-Hildburghausen
1331:Electorate of Hesse
882:broke off from the
835:divided the former
458:Free City of Danzig
402:in Croatia is used.
273:Republic of Artsakh
5510:Types of countries
5505:Physical geography
5354:10.1007/BF00273120
5075:2011-09-28 at the
4721:The Bottom Billion
4098:(de facto state),
4032:can be grouped in
2969:
2610:South-eastern Asia
1361:(all until 1866),
1221:State of Palestine
1201:) – de facto state
1187:) – de facto state
1131:, a de facto state
754:Kingdom of Hungary
715:War of the Pacific
706:War of the Pacific
610:has access to the
384:Republic of Venice
372:Republic of Ragusa
340:The Bottom Billion
323:
319:War of the Pacific
225:(de facto state),
58:landlocked country
54:
5016:978-0-521-47327-9
4982:"History | UNECE"
4942:978-1-315-21330-9
4869:978-92-1-112810-9
4764:(13): 5774–5779.
4736:978-0-19-537338-7
4642:"Goal 10 targets"
4353:(2). However, if
4329:According to the
3969:
3968:
1371:Reuss, elder line
1287:Holy Roman Empire
1227:Doubly landlocked
742:Treaty of Trianon
731:popular uprisings
262:annexed by Russia
109:political capital
74:doubly landlocked
16:(Redirected from
5517:
5485:
5480:
5474:
5469:
5458:
5453:
5442:
5437:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5383:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5317:. Archived from
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5231:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5187:
5169:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5125:
5106:10.5688/aj730238
5085:
5079:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4857:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4819:(4–5): 604–612.
4808:
4802:
4801:
4791:
4781:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4724:
4711:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4648:. Archived from
4638:
4632:
4631:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4569:. 5 August 2023.
4563:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4533:
4530:
4466:
4464:Geography portal
4461:
4460:
4459:
4371:transcontinental
4283:(de facto state)
4236:Himalayan states
4172:(de facto state)
4016:
4005:
3994:
3980:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3811:Southern Europe
3796:
3794:
3793:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3319:Southern Europe
3304:
3302:
3301:
3281:Southern Europe
3266:
3264:
3263:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3089:Southern Europe
3074:
3072:
3071:
3012:
3010:
3009:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2665:Southern Africa
2650:
2648:
2647:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2509:Southern Europe
2494:
2492:
2491:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2287:Southern Africa
2272:
2270:
2269:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2056:
2054:
2053:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1457:
1261:, surrounded by
1243:, surrounded by
843:at the close of
841:Treaty of Sèvres
771:corpus separatum
616:French Indochina
492:Trade agreements
436:designated "the
302:) in the world.
281:Nagorno-Karabakh
120:freedom of trade
70:endorheic basins
50:
44:
21:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5461:
5454:
5445:
5438:
5429:
5421:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5401:
5399:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5369:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5247:Sperti, Luigi.
5246:
5245:
5241:
5229:
5227:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5077:Wayback Machine
5068:
5064:
5055:
5053:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4990:
4988:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4966:
4964:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4943:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4914:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4893:
4891:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4862:. p. 160.
4855:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4664:
4655:
4653:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4584:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4391:South Caucasian
4335:de facto states
4333:(excluding the
4327:
4257:
4104:North Macedonia
4030:de facto states
4026:
4011:
4000:
3989:
3975:
3915:Eastern Africa
3895:
3893:
3849:Eastern Africa
3829:
3827:
3791:
3789:
3737:
3735:
3703:Eastern Africa
3683:
3681:
3633:
3631:
3583:
3581:
3549:Western Europe
3529:
3527:
3490:Eastern Africa
3470:
3468:
3428:
3426:
3394:Eastern Europe
3374:
3372:
3356:North Macedonia
3342:
3299:
3297:
3261:
3259:
3231:Eastern Africa
3211:
3209:
3189:Eastern Europe
3169:
3167:
3123:
3121:
3076:North Macedonia
3069:
3067:
3027:Western Africa
3007:
3005:
2965:
2963:
2921:
2919:
2899:Eastern Europe
2879:
2877:
2837:Western Africa
2817:
2815:
2791:Eastern Africa
2771:
2769:
2745:Western Europe
2725:
2723:
2703:Western Europe
2683:
2681:
2645:
2643:
2589:
2587:
2539:
2537:
2521:North Macedonia
2489:
2487:
2433:
2431:
2391:Eastern Europe
2371:
2369:
2329:Eastern Africa
2309:
2307:
2267:
2265:
2237:Eastern Europe
2217:
2215:
2159:
2157:
2099:
2097:
2051:
2049:
1991:
1989:
1960:Southern Africa
1937:
1935:
1879:
1877:
1837:
1835:
1781:
1779:
1727:
1725:
1659:
1657:
1607:
1605:
1584:Southern Europe
1561:
1559:
1499:
1497:
1455:
1388:, which had an
1229:
1054:
1043:, specifically
1002:
990:
958:Volga–Don Canal
915:warm-water port
799:Hyderabad State
797:'s dominion of
682:to abandon the
642:
612:South China Sea
494:
438:Polish corridor
364:
308:
288:de facto states
199:
181:(LLDCs) by the
86:de facto states
52:
48:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5523:
5521:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5475:
5459:
5443:
5427:
5409:
5378:
5367:
5332:
5302:
5279:
5239:
5202:
5140:
5080:
5062:
5037:
5022:
5015:
4997:
4973:
4948:
4941:
4923:
4900:
4875:
4868:
4860:United Nations
4838:
4803:
4742:
4735:
4706:
4695:
4684:
4673:
4662:
4633:
4594:
4572:
4558:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4487:Island country
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4451:
4448:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4284:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4228:
4213:
4194:
4193:
4183:
4173:
4162:
4144:
4118:
4080:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4009:
3998:
3996:De facto state
3987:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3144:
3143:South America
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2986:
2985:Southern Asia
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2180:
2179:Middle Africa
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2074:
2072:Eastern Africa
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2014:
2012:Western Africa
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1858:
1857:Southern Asia
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1804:
1802:Eastern Europe
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1682:
1680:Western Europe
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1454:
1451:
1428:Russian Empire
1394:Russian Empire
1283:
1282:
1252:
1241:Western Europe
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1202:
1188:
1161:
1160:
1146:
1132:
1114:
1100:
1086:
1072:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1039:surrounded by
1030:
1020:
1001:
998:
989:
986:
896:United Nations
888:
887:
876:
837:Ottoman Empire
833:Entente Powers
829:
822:Paraguayan War
818:
803:princely state
791:
756:, the City of
734:
695:
673:
662:Ethiopian Navy
641:
638:
637:
636:
633:TIR Convention
629:
623:
600:
549:
546:Czech Republic
536:continued the
506:Czechoslovakia
493:
490:
489:
488:
465:
422:
403:
380:Ottoman Empire
363:
360:
331:maritime trade
307:
304:
251:Czechoslovakia
211:Czechoslovakia
198:
195:
183:United Nations
88:in the world.
47:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5522:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5484:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5440:Map of Africa
5436:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5420:
5413:
5410:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5371:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5333:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5303:
5290:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5270:10278/3684456
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5226:on 2015-09-08
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5066:
5063:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5033:
5026:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5008:
5001:
4998:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4924:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4861:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4746:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4716:
4715:Collier, Paul
4710:
4707:
4704:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4666:
4663:
4652:on 2020-11-27
4651:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4614:(1): 31–68 .
4613:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4595:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4554:
4553:"Largest LLC"
4548:
4545:
4539:
4529:
4526:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4454:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4413:North America
4410:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4395:South Ossetia
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4367:South Ossetia
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4351:South America
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:South Ossetia
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4100:Liechtenstein
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:Central Asia
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:Central Asia
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:Central Asia
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:Liechtenstein
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:Western Asia
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:South Ossetia
3425:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
2846:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Liechtenstein
2680:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:Central Asia
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Middle Africa
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:South America
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1747:Western Asia
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:Liechtenstein
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:Southern Asia
1520:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:and then the
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:Hesse-Homburg
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:Hesse-Homburg
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:Liechtenstein
1235:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:South Ossetia
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:) – ignoring
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:Liechtenstein
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1007:
999:
997:
995:
987:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
927:Pacific Ocean
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
885:
881:
877:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:provinces in
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
827:
823:
819:
816:
815:Bay of Bengal
812:
808:
807:British India
804:
800:
796:
793:By 1801, the
792:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:Lake Titicaca
716:
712:
711:Bolivian Navy
707:
703:
699:
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:
645:
639:
634:
630:
627:
624:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:
597:Liechtenstein
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
497:
491:
486:
482:
479:(which is an
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
400:Port of PloÄŤe
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:
367:
361:
359:
357:
352:
350:
345:
342:
341:
336:
332:
328:
320:
316:
312:
305:
303:
301:
297:
296:South Ossetia
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:South Ossetia
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
196:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:South America
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:Liechtenstein
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:Liechtenstein
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
39:
33:
19:
5478:
5412:
5402:September 2,
5400:. Retrieved
5395:
5391:
5381:
5370:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5323:. Retrieved
5319:the original
5305:
5293:. Retrieved
5282:
5274:
5252:
5242:
5234:
5228:. Retrieved
5224:the original
5219:
5215:
5205:
5197:
5157:
5153:
5143:
5135:
5097:
5093:
5083:
5065:
5054:. Retrieved
5052:. 2022-11-02
5049:
5040:
5031:
5025:
5006:
5000:
4989:. Retrieved
4985:
4976:
4965:. Retrieved
4963:. 2015-12-02
4960:
4951:
4932:
4926:
4913:. Retrieved
4903:
4892:. Retrieved
4888:
4878:
4851:
4841:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4761:
4755:
4745:
4720:
4709:
4698:
4687:
4676:
4665:
4654:. Retrieved
4650:the original
4645:
4636:
4611:
4607:
4604:Sachs, J. D.
4597:
4588:
4575:
4561:
4547:
4528:
4444:Afro-Eurasia
4429:
4407:
4383:Transnistria
4328:
4313:Africa (2):
4304:Vatican City
4286:Europe (5):
4258:
4195:
4170:Transnistria
4138:Turkmenistan
4042:Burkina Faso
4033:
4027:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3952:
3949:475,818,737
3927:South Africa
3798:Vatican City
3777:Turkmenistan
3640:Turkmenistan
3533:
3176:Transnistria
3039:Burkina Faso
2942:Eastern Asia
2845:Burkina Faso
2669:South Africa
2471:Turkmenistan
2454:Central Asia
2323:113,656,596
2295:South Africa
1998:Burkina Faso
1969:South Africa
1628:Western Asia
1543:Turkmenistan
1482:UN subregion
1440:
1432:Soviet Union
1425:
1413:Nazi Germany
1398:
1375:
1284:
1279:Turkmenistan
1259:Central Asia
1230:
1177:Transnistria
1164:
1162:
1129:Transnistria
1097:South Africa
1055:
1033:Vatican City
1017:South Africa
1008:countries):
1003:
991:
962:
939:
911:Arctic Ocean
904:
889:
790:and Croatia.
769:
643:
530:World War II
495:
448:. This gave
432:, a part of
365:
353:
346:
338:
337:in his book
335:Paul Collier
324:
306:Significance
300:Transnistria
285:
266:
255:
207:Soviet Union
203:dissolutions
200:
164:
152:Vatican City
116:trade routes
113:
102:
57:
55:
5348:(4). 1992.
5325:November 4,
5295:November 4,
5291:. Geolounge
4230:Before the
4217:Caspian Sea
4122:Afghanistan
4116:Switzerland
4074:South Sudan
3984:Caspian Sea
3946:14,776,228
3909:15,121,004
3843:19,610,769
3761:Afghanistan
3751:36,001,262
3719:South Sudan
3697:45,853,778
3657:Afghanistan
3607:Afghanistan
3536:Switzerland
3484:11,544,905
3477:South Sudan
3225:12,955,736
3021:24,484,587
2979:30,666,598
2831:21,473,764
2785:20,091,635
2711:Switzerland
2447:19,644,100
2353:South Sudan
2231:10,516,707
2173:17,963,211
2141:South Sudan
2065:11,865,821
2005:21,935,389
1893:12,054,379
1741:10,353,296
1713:Switzerland
1513:33,369,945
1506:Afghanistan
1443:Caspian Sea
1382:World War I
1303:Switzerland
1263:Afghanistan
1249:Switzerland
1111:Switzerland
942:Caspian Sea
880:South Sudan
845:World War I
752:within the
727:Antofagasta
723:Dia del Mar
686:caused the
542:Moldauhafen
426:World War I
347:Landlocked
235:South Sudan
148:Switzerland
5494:Categories
5342:GeoJournal
5230:2020-09-05
5056:2023-07-11
5050:WorldAtlas
4991:2023-07-11
4967:2023-07-11
4894:2021-01-04
4656:2020-09-23
4540:References
4417:Antarctica
4387:Kazakhstan
4375:culturally
4363:Kazakhstan
4359:Azerbaijan
4349:(12), and
4300:San Marino
4296:Luxembourg
4263:Asia (5):
4225:Kazakhstan
4191:Azerbaijan
4142:Uzbekistan
4134:Tajikistan
4130:Kyrgyzstan
4126:Kazakhstan
4034:contiguous
3923:Mozambique
3869:Mozambique
3773:Tajikistan
3769:Kyrgyzstan
3765:Kazakhstan
3744:Uzbekistan
3669:Uzbekistan
3665:Kazakhstan
3647:5,636,011
3619:Uzbekistan
3615:Kyrgyzstan
3597:9,119,347
3590:Tajikistan
3543:8,636,896
3388:5,460,185
3352:Montenegro
3313:6,690,887
3268:San Marino
3137:7,356,409
3083:1,836,713
3018:1,267,000
2935:3,227,863
2932:1,566,500
2893:3,559,500
2857:Mauritania
2828:1,240,192
2795:Mozambique
2732:Luxembourg
2659:2,281,454
2603:7,749,595
2575:Uzbekistan
2571:Tajikistan
2567:Kazakhstan
2553:6,071,750
2546:Kyrgyzstan
2517:Montenegro
2503:1,806,279
2475:Uzbekistan
2463:Kyrgyzstan
2444:2,724,900
2440:Kazakhstan
2385:9,689,010
2355:, and the
2349:Somaliland
2320:1,104,300
2291:Mozambique
2281:1,160,164
2201:, and the
2170:1,284,000
2143:, and the
2113:5,454,533
1951:2,384,246
1890:1,098,581
1795:9,255,524
1734:Azerbaijan
1673:9,027,999
1633:Azerbaijan
1621:3,000,756
1547:Uzbekistan
1539:Tajikistan
1472:Population
1447:Kazakhstan
1417:Baltic Sea
1313:exclave),
1275:Tajikistan
1271:Kyrgyzstan
1267:Kazakhstan
1255:Uzbekistan
1093:Mozambique
1037:city-state
1023:San Marino
978:Sound Dues
954:Kazakhstan
919:Baltic Sea
839:under the
676:Montenegro
626:Free ports
589:Luxembourg
446:Baltic Sea
356:air travel
269:Azerbaijan
237:, and the
231:Montenegro
160:neutrality
144:San Marino
140:Luxembourg
94:Kyrgyzstan
90:Kazakhstan
82:Uzbekistan
5398:(1): 1–14
5362:189889904
5315:About.com
5176:1687-9805
5114:0002-9459
5100:(2): 38.
5070:UN Report
4986:unece.org
4833:153852580
4409:Australia
4202:coastline
4024:Groupings
3147:Argentina
3140:Americas
1907:Argentina
1811:Lithuania
1477:UN region
1421:North Sea
1409:Anschluss
1399:With the
1345:. In the
1207:(between
1205:West Bank
1193:(between
1179:(between
1151:(between
1137:(between
1119:(between
1105:(between
1091:(between
1077:(between
1063:(between
994:high seas
988:By degree
984:in 1658.
923:Black Sea
878:In 2011,
865:Black Sea
831:When the
786:, now in
656:, caused
581:Black Sea
428:, in the
5194:31341486
5132:19513177
5073:Archived
4915:June 30,
4849:(2010).
4798:20339079
4717:(2007).
4628:10442596
4450:See also
4436:Paraguay
4403:Paraguay
4389:and the
4315:Eswatini
4308:Holy See
4273:Mongolia
4221:Mongolia
4210:DR Congo
4181:Paraguay
4160:Zimbabwe
4148:Botswana
4112:Slovakia
4058:Ethiopia
3919:Botswana
3906:390,757
3902:Zimbabwe
3881:Zimbabwe
3877:Tanzania
3861:DR Congo
3857:Botswana
3840:752,612
3748:449,100
3723:Tanzania
3707:DR Congo
3694:241,038
3644:488,100
3594:143,100
3503:Ethiopia
3499:DR Congo
3481:644,329
3381:Slovakia
3335:Bulgaria
3243:Tanzania
3239:DR Congo
3183:505,153
3134:406,752
3130:Paraguay
3097:Bulgaria
2976:147,516
2928:Mongolia
2799:Tanzania
2782:118,484
2739:502,202
2627:Thailand
2615:Cambodia
2600:236,800
2550:199,951
2415:Slovenia
2411:Slovakia
2333:Djibouti
2316:Ethiopia
2274:Eswatini
2253:Slovakia
2183:Cameroon
2137:DR Congo
2125:Cameroon
2110:622,984
2085:Tanzania
2077:DR Congo
2002:274,222
1977:Zimbabwe
1948:582,000
1944:Botswana
1919:Paraguay
1897:Americas
1851:691,141
1792:207,600
1709:Slovenia
1705:Slovakia
1535:Pakistan
1510:652,230
1419:and the
1390:Adriatic
1166:de facto
1135:Mongolia
1089:Eswatini
1006:enclaved
946:Dead Sea
944:and the
937:rivers.
931:Paraguay
826:Paraguay
766:Budapest
750:autonomy
740:and the
680:decision
666:Djibouti
658:Ethiopia
577:Slovakia
538:contract
421:in 1885.
392:Croatian
98:Ethiopia
5185:6612393
5160:: 1–7.
5123:2690900
4789:2851933
4766:Bibcode
4432:Bolivia
4421:Oceania
4399:Bolivia
4355:Armenia
4319:Lesotho
4292:Belarus
4288:Andorra
4196:Notes:
4187:Armenia
4177:Bolivia
4166:Moldova
4092:Hungary
4088:Czechia
4084:Austria
4046:Burundi
3971:Notes:
3912:Africa
3873:Namibia
3846:Africa
3808:Europe
3700:Africa
3561:Germany
3553:Austria
3546:Europe
3540:41,284
3487:Africa
3452:Georgia
3442:72,000
3414:Ukraine
3406:Hungary
3402:Czechia
3398:Austria
3391:Europe
3385:49,035
3360:Romania
3344:Hungary
3339:Croatia
3323:Albania
3316:Europe
3310:88,361
3278:Europe
3275:31,716
3235:Burundi
3228:Africa
3222:26,338
3197:Ukraine
3193:Moldova
3186:Europe
3151:Bolivia
3093:Albania
3086:Europe
3080:25,713
3055:Nigeria
3031:Algeria
3024:Africa
2907:Ukraine
2903:Romania
2896:Europe
2890:33,846
2886:Moldova
2865:Senegal
2841:Algeria
2834:Africa
2788:Africa
2757:Germany
2749:Belgium
2742:Europe
2707:Austria
2700:Europe
2697:35,789
2662:Africa
2656:30,355
2652:Lesotho
2631:Vietnam
2623:Myanmar
2513:Albania
2506:Europe
2500:10,908
2419:Ukraine
2403:Romania
2399:Croatia
2395:Austria
2388:Europe
2382:93,028
2378:Hungary
2345:Somalia
2337:Eritrea
2326:Africa
2284:Africa
2278:17,364
2245:Germany
2241:Austria
2234:Europe
2228:78,867
2224:Czechia
2199:Nigeria
2176:Africa
2116:Africa
2068:Africa
2062:27,834
2058:Burundi
2008:Africa
1965:Namibia
1886:Bolivia
1848:38,394
1823:Ukraine
1798:Europe
1788:Belarus
1755:Georgia
1751:Armenia
1738:86,600
1693:Hungary
1689:Germany
1685:Czechia
1676:Europe
1670:83,871
1666:Austria
1637:Georgia
1618:29,743
1614:Armenia
1575:77,543
1568:Andorra
1461:Country
1405:Austria
1323:Prussia
1311:Wimpfen
1295:Bavaria
1245:Austria
1195:Georgia
1185:Ukraine
1181:Moldova
1125:Ukraine
1121:Romania
1117:Moldova
1107:Austria
1061:Andorra
1013:Lesotho
853:Trabzon
849:Armenia
813:on the
780:Trieste
746:Croatia
704:in the
698:Bolivia
650:Eritrea
593:Moselle
569:Moldova
565:Hungary
561:Austria
534:Hamburg
514:Stettin
510:Hamburg
473:Moldova
469:Ukraine
434:Germany
378:to the
327:fishing
315:Bolivia
227:Eritrea
205:of the
197:History
132:Austria
128:Andorra
62:country
5360:
5192:
5182:
5174:
5130:
5120:
5112:
5013:
4939:
4866:
4831:
4796:
4786:
4733:
4729:, 57.
4626:
4379:Kosovo
4365:, and
4345:(14),
4343:Europe
4339:Africa
4302:, and
4279:, and
4265:Bhutan
4248:Sikkim
4246:, and
4240:Bhutan
4234:, the
4206:Moanda
4158:, and
4156:Zambia
4152:Malawi
4140:, and
4114:, and
4108:Serbia
4096:Kosovo
4078:Uganda
4076:, and
4070:Rwanda
4064:, the
4048:, the
3943:Total
3931:Zambia
3929:, and
3899:
3879:, and
3865:Malawi
3853:Angola
3836:Zambia
3833:
3795:
3775:, and
3741:
3721:, and
3715:Rwanda
3690:Uganda
3687:
3667:, and
3637:
3617:, and
3587:
3567:, and
3557:France
3515:Uganda
3513:, and
3509:, the
3474:
3456:Russia
3439:3,900
3432:
3412:, and
3410:Poland
3378:
3358:, and
3348:Kosovo
3306:Serbia
3303:
3265:
3247:Uganda
3245:, and
3218:Rwanda
3215:
3180:4,163
3173:
3155:Brazil
3153:, and
3127:
3109:Serbia
3107:, and
3105:Kosovo
3101:Greece
3073:
3053:, and
3011:
2951:Russia
2925:
2905:, and
2883:
2863:, and
2859:, the
2853:Guinea
2821:
2803:Zambia
2801:, and
2778:Malawi
2775:
2755:, and
2753:France
2736:2,586
2729:
2687:
2649:
2629:, and
2593:
2573:, and
2543:
2525:Serbia
2523:, and
2496:Kosovo
2493:
2473:, and
2467:Russia
2437:
2417:, and
2407:Serbia
2375:
2313:
2271:
2251:, and
2249:Poland
2221:
2193:, the
2185:, the
2163:
2131:, the
2103:
2083:, and
2081:Rwanda
2055:
2035:, and
2031:, the
1995:
1975:, and
1973:Zambia
1955:Africa
1941:
1921:, and
1911:Brazil
1883:
1844:Bhutan
1841:
1821:, and
1819:Russia
1815:Poland
1807:Latvia
1785:
1767:Turkey
1765:, and
1763:Russia
1731:
1711:, and
1663:
1645:Turkey
1643:, and
1611:
1589:France
1579:Europe
1565:
1503:
1489:Count
1359:Nassau
1343:Nassau
1341:, and
1333:, the
1317:, and
1305:, the
1289:, the
1277:, and
1213:Jordan
1209:Israel
1199:Russia
1143:Russia
1075:Bhutan
1065:France
982:Scania
974:Russia
970:Sweden
966:Poland
935:Paraná
925:, and
907:Russia
861:Turkey
762:Rijeka
604:Mekong
595:, but
575:, and
573:Serbia
553:Danube
532:, but
528:after
526:Poland
487:there.
477:Danube
462:Gdynia
454:Gdańsk
450:Poland
424:After
415:Angola
298:, and
292:Kosovo
247:Kosovo
217:; the
213:; the
173:, and
167:Africa
150:, and
124:Europe
49:
43:
5422:(PDF)
5358:S2CID
4856:(PDF)
4829:S2CID
4624:S2CID
4585:(PDF)
4520:Notes
4306:(the
4277:Nepal
4244:Nepal
4066:Niger
3965:5.9%
3962:9.9%
3815:Italy
3802:0.49
3754:Asia
3711:Kenya
3650:Asia
3611:China
3600:Asia
3565:Italy
3511:Sudan
3507:Kenya
3445:Asia
3325:(via
3285:Italy
3047:Libya
3035:Benin
3014:Niger
2993:India
2989:China
2982:Asia
2972:Nepal
2947:China
2938:Asia
2861:Niger
2619:China
2606:Asia
2563:China
2556:Asia
2459:China
2450:Asia
2357:Sudan
2341:Kenya
2203:Sudan
2195:Niger
2191:Libya
2145:Sudan
2133:Congo
2033:Niger
2025:Ghana
2017:Benin
1915:Chile
1865:India
1861:China
1854:Asia
1744:Asia
1697:Italy
1624:Asia
1593:Spain
1527:China
1468:(km)
1299:Baden
1157:India
1153:China
1149:Nepal
1139:China
1083:India
1079:China
1069:Spain
1041:Italy
1027:Italy
950:lakes
884:Sudan
795:Nizam
788:Italy
758:Fiume
702:Chile
670:Yemen
585:Rhine
66:ocean
60:is a
5404:2024
5327:2015
5297:2015
5253:ARCA
5190:PMID
5172:ISSN
5158:2019
5128:PMID
5110:ISSN
5011:ISBN
4937:ISBN
4917:2018
4864:ISBN
4794:PMID
4731:ISBN
4646:UNDP
4434:and
4411:and
4401:and
4381:and
4347:Asia
4317:and
4269:Laos
4189:and
4179:and
4168:and
4062:Mali
4054:Chad
3805:826
3661:Iran
3493:The
3454:and
3367:5/6
3195:and
3113:4/5
3051:Mali
3043:Chad
2991:and
2949:and
2824:Mali
2709:and
2694:160
2596:Laos
2364:5/6
2361:6/7
2293:and
2166:Chad
2129:Chad
2037:Togo
2029:Mali
1923:Peru
1863:and
1759:Iran
1641:Iran
1591:and
1572:468
1531:Iran
1517:Asia
1466:Area
1247:and
1215:) –
1211:and
1197:and
1183:and
1155:and
1141:and
1123:and
1109:and
1095:and
1081:and
1067:and
1045:Rome
1035:, a
933:and
890:The
857:Rize
855:and
824:was
784:Pula
782:and
776:port
668:and
631:The
608:Laos
602:The
551:The
522:Oder
520:and
518:Elbe
512:and
500:The
405:The
396:Neum
376:Neum
370:The
209:and
171:Asia
156:NATO
118:and
80:and
5350:doi
5265:hdl
5257:doi
5180:PMC
5162:doi
5118:PMC
5102:doi
4821:doi
4784:PMC
4774:doi
4762:107
4616:doi
4442:of
4373:or
4337:),
4238:of
4204:at
3953:N/A
3329:),
3272:61
1257:in
1239:in
678:'s
555:is
245:of
221:of
5496::
5462:^
5446:^
5430:^
5394:.
5390:.
5356:.
5346:28
5344:.
5313:.
5273:.
5263:.
5255:.
5251:.
5233:.
5218:.
5214:.
5196:.
5188:.
5178:.
5170:.
5156:.
5152:.
5134:.
5126:.
5116:.
5108:.
5098:73
5096:.
5092:.
5048:.
4984:.
4959:.
4887:.
4827:.
4817:21
4815:.
4792:.
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