231:, proposed the idea of a remote sensing satellite program to gather facts about the natural resources of our planet. Pecora stated that the program was "conceived in 1966 largely as a direct result of the demonstrated utility of the Mercury and Gemini orbital photography to Earth resource studies." While weather satellites had been monitoring Earth's atmosphere since 1960 and were largely considered useful, there was no appreciation of terrain data from space until the mid-1960s. So, when Landsat 1 was proposed, it met with intense opposition from the Bureau of Budget and those who argued high-altitude aircraft would be the fiscally responsible choice for Earth remote sensing. Concurrently, the Department of Defense feared that a civilian program such as Landsat would compromise the secrecy of their reconnaissance missions. Additionally, there were geopolitical concerns about photographing foreign countries without permission. In 1965, NASA began methodical investigations of Earth remote sensing using instruments mounted on planes. In 1966, the USGS convinced the
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estimation, and it also helped determine the reasons why the fire spread so quickly. Historic drought and a significant number of lightning strikes were some of the factors that created conditions for the massive fire, but anthropogenic actions amplified the disaster. On images generated previous to the fire, there is an evident difference between lands that display preservation practices and the lands that display clear cut activities for timber production. These two type of lands reacted differently to the stress of fires, and it is believed that that was an important factor on the behavior of the wildfire. Landsat imagery, and satellite imagery in general, have contributed to understanding fire science; fire danger, wildfire behavior and the effects of wildfire on certain areas. It has helped understanding of how different features and vegetation fuel fires, change temperature, and affect the spreading speed.
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2731:; Belward, Alan S.; Cohen, Warren B.; Dwyer, John; Erb, Angela; Gao, Feng; Griffiths, Patrick; Helder, Dennis; Hermosilla, Txomin; Hipple, James D.; Hostert, Patrick; Hughes, M. Joseph; Huntington, Justin; Johnson, David M.; Kennedy, Robert; Kilic, Ayse; Li, Zhan; Lymburner, Leo; McCorkel, Joel; Pahlevan, Nima; Scambos, Theodore A.; Schaaf, Crystal; Schott, John R.; Sheng, Yongwei; Storey, James; Vermote, Eric; Vogelmann, James; White, Joanne C.; Wynne, Randolph H.; Zhu, Zhe (2019). "Current status of Landsat program, science, and applications".
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has been described as "One of the planet's worst environmental disasters". Landsat imagery has been used as a record to quantify the amount of water loss and the changes to the shoreline. Satellite visual images have a greater impact on people than just words, and this shows the importance of
Landsat
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Landsat data provides information that allows scientists to predict the distribution of species, as well as detecting both naturally occurring and human-generated changes over a greater scale than traditional data from field work. The different spectral bands used on satellites in the
Landsat program
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The MSS was unique in its design. Rather than a static camera, it employed a moving mirror, capturing Earth's images in four distinct spectral bands. This capability allowed the MSS to record variations in sunlight reflected from the Earth. Notably, Landsat 3's MSS was further advanced, with an added
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In 1992, various efforts were made to procure funding for follow on
Landsats and continued operations, but by the end of the year EOSAT ceased processing Landsat data. Landsat 6 was finally launched on 5 October 1993, but was lost in a launch failure. Processing of Landsat 4 and 5 data was resumed by
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In 2005, Landsat imagery assisted in the discovery of new species. Conservation scientist Julian
Bayliss wanted to find areas that could potentially become conservation forests using Landsat generated satellite images. Bayliss saw a patch in Mozambique that until then had no detailed information. On
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The serial nature of
Landsat missions and the fact that is the longest-running satellite program gives it a unique perspective to generate information of Earth. Glacier retreat in a big scale can be traced back to previous Landsat missions, and this information can be used to generate climate change
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in general, is that it provides data at a synoptic global level that is impossible to replicate with in situ measurements. However, there are tradeoffs between the local detail of the measurements (radiometric resolution, number of spectral bands) and the spatial scale of the area being measured.
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Landsat imagery gives a time-lapse like series of images of development. Human development specifically, can be measured by the size a city grows over time. Further than just population estimates and energy consumption, Landsat imagery gives an insight of the type of urban development, and study
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appropriators advised NASA to plan for a launch no later than 2020. In April 2015, NASA and the USGS announced that work on
Landsat 9 had commenced, with funding allocated for the satellite in the president's FY2016 budget, for a planned launch in 2023. Funding for the development of a low-cost
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The value of the
Landsat program was recognized by Congress in October 1992 when it passed the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act (Public Law 102-555) authorizing the procurement of Landsat 7 and assuring the continued availability of Landsat digital data and images, at the lowest possible cost, to
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were the worst in the recorded history of the national park. They lasted from 14 June to 11 September 1988, when rain and snow helped halt the spread of the fires. The area affected by the fire was estimated to be 3,213 square kilometers – 36% of the park. Landsat imagery was used for the area
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on this zone that until now could only be estimated, the cover was found with 93% accuracy to be 2909 square kilometers (27% lower than previous estimates). Additionally, the study helped confirm that geological setting has a greater influence on biomass distribution than latitude alone - the
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In 2015, the
Landsat Advisory Group of the National Geospatial Advisory Committee reported that the top 16 applications of Landsat imagery produced savings of approximately 350 million to over 436 million dollars each year for federal and state governments, NGO's, and the private sector. That
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managed the development of early
Landsat image processing software systems and became the resident expert on the Computer Compatible Tapes, or CCTs, that were used to store early Landsat imagery. Thomas was one of the image processing specialists who facilitated the ambitious 'Large Area Crop
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However, by the 1980s, the cost dynamics shifted. Accessing
Landsat's imagery became substantially more expensive, making the French SPOT satellite's images a more cost-effective alternative for many users. The rise in Landsat's prices can be attributed to U.S. policy shifts, initiated under
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One of the prominent features of the MSS was its consistent imaging. Each captured frame represented an area on the Earth's surface approximately 83 meters in length and 68 meters in width. Additionally, the system was designed to ensure a continuous image sweep across a swath equivalent to
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Nearly identical copy of Landsat 1 and Landsat 2. Payload consisting of a Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) as well as a Multi spectral Scanner (MSS). Included with the MSS was a short-lived thermal band. MSS data was considered more scientifically applicable than the RBV which was rarely used for
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302:(NOAA), recommended development of a long term operational system with four additional satellites beyond Landsat 3, and recommended transition to private sector operation of Landsat. This occurred in 1985 when the Earth Observation Satellite Company (EOSAT), a partnership of
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aspects of social and political change through visible change. In Beijing for example, a series of ring roads started to develop in 1980s following the economic reform of 1970, and the change in development rate and construction rate was accelerated in these time periods.
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Operating with scan line corrector disabled since May 2003. The main component on Landsat 7 was the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). Still consisting of the 15m-resolution panchromatic band, but also includes a full aperture calibration. This allows for 5% absolute
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Nearly identical copy of Landsat 4. Longest Earth-observing satellite mission in history. Designed and built at the same time as Landsat 4, this satellite carried the same payload consisting of a Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS) as well as a Thematic Mapper.
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Landsat imagery is coarse in spatial resolution compared to using other remote sensing methods, such as imagery from airplanes. Compared to other satellites, Landsat's spatial resolution is relatively high, yet revisit time is relatively less frequent.
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a reconnaissance trip, he found great diversity of wildlife as well as three new species of butterflies and a new snake species. Following his discovery, he continued to study this forest and was able to map and determine the forest extent.
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Further uses of Landsat imagery include, but are not limited to: fisheries, forestry, shrinking inland water bodies, fire damage, glacier retreat, urban development, and discovery of new species. A few specific examples are explained below.
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was going to proceed with its own Earth-observing satellite program. This savvy political stunt coerced NASA to expedite the building of Landsat. But budgetary constraints and sensor disagreements between application agencies (notably the
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and DOI) again stymied the satellite construction process. Finally, by 1970 NASA had a green light to build a satellite. Remarkably, within only two years, Landsat 1 was launched, heralding a new age of remote sensing of land from space.
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launched on September 27, 2021. During FY2014 financial planning "appropriators chided NASA for unrealistic expectations that a Landsat 9 would cost US$ 1 billion, and capped spending at US$ 650 million" according to a report by the
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Failed to reach orbit. Landsat 6 was an upgraded version of its predecessors. Carrying the same Multi spectral Scanner (MSS) but also carrying an Enhanced Thematic Mapper, which added a 15m resolution panchromatic band.
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estimate did not include further savings from other uses beyond the top sixteen categories. The top 16 categories for Landsat imagery use, listed in order of estimated annual savings for users, are:
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Landsat imagery provides one of the longest uninterrupted time series available from any single remote sensing program, spanning from 1972 to present. Looking to the future, the successful launch of
310:, was selected by NOAA to operate the Landsat system with a ten-year contract. EOSAT operated Landsat 4 and Landsat 5, had exclusive rights to market Landsat data, and was to build Landsats 6 and 7.
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Again in 1990 and 1991, Congress provided only half of the year's funding to NOAA, requesting that agencies that used Landsat data provide the funding for the other six months of the upcoming year.
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A timelapse of the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) instrument for Landsat 8 being cleaned, bagged, and packed to ship to Orbital Sciences Corp, where TIRS will be integrated with the spacecraft.
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Nearly identical copy of Landsat 1. Payload consisting of a Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) and a Multi spectral Scanner (MSS). The specifications of these instruments were identical to Landsat 1.
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1125:(MSS) from its first mission up to its fifth. The MSS gave the United States an advantage in satellite imaging, facilitating the launch of Landsat ahead of the French SPOT satellite.
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1331:– while surface temperature and salinity do not appear to be significant factors. Water color – measured with the multispectral scanners four spectral bands, was used to infer
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185 km on the Earth's surface. The MSS's design also emphasized precision; by precisely timing the mirror's movements, it ensured that consecutive images did not overlap.
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The program was initially called the Earth Resources Technology Satellites Program, which was used from 1966 to 1975. In 1975, the name was changed to Landsat. In 1979,
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2520:"Landscape-scale extent, height, biomass, and carbon estimation of Mozambique's mangrove forest with Landsat ETM+ and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission elevation data"
668:(OLI) for optical bands and the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) for thermal bands. The band designations, bandpasses, and pixel sizes for the Landsat instruments are:
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1466:. It will continue to obtain valuable data and imagery to be used in agriculture, education, business, science, and government. The new satellite was assembled in
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In the future, there may also be more collaboration between Landsat satellites and other satellites with similar spatial and spectral resolution, such as the
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In 1989, this transition had not been fully completed when NOAA's funding for the Landsat program was due to run out (NOAA had not requested any funding, and
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provide many applications, ranging from ecology to geopolitical matters. Land cover determination is a common use of Landsat imagery around the world.
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is 16 days. Landsat images are usually divided into scenes for easy downloading. Each Landsat scene is about 115 miles long and 115 miles wide (or 100
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measurements – to be over 80% accurate and found that water color, as seen from space, and turbidity significantly correlate with the distribution of
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thermal infrared (TIR) free-flying satellite for launch in 2019 was also proposed, to ensure data continuity by flying in formation with Landsat 8.
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Wulder, Michael A.; Loveland, Thomas R.; Roy, David P.; Crawford, Christopher J.; Masek, Jeffrey G.; Woodcock, Curtis E.; Allen, Richard G.;
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Landsat Next is planned to launch in late 2030/early 2031 and will measure 26 spectral bands; current Landsat's 8 and 9 measure 11 each.
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mangrove area is spread across 16° of latitude but it the biomass volume of it was affected more strongly by geographic conditions.
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Inventory Experiment', known as LACIE — a project that showed for the first time that global crop monitoring could be done through
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had appropriated only six months of funding for the fiscal year) and NOAA directed that Landsat 4 and Landsat 5 be shut down.
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to rate the areas as high and low probability fishing zones, these algorithms yielded a classification that was proven with
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Landsat 4 carried an updated Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS) used on previous Landsat missions, as well as a Thematic Mapper.
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2572:"Long-Term Post-Disturbance Forest Recovery in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Analyzed Using Landsat Time Series Stack"
2570:
Zhao, Feng; Meng, Ran; Huang, Chengquan; Zhao, Maosheng; Zhao, Feng; Gong, Peng; Yu, Le; Zhu, Zhiliang (29 October 2016).
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328:, noted the situation and arranged emergency funding that allowed the program to continue with the data archives intact.
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and at Landsat receiving stations around the world, are a unique resource for global change research and applications in
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Originally named Earth Resources Technology Satellite 1. Landsat 1 carried two vital instruments: a camera built by the
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areas. Through the Landsat Menhaden and Thread Investigation, some satellite data of the eastern portion of the
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1105:* TIRS bands are acquired at 100 meter resolution, but are resampled to 30 meter in delivered data product.
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2390:"A Systematic Review of Landsat Data for Change Detection Applications: 50 Years of Monitoring the Earth"
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The instruments on the Landsat satellites have acquired millions of images. The images, archived in the
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748:* Original MSS pixel size was 79 x 57 meters; production systems now resample the data to 60 meters.
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Animation showing how different LDCM bands can be combined to obtain different information over the
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Hemati, MohammadAli; Hasanlou, Mahdi; Mahdianpari, Masoud; Mohammadimanesh, Fariba (22 July 2021).
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Barsi, Julia A.; Lee, Kenton; Kvaran, Geir; Markham, Brian L.; Pedelty, Jeffrey A. (October 2014).
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In 1975, one potential application for the new satellite-generated imagery was to find high yield
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955:* ETM+ Band 6 is acquired at 60-meter resolution, but products are resampled to 30-meter pixels.
846:* TM Band 6 was acquired at 120-meter resolution, but products are resampled to 30-meter pixels.
395:(RCA) known as the Return Beam Vidicon (RBV); and the Multi spectral Scanner (MSS) built by the
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1759:(10 September 2021). "Meet the Landsat pioneer who fought to revolutionize Earth observation".
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1941:"The government, saying it ran out of money, pulled the plug on two environmental satellites"
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Interview with Jim Irons – Landsat 8 Project Scientist – NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
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from Santa Barbara Research Center initiated, designed, and fabricated the first three
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President Carter's leadership and finalized during President Reagan's administration.
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Overview of the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), one of the instruments on Landsat 8.
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Screenshot capture from NASA TV showing the Atlas V during the launch of Landsat 8.
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264:, was completed within nine months, in the fall of 1970. It was tested by scanning
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long and 100 nautical miles wide, or 185 kilometers long and 185 kilometers wide).
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27:
American network of Earth-observing satellites for international research purposes
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was launched. This was eventually renamed to Landsat 1 in 1975. The most recent,
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2227:"What are the band designations for the Landsat satellites? | Landsat Missions"
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NASA Landsat Science, A Face Behind Landsat Images: Meet Dr. Valerie L. Thomas
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forest. The main objective was to measure the mangrove cover and above ground
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Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility (IV&V)
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1915:. AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics). p. 372.
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Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)
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Christyl Johnson (Deputy Director, Technology and Research Investments)
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2014:
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39:, launched in 1999, is the 7th of 9 satellites in the Landsat program.
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2682:"Landsat Imagery Leads to Discovery of New Species - Landsat Science"
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retreat for example, can be observed in false-composite images since
2553:"Landsat's Most Historically Significant Images of Earth From Space"
272:. For this design work Norwood was called "The Mother of Landsat".
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2438:"Landsat 9 Reaches Orbit, Makes Ground Contact to Continue Legacy"
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Landsat false color image highlighting developed areas in pink in
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The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook: Basics of Satellite Remote Sensing
335:
EOSAT in 1994. NASA finally launched Landsat 7 on 15 April 1999.
294:'s Presidential Directive 54 transferred Landsat operations from
3708:
3317:
2822:
2314:
2268:"The Spectral Response of the Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager"
2028:
1235:
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency global shoreline mapping
594:
295:
3681:
2968:
2857:
2630:"EarthView–Fire and Rebirth: Landsat Tells Yellowstone's Story"
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in 2021 shows that this time series will be continued forward.
642:
392:
307:
205:, "The Mother of Landsat", designed the multispectral scanner.
2348:"Landsat's Role in Ecological Applications of Remote Sensing"
66:
in 2004, showing rivers, vegetated areas, and developed areas
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10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0535:LRIEAO]2.0.CO;2
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imagery had over one million file downloads by data users.
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1825:. Jimmy Carter Library. 16 November 1979. Archived from
601:(USGS). Landsat 8 has two sensors with its payload, the
2333:"Failure Of Landsat 6 Leaves Many Researchers In Limbo"
2466:"Landsat Seen as Stunning Return on Public Investment"
962:
The spectral band placement for each sensor of Landsat
182:
ranging from 15 to 60 m (49 to 197 ft); the
1447:
Landsat 8/9 and Landsat Next spectral band comparison
631:
Landsat 9 is a rebuild of its predecessor Landsat 8.
109:
is the longest-running enterprise for acquisition of
2169:"Virtual Briefing on Launch of NASA, USGS Landsat 9"
1990:"U.S. Halts Plan to Turn Off the Landsat Satellites"
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launched on 11 February 2013. It was launched on an
664:(ETM+) scanner. Landsat 8 uses two instruments, the
260:(MSS) in 1969. The first MSS prototype, designed by
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3780:
3739:
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3637:
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3270:
3232:
3169:
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3121:
3105:
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3004:
2015:"Historic Landsat 5 Mission Ends - Landsat Science"
4001:Earth observation satellites of the United States
1906:
1904:
1902:
656:(MSS). Landsat 4 and 5 carried both the MSS and
4006:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3810:Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS)
2999:(excluding China, Russia and the United States)
2524:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
1351:Landsat images to generate a land cover map of
850:Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)
300:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
275:Working at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center,
1193:U.S. Department of Agriculture risk management
605:(OLI) and the Thermal InfraRed Sensor (TIRS).
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2980:
2869:
1934:
1932:
1911:Greenberg, Joel S.; Hertzfeld, Henry (1992).
1214:World agriculture supply and demand estimates
628:2 years, 11 months and 21 days
475:11 years, 4 months and 28 days
8:
2346:Cohen, Warren B.; Goward, Samuel N. (2004).
1315:sound and another area off the coast of the
586:11 years, 7 months and 6 days
555:25 years, 5 months and 2 days
501:29 years, 3 months and 4 days
388:5 years, 6 months and 14 days
3757:Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF)
2707:
2705:
2460:
2458:
2305:
2303:
1868:"Landsat: Overview and Issues for Congress"
3887:
3752:Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)
3700:
3686:
3678:
3650:
3602:
3568:
3530:
3492:
3419:
3381:
3305:
3166:
3118:
3017:
2987:
2973:
2965:
2876:
2862:
2854:
1368:Climate change and environmental disasters
1319:coast data was run through classification
1217:Vineyard management and water conservation
422:7 years, 1 month and 3 days
346:
3909:Ray Rubilotta (Associate Center Director)
3840:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)
2760:
2659:Landslides - Investigation and Monitoring
2605:
2595:
2535:
2413:
2291:
1382:imagery and satellite images in general.
1861:
1859:
1857:
1650:, corrected for uniform scale like a map
1226:Waterfowl habitat mapping and monitoring
965:
848:
750:
672:Landsat 1–5 Multispectral Scanner (MSS)
670:
652:Landsat 1 through 5 carried the Landsat
1706:The Landsat Program – Technical Details
1665:
1511:
339:traditional and new users of the data.
2193:. NASA Landsat Science. Archived from
983:Band 1 - Ultra Blue (coastal/aerosol)
78:A land cover map of the big island of
1988:Wilford, John Noble (17 March 1989).
1129:capability to detect heat radiation.
1121:The Landsat program incorporated the
1108:An advantage of Landsat imagery, and
812:Band 5 – Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) 1
660:(TM) instruments. Landsat 7 uses the
135:, was launched on 27 September 2021.
7:
3835:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO)
2714:"NASA, USGS Begin Work on Landsat 9"
1939:Vincent del Giudice (2 March 1989).
1439:Recent and future Landsat satellites
593:from launch until 30 May 2013, when
128:Earth Resources Technology Satellite
3860:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)
3845:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE)
2657:Ray, Ram, ed. (19 November 2020),
2518:Fatoyinbo, Temilola (March 2017).
1943:. United Press International (UPI)
1386:Fires in Yellowstone National Park
1339:, and possibly fish distribution.
25:
3875:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3870:James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
3820:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
3762:Spacecraft Magnetic Test Facility
1866:Folger, Peter (27 October 2014).
1267:Landsat images of burned land in
1208:Detection of forest fragmentation
1199:Agricultural water use monitoring
752:Landsat 4–5 Thematic Mapper (TM)
452:engineering evaluation purposes.
3865:Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
3642:
3594:
3560:
3522:
3484:
3411:
3373:
3297:
3158:
3110:
3009:
2953:
2893:
2846:Landsat mosaic imagery from the
2793:"Landsat NeXt | Landsat Science"
2712:Northon, Karen (16 April 2015).
2690:
2499:
2247:
2207:
2149:
2109:
2073:
2033:
1969:. Associated Press. 7 March 1989
1963:"Quayle backs satellite program"
1887:
1877:. Congressional Research Service
1842:
1796:
1715:
1687:
1622:
1608:
1594:
1575:
1550:
1532:
1514:
1223:Agricultural commodities mapping
615:
573:
542:
515:
488:
462:
435:
409:
375:
284:with Landsat satellite imagery.
241:Department of the Interior (DOI)
86:, showing black lava flows from
71:
47:
4016:United States Geological Survey
3772:Spacecraft Fabrication Facility
2490:Kemmerer, Andrew (March 2017).
2093:"Landsat 8 Data Now Available!"
648:Spatial and spectral resolution
599:United States Geological Survey
597:operations were turned over to
591:Landsat Data Continuity Mission
229:United States Geological Survey
94:, a plume of smoke from active
3855:Goddard Earth Observing System
2492:"Finding Fish With Satellites"
1483:Congressional Research Service
289:President of the United States
125:program. On 23 July 1972, the
1:
3897:Dennis J. Andrucyk (Director)
3747:Wallops Flight Facility (WFF)
2733:Remote Sensing of Environment
2129:"Landsat 8 - Landsat Science"
2053:"Landsat 7 - Landsat Science"
1643:Geographic information system
719:Band 6 – Near Infrared (NIR)
662:Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus
448:5 years and 26 days
320:The head of the newly formed
3830:Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
1472:Orbital Sciences Corporation
1347:An ecological study used 16
1247:Natural resources management
393:Radio Corporation of America
3712:Goddard Space Flight Center
2551:Mason, Betsy (March 2017).
2335:. The Scientist (magazine).
2311:"The Multispectral Scanner"
1816:"Presidential Directive 54"
1638:Earth observation satellite
1298:, British Columbia, Canada.
1205:Support for fire management
1117:MultiSpectral Scanner (MSS)
227:, the then director of the
4042:
2842:Global Land Cover Facility
2171:. NASA.gov. 27 August 2021
1282:false color images of the
1211:Detection of forest change
1202:Global security monitoring
82:using 1999–2001 data from
2997:reconnaissance satellites
2951:
2900:
2891:
2753:10.1016/j.rse.2019.02.015
1460:Vandenberg Air Force Base
1392:Yellowstone fires of 1988
1373:Shrinking of the Aral Sea
1269:Yellowstone National Park
1238:Wildfire risk assessment
975:Wavelength (micrometers)
858:Wavelength (micrometers)
760:Wavelength (micrometers)
683:Wavelength (micrometers)
246:Department of Agriculture
233:Secretary of the Interior
3903:(Deputy Center Director)
2795:. NASA. 30 November 2021
2739:. Elsevier BV: 127–147.
1430:Discovery of new species
1284:Columbia Glacier, Alaska
1232:Forest health monitoring
1220:Flood mitigation mapping
1773:10.1126/science.acx9080
1677:. Washington DC: NASA.
1464:Launch Services Program
1229:Coastal change analysis
1196:U.S. Government mapping
1172:A false-color image of
1149:One year after launch,
1141:Uses of Landsat imagery
666:Operational Land Imager
603:Operational Land Imager
561:radiometric calibration
397:Hughes Aircraft Company
304:Hughes Aircraft Company
254:Hughes Aircraft Company
239:, to announce that the
3850:NASA Earth Observatory
3045:Pléiades Neo 3 & 4
2684:. NASA. Archived from
2135:. NASA. Archived from
2095:. USGS. Archived from
1967:Sun Journal (Lewiston)
1823:jimmycarterlibrary.gov
1448:
1299:
1287:
1272:
1260:
1185:
1154:
1060:Band 8 – Panchromatic
963:
943:Band 8 – Panchromatic
322:National Space Council
270:Yosemite National Park
258:Multispectral Scanners
220:
206:
40:
2836:Landsat imagery from
2823:Landsat NASA homepage
2818:Landsat USGS homepage
2400:(15). MDPI AG: 2869.
2133:landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov
2057:landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov
1616:Earth sciences portal
1446:
1377:The shrinking of the
1293:
1278:
1266:
1255:Landsat image of the
1254:
1171:
1148:
1123:Multispectral Scanner
961:
654:Multispectral Scanner
218:
201:
35:
3040:Pléiades IA & IB
2582:(11). MDPI AG: 898.
2537:10.1029/2007JG000551
1673:Short, N.M. (1982).
1487:United States Senate
1093:Band 11 – Thermal 2
1082:Band 10 – Thermal 1
978:Resolution (meters)
861:Resolution (meters)
763:Resolution (meters)
686:Resolution (meters)
343:Satellite chronology
3931:Robert Bindschadler
2745:2019RSEnv.225..127W
2729:Anderson, Martha C.
2588:2016RemS....8..898Z
2406:2021RemS...13.2869H
2321:on 26 January 2007.
2284:2014RemS....610232B
2278:(10): 10232–10251.
1178:Garden City, Kansas
968:
851:
753:
673:
184:temporal resolution
180:spatial resolutions
58:satellite image of
4026:1966 introductions
3917:Notable scientists
3825:Near Earth Network
3815:Hitchhiker Program
3351:Ofeq-10 (TecSAR 2)
3035:Hélios 2A & 2B
3030:Hélios IA & IB
2415:10.3390/rs13152869
2293:10.3390/rs61010232
2237:on 22 January 2017
2197:on 9 November 2016
2139:on 6 November 2016
2063:on 8 November 2016
1994:The New York Times
1832:on 30 January 2017
1757:Pennisi, Elizabeth
1711:2010-05-01 at the
1630:Environment portal
1602:Spaceflight portal
1568:Florida Everglades
1449:
1300:
1288:
1273:
1261:
1186:
1155:
966:
964:
849:
751:
671:
221:
207:
90:, grayish dormant
41:
4021:Satellite imagery
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3961:Lissette Martinez
3941:Gene Carl Feldman
3790:Explorers Program
3726:Robert H. Goddard
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3633:
3632:
3585:
3584:
3551:
3550:
3513:
3512:
3475:
3474:
3402:
3401:
3364:
3363:
3288:
3287:
3149:
3148:
3101:
3100:
2962:
2961:
2832:Project Gutenberg
2688:on 30 April 2017.
2668:978-1-78985-824-2
2597:10.3390/rs8110898
2029:"Landsat Science"
1922:978-1-56347-042-4
1735:"Landsat History"
1561:
1540:
1522:
1416:Urban development
1286:in 1986 and 2011.
1271:in 1989 and 2011.
1103:
1102:
953:
952:
921:Band 6 – Thermal
844:
843:
823:Band 6 – Thermal
746:
745:
635:
634:
622:27 September 2021
589:Originally named
324:, Vice President
277:Valerie L. Thomas
225:William T. Pecora
216:
160:regional planning
111:satellite imagery
16:(Redirected from
4033:
3946:Orlando Figueroa
3926:David Louis Band
3888:
3781:Notable missions
3702:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3306:
3302:
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3167:
3163:
3162:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3018:
3014:
3013:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2897:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2855:
2828:Works by Landsat
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2764:
2724:
2718:
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2417:
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2379:
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2337:
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2329:
2323:
2322:
2317:. Archived from
2307:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2233:. Archived from
2231:landsat.usgs.gov
2223:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
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2112:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2059:. Archived from
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2043:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1985:
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1683:2060/19830002188
1670:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1579:
1563:
1562:
1542:
1541:
1524:
1523:
1406:Columbia glacier
1071:Band 9 – Cirrus
1049:Band 7 – SWIR 2
1038:Band 6 – SWIR 1
969:
932:Band 7 – SWIR 2
910:Band 5 – SWIR 1
852:
834:Band 7 – SWIR 2
754:
680:Landsat 4–5 MSS
677:Landsat 1–3 MSS
674:
619:
580:11 February 2013
577:
546:
519:
492:
472:14 December 1993
466:
439:
419:25 February 1982
413:
379:
347:
262:Virginia Norwood
217:
203:Virginia Norwood
117:. It is a joint
75:
51:
21:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4030:
3996:Landsat program
3986:
3985:
3984:
3975:
3918:
3912:
3879:
3800:Getaway Special
3795:Landsat program
3782:
3776:
3735:
3714:
3706:
3676:
3667:
3641:
3629:
3593:
3581:
3559:
3547:
3521:
3509:
3483:
3471:
3410:
3398:
3372:
3360:
3346:Ofeq-8 (TecSAR)
3332:
3296:
3284:
3266:
3228:
3157:
3145:
3109:
3097:
3059:
3008:
3000:
2993:
2963:
2958:
2949:
2898:
2887:
2885:Landsat program
2882:
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2017:. 26 June 2013.
2013:
2012:
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1913:Space Economics
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1713:Wayback Machine
1704:
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1501:constellation.
1441:
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1418:
1404:knowledge. The
1401:
1399:Glacier retreat
1388:
1375:
1370:
1349:ortho-rectified
1345:
1305:
1249:
1180:, taken by the
1143:
1119:
1005:Band 3 - Green
877:Band 2 – Green
779:Band 2 – Green
694:Band 1 – Green
691:Band 4 – Green
658:Thematic Mapper
650:
645:
643:
416:22 January 1975
345:
209:
196:
174:data has eight
107:Landsat program
103:
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68:
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18:Landsat Program
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3966:John C. Mather
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2812:External links
2810:
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2673:
2667:
2661:, IntechOpen,
2646:
2621:
2576:Remote Sensing
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2482:
2454:
2429:
2394:Remote Sensing
2380:
2361:(6): 535–545.
2338:
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2272:Remote Sensing
2258:
2218:
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2099:on 5 June 2013
2084:
2044:
2020:
2006:
1980:
1954:
1928:
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1898:
1853:
1807:
1786:
1767:(6561): 1292.
1748:
1726:
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1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1654:Remote sensing
1651:
1645:
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1200:
1197:
1194:
1142:
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1118:
1115:
1110:remote sensing
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:11.50 – 12.51
1094:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:10.60 – 11.19
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:1.363 – 1.384
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:0.503 – 0.676
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:2.107 – 2.294
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:1.566 – 1.651
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:0.851 – 0.879
1028:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:0.636 – 0.673
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:0.533 – 0.590
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:0.452 – 0.512
995:
994:Band 2 - Blue
991:
990:
987:
986:0.435 – 0.451
984:
980:
979:
976:
973:
951:
950:
947:
944:
940:
939:
936:
933:
929:
928:
925:
924:10.40 – 12.50
922:
918:
917:
914:
911:
907:
906:
903:
900:
896:
895:
892:
889:
885:
884:
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878:
874:
873:
870:
867:
866:Band 1 – Blue
863:
862:
859:
856:
842:
841:
838:
835:
831:
830:
827:
826:10.40 – 12.50
824:
820:
819:
816:
813:
809:
808:
805:
802:
798:
797:
794:
791:
787:
786:
783:
780:
776:
775:
772:
769:
768:Band 1 – Blue
765:
764:
761:
758:
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743:
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734:
730:
729:
726:
723:
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571:
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556:
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550:
547:
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534:
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529:
526:
525:5 October 1993
523:
522:5 October 1993
520:
513:
507:
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486:
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427:
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389:
386:
385:6 January 1978
383:
380:
373:
367:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
344:
341:
282:remote sensing
195:
192:
188:nautical miles
176:spectral bands
77:
70:
69:
62:, India, from
53:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4038:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:NASA programs
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3972:
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3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:and engineers
3915:
3908:
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3816:
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3808:
3806:
3805:Space Network
3803:
3801:
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3721:
3719:Main articles
3717:
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2698:
2697:public domain
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2186:
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2170:
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2062:
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2030:
2024:
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2016:
2010:
2007:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:public domain
1876:
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1828:
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1795:
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1774:
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1766:
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1722:public domain
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1081:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
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1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1027:Band 5 – NIR
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1016:Band 4 – Red
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
992:
988:
985:
982:
981:
977:
974:
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970:
960:
956:
948:
945:
942:
941:
937:
934:
931:
930:
926:
923:
920:
919:
915:
912:
909:
908:
904:
901:
899:Band 4 – NIR
898:
897:
893:
890:
888:Band 3 – Red
887:
886:
882:
879:
876:
875:
871:
868:
865:
864:
860:
857:
854:
853:
847:
839:
836:
833:
832:
828:
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
811:
810:
806:
803:
801:Band 4 – NIR
800:
799:
795:
792:
790:Band 3 – Red
789:
788:
784:
781:
778:
777:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
756:
755:
749:
741:
738:
736:Band 4 – NIR
735:
733:Band 7 – NIR
732:
731:
727:
724:
722:Band 3 – NIR
721:
718:
717:
713:
710:
708:Band 2 – Red
707:
705:Band 5 – Red
704:
703:
699:
696:
693:
690:
689:
685:
682:
679:
676:
675:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
647:
637:
636:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
614:
612:
609:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
572:
570:
567:
566:
562:
557:
554:
551:
549:15 April 1999
548:
545:
541:
539:
536:
535:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
514:
512:
509:
508:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
487:
485:
482:
481:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
461:
459:
456:
455:
450:
447:
445:31 March 1983
444:
441:
438:
434:
432:
429:
428:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
408:
406:
403:
402:
398:
394:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
374:
372:
369:
368:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
348:
342:
340:
336:
332:
329:
327:
323:
318:
316:
315:U.S. Congress
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
285:
283:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
247:
242:
238:
237:Stewart Udall
234:
230:
226:
204:
200:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:United States
136:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
74:
65:
61:
57:
50:
38:
34:
30:
19:
3956:Marc Kuchner
3951:James Hansen
3936:Fred Espenak
3794:
3783:and programs
3731:GSFC History
3394:COSMO-SkyMed
2884:
2797:. Retrieved
2787:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2686:the original
2676:
2658:
2637:. Retrieved
2633:
2624:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2556:
2546:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2469:
2445:. Retrieved
2441:
2432:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2358:
2354:
2341:
2327:
2319:the original
2275:
2271:
2261:
2239:. Retrieved
2235:the original
2230:
2221:
2199:. Retrieved
2195:the original
2185:
2175:27 September
2173:. Retrieved
2163:
2141:. Retrieved
2137:the original
2132:
2123:
2101:. Retrieved
2097:the original
2087:
2065:. Retrieved
2061:the original
2056:
2047:
2023:
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1993:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1966:
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1912:
1879:. Retrieved
1874:
1834:. Retrieved
1827:the original
1822:
1810:
1789:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1729:
1701:
1674:
1668:
1503:
1492:
1476:
1450:
1433:
1419:
1402:
1389:
1376:
1346:
1306:
1241:
1187:
1176:fields near
1160:
1156:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1107:
1104:
954:
946:0.52 – 0.90
935:2.09 – 2.35
913:1.55 – 1.75
902:0.77 – 0.90
891:0.63 – 0.69
880:0.52 – 0.60
869:0.45 – 0.52
845:
837:2.08 – 2.35
815:1.55 – 1.75
804:0.76 – 0.90
793:0.63 – 0.69
782:0.52 – 0.60
771:0.45 – 0.52
747:
651:
498:5 June 2013
495:1 March 1984
469:16 July 1982
442:5 March 1978
382:23 July 1972
337:
333:
330:
319:
312:
292:Jimmy Carter
286:
274:
251:
222:
164:surveillance
137:
126:
106:
104:
29:
3971:Nancy Roman
3663:Carbonite-2
3573:Radar IMINT
3519:South Korea
3386:Radar IMINT
3338:Radar IMINT
3234:Radar IMINT
3214:Cartosat-2F
3209:Cartosat-2E
3204:Cartosat-2D
3199:Cartosat-2C
3194:Cartosat-2B
3189:Cartosat-2A
3123:Radar IMINT
3093:CERES (× 3)
2762:10919/88790
2201:21 December
2191:"Landsat 9"
1333:Chlorophyll
1313:Mississippi
148:cartography
144:agriculture
56:false-color
3990:Categories
3891:Leadership
3740:Facilities
3257:RISAT-2BR1
3224:Microsat-R
3219:Cartosat-3
3184:Cartosat-2
3179:Cartosat-1
3136:TerraSAR-X
3078:Clémentine
2639:15 October
2607:1903/31531
2475:14 October
2447:14 October
2355:BioScience
2241:29 January
1660:References
1648:Orthophoto
1499:Sentinel-2
1353:Mozambique
1321:algorithms
1184:satellite.
1099:100* (30)
1088:100* (30)
829:120* (30)
739:0.8 – 1.1
725:0.7 – 0.8
711:0.6 – 0.7
697:0.5 – 0.6
359:Terminated
350:Instrument
326:Dan Quayle
3625:Göktürk-3
3620:Göktürk-2
3615:Göktürk-1
3543:ANASIS-II
2905:Landsat 1
2779:134722096
2771:0034-4257
2616:2072-4292
2424:2072-4292
1781:239215521
1478:Landsat 9
1458:401 from
1452:Landsat 8
1412:in 1986.
1410:Landsat 4
1337:turbidity
1317:Louisiana
1303:Fisheries
1296:Vancouver
1280:Landsat-5
1182:Landsat 7
1174:irrigated
1163:Landsat-9
1151:Landsat 8
927:60* (30)
611:Landsat 9
569:Landsat 8
538:Landsat 7
511:Landsat 6
484:Landsat 5
458:Landsat 4
431:Landsat 3
405:Landsat 2
371:Landsat 1
266:Half Dome
223:In 1965,
172:Landsat 7
168:education
133:Landsat 9
92:Mauna Kea
88:Mauna Loa
84:Landsat 7
64:Landsat 7
37:Landsat 7
3481:Pakistan
3467:IGS 8A/B
3447:IGS 4A/B
3437:IGS 2A/B
3432:IGS 1A/B
3262:RISAT-1A
3252:RISAT-2B
3141:TanDEM-X
3131:SAR-Lupe
2850:project.
2799:11 March
2634:USGS.gov
2470:USGS.gov
2442:USGS.gov
2375:86219373
2143:19 March
2067:19 March
1947:13 March
1881:18 April
1836:18 April
1709:Archived
1588:See also
1379:Aral Sea
1357:mangrove
1343:Forestry
1329:menhaden
1259:in 2013.
1257:Aral Sea
638:Timeline
362:Duration
356:Launched
156:forestry
3356:Ofeq-11
3247:RISAT-2
3242:RISAT-1
3107:Germany
2741:Bibcode
2584:Bibcode
2530:: n/a.
2497:. NOAA.
2402:Bibcode
2280:Bibcode
1875:fas.org
1761:Science
1685:. 1078.
1508:Gallery
1468:Arizona
1462:by the
1456:Atlas V
1425:Ecology
1361:biomass
1325:in situ
1309:fishery
353:Picture
194:History
152:geology
96:Kilauea
60:Kolkata
3884:People
3591:Turkey
3505:PRSS-I
3462:IGS 7A
3457:IGS 6A
3452:IGS 5A
3442:IGS 3A
3328:Ofeq-9
3323:Ofeq-7
3318:Ofeq-5
3294:Israel
3280:EMISAT
3272:SIGINT
3083:Essaim
3073:Cerise
3065:SIGINT
3006:France
2995:Earth
2838:GLOVIS
2777:
2769:
2665:
2614:
2422:
2373:
2103:30 May
1999:19 May
1973:19 May
1919:
1779:
1741:5 July
1737:. NASA
972:Bands
855:Bands
757:Bands
625:active
583:active
552:active
528:0 days
365:Notes
80:Hawaii
3655:IMINT
3607:IMINT
3557:Spain
3535:IMINT
3497:IMINT
3424:IMINT
3408:Japan
3370:Italy
3310:IMINT
3171:IMINT
3155:India
3088:Elisa
3055:CSO-2
3050:CSO-1
3022:IMINT
2775:S2CID
2557:Wired
2495:(PDF)
2371:S2CID
2351:(PDF)
1871:(PDF)
1830:(PDF)
1819:(PDF)
1777:S2CID
178:with
115:Earth
3709:NASA
2848:WELD
2840:and
2801:2022
2767:ISSN
2663:ISBN
2641:2021
2612:ISSN
2477:2021
2449:2021
2420:ISSN
2315:NASA
2243:2019
2203:2016
2177:2021
2145:2017
2105:2013
2069:2017
2001:2010
1975:2010
1949:2023
1917:ISBN
1883:2017
1838:2017
1743:2021
1390:The
742:60*
728:60*
714:60*
700:60*
595:NASA
306:and
296:NASA
252:The
166:and
123:USGS
119:NASA
105:The
3579:Paz
2830:at
2757:hdl
2749:doi
2737:225
2602:hdl
2592:doi
2532:doi
2528:113
2410:doi
2363:doi
2288:doi
1769:doi
1765:373
1679:hdl
1497:'s
1495:ESA
1470:by
1355:'s
1077:30
1066:15
1055:30
1044:30
1033:30
1022:30
1011:30
1000:30
989:30
949:15
938:30
916:30
905:30
894:30
883:30
872:30
840:30
818:30
807:30
796:30
785:30
774:30
308:RCA
298:to
268:at
113:of
3992::
2773:.
2765:.
2755:.
2747:.
2735:.
2704:^
2649:^
2632:.
2610:.
2600:.
2590:.
2578:.
2574:.
2555:.
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2522:.
2468:.
2457:^
2440:.
2418:.
2408:.
2398:13
2396:.
2392:.
2369:.
2359:54
2357:.
2353:.
2313:.
2302:^
2286:.
2274:.
2270:.
2229:.
2131:.
2055:.
1992:.
1965:.
1931:^
1901:^
1873:.
1856:^
1821:.
1775:.
1763:.
1485:.
1474:.
1335:,
563:.
399:.
235:,
162:,
158:,
154:,
150:,
146:,
121:/
54:A
3701:e
3694:t
3687:v
2988:e
2981:t
2974:v
2945:9
2940:8
2935:7
2930:6
2925:5
2920:4
2915:3
2910:2
2877:e
2870:t
2863:v
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2147:.
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2003:.
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1951:.
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1771::
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1696:.
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1570:.
20:)
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