972:
2123:
1505:
767:
922:
1239:
563:
38:
791:. Speakers of local varieties typically read and write a related standard variety, use it for official purposes, hear it on radio and television, and consider it the standard form of their speech, so that any standardizing changes in their speech are towards that variety. In such cases the local variety is said to be dependent on, or heteronomous with respect to, the standard variety.
702:
1856:), is representative of a dialect continuum. The divergence of Tajik was accelerated by the shift from the Perso-Arabic alphabet to a Cyrillic one under the Soviets. Western dialects of Persian show greater influence from Arabic and Oghuz Turkic languages, but Dari and Tajik tend to preserve many classical features in grammar and vocabulary. Also the
1610:
dialect differs significantly from
Standard Serbian. Serbian is a Western South Slavic standard, but Torlakian is largely transitional with the Eastern South Slavic languages (Bulgarian and Macedonian). Collectively, the Torlakian dialects with Macedonian and Bulgarian share many grammatical features
1200:
when spoken and only partially so when written. One study concluded that, when concerning written language, Dutch speakers could translate 50.2% of the provided German words correctly, while the German subjects were able to translate 41.9% of the Dutch equivalents correctly. In terms of orthography,
3698:
lexical differences between the ethnic variants are extremely limited, even when compared with those between closely related Slavic languages (such as standard Czech and Slovak, Bulgarian and
Macedonian), and grammatical differences are even less pronounced. More importantly, complete understanding
1429:
Conventionally, on the basis of extralinguistic features (such as writing systems or the former western frontier of the Soviet Union), the North Slavic continuum is split into East and West Slavic continua. From the perspective of linguistic features alone, only two Slavic (dialect) continua can be
2142:
2000 years ago. Unlike Europe, however, Chinese political unity was restored in the late 6th century and has persisted (with interludes of division) until the present day. There are no equivalents of the local standard literary languages that developed in the numerous independent states of Europe.
751:
In a dialect continuum, isoglosses for different features are typically spread out, reflecting the gradual transition between varieties. A bundle of coinciding isoglosses indicates a stronger dialect boundary, as might occur at geographical obstacles or long-standing political boundaries. In other
1361:
called an L-complex, i.e. an unbroken chain of local differentiation such that, in principle and with appropriate caveats, intelligibility (due to sharing of features) attenuates with distance. This is perhaps most evident today in Italy, where, especially in rural and small-town contexts, local
1153:
Though the internal dialect continua of both Dutch and German remain largely intact, the continuum which historically connected the Dutch, Frisian and German languages has largely disintegrated. Fragmentary areas of the Dutch-German border in which language change is more gradual than in other
818:
The choice of standard is often determined by a political boundary, which may cut across a dialect continuum. As a result, speakers on either side of the boundary may use almost identical varieties, but treat them as dependent on different standards, and thus part of different "languages". The
1817:. The dialects use different analogues from the Arabic language inventory and have been influenced by different substrate and superstrate languages. Adjacent dialects are mutually understandable to a large extent, but those from distant regions are more difficult to be understood.
619:, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be. This is a typical occurrence with widely spread languages and language families around the world, when these languages did not spread recently. Some prominent examples include the
2013:
are quite similar, with a high degree of mutual intelligibility between not only geographically adjacent varieties but also among some varieties some distance apart. Structurally, the Turkic languages are very close to one another, and they share basic features such as
1362:
Romance is still often employed at home and work, and geolinguistic distinctions are such that while native speakers from any two nearby towns can understand each other with ease, they can also spot from linguistic features that the other is from elsewhere.
794:
A standard variety together with its dependent varieties is commonly considered a "language", with the dependent varieties called "dialects" of the language, even if the standard is mutually intelligible with another standard from the same continuum. The
1641:, while the western dialect of common Old Slavic was still spoken across the modern Serbo-Croatian area in the 12th and early 13th centuries. An intermediate dialect linking western and eastern variations inevitably came into existence over time –
3625:
Wechselbeziehungen zwischen slawischen
Sprachen, Literaturen und Kulturen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart : Akten der Tagung aus Anlaß des 25jährigen Bestehens des Instituts für Slawistik an der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 25–27 Mai
1726:. Prior to the 19th and 20th centuries, the continuum existed throughout Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland. Many intermediate dialects have become extinct or have died out leaving major gaps between languages such as in the islands of
2173:, are particularly weak, due to the steady flow of northern features into these areas. Transitional varieties between the Wu, Gan and Mandarin groups have been variously classified, with some scholars assigning them to a separate
1701:
are considered as separate languages, there is no definite linguistic border or isogloss that separates them. This is now more difficult to recognize because many of the intervening languages have declined or become extinct.
2300:
Various Cree languages are used as languages of instruction and taught as subjects: Plains Cree, Eastern Cree, Montagnais, etc. Mutual intelligibility between some dialects can be low. There is no accepted standard dialect.
1380:
are a less arguable example of a dialect continuum. For many decades since Italy's unification, the attitude of the French government towards the ethnolinguistic minorities was copied by the
Italian government.
2154:. Each of these groups contains numerous mutually unintelligible varieties. Moreover, in many cases the transitions between groups are smooth, as a result of centuries of interaction and multilingualism.
1373:, but it has occurred to some extent in all Western Romance speaking countries. Language change has also threatened the survival of stateless languages with existing literary standards, such as Occitan.
1196:, while the spoken form emerged later, based on North German pronunciations of the written standard. Being based on widely separated dialects, the Dutch and German standards do not show a high degree of
1393:. Outside Romania and Moldova, across the other south-east European countries, various Romanian language groups are to be found: pockets of various Romanian and Aromanian subgroups survive throughout
3221:. 2017. Map A4, Dialect Continua in Central Europe, 1910 (p 94) and Map A5, Dialect Continua in Central Europe, 2009 (p 95). In: Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi, and Catherine Gibson, eds. 2017.
1820:
The difference between the written standard and the vernaculars is apparent also in the written language, and children have to be taught Modern
Standard Arabic in school to be able to read it.
3315:. Kenneth E. Naylor memorial lecture series in South Slavic linguistics; vol. 2. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Dept. of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures. p. 4.
3292:. Kenneth E. Naylor memorial lecture series in South Slavic linguistics; vol. 1. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Dept. of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures. p. 8.
1979:. They have been geographically separated from the other Turkic languages for an extensive period of time, and Chuvash language stands out as the most divergent from other Turkic languages.
1166:
area, but the historical chain in which dialects were only divided by minor isoglosses and negligible differences in vocabulary has seen a rapid and ever-increasing decline since the 1850s.
3133:
3242:
689:, and then serve as an authority for part of the continuum, e.g. within a particular political unit or geographical area. Since the early 20th century, the increasing dominance of
1553:
2423:
Unlike the Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi dialect continuum, with distinct n/y/l/r/ð dialect characteristics and noticeable west–east k/č(ch) axis, the Ojibwe continuum is marked with
3699:
between the ethnic variants of the standard language makes translation and second language teaching impossible", leading Šipka "to consider it a pluricentric standard language
819:
various local dialects then tend to be leveled towards their respective standard varieties, disrupting the previous dialect continuum. Examples include the boundaries between
1836:, including distinct varieties spoken by both Jews and Christians, is a dialect continuum although greatly disrupted by population displacement during the twentieth century.
693:
and their standard languages has been steadily eliminating the nonstandard dialects that comprise dialect continua, making the boundaries ever more abrupt and well-defined.
850:
The choice may be a matter of national, regional or religious identity, and may be controversial. Examples of controversies are regions such as the disputed territory of
1369:, as their speakers have switched to varieties closer to the more prestigious national standards. That has been most notable in France, owing to the French government's
1055:
comprise a classic example of a dialect continuum, encompassing Norway, Denmark, Sweden and coastal parts of
Finland. The Continental North Germanic standard languages (
3186:
2228:. They form the Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi dialect continuum, with around 117,410 speakers. The languages can be roughly classified into nine groups, from west to east:
971:
770:
Local dialects of the West
Germanic continuum are oriented towards either Standard Dutch or Standard German, depending on which side of the border they are spoken.
1342:. This continuum is sometimes presented as another example, but the major languages in the group (i.e. Portuguese, Spanish, French and Italian) have had separate
2436:
1353:
Focusing instead on the local
Romance lects that pre-existed the establishment of national or regional standard languages, all evidence and principles point to
3823:
2846:
Woolhiser, Curt (2011). "Border effects in
European dialect continua: dialect divergence and convergence". In Kortmann, Bernd; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.).
3623:
Pohl, Hans-Dieter (1996). "Serbokroatisch – Rückblick und
Ausblick" [Serbo-Croatian – Looking backward and forward]. In Ohnheiser, Ingeborg (ed.).
960:
761:
2146:
Chinese dialectologists have divided the local varieties into a number of dialect groups, largely based on phonological developments in comparison with
3334:
Kristophson, Jürgen (2000). "Vom Widersinn der Dialektologie: Gedanken zum Štokavischen" [Nonsense of Dialectology: Thoughts on Shtokavian].
811:, are often cited as examples. Conversely, a language defined in this way may include local varieties that are mutually unintelligible, such as the
3125:
883:
879:
3414:
2882:
1630:
is historical and natural, caused primarily by a one-time geographical distance between speakers. The two varieties started diverging early on (
4430:
4369:
4343:
4260:
4235:
4194:
4111:
4072:
3885:
3806:
3781:
3667:
3562:
3492:
3452:
3386:
3100:
3067:
3029:
2989:
2894:
2855:
2782:
2647:
2571:
590:
777:
may be developed and codified at one or more locations in a continuum until they have independent cultural status (autonomy), a process the
480:
1967:. The entire territory is inhabited by Turkic speaking peoples. There are three varieties of Turkic geographically outside the continuum:
3224:
Central Europe Through the Lens of Language and Politics: On the Sample Maps from the Atlas of Language Politics in Modern Central Europe
3598:
2150:. Most of these groups are found in the rugged terrain of the southeast, reflecting the greater variation in this area, particularly in
3441:
Sprache und Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945–1991)
55:
4035:
1430:
distinguished, namely North and South, separated from each other by a band of non-Slavic languages: Romanian, Hungarian and German.
670:
Dialect continua typically occur in long-settled agrarian populations, as innovations spread from their various points of origin as
121:
3147:
4532:
3797:
McManus, Damian (1994). "An Nua-Ghaeilge Chlasaiceach". In K. McCone; D. McManus; C. Ó Háinle; N. Williams; L. Breatnach (eds.).
3445:
Language and Policy: Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)
1067:) are close enough and intelligible enough for some to consider them to be dialects of the same language, but the Insular ones (
102:
3745:[Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian): from the study of a language to the identity of languages].
3628:. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Slavica aenipontana; vol. 4 (in German). Innsbruck: Non Lieu. pp. 205–219.
890:
729:
707:
440:
4421:
de Sousa, Hilário (2016). "Language contact in Nanning: Nanning Pinghua and Nanning Cantonese". In Chappell, Hilary M. (ed.).
1832:
languages descend from a dialect continuum that historically existed before the Islamicization of the Levant and Mesopotamia.
218:
74:
1876:
500:
445:
59:
3742:
3020:
Niebaum, Herman (2008). "Het Oostnederlandse taallandschap tot het begin van de 19de eeuw". In Van der Kooij, Jurgen (ed.).
3375:
Slavistische Linguistik 2002: Referate des XXVIII. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens, Bochum 10.-12. September 2002
3178:
942:
475:
166:
81:
2492:
2015:
1757:
The current Goidelic speaking areas of Ireland are also separated by extinct dialects but remain mutually intelligible.
1287:
787:
420:
286:
4542:
4491:
3215:
1222:
540:
246:
3834:
1189:
88:
3481:
Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit
1673:, sometimes mistaken for a single language, are a dialect continuum, albeit with some disconnections like between
1217:
in Scotland. Those of large areas north and south of the border are often mutually intelligible. In contrast, the
4091:
2762:
1370:
1103:
due to the pressures of modern education, standard languages, migration and weakening knowledge of the dialects.
583:
530:
430:
256:
2911:
Trudgill, Peter (1992). "Ausbau sociolinguistics and the perception of language status in contemporary Europe".
905:
to the east. The standard was based on varieties that were most different from standard Bulgarian. Now known as
2631:
1833:
435:
378:
193:
2074:
and, more widely, some of the Eastern and Northern dialects are sometimes grouped under Hindi. The Indo-Aryan
70:
2402:
2396:
2380:
1857:
1686:
1560:
1346:
for longer than the languages in the Continental West Germanic group, and so are not commonly classified as
796:
535:
373:
350:
48:
3743:"Le serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe): de l'étude d'une langue à l'identité des langues"
3243:"The Triple Division of the Slavic Languages: A Linguistic Finding, a Product of Politics, or an Accident?"
3227:(Ser: Slavic Eurasia Papers, Vol 10). Sapporo, Japan: Slavic-Eurasian Research Center, Hokkaido University.
2765:(1968). "A sociolinguistic typology for describing national multilingualism". In Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.).
1365:
In recent centuries, the intermediate dialects between the major Romance languages have been moving toward
3485:
Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute
1904:
1778:
1682:
1521:
1487:
1483:
1197:
1155:
715:
Dialectologists record variation across a dialect continuum using maps of various features collected in a
616:
485:
452:
405:
321:
301:
281:
183:
161:
156:
4130:"Neighbour-nets portray the Chinese dialect continuum and the linguistic legacy of China's demic history"
4537:
3487:]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics; vol 34 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. pp. 82–83.
3086:"Cross-border intelligibility – on the intelligibility of Low German among speakers of Danish and Dutch"
2487:
2482:
2477:
2359:. The Ojibwe continuum has 70,606 speakers. Roughly from northwest to southeast, it has these dialects:
2198:
2197:). There are sharper boundaries resulting from more recent expansion between Hakka and Yue, and between
2122:
1583:
1557:
1499:
1443:
1439:
1134:
1030:
1016:
612:
261:
3532:
3361:
2537:, spoken in northern Germany and parts of the Netherlands, formerly also in Denmark." (Definition from
3373:
3365:
3476:
2356:
2308:
2232:
2213:
2131:
2035:
1900:
1888:
1303:
894:
636:
620:
576:
505:
415:
296:
241:
138:
1637:) and evolved separately ever since without major mutual influence, as evidenced by distinguishable
3876:
Kaye, Alan S.; Rosenhouse, Judith (1997). "Arabic Dialects and Maltese". In Hetzron, Robert (ed.).
3711:
2517:
2424:
2417:
2391:
2055:
2039:
1790:
1739:
1678:
1674:
1545:
1451:
1251:
1185:
906:
840:
628:
346:
276:
251:
223:
4224:
Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects"
1504:
562:
4300:
4149:
4008:
3969:
3922:
3689:
2605:
2587:
2366:
2278:
2139:
1944:
1747:
1711:
1616:
1564:
1549:
1479:
1459:
1377:
1279:
1271:
1173:
1123:
1072:
1056:
1044:
930:
902:
844:
804:
664:
656:
644:
566:
545:
515:
470:
425:
393:
383:
271:
266:
2617:
766:
3058:
Henriksen, Carol; van der Auwera, Johan (1994). König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.).
95:
4527:
4426:
4365:
4339:
4256:
4231:
4227:
4190:
4167:
4107:
4068:
4041:
4031:
3961:
3914:
3881:
3802:
3777:
3754:
3723:
3681:
3673:
3663:
3629:
3576:
3568:
3558:
3506:
3498:
3488:
3458:
3448:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3382:
3343:
3316:
3293:
3267:
3096:
3063:
3025:
2985:
2890:
2851:
2778:
2643:
2567:
2452:
2449:, including the classification units "dialect cluster", "language cluster" and "dialect group"
2386:
2371:
2352:
2135:
2087:
2083:
2079:
1995:
1810:
1698:
1642:
1587:
1475:
1390:
1343:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1299:
1295:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1193:
1177:
1088:
981:
934:
774:
686:
640:
410:
388:
331:
3941:
3536:
4331:
4157:
4141:
4000:
3953:
3655:
3593:
3550:
3409:
3238:
3217:
2920:
2770:
2316:
2293:
2158:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2091:
2010:
2002:
1968:
1912:
1880:
1868:
1845:
1806:
1782:
1694:
1666:
1612:
1541:
1447:
1339:
1335:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1238:
1218:
1210:
1142:
1100:
1068:
1064:
1052:
938:
921:
808:
716:
678:
map variation of various language features across a dialect continuum, drawing lines called
648:
632:
510:
341:
336:
311:
306:
291:
3447:]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung; vol. 192 (in German). Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200.
4095:
4064:
3584:
3514:
3285:
2348:
2304:
2174:
2099:
1983:
1976:
1956:
1719:
1690:
1650:
1552:
are each based on a distinct dialect, but the Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian
1533:
1471:
1467:
1402:
1358:
1291:
1181:
1146:
1096:
1060:
1048:
953:
910:
836:
832:
824:
812:
800:
720:
2001:
The Turkic continuum makes internal genetic classification of the languages problematic.
733:(1902–10) pioneered the use of a trained fieldworker. These atlases typically consist of
674:. In this situation, hierarchical classifications of varieties are impractical. Instead,
3857:
Vol. 1-2 of Praktisches Handbuch der neu-arabischen Sprache (3 ed.). J. Ricker
3801:(in Irish). Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College. pp. 335–445.
3155:
3085:
748:, a line separating areas where different variants of a particular feature predominate.
744:, showing the areal distribution of various variants. A common tool in these maps is an
4288:
4162:
4129:
3199:
2924:
2635:
2610:
2521:
2472:
2410:
2147:
2047:
2006:
1972:
1871:
are best described as a dialect continuum. Geographically this continuum starts at the
1849:
1829:
1715:
1670:
1463:
1455:
1366:
1331:
1214:
1169:
1138:
1111:
1099:
formed a canonical dialect continuum, which has been gradually falling apart since the
1084:
1012:
990:
929:
Europe provides several examples of dialect continua, the largest of which involve the
828:
820:
355:
3988:
3722:]. Biblioteka Obrisi moderne (in Croatian). Zagreb: Golden marketing. p. 12.
2971:
2. Halbband. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1983, ISBN 3-11-009571-8, pp. 807–900.
1611:
that set them apart from all other Slavic languages, such as the complete loss of its
1512:
All South Slavic languages form a dialect continuum. It comprises, from West to East,
4521:
4492:"Cree Language and the Cree Indian Tribe (Iyiniwok, Eenou, Eeyou, Iynu, Kenistenoag)"
4477:
4099:
4012:
3973:
3693:
3259:
2457:
2324:
2287:
2209:
2178:
2170:
2095:
2023:
2019:
1991:
1853:
1743:
1731:
1723:
1638:
690:
3381:. Slavistishe Beiträge; vol. 434 (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner. pp. 97–148.
3903:""Stammbaum" or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered"
3824:"Dialectal diversity in contemporary Gaelic: perceptions, discourses and responses"
2497:
1920:
1916:
1580:
1026:
949:
724:
675:
398:
188:
4004:
2967:
In: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (Hrsg.):
2138:, which are similarly descended from a language spread by imperial expansion over
1106:
The transition from German dialects to Dutch variants followed two basic routes:
17:
3852:
3093:
Low Saxon dialects across borders – Niedersächsische Dialekte über Grenzen hinweg
2524:, an East Slavic dialect group on the transition to West Slavic, is spoken there.
2201:
and Yue, but even here there has been considerable convergence in contact areas.
3647:
2244:
2190:
2182:
2166:
1940:
1751:
1119:
782:
550:
525:
146:
37:
3652:
Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages
3290:
Linguistic emblems and emblematic languages: on language as flag in the Balkans
3957:
3685:
2774:
2538:
2534:
2355:
of this continuum joins the Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi dialect continuum through
2258:
2238:
2162:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1892:
1525:
1115:
1092:
1003:
975:
The varieties of the continental West Germanic dialect continuum after 1945:
671:
520:
203:
3965:
3918:
3758:
3633:
3580:
3510:
3347:
3271:
4045:
3727:
3588:
3518:
3462:
3396:
3320:
3297:
2467:
2462:
2264:
2194:
2071:
1774:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1130:
999:
898:
495:
490:
326:
316:
208:
198:
4499:
4459:
4171:
4145:
2969:
Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung,
1943:. In the south, the continuum starts in northern Afghanistan, northward to
1786:
701:
3659:
1201:
22% of the vocabulary of Dutch and German is identical or near-identical.
3554:
2440:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2221:
2051:
1987:
1960:
1952:
1793:(or languages) branched from ancient Arabic dialects, from North Western
1646:
1576:
1537:
1513:
1394:
1163:
1075:) are not immediately intelligible to the other North Germanic speakers.
867:
863:
745:
737:, each showing local forms of a particular item at the survey locations.
679:
615:
spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are
4334:(1968) . "The users and uses of language". In Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.).
4304:
4153:
3926:
3902:
1665:
The other major language family in Europe besides Indo-European are the
1602:
dialects, as might the speakers of the two with each other. Likewise in
727:(from 1888), based on a postal survey of schoolmasters. The influential
685:
A variety within a dialect continuum may be developed and codified as a
27:
Geographic range of dialects that vary more strongly at the distant ends
2952:
Measuring Dialect Pronunciation Differences using Levenshtein Distance.
2446:
2328:
2217:
2186:
2075:
2066:. However, the term Hindi is also used for the different dialects from
1872:
1735:
1727:
1591:
1517:
1414:
1410:
1357:
as having been, and to varying extents in some areas still being, what
1347:
851:
778:
3549:. Rotulus Universitas (in Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. pp. 74–77.
2009:
are generally classified as significantly distinct, but the remaining
2340:
2320:
2312:
2225:
2151:
1964:
1884:
1794:
1770:
1654:
1603:
1568:
1529:
1418:
1406:
1398:
1159:
1137:
dialects up until the 17th century, but faced external pressure from
855:
213:
3091:. In Lenz, Alexandra N.; Gooskens, Charlotte; Reker, Siemon (eds.).
1594:, native speakers of Shtokavian may struggle to understand distinct
752:
cases, intersecting isoglosses and more complex patterns are found.
2642:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–19, 89–91.
1149:
which greatly influenced the vocabularies of these border dialects.
3677:
3572:
3502:
2121:
2067:
2059:
2043:
1802:
1798:
1572:
1503:
920:
875:
871:
765:
700:
624:
3148:"Italy : 5.1 General legislation : 5.1.9 Language laws"
2520:
is mistakenly excluded from North Slavic on the map, even though
3126:"Le Sénat dit non à la Charte européenne des langues régionales"
2673:
2671:
2063:
1948:
1908:
1896:
1814:
859:
3266:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 25.
3248:. Vienna: Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen. 2005/1.
3154:. Council of Europe/ERICarts. 18 September 2013. Archived from
1126:
in which gradual but geographically compact changes took place.
3313:
In honor of diversity: the linguistic resources of the Balkans
2848:
The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide
31:
3772:
Mac Eoin, Gearóid (1993). "Irish". In Ball, Martin J. (ed.).
2427:
along the west–east axis and ∅/n along the north–south axis.
1615:
systems and adoption of features more commonly found among
1225:—but they are linked by a chain of intermediate varieties.
651:
families in Europe. Terms used in older literature include
4291:(1998). "On distinguishing Hakka and non-Hakka dialects".
3206:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 36, 95-96, 124-125.
925:
Major dialect continua in Europe in the mid-20th century.
2130:
Chinese consists of hundreds of mutually unintelligible
1508:
South Slavic dialect continuum with major dialect groups
682:
between areas that differ with respect to some feature.
4134:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1645:– spoken across a wide radius on which the tripoint of
1211:
Germanic dialects spoken on the island of Great Britain
952:
but was split into western and eastern portions by the
4189:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 187.
2193:
form a dialect continuum (excluding urban enclaves of
1213:
comprise areal varieties of English in England and of
948:
The Romance area spanned much of the territory of the
913:, but viewed by Bulgarians as a dialect of Bulgarian.
3654:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 166.
3152:
Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe
3854:
Praktisches Handbuch der neu-arabischen Sprache ...
2351:dialect continuum forms its own continuum, but the
893:, a standard was developed from local varieties of
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4086:
4084:
3084:Gooskens, Charlotte; Kürschner, Sebastian (2009).
2609:
2134:. The differences are similar to those within the
2533:In this context, "A group of related dialects of
1860:, a dialect of Persian, is spoken in Azerbaijan.
3799:Stair na Gaeilge in ómós do Pádraig Ó Fiannachta
3368:[Pros and cons: "Serbo-Croatian" today]
3045:
2938:
2833:
2821:
2809:
2797:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2662:
1221:of Scots is very different from the dialects of
3372:. In Krause, Marion; Sappok, Christian (eds.).
2594:. London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 51.
1298:which is closely related to Italian; in Italy,
956:into the Balkans in the 7th and 8th centuries.
4094:(2003). "The Chinese dialects: phonology". In
1389:The eastern Romance continuum is dominated by
1122:, an area corresponding largely to the modern
4425:. Oxford University Press. pp. 157–189.
3720:Voice of the Nation: Language, Nation, Croats
3005:Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 2008, pp. 233.
2437:A language is a dialect with an army and navy
945:, the continent's largest language branches.
584:
8:
3022:Handboek Nedersaksische taal- en letterkunde
2913:International Journal of Applied Linguistics
1955:autonomous region in Western China with the
1947:. In the east it extends to the Republic of
631:across north Africa and southwest Asia, the
2954:University of Groningen, 2009, pp. 232–234.
1500:Pluricentric language § Serbo-Croatian
1250:comprises, from West to East: in Portugal,
1172:was based on the dialects of the principal
4255:. Princeton University Press. p. 22.
3015:
3013:
3011:
2042:form a dialect continuum. What is called "
961:Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin
762:Autonomy and heteronomy (sociolinguistics)
591:
577:
133:
4161:
4030:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
2564:A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics
2307:(Chippewa) is a group of closely related
1693:form a dialect continuum. Thus, although
959:The Slavic area was in turn split by the
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
4446:
3942:"Further Jewish Neo-Aramaic Innovations"
3907:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3366:"Pro und kontra: "Serbokroatisch" heute"
3095:. Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 273–295.
2566:(6th ed.). Blackwell. p. 144.
1237:
970:
4338:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 139–169.
2850:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 501–523.
2554:
2510:
1371:refusal to recognise minority languages
711:, recording local forms meaning "today"
145:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4318:
4275:
4209:
3776:. London: Routledge. pp. 101–44.
3264:The Cambridge encyclopedia of language
2965:Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte.
2887:Language Contact and Language Conflict
1438:The North Slavic continuum covers the
1129:From Low Saxon to Northwestern Dutch (
4336:Readings in the Sociology of Language
3189:from the original on 23 October 2022.
3136:from the original on 3 December 2023.
3003:Dialecten op de grens van twee talen.
2767:Readings in the Sociology of Language
7:
4460:"LINGUIST List 6.744: Cree dialects"
4362:Introduction to Chinese Dialectology
3179:"Italiano e dialetto oggi in Italia"
3177:Cerruti, Massimo (26 January 2011).
2157:The boundaries between the northern
1586:with each other in their respective
1158:is present still exist, such as the
1133:): This sub-continuum also included
882:to the Indian Constitution contains
756:Relationship with standard varieties
481:Conservative and innovative language
60:adding citations to reliable sources
4364:. LINCOM Europa. pp. 223–224.
4061:Language Policy in the Soviet Union
4028:Language policy in the Soviet Union
3716:Govor nacije: jezik, nacija, Hrvati
2889:. Volda College. pp. 151–158.
2871:Woolhiser (2011), pp. 507, 516–517.
2177:group. The boundaries between Gan,
1563:are all based on the same dialect,
1079:Continental West Germanic continuum
3989:"The Neo-Aramaic Dialects of Iran"
2925:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1992.tb00031.x
25:
2500:, an analogous concept in ecology
2290:or Eastern Montagnais (n-dialect)
2078:also gave rise to languages like
1777:. The standard written language,
909:, it is the national standard of
858:usually regard their language as
3940:Mutzafi, Hezy (23 August 2018).
3604:from the original on 1 June 2012
3420:from the original on 1 June 2012
2984:19. Auflage. dtv, München 2019,
2883:"Norwegian as a Normal Language"
2769:. De Gruyter. pp. 531–545.
2616:. New York: Macmillan. pp.
884:a list of 22 scheduled languages
561:
36:
3880:. Routledge. pp. 263–311.
2241:or Woods/Rocky Cree (ð-dialect)
2126:Areas of Chinese dialect groups
2062:area, the other register being
1154:sections or a higher degree of
1141:and, after the collapse of the
963:in the 9th and 10th centuries.
891:Socialist Republic of Macedonia
730:Atlas linguistique de la France
708:Atlas linguistique de la France
47:needs additional citations for
4423:Diversity in Sinitic Languages
4293:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
3204:A Glossary of Sociolinguistics
3115:Gooskens & Heeringa (2004)
3046:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
3024:. Van Gorcum. pp. 52–64.
2939:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2834:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2822:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2810:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2798:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2750:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2738:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2726:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2714:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2702:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2690:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2678:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2663:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
2612:A Course in Modern Linguistics
2387:Chippewa (Southwestern Ojibwa)
2284:Western Montagnais (l-dialect)
2267:or James Bay Cree (y-dialect)
2212:is a group of closely related
889:During the time of the former
740:Secondary studies may include
1:
4106:. Routledge. pp. 72–83.
4005:10.1080/00210862.2020.1714430
2161:area and the central groups,
1631:
943:Indo-European language family
719:, beginning with an atlas of
4059:Grenoble, Lenore A. (2003).
4026:Grenoble, Lenore A. (2003).
3336:Zeitschrift für Balkanologie
3062:. Routledge. pp. 1–18.
2493:Post-creole speech continuum
2411:Ottawa (Southeastern Ojibwa)
2315:, which is distributed from
1180:cities. The written form of
421:Functional discourse grammar
287:Ethnography of communication
4360:Yan, Margaret Mian (2006).
3946:Journal of Jewish Languages
3741:Thomas, Paul-Louis (2003).
3311:Alexander, Ronelle (2000).
2982:dtv-Atlas Deutsche Sprache.
2885:. In Røyneland, Unn (ed.).
2185:are similarly indistinct.
2054:register of the colloquial
1462:; West Slavic languages of
1242:Romance languages in Europe
1223:English in southern England
862:, the national standard of
541:Second-language acquisition
4559:
4251:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987).
4104:The Sino-Tibetan languages
2372:Oji-Cree (Northern Ojibwa)
2216:that are distributed from
1848:in its various varieties (
1791:modern vernacular dialects
1497:
897:, within a continuum with
874:, an official standard of
870:regard the same speech as
759:
219:Syntax–semantics interface
3958:10.1163/22134638-06011130
2775:10.1515/9783110805376.531
2046:" in India is frequently
1935:, to southern Regions of
1385:Eastern Romance continuum
1246:The western continuum of
1234:Western Romance continuum
531:Philosophy of linguistics
431:Interactional linguistics
4496:www.native-languages.org
4321:, pp. 190, 206–207.
4222:Kurpaska, Maria (2010).
4128:Hamed, Mahé Ben (2005).
3851:Wahrmund, Adolf (1898).
3543:Language and Nationalism
2881:Trudgill, Peter (1997).
1834:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
1039:North Germanic continuum
886:and Urdu is among them.
4533:Comparative linguistics
3987:Khan, Geoffrey (2020).
3822:McLeod, Wilson (2017).
3747:Revue des études slaves
2562:Crystal, David (2006).
2443:spread among linguists)
1687:Baltic-Finnic languages
1657:is relatively pivotal.
1561:Serbo-Croatian language
1446:. East Slavic includes
1114:to Southeastern Dutch (
4253:The Languages of China
4185:Norman, Jerry (1988).
4146:10.1098/rspb.2004.3015
3831:University of Aberdeen
3060:The Germanic Languages
2127:
1779:Modern Standard Arabic
1773:is a standard case of
1635: 11th century CE
1588:standardized varieties
1522:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1509:
1494:South Slavic continuum
1434:North Slavic continuum
1350:of a common language.
1334:; and in Switzerland,
1243:
1198:mutual intelligibility
1156:mutual intelligibility
1035:
926:
797:Scandinavian languages
771:
712:
705:Part of map 72 of the
623:across large parts of
368:Theoretical frameworks
322:Philosophy of language
302:History of linguistics
3878:The Semitic Languages
3660:10.1017/9781108685795
3439:Blum, Daniel (2002).
2483:Linkage (linguistics)
2478:Language secessionism
2199:Southwestern Mandarin
2125:
1507:
1498:Further information:
1444:West Slavic languages
1241:
974:
924:
769:
704:
617:mutually intelligible
262:Conversation analysis
4464:www.linguistlist.org
3901:Kim, Ronald (2008).
3840:on 14 February 2022.
3774:The Celtic Languages
3555:10.2139/ssrn.3467646
3538:Jezik i nacionalizam
2309:Algonquian languages
2214:Algonquian languages
2036:Indo-Aryan languages
2030:Indo-Aryan languages
1889:Azerbaijani language
1622:The barrier between
1584:communicate fluently
1097:High German dialects
895:Eastern South Slavic
637:varieties of Chinese
621:Indo-Aryan languages
506:Internet linguistics
416:Construction grammar
56:improve this article
4278:, pp. 183–190.
4140:(1567): 1015–1022.
3132:. 27 October 2015.
2763:Stewart, William A.
2606:Hockett, Charles F.
2588:Bloomfield, Leonard
2518:Carpathian Ruthenia
2392:Northwestern Ojibwa
2327:, distributed from
2253:Western Swampy Cree
2250:Eastern Swampy Cree
2140:substrate languages
2040:Indian subcontinent
1186:East Central German
1118:) in the so-called
639:, and parts of the
629:varieties of Arabic
441:Systemic functional
236:Applied linguistics
178:General linguistics
71:"Dialect continuum"
4543:Language geography
4230:. pp. 41–55.
3477:Gröschel, Bernhard
2273:Southern East Cree
2270:Northern East Cree
2128:
1781:, is based on the
1712:Goidelic languages
1706:Goidelic continuum
1689:spoken around the
1617:analytic languages
1554:standard varieties
1510:
1378:languages of Italy
1244:
1184:originated in the
1083:Historically, the
1036:
967:Germanic languages
927:
775:Standard varieties
772:
713:
665:Charles F. Hockett
657:Leonard Bloomfield
613:language varieties
546:Theory of language
516:Origin of language
471:Autonomy of syntax
426:Grammaticalization
272:Discourse analysis
267:Corpus linguistics
18:Language continuum
4449:, pp. 11–12.
4432:978-0-19-872379-0
4371:978-3-89586-629-6
4345:978-3-11-080537-6
4262:978-0-691-01468-5
4237:978-3-11-021914-2
4228:Walter de Gruyter
4196:978-0-521-29653-3
4113:978-0-7007-1129-1
4100:LaPolla, Randy J.
4074:978-1-4020-1298-3
3887:978-0-415-05767-7
3808:978-0-901519-90-0
3783:978-0-415-01035-1
3712:Škiljan, Dubravko
3669:978-953-313-086-6
3564:978-953-188-311-5
3494:978-3-929075-79-3
3454:978-3-89913-253-3
3388:978-3-87690-885-4
3239:Kamusella, Tomasz
3102:978-3-515-09372-9
3069:978-0-415-05768-4
3031:978-90-232-4329-8
2990:978-3-423-03025-0
2963:Peter Wiesinger:
2896:978-82-7661-078-9
2857:978-3-11-022025-4
2784:978-3-11-080537-6
2728:, pp. 91–93.
2716:, pp. 94–95.
2704:, pp. 93–94.
2665:, pp. 15–17.
2649:978-0-521-59646-6
2573:978-1-405-15296-9
2453:Dialect levelling
2353:Oji-Cree language
2347:. With Cree, the
2136:Romance languages
1875:in the west with
1811:Arabian Peninsula
1628:West South Slavic
1624:East South Slavic
1248:Romance languages
1229:Romance languages
1194:kingdom of Saxony
901:to the north and
854:, in which local
742:interpretive maps
697:Dialect geography
687:standard language
605:dialect continuum
601:
600:
389:Distributionalism
332:Psycholinguistics
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
4550:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4498:. Archived from
4488:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4165:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4096:Thurgood, Graham
4088:
4079:
4078:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4023:
4017:
4016:
3999:(3–4): 445–463.
3984:
3978:
3977:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3833:. Archived from
3828:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3596:
3548:
3533:Kordić, Snježana
3529:
3523:
3522:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3412:
3380:
3371:
3362:Kordić, Snježana
3358:
3352:
3351:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3286:Friedman, Victor
3282:
3276:
3275:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3218:Tomasz Kamusella
3213:
3207:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3090:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3017:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2978:
2972:
2961:
2955:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2759:
2753:
2752:, pp. 9–12.
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2559:
2542:
2531:
2525:
2515:
2317:British Columbia
2011:Turkic languages
1869:Turkic languages
1846:Persian language
1807:Fertile Crescent
1783:Classical Arabic
1738:and also in the
1667:Uralic languages
1661:Uralic languages
1636:
1633:
1613:grammatical case
1425:Slavic languages
1355:Romania continua
1288:Franco-Provençal
1219:Orcadian dialect
1205:Anglic continuum
1143:Hanseatic League
1101:Late Middle Ages
1053:Swedish dialects
1024:
1010:
997:
988:
979:
941:branches of the
717:linguistic atlas
633:Turkic languages
593:
586:
579:
565:
511:LGBT linguistics
501:Internationalism
476:Compositionality
337:Sociolinguistics
312:Neurolinguistics
307:Interlinguistics
292:Ethnomethodology
134:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4502:on 4 April 2011
4490:
4489:
4485:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4447:Halliday (1968)
4445:
4441:
4433:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4346:
4332:Halliday, M.A.K
4330:
4329:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4289:Sagart, Laurent
4287:
4286:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4212:, pp. 2–3.
4208:
4204:
4197:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4090:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4065:Springer-Verlag
4063:. Vol. 3.
4058:
4057:
4053:
4038:
4025:
4024:
4020:
3993:Iranian Studies
3986:
3985:
3981:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3670:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3592:
3565:
3546:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3495:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3455:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3408:
3389:
3378:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3246:(Working Paper)
3245:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3198:
3194:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3158:on 2 March 2014
3146:
3145:
3141:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2996:
2979:
2975:
2962:
2958:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2812:, pp. 3–4.
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2636:Trudgill, Peter
2630:
2629:
2625:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2532:
2528:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2433:
2339:communities in
2207:
2205:Cree and Ojibwa
2132:local varieties
2120:
2032:
1982:There are also
1957:Uyghur language
1895:, extends into
1866:
1842:
1826:
1768:
1763:
1720:Scottish Gaelic
1708:
1691:Gulf of Finland
1663:
1651:North Macedonia
1634:
1534:North Macedonia
1502:
1496:
1436:
1427:
1403:North Macedonia
1387:
1359:Charles Hockett
1266:, Castilian or
1236:
1231:
1207:
1182:Standard German
1147:Standard German
1081:
1041:
1034:
1022:
1020:
1008:
1006:
995:
993:
986:
984:
977:
969:
954:Slav Migrations
919:
911:North Macedonia
880:Eighth Schedule
878:. Even so, the
813:German dialects
764:
758:
721:German dialects
699:
676:dialectologists
611:is a series of
597:
556:
555:
466:
458:
457:
369:
361:
360:
356:Writing systems
247:Anthropological
237:
229:
228:
179:
171:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4556:
4554:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4483:
4469:
4466:. 29 May 1995.
4451:
4439:
4431:
4413:
4401:
4399:, p. 241.
4389:
4387:, p. 206.
4377:
4370:
4352:
4344:
4323:
4311:
4299:(2): 281–302.
4280:
4268:
4261:
4243:
4236:
4214:
4202:
4195:
4177:
4120:
4112:
4080:
4073:
4051:
4036:
4018:
3979:
3952:(2): 145–181.
3932:
3913:(3): 505–531.
3893:
3886:
3868:
3843:
3814:
3807:
3789:
3782:
3764:
3733:
3703:
3668:
3639:
3615:
3563:
3524:
3493:
3468:
3453:
3431:
3387:
3353:
3326:
3303:
3277:
3260:Crystal, David
3251:
3230:
3208:
3200:Peter Trudgill
3192:
3169:
3139:
3117:
3108:
3101:
3076:
3068:
3050:
3038:
3030:
3007:
2994:
2980:Werner König:
2973:
2956:
2943:
2931:
2919:(2): 167–177.
2903:
2895:
2873:
2864:
2856:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2783:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2667:
2655:
2648:
2632:Chambers, J.K.
2623:
2597:
2579:
2572:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2526:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Koine language
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2432:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2405:or Mississauga
2403:Eastern Ojibwa
2400:
2397:Central Ojibwa
2394:
2389:
2384:
2381:Western Ojibwa
2375:
2369:
2363:Ojibwa-Ottawa
2298:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2242:
2236:
2206:
2203:
2148:Middle Chinese
2119:
2116:
2058:spoken in the
2048:Standard Hindi
2031:
2028:
1877:Balkan Turkish
1865:
1862:
1841:
1838:
1830:modern Aramaic
1825:
1822:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1740:Irish counties
1707:
1704:
1671:Sami languages
1662:
1659:
1567:. Therefore,
1495:
1492:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1386:
1383:
1322:Gallo-Picene,
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1206:
1203:
1170:Standard Dutch
1151:
1150:
1139:Standard Dutch
1127:
1112:Central German
1080:
1077:
1040:
1037:
1021:
1013:Central German
1007:
994:
991:Low Franconian
985:
976:
968:
965:
918:
915:
839:, and between
760:Main article:
757:
754:
698:
695:
599:
598:
596:
595:
588:
581:
573:
570:
569:
558:
557:
554:
553:
548:
543:
538:
536:Prescriptivism
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
450:
449:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
403:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
170:
169:
164:
159:
153:
150:
149:
143:
142:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4555:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4414:
4411:, p. 80.
4410:
4409:Norman (2003)
4405:
4402:
4398:
4397:Norman (1988)
4393:
4390:
4386:
4385:Norman (1988)
4381:
4378:
4373:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4319:Norman (1988)
4315:
4312:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4276:Norman (1988)
4272:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4210:Norman (1988)
4206:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4092:Norman, Jerry
4087:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4037:0-306-48083-2
4033:
4029:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3869:
3856:
3855:
3847:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3749:(in French).
3748:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3619:
3616:
3600:
3595:
3594:CROSBI 475567
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3416:
3411:
3410:CROSBI 430499
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3377:
3376:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3338:(in German).
3337:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3170:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3048:, p. 92.
3047:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3001:C. Giesbers:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:W. Heeringa:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2800:, p. 11.
2799:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2740:, p. 10.
2739:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2692:, p. 27.
2691:
2686:
2683:
2680:, p. 25.
2679:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:Macrolanguage
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Dialectometry
2456:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2425:vowel syncope
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2325:United States
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2024:agglutination
2021:
2020:vowel harmony
2017:
2012:
2008:
2005:, Khalaj and
2004:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1501:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1488:Lower Sorbian
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:; in France,
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1001:
992:
983:
973:
966:
964:
962:
957:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
923:
916:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
792:
790:
789:
784:
780:
776:
768:
763:
755:
753:
749:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
731:
726:
722:
718:
710:
709:
703:
696:
694:
692:
691:nation-states
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:dialect chain
606:
594:
589:
587:
582:
580:
575:
574:
572:
571:
568:
564:
560:
559:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
486:Descriptivism
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
462:
461:
454:
453:Structuralism
451:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
436:Prague circle
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
375:
372:
371:
365:
364:
357:
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283:
282:Documentation
280:
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258:
257:Computational
255:
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94:
90:
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73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4538:Dialectology
4506:10 September
4504:. Retrieved
4500:the original
4495:
4486:
4472:
4463:
4454:
4442:
4422:
4416:
4404:
4392:
4380:
4361:
4355:
4335:
4326:
4314:
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4271:
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4246:
4223:
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3949:
3945:
3935:
3910:
3906:
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3877:
3871:
3859:. Retrieved
3853:
3846:
3835:the original
3830:
3817:
3798:
3792:
3773:
3767:
3753:(2–3): 315.
3750:
3746:
3736:
3719:
3715:
3706:
3697:
3651:
3648:Šipka, Danko
3642:
3624:
3618:
3606:. Retrieved
3542:
3537:
3527:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3374:
3356:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3312:
3306:
3289:
3280:
3263:
3254:
3233:
3223:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3182:
3172:
3160:. Retrieved
3156:the original
3151:
3142:
3129:
3120:
3111:
3092:
3079:
3059:
3053:
3041:
3021:
3002:
2997:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2941:, p. 6.
2934:
2929:pp. 173–174.
2916:
2912:
2906:
2886:
2876:
2867:
2847:
2841:
2836:, p. 9.
2829:
2824:, p. 4.
2817:
2805:
2793:
2766:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2658:
2640:Dialectology
2639:
2626:
2611:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2563:
2557:
2529:
2513:
2498:Ring species
2422:
2399:or Nipissing
2383:or Saulteaux
2303:
2299:
2247:(n-dialect)
2208:
2156:
2145:
2129:
2052:Sanskritized
2034:Many of the
2033:
2018:word order,
2000:
1994:speakers in
1986:speakers in
1981:
1921:Turkmenistan
1917:Central Asia
1867:
1858:Tat language
1843:
1827:
1819:
1789:, while the
1769:
1756:
1709:
1664:
1639:Old Slavonic
1627:
1623:
1621:
1581:Montenegrins
1558:pluricentric
1511:
1437:
1428:
1388:
1376:The Romance
1375:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1254:; in Spain,
1245:
1208:
1188:used at the
1168:
1152:
1135:West Frisian
1105:
1082:
1042:
1027:Upper German
958:
950:Roman Empire
947:
928:
888:
849:
817:
793:
786:
773:
750:
741:
739:
735:display maps
734:
728:
725:Georg Wenker
714:
706:
684:
669:
660:
653:dialect area
652:
608:
604:
602:
399:Glossematics
379:Constituency
351:interpreting
189:Lexicography
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
3162:26 February
2357:Swampy Cree
2296:(y-dialect)
2281:(r-dialect)
2261:(l-dialect)
2245:Swampy Cree
2235:(y-dialect)
2233:Plains Cree
1941:Afghanistan
1919:to include
1879:, includes
1761:Middle East
1748:Londonderry
1714:consist of
1540:. Standard
1440:East Slavic
1304:Piedmontese
1290:, standard
1124:Niederrhein
1120:Rhenish fan
1031:High German
1017:High German
783:Heinz Kloss
551:Terminology
526:Orthography
446:Usage-based
347:Translating
242:Acquisition
147:Linguistics
4522:Categories
3686:1061308790
3678:2018048005
3573:2011520778
3503:2009473660
3342:(2): 180.
3130:Franceinfo
2992:, pp. 230.
2549:References
2539:Wiktionary
2535:Low German
2418:Potawatomi
2323:, and the
2288:Innu-aimun
2259:Moose Cree
2239:Woods Cree
2056:Hindustani
1937:Tajikistan
1933:Kyrgyzstan
1929:Kazakhstan
1925:Uzbekistan
1893:Azerbaijan
1805:, and the
1683:Inari Sami
1565:Shtokavian
1546:Macedonian
1526:Montenegro
1452:Belarusian
1367:extinction
1252:Portuguese
1116:Limburgish
1004:Low German
907:Macedonian
841:Belarusian
827:, between
680:isoglosses
521:Orismology
406:Functional
394:Generative
384:Dependency
204:Pragmatics
194:Morphology
184:Diachronic
82:newspapers
4013:216353456
3974:165973597
3966:2213-4638
3919:0003-0279
3759:0080-2557
3694:150383965
3634:243829127
3589:15270636W
3581:729837512
3519:15295665W
3511:428012015
3348:0044-2356
3272:300458429
3262:(1998) .
2468:Diglossia
2463:Diasystem
2374:or Severn
2367:Algonquin
2279:Atikamekw
2265:East Cree
2195:Cantonese
2072:Rajasthan
1959:and into
1945:Chuvashia
1939:and into
1915:, across
1775:diglossia
1643:Torlakian
1608:Torlakian
1600:Chakavian
1596:Kajkavian
1550:Bulgarian
1480:Kashubian
1460:Ukrainian
1344:standards
1280:Valencian
1272:Aragonese
1178:Hollandic
1174:Brabantic
1131:Hollandic
1093:Low Saxon
1073:Icelandic
1057:Norwegian
1045:Norwegian
1029:(part of
1015:(part of
1000:Low Saxon
903:Bulgarian
899:Torlakian
845:Ukrainian
805:Norwegian
781:linguist
661:L-complex
496:Iconicity
491:Etymology
411:Cognitive
374:Formalist
327:Phonetics
317:Philology
209:Semantics
199:Phonology
4528:Dialects
4478:"Canada"
4305:23756757
4172:16024359
4154:30047639
4102:(eds.).
4046:53984252
3927:25608409
3728:55754615
3714:(2002).
3650:(2019).
3599:Archived
3535:(2010).
3479:(2009).
3463:51961066
3415:Archived
3397:56198470
3364:(2004).
3321:47186443
3298:46734277
3288:(1999).
3241:(2005).
3202:. 2003.
3187:Archived
3183:Treccani
3134:Archived
2638:(1998).
2608:(1958).
2592:Language
2590:(1935).
2441:aphorism
2431:See also
2345:Oklahoma
2337:diaspora
2333:Michigan
2222:Labrador
2159:Mandarin
2088:Maithili
2084:Assamese
2080:Gujarati
2076:Prakrits
1988:Moldavia
1961:Mongolia
1953:Xinjiang
1797:through
1699:Estonian
1647:Bulgaria
1577:Bosniaks
1538:Bulgaria
1514:Slovenia
1476:Silesian
1395:Bulgaria
1391:Romanian
1348:dialects
1328:Friulian
1324:Venetian
1316:Romagnol
1300:Ligurian
1296:Corsican
1264:Asturian
1256:Galician
1190:chancery
1164:Kerkrade
931:Germanic
866:, while
864:Pakistan
746:isogloss
645:Germanic
297:Forensic
277:Distance
224:Typology
139:a series
137:Part of
112:May 2016
4437:p. 162.
4187:Chinese
4163:1599877
3424:9 March
3405:3434516
2901:p. 152.
2862:p. 501.
2618:324–325
2447:Dialect
2377:Ojibwa
2335:, with
2329:Montana
2294:Naskapi
2218:Alberta
2187:Pinghua
2118:Chinese
2112:Punjabi
2108:Konkani
2104:Marathi
2092:Bengali
2038:of the
2003:Chuvash
1996:Georgia
1969:Chuvash
1913:Turkmen
1907:, into
1881:Turkish
1873:Balkans
1840:Persian
1824:Aramaic
1809:to the
1785:of the
1736:Kintyre
1728:Rathlin
1695:Finnish
1592:Croatia
1556:of the
1542:Slovene
1518:Croatia
1448:Russian
1415:Croatia
1411:Albania
1340:Romansh
1336:Lombard
1320:Italian
1312:Emilian
1308:Lombard
1284:Occitan
1276:Catalan
1268:Spanish
1260:Leonese
1192:of the
1145:, from
1089:Frisian
1069:Faroese
1065:Swedish
1025:
1011:
982:Frisian
935:Romance
856:Muslims
852:Kashmir
809:Swedish
785:called
641:Romance
252:Applied
162:History
157:Outline
96:scholar
4429:
4368:
4350:p. 12.
4342:
4309:p 299.
4303:
4259:
4234:
4193:
4170:
4160:
4152:
4118:p. 72.
4110:
4071:
4044:
4034:
4011:
3972:
3964:
3925:
3917:
3884:
3861:6 July
3805:
3780:
3757:
3726:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3666:
3632:
3608:15 May
3587:
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3561:
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3517:
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3501:
3491:
3461:
3451:
3403:
3395:
3385:
3346:
3319:
3296:
3270:
3099:
3074:p. 11.
3066:
3036:p. 54.
3028:
2988:
2893:
2854:
2781:
2646:
2570:
2349:Ojibwe
2341:Kansas
2321:Quebec
2313:Canada
2305:Ojibwa
2226:Canada
2152:Fujian
2100:Nepali
2050:, the
1984:Gagauz
1977:Dolgan
1965:Khoton
1951:, the
1905:Khalaj
1885:Turkey
1864:Turkic
1850:Tajiki
1795:Africa
1787:Qur'an
1771:Arabic
1766:Arabic
1744:Antrim
1685:. The
1669:. The
1655:Serbia
1606:, the
1604:Serbia
1569:Croats
1548:, and
1536:, and
1530:Serbia
1482:, and
1472:Slovak
1468:Polish
1419:Istria
1407:Greece
1399:Serbia
1292:French
1160:Aachen
1061:Danish
1049:Danish
1023:
1009:
998:
996:
989:
987:
980:
978:
939:Slavic
917:Europe
868:Hindus
837:Polish
833:Slovak
825:German
801:Danish
788:ausbau
779:German
659:) and
649:Slavic
635:, the
567:Portal
465:Topics
214:Syntax
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
4301:JSTOR
4150:JSTOR
4009:S2CID
3970:S2CID
3923:JSTOR
3838:(PDF)
3827:(PDF)
3718:[
3690:S2CID
3602:(PDF)
3547:(PDF)
3541:[
3483:[
3443:[
3418:(PDF)
3379:(PDF)
3370:(PDF)
3089:(PDF)
2522:Rusyn
2505:Notes
2179:Hakka
2171:Xiang
2068:Bihar
2060:Delhi
2044:Hindi
2007:Yakut
1973:Yakut
1963:with
1911:with
1901:Azeri
1899:with
1803:Sudan
1799:Egypt
1732:Arran
1716:Irish
1679:Skolt
1675:North
1590:. In
1573:Serbs
1484:Upper
1464:Czech
1456:Rusyn
1332:Ladin
1215:Scots
1110:From
1095:and
1085:Dutch
876:India
872:Hindi
829:Czech
821:Dutch
672:waves
625:India
167:Index
103:JSTOR
89:books
4508:2008
4427:ISBN
4366:ISBN
4340:ISBN
4257:ISBN
4232:ISBN
4191:ISBN
4168:PMID
4108:ISBN
4069:ISBN
4042:OCLC
4032:ISBN
3962:ISSN
3915:ISSN
3882:ISBN
3863:2011
3803:ISBN
3778:ISBN
3755:ISSN
3724:OCLC
3682:OCLC
3674:LCCN
3664:ISBN
3630:OCLC
3626:1995
3610:2019
3577:OCLC
3569:LCCN
3559:ISBN
3507:OCLC
3499:LCCN
3489:ISBN
3459:OCLC
3449:ISBN
3426:2017
3401:SSRN
3393:OCLC
3383:ISBN
3344:ISSN
3317:OCLC
3294:OCLC
3268:OCLC
3164:2014
3097:ISBN
3064:ISBN
3026:ISBN
2986:ISBN
2891:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2779:ISBN
2644:ISBN
2568:ISBN
2439:(an
2343:and
2210:Cree
2189:and
2181:and
2169:and
2110:and
2096:Odia
2064:Urdu
2022:and
1992:Urum
1990:and
1975:and
1949:Tuva
1909:Iraq
1903:and
1897:Iran
1887:and
1854:Dari
1852:and
1844:The
1828:All
1815:Iraq
1813:and
1752:Down
1750:and
1724:Manx
1722:and
1710:The
1697:and
1681:and
1653:and
1626:and
1579:and
1486:and
1458:and
1442:and
1417:(in
1413:and
1338:and
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1176:and
1071:and
1063:and
1051:and
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937:and
860:Urdu
843:and
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807:and
647:and
349:and
342:Text
75:news
4158:PMC
4142:doi
4138:272
4001:doi
3954:doi
3911:128
3656:doi
3551:doi
2921:doi
2771:doi
2331:to
2319:to
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2224:in
2220:to
2191:Yue
2183:Min
2175:Hui
2167:Gan
2070:to
2016:SOV
1891:in
1883:in
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