Languages of Israel - Knowledge (XXG)

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state-sponsored education, as well as variation in cultural exposure to the language). Israelis born from the 1980s onward generally have better English language skills than their parents and grandparents due to growing up with a higher level of exposure to the language in the media. "Proper" usage of the English language is considered a mark of good education among Israelis. In the past, several politicians, including

3673: 875: 3683: 927:, warnings and instructions were issued in at least seven languages. In 1991, a new radio station was erected, called "REKA", which is a Hebrew acronym for "Aliyah Absorption Network". At first, it broadcast exclusively in Russian, also containing programming aimed at teaching Hebrew, which included veteran Israel radio broadcasters recapping news in "easy Hebrew"; some years later, Amharic and 1540: 554:, who comprise a large national minority, and members of other minorities are also fluent in Hebrew. Historically, Hebrew was taught in Arab schools from the third grade onward, but it has been gradually introduced from kindergarten onward starting in September 2015. A Hebrew exam is an essential part of the matriculation exams for students of Israeli schools. The state-affiliated 631:

second to Hebrew, the use of Arabic should be much more extensive. Since then, all road signs, food labels, and messages published or posted by the government must also be translated into Literary Arabic, unless being issued by the local authority of an exclusively Hebrew-speaking community. As of December 2017, 40% of digital panels on public buses list their routes in both

728:. In addition, some Israeli schools also offer Russian language courses. The children of Russian immigrants to Israel generally pick up Hebrew as their dominant language, but most still speak Russian, and a majority still use Russian instead of Hebrew with family and Russian-speaking friends. As of 2017 there are up to 1.5 million Russian-speaking Israelis. 761:. In November 2007, a typical digital package included 45 channels in foreign languages, with 5 in Russian. At 2004 there were four dailies, 11 weeklies, five monthlies and over 50 local newspapers published in Russian in Israel, with a total circulation of about 250,000 during weekends. Daily radio services in Russian are also available throughout Israel. 406: 542:. Native Hebrew speakers comprise about 53% of the population. The vast majority of the rest speak Hebrew fluently as a second language. Native-born Israeli Jews are typically native speakers of Hebrew, but a significant minority of Israelis are immigrants who learned Hebrew as a second language. Immigrants who come under the 676:, for example, would become "Natzeret". The Transport Ministry said signs would be replaced gradually as necessary due to wear and tear. This has been criticized as an attempt to erase the Arabic language and Palestinian heritage in Israel. Israel's governmental names' committee unanimously rejected that suggestion in 2011. 830:

lost status. Today, English is the primary language for international relations and foreign exchange, but it is not sanctioned for use in Knesset debates or in drafting legislation. Some British Mandate laws are still formulated in English, and the process of their translation into Hebrew has been gradual.

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policy, which governed the Israel language policy in its early days, was gradually neglected during the late 1970s. While in the 1950s Israeli law banned Yiddish-language theaters and forced civil servants to adopt Hebrew surnames, the new policy allowed immigrants to communicate with the authorities

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was used as a diplomatic language, even though most state officials and civil servants were more fluent in English. During the late 1960s, the Israeli-French alliance was undermined, leading to a stronger Israeli-United States alliance and paving the way for the English language to regain much of its

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as a language with "a special status in the State" (Article 4). The law further says that it should not be interpreted as compromising the status of the Arabic language in practice prior to the enactment of the Basic Law, namely, it preserves the status quo and changes the status of Hebrew and Arabic

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Ashkenazi communities in Israel. However, despite state-sponsored initiatives for preserving Yiddish culture, the number of Yiddish-speaking Israelis is in decline as older generations of Ashkenazi Jews die. In addition, due to greater integration of Haredim, many families in Yiddish-speaking Haredi

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started teaching Russian in 1962. In public schools, the first Russian-language classes were opened in the 1970s in large cities. The number of students enrolled in these programs dropped in the 1980s as immigration from the Soviet Union slowed down. In the 1990s, a Russian-language program carried

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For many years, the Israeli authorities were reluctant to use Arabic, except when explicitly ordered by law (for example, in warnings on dangerous chemicals), or when addressing the Arabic-speaking population. This has changed following a November 2000 supreme court ruling which ruled that although

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lived in Israel by 2012. Additionally, it is estimated that 14,700 Romanian nationals worked in Israel as of 2010 (with or without a work permit). These figures do not include Moldovan-born Jews and Moldovan migrants, which in turn are listed as former Soviet. However, these numbers do not account

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In 1948, the newly independent state of Israel took over the old British regulations that had set English, Arabic, and Hebrew as official languages for Mandatory Palestine but, as mentioned, dropped English from the list. In spite of this, official language use has maintained a de facto role for

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English is not considered official but it plays a dominant role in the educational and public life of Israeli society. ... It is the language most widely used in commerce, business, formal papers, academia, and public interactions, public signs, road directions, names of buildings, etc. English

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Although English does not enjoy the same status as Hebrew and Arabic do, English proficiency is a core requirement in the public education system and road signs are generally written in English after Hebrew and Arabic. English is taught in public schools from the third grade to high school, and

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In terms of English, there is no connection between the declared policies and statements and de facto practices. While English is not declared anywhere as an official language, the reality is that it has a very high and unique status in Israel. It is the main language of the academy, commerce,

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for the immigrant reader. In 1989, there was only one daily in Russian, and 6 in 1996. Since the 2000s, the number of Russian-language newspapers started to decline due to the increasing number of television and online media. Israeli television provides daily translation in Hebrew, Arabic, and

672:, the transport minister, suggested that signs on all major roads in Israel, East Jerusalem and possibly parts of the West Bank would be amended, replacing English and Arabic place names with straight transliterations of the Hebrew name. Currently most road signs are in all three languages. 853:

Most Israelis can converse in and read English on at least a basic level, and secular Israelis who are of a high social and economic status usually possess greater capabilities in English than those who are of a lower social and economic status (this is mostly due to differing levels of

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were highly educated with almost 45 percent of them having some kind of higher education. Despite the fact that the native language of a significant part of the country's population is Russian, the language occupies a modest role in Israel's education system.

623:. Arabic lessons are widespread in Hebrew-speaking schools from the seventh through ninth grades. Those who wish to do so may opt to continue their Arabic studies through the twelfth grade and take an Arabic matriculation exam. A 2015 study found that 17% of 1041:

Jewish language and the third most widely spoken Jewish language, Ladino is a variant of medieval Spanish, intermixed with Hebrew and with vocabulary from various other languages where Jews emigrated after being expelled from Spain. It is spoken by many

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has been massive in Israel in recent decades, and foreign language television shows are generally presented in the original language with Hebrew subtitles rather than dubbed, which means that there is a high level of exposure to English in the media.

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showed that 38% of Israelis ages 16 to 65 said they lacked basic English skills like speaking, reading, or writing and 13% reported that they do not know any English whatsoever. English retains a role comparable to that of an official language.

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communities have switched to using primarily Hebrew at home, which has led to the launch preservation campaigns among these communities. In a 2013 survey, about 2% of Israelis over the age of 20 recorded Yiddish as their native language.

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All Ordinances, official notices and official forms of the Government and all official notices of local authorities and municipalities in areas to be prescribed by order of the High Commissioner, shall be published in English, Arabic and

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in schools and universities, for both Hebrew and Arabic-speaking students. Despite the country's history of British mandatory rule, written English in Israel today uses primarily American spelling, punctuation, vocabulary, and grammar.

973:: it is spoken natively by around 100,000 Israelis. During Ottoman rule and the mandate period, as well as during the first decades of Israeli statehood, German was one of the primary languages of Jews living there. In 1979, a 611:. In 1949, there were 156,000 Arabs in Israel, most of whom did not speak Hebrew. Today, the figure stands at about 1.6 million, and although most are proficient in Hebrew, Arabic remains their primary native language. 865:

Due to immigration from English-speaking countries, a small but significant minority of Israeli Jews are native English speakers. One survey found that about 2% of Israelis spoke English as their native language.

1306:. They migrated to Israel beginning in 1948, when the State of Israel was established. In 1977, they numbered about 20,000. Concentrations of Marathi speakers are found in the towns of Dimona and Beersheba. 222:

is known as a foreign language by a significant proportion of the Israeli population as English is used widely in official logos and road signs alongside Hebrew and Arabic. In addition, the 19th edition of

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alongside Hebrew, but only rarely have Arabic-speaking Knesset members made use of this privilege as while all Arabic-speaking MKs are fluent in Hebrew, fewer Hebrew-speaking MKs can understand Arabic.

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In addition, a significant number of Israeli Jews know spoken Arabic, although only a very small number are fully literate in written Arabic. Arabic is the native language of older generations of those

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communities. Yiddish is a Germanic language, but incorporates elements of Hebrew. Yiddish saw a decline in its prevalence among the Israeli population in the early statehood of Israel, due to

318: 1121:: over 20% of Israeli adults have some knowledge of French. 250,000 to 350,000 Israeli are French speakers. A hybrid Jewish French, called "Franbreu", is emerging. French is spoken by many 813:

ruled that English, Arabic and Hebrew were inherited as official languages by Israel, but that English had been removed by the Law and Administration Ordinance of 1948. The Ordinance said:

346: 1266:: While spoken by a negligible number of Israeli Jews, Chinese, Tagalog, and Thai have made inroads in Israeli society in recent years due to an influx of non-Jewish immigrants from 620: 1866: 1113:

from Argentina and Venezuela, broadcast in Spanish with Hebrew subtitles by Viva in the 1990s, has extended a passive understanding of the language to some of the TV viewers.

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and their families, who immigrated from Turkey in the second half of the 20th century and also by foreign workers. Many of the Turkish speakers in Israel also speak Ladino.

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In 2008, a group of Knesset members proposed a bill to remove Arabic's status as an official language, making it an "official secondary language". That bill did not pass.

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can understand Arabic and 10% can speak it fluently, but only 2.5% can read an article in the language, 1.5% can write a letter in it, and 1% can read a book in it.

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branch opened in Tel Aviv. By 2006, increasing numbers of Israelis were studying German, and at the time four Israeli schools offered German as an elective course.

558:, established in 1953 by a Knesset law, is tasked with researching the Hebrew language and offering standardized rules for the use of the language by the state. 294:

Israeli Immunization Cards. The left one is in Hebrew and French and was printed in 1983. The right one is in Hebrew, Arabic and English and was printed in 1991.

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in their language of origin and encouraged them to keep their original language and culture. This new practice has become evident since the early 1990s with

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is the official language used in government, commerce, court sessions, schools, and universities. It is the language most commonly used in everyday life in

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are actually Ashkenazim. Spanish has never been part of the curriculum in Israel, and Spanish is only taught as a foreign language in universities and

1077:; most were born and raised in Poland, speak the language fluently amongst themselves, and have made attempts to impart the language to their children. 776:

in Eastern Europe and the second most widely spoken Jewish language after Hebrew. Currently, it is spoken by approximately 200,000 Israelis, mostly in

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policy, where every immigrant was required to study Hebrew and often to adopt a Hebrew surname. Use of Yiddish, which was the main competitor prior to

59:. Blue shows dominantly Hebrew speaking areas, lighter blue shows mixed Hebrew and Arabic speaking areas, white shows dominantly Arabic speaking areas. 2788: 908: 2537: 3648: 712:

is by far the most widely spoken non-official language in Israel. Over 20% of Israelis are fluent in Russian after mass Jewish immigration from the

651: 527:, was discouraged, and the number of Yiddish speakers declined as the older generations died out. However, Yiddish is still often used in Ashkenazi 1653: 3587: 1157: 831: 1073:(workers' settlements) created during the 1940s and 1950s. There are also several thousand Polish Jews living in Israel who immigrated after the 784:

in theatres, movies and other cultural activities. It has undergone a cultural revival in recent years. Yiddish is the primary language in some

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The Israeli Census Bureau only counts as second generation Jews those persons whose father was born aboard, regardless of their mother's origin

2472: 1965: 1727:"Law and Administration Ordinance No 1 of 5708—1948, clause 15(b). Official Gazette No. 1 of 5th Iyar, 5708; as per authorised translation in 397:

in the runup to the 1967 Six-Day War, leading to decreased use of French. Israeli passports switched from French to English during the 1990s.

3562: 3026: 3007: 2984: 2965: 2946: 2927: 2680: 2452: 2421: 2384: 1836: 935:, news programmes appeared in Russian, Amharic and Tigrinya. Several newspapers and magazines were published in Russian and easy Hebrew with 724:

in the 1970s, 1990s, and 2000s. The government and businesses often provide both written and verbal information in Russian. There is also an

3312: 2718: 2043: 1140:. Also, French is still taught in many Israeli schools and universities and due to immigration from France a small but significant 2% of 3607: 2587: 2559: 1649: 802: 669: 334: 231: 38: 2895: 1863: 1010: 801:

stated that graduates who lacked English proficiency were effectively "handicapped" in today's economy. An October 2017 report by the

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across the country, and, starting in 2015, Arabic has been increasingly featured in signs along highways and in railway stations.

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Israelis. It comes from Jewish educators of the Deaf from Germany who relocated to start the first school for the deaf in Israel.

2581:"Foreign Workers in Israel At the End of 2010: 116,000 Foreign Workers Entered on a Work Permit, and 95,000 Entered as Tourists" 845:(matriculation certificate). Most universities also regard a high level of English as a prerequisite for admission. Exposure to 572: 3234: 1488: 855: 188:

is the country's official language, and almost the entire population speaks it either as a first language or proficiently as a

2770: 2580: 1751: 1192:) as a primary or second language. As a result of growing demand, Italian may be taken as an optional subject in some schools. 333:

Before the enactment of this Basic Law, the status of official language in Israel was determined by the 82nd paragraph of the

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for actual language speakers but only nationality, as there is no recent data on the number of Romanophones living in Israel.

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An Israeli road sign in Hebrew, Arabic, and English. On some road signs (such as the ones above), the Arabic and English are

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from other Spanish-speaking countries, as well as by some Sephardi groups. Spanish is not restricted to Sephardim, as most

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communities worldwide, and is sometimes the first language for the members of the Hasidic branches of such communities.

394: 2498: 3612: 3224: 3196: 1517: 685: 495:) and his followers created the first Hebrew-speaking schools, newspapers, and other Hebrew-language institutions. 484: 2785:"Speaking of Italian Ambassador in Israel about Israeli program for the teaching of Italian language (in italian)" 2616: 1806:

The linguistic dualism between Hebrew and Yiddish was similar to that of Hebrew and Aramaic in former generations.

1686: 1654:"Selected Data from the 2011 Social Survey on Mastery of the Hebrew Language and Usage of Languages (Hebrew Only)" 3557: 3522: 3477: 3128: 2862: 595: 363: 278:

Spoken Language and Hebrew proficiency, by Sex in Israel according to the 1948 Census, male: black, female: brown

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until the 1990s, even though most state officials and civil servants were more fluent in English. However, the

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is spoken by about 20% of the Israeli population, mainly due to the large immigrant population from the former

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was used as a diplomatic language in Israel, and was also used alongside Hebrew on official documents such as

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included some 1,500 students. In 1997, about 120 schools in Israel taught Russian in one way or another.

503:, Volume 1, the "very making of Hebrew into a spoken language derives from the will to separate from the 3597: 3547: 3502: 3482: 3472: 3372: 3269: 3254: 2662: 1828: 1660: 1563: 1472: 1463: 1451: 1334: 1291: 1133: 569:

were proficient or highly proficient in Hebrew, while 17% could not read it and 12% could not speak it.

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Social Survey of Israelis over 20 years of age, 49% report Hebrew as their native language, Arabic 18%,

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Russian. In 2002, the Israeli Russian-speaking commercial Channel 9 was launched. It is also known as

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Traditionally, Russian speakers read newspapers and listen to radio more often than Hebrew speakers.

314: 2722: 2639: 1009:, Amharic is often used in government announcements and publications. Amharic is also spoken by the 705:

A multilingual sign at a beach, in Hebrew, English, Arabic and Russian, stating "swimming forbidden"

511:(1905–1914), Hebrew prevailed as the single official and spoken language of the Jewish community of 3627: 3617: 3552: 3517: 3452: 3432: 3382: 3367: 3362: 3298: 3057: 2503: 2476: 1969: 1933:"Dr. Sarah Ozacky-Lazar, Relations between Jews and Arabs during Israel's first decade (in Hebrew)" 1437: 1153: 1106: 878:

A sign at the Ministry of the Interior/Ministry of Immigrant Absorption at the Government Complex,

721: 512: 441: 359: 3682: 2644: 1603: 274: 3658: 3577: 3537: 3512: 3492: 3427: 3402: 3392: 3377: 3133: 2819: 2686: 1196: 1081: 940: 825:

In practice, the use of English decreased dramatically during the state's early years. At first,

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in 1922, and the 1922 Palestine Order in Council were the first in modern times to acknowledge

382:. Today, Russian TV channels and media are widely available alongside Hebrew and Arabic media. 3497: 3462: 3417: 3412: 3321: 3191: 3186: 3022: 3003: 2980: 2961: 2942: 2923: 2676: 2448: 2417: 2380: 1832: 1788: 1432: 1256: 1017: 1006: 956: 928: 737: 445: 425:

of the Hebrew place names. On others, the local Arabic or conventional English names are used.

251: 96: 87: 65: 2744: 2017: 1906: 1858:

As described by the Yiddish-speaking actor Nathan Wolfowicz in the Israeli Yiddish newspaper

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Israel: Day to Day Spoken Language, Among Non-Hebrew Speakers in the Jewish Population (1948)

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during the 1950s and 1960s. There is a Judeo-Moroccan Arabic radio program on Israeli radio.

1282: 1250: 1216: 1204: 1172: 1089: 974: 895: 891: 818: 709: 461: 453: 390: 375: 338: 290: 247: 235: 219: 211: 140: 136: 131: 124: 2899: 3176: 3171: 3161: 3112: 2359: 2070: 1870: 1558: 1420: 1315: 1295: 1149: 1117: 1085:: While most Ukrainian Jews speak Russian, there is still a segment of Ukrainian speakers. 1054: 1033: 1021: 1002: 969: 826: 504: 452:

as an official language of a political entity. This was a significant achievement for the

422: 386: 299: 243: 189: 165: 159: 120: 104: 100: 92: 2063: 17: 2340: 1947: 1180:: In addition to being spoken by Italian Jews, Italian is also spoken by many Jews from 3181: 2996: 2625: 1409: 1398: 1355: 1234: 1228: 1137: 1098: 773: 492: 480: 170: 108: 960:: It is estimated that 82,300 first generation and at least 126,200 second generation 306:, whose rulings have enforced the current policies of national and local authorities. 258:, which were not offered as answers by the survey). This study also noted that 90% of 3701: 3676: 3043: 2823: 2690: 2538:"The Biggest Challenges for Israeli Students Learning English: How to Overcome Them?" 2165: 1818: 1747: 1632: 1545: 1425: 1367: 1262: 1129: 1046:

Jews. Today there is a state-supported authority for preserving the Ladino culture –

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Many other languages are used by large sectors of the Israeli population, including:

577: 566: 551: 550:, or Hebrew language school. Most of them speak fluent Hebrew, but some do not. Most 543: 508: 496: 435: 362:, was adopted in the State of Israel, subject to certain amendments published by the 263: 204:

which comprises about one-fifth of the population. Arabic has a special status under

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were proficient in Hebrew and 70% were highly proficient. It also found that 60% of

2591: 2178: 1141: 1126: 989:, most of whom arrived in two massive operations transporting tens of thousands of 732: 713: 695: 624: 616: 562: 524: 515:. When the State of Israel was formed in 1948, the government viewed Hebrew as the 379: 259: 215: 752:

was the major Russian-newspaper in Israel during the 1970s, when it competed with

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In March 2007, the Knesset approved a new law calling for the establishment of an

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dramatically increased with massive arrivals of Jewish immigrants from the former

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Israeli Sign Language and Hebrew are the languages of the Israeli Deaf community

2815: 2409: 1404: 1327: 1319: 1299: 1287: 1271: 986: 903: 859: 758: 725: 604: 561:

A survey by the Central Bureau of Statistics released in 2013 found that 90% of

520: 205: 2706: 862:, were mocked openly in the media and in public for their poor English skills. 460:

as the national language of the Jewish people and discouraged the use of other

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Any provision in the law requiring the use of the English language is repealed.

3047: 2672: 2087: 1535: 1413: 1125:, Algerian, and Tunisian Jews, either as a native or second language of these 1110: 1029:

immigrants can also speak Russian, they converse among themselves in Georgian.

224: 56: 1184:(a former Italian colony) and immigrants from other former Italian colonies ( 3061: 1362: 1310: 1094: 607:. Various spoken dialects are used, and Arabic is the native language among 342: 52: 2414:

Perspectives on Language and Development: Essays in Honor of Ruth A. Berman

2044:"Found in translation: Arabic language wins unexpected approval in Knesset" 839:

passing an English oral and written test is a prerequisite for receiving a

507:". After Ben Yehuda's immigration to Israel, and due to the impetus of the 2837: 2109: 2073:

in the Israeli official gazette (publication no. 2092 from 28 March 2007).

1687:"Israeli Law Declares the Country the 'Nation-State of the Jewish People'" 923:

extensively when communicating with these new immigrants. During the 1991

898:. English and Russian are the most popular unofficial languages in Israel. 417: 2341:"War on Hebrew - For Some ultra-Orthodox, There Can Be Only One Language" 1338:: Judeo-Moroccan Arabic is the native language spoken by the majority of 1275: 1043: 1038: 994: 924: 673: 479:

was particularly popular among new Jewish Zionist immigrants who came to

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and other French-speaking countries, as well as by foreign workers from

3201: 3156: 2648: 1875: 1350: 1343: 1243: 1200:: Hungarian is spoken by approximately 70,000 Hungarian Jews in Israel. 1189: 1185: 1161: 981: 932: 920: 777: 769: 643: 469: 465: 310: 255: 239: 112: 3067: 405: 302:

in Israel. This confusing situation has led to several appeals to the

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supports French studies in Israeli schools. Israel has tried to join

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behaves 'as if' it were the second and official language in Israel.

1966:"The official text of the Israeli supreme court ruling (in Hebrew)" 1160:(AUF). Concentrations of French speakers are found in the towns of 2322: 2320: 2219:К визиту Нетаньяху: что Россия может получить от экономики Израиля 1780:

Modern Yiddish culture: the story of the Yiddish language movement

1303: 1267: 1181: 879: 700: 689: 659: 642:

Arabic was always considered a legitimate language for use in the

547: 416: 404: 289: 281: 273: 2898:. Sign Language Research Lab, University of Haifa. Archived from 2802:

Weil Shalva (1977). "Verbal Interaction among the Bene Israeli".

2379:. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. pp. 169–170. 2110:"Knesset Hawks Move To Strip Arabic of Official Status in Israel" 1456: 1391: 1383: 3294: 3071: 1992:"The sudden, surprising rise of Arabic on Israeli street signs" 1378:: Jewish Neo-Aramaic language is the native language spoken by 2307: 2305: 2161: 931:

time slots were introduced. Just as news in Arabic existed on

2360:"Israelis who don't learn English are crippled, handicapped" 2229: 2227: 298:

Several laws determine the official status of languages and

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Ben-Rafael, Miriam; Ben-Rafael, Eliezer (5 November 2018).

1604:"BASIC LAW: ISRAEL - THE NATION STATE OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE" 658:. This institute was established in 2008, its centre is in 2861:

Meir, Irit; Sandler, Wendy; Padden, Carol; Aronoff, Mark.

1948:"Study: Only 1% of Israeli Jews Can Read a Book in Arabic" 2998:

Jews in Israel: contemporary social and cultural patterns

2180:לשכת רה"מ: הצעת כץ למחוק שמות יישובים בלועזית - לא ריאלית 2870:

Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education

3019:

The languages of Israel: policy, ideology, and practice

2473:"High Court of Justice, case 4112/99, paragraphs 11–12" 1685:

Halbfinger, David M.; Kershner, Isabel (19 July 2018).

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lists 36 languages and dialects spoken through Israel.

2499:"Study finds most English teachers lacking in English" 2280: 2278: 1713:, No. 898 of 29 June 1939, Supplement 2, pp. 464–465. 184:

population is linguistically and culturally diverse.

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Pokorn, Nike K.; Gile, Daniel; Hansen, Gyde (2010).

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Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education

2617:

German Language Slowly Losing Taboo Status in Israel

2207:

The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History

1366:: Judeo-Tat (also known as Juhuri) is spoken by the 1132:, French is also spoken by the increasing number of 3626: 3586: 3328: 3217: 3149: 3121: 3105: 817:"Any provision in the law requiring the use of the 158: 146: 130: 86: 76: 64: 31: 2995: 2444:Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches 374:Apart from Hebrew, Arabic and English, the use of 2018:"MK takes to Knesset podium for speech in Arabic" 1144:are native French speakers. The French embassy's 2326: 1889:The Israeli Conflict System: Analytic Approaches 939:. In the beginning of the twenty-first century, 919:). Israeli authorities began to use Russian and 909:massive immigration from the former Soviet Union 1873:of his article by Rachel Rozhenski appeared in 815: 726:Israeli television broadcast channel in Russian 662:and it is currently headed by Mahmud Ghanayem. 368: 351: 319:Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People 2296: 2257: 2221:Алексей Голубович, Forbes Russia, 9 March 2017 1322:(also called Malabar Jews), from the state of 1048:La Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino i su Kultura 603:, along with Hebrew, has special status under 3306: 3083: 2137:"MKs: Make Hebrew the only official language" 2086:. Arabicac.com. 21 March 2007. Archived from 1152:, but has been rebuffed by its Arab members. 8: 2810:(193). de Gruyter, Reference Global: 71–86. 2311: 2269: 1224:who immigrated from Iran and their children. 3207: 1907:"CBS: 27% of Israelis struggle with Hebrew" 1220:: Persian is spoken by some of the 135,000 1058:: Polish was spoken by the large number of 366:on 19 May 1948. The amendment states that: 3313: 3299: 3291: 3090: 3076: 3068: 2629:. 18 June 2006. Retrieved on 11 June 2015. 2416:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 90. 2233: 1370:who immigrated from Russia and Azerbaijan. 1208:: Turkish is spoken by some of the 77,000 580:, which is in English, Arabic, and Hebrew. 477:the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language 37: 3017:Spolsky, Bernard; Shohamy, Elana (1999). 2958:Struggle and Survival in Palestine/Israel 2918:Baker, Colin; Jones, Sylvia Prys (1998). 1824:History of the Yiddish Language, Volume 1 1412:church and by a number of Greek Jews and 1066:. Today, it is somewhat common in Polish 250:1.6%, and 10% other languages (including 2556:CBS, STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF ISRAEL 2013 2392:English, after Hebrew but before Arabic. 873: 832:English is required as a second language 571: 196:, is the main medium of life in Israel. 2552:"JEWS, BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN(1) AND AGE" 2376:Round Table on Language and Linguistics 2339:Rabinowitz, Aaron (23 September 2017). 1900: 1898: 1896: 1595: 1575: 1428:in two villages in the north of Israel. 1158:Agence universitaire de la Francophonie 772:has been traditionally the language of 444:articles, issued by the Council of the 3021:. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. 2994:Rebhun, Uzi; Waxman, Chaim I. (2004). 2956:LeVine, Mark; Shafir, Gershon (2012). 358:This law, like most other laws of the 28: 2979:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co. 2358:Arutz Sheva Staff (2 February 2018). 2284: 2245: 1721: 1719: 1644: 1642: 985:: Spoken by most of Israel's 130,000 941:the first Russian-language TV channel 266:have a good understanding of Hebrew. 7: 870:Policy towards immigrants' languages 546:are entitled to a free course in an 2838:"Association of the Deaf in Israel" 2707:olim from french speaking countries 2588:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 2560:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 2412:; Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, Hava (eds.). 1905:Druckman, Yaron (21 January 2013). 1650:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 1484:, AKA Algerian Jewish Sign Language 1318:is the traditional language of the 803:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 335:Constitution of Mandatory Palestine 2960:. University of California Press. 2939:Critical issues in Israeli society 2922:. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. 2745:"Netanya: Israel's French capital" 2520:"You're in Israel – Speak English" 1011:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 519:official language and initiated a 472:replaced Hebrew in ancient times. 25: 2719:"Israel and the OIF institutions" 2404:Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, Hava (2004). 2084:"Arabic Language Academy – Haifa" 1467:, used by the immigrant community 1358:who immigrated from Central Asia. 1093:: Spanish is spoken by Jews from 395:Israeli-French alliance unraveled 3681: 3672: 3671: 3002:. Hanover: Brandeis University. 2406:"Part I: Language and Discourse" 2166:Row over 'standard' Hebrew signs 1538: 1238:: These languages are spoken by 741:out by local governments called 731:Most Jewish immigrants from the 169: 3054:Language Policy Research Center 2518:Bior, Haim (11 February 2018). 2460:business, and the public space. 1489:Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language 1382:that immigrated to Israel from 1342:that immigrated to Israel from 501:History of the Yiddish Language 3639:British Indian Ocean Territory 2977:Why translation studies matter 2590:. 31 July 2011. Archived from 2327:Pokorn, Gile & Hansen 2010 1946:Kashti, Or (6 December 2015). 1777:Goldsmith, Emanuel S. (1997). 1246:. Kayla appears to be extinct. 656:Academy of the Hebrew Language 556:Academy of the Hebrew Language 337:, which was promulgated by an 325:as "the State's language" and 192:. Its standard form, known as 1: 2447:. Routledge. pp. 72–73. 1518:Abu Kaf Bedouin Sign Language 1455:is the main language amongst 1286:: Marathi is the language of 1109:. However, the popularity of 799:Israeli Ministry of Education 797:In 2018, the director of the 413:in Hebrew, Arabic and English 2941:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. 2135:Ilan, Shahar (19 May 2008). 1075:1968 Polish political crisis 456:, which sought to establish 2816:10.1515/ling.1977.15.193.71 1729:Laws of the State of Israel 1394:during the 1940s and 1950s. 1354:: Bukhori is spoken by the 200:is used mainly by Israel's 3729: 2297:Spolsky & Shohamy 1999 2258:Spolsky & Shohamy 1999 1503:Arab El-Naim Sign Language 1134:new immigrants from France 686:Russian language in Israel 683: 593: 485:Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem 433: 3667: 3278: 2863:"Emerging Sign Languages" 2673:10.1515/9781501504631-020 2373:Spolsky, Bernard (1999). 2177:חסון, ניר (6 July 2011). 913:immigration from Ethiopia 621:Arabic-speaking countries 596:Arabic language in Israel 364:Provisional State Council 43:Map showing languages in 36: 18:Language policy in Israel 3388:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 2312:LeVine & Shafir 2012 2270:Rebhun & Waxman 2004 2179: 1785:Fordham University Press 1496:Kafr Qasem Sign Language 917:Ethiopian Jews in Israel 869: 487:beginning in the 1880s. 3649:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 2664:Jewish French in Israel 2441:Shohamy, Elana (2006). 1525:Al-Atrash Sign Language 1511:Ein Mahel Sign Language 1298:region of the state of 694:A Russian bookstore in 652:Arabic Language Academy 2234:Baker & Jones 1998 1869:1 October 2007 at the 1731:, Vol. I (1948) p. 10" 1554:Demographics of Israel 1481:Ghardaia Sign Language 1473:village sign languages 1138:French speaking Africa 947:Other spoken languages 899: 882:. From top to bottom: 823: 718:Russian Jews in Israel 706: 698: 581: 426: 414: 372: 356: 349:, as amended in 1939: 295: 287: 279: 2896:"About Our Languages" 2667:. De Gruyter Mouton. 2615:Bartolmai, Evelyne. " 1829:Yale University Press 1711:The Palestine Gazette 1613:. The State of Israel 1564:Neo-Aramaic languages 1464:Russian Sign Language 1452:Israeli Sign Language 1408:: Greek is spoken by 1335:Judeo-Moroccan Arabic 877: 811:High Court of Justice 704: 693: 575: 420: 408: 309:On 19 July 2018, the 293: 285: 277: 153:Israeli Sign Language 3563:United Arab Emirates 2937:Dowty, Alan (2004). 2069:3 March 2016 at the 1864:A Hebrew translation 1752:"Yiddish is no joke" 619:who immigrated from 230:According to a 2011 160:Keyboard layout 3708:Languages of Israel 3590:limited recognition 3099:Languages of Israel 3058:Bar Ilan University 3044:Languages of Israel 2504:The Times of Israel 2410:Diskin Ravid, Dorit 1438:Armenians in Israel 1156:is a member of the 1154:Tel Aviv University 1107:Instituto Cervantes 911:and the additional 513:Mandatory Palestine 499:notes in his book, 32:Languages of Israel 3322:Languages of Asia 2479:on 28 October 2014 2205:Spolsky, Bernard: 1972:on 28 October 2014 1666:on 22 October 2021 1375:Jewish Neo-Aramaic 900: 707: 699: 582: 489:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 427: 415: 296: 288: 280: 3695: 3694: 3632:other territories 3288: 3287: 3050:entry for Israel. 3028:978-1-85359-451-9 3009:978-1-58465-327-1 2986:978-90-272-2434-7 2967:978-0-520-95390-1 2948:978-0-275-97320-9 2929:978-1-85359-362-8 2682:978-1-5015-0463-1 2640:Viva la telenova! 2454:978-0-415-32864-7 2423:978-1-4020-7911-5 2386:978-0-87840-132-1 2064:The law in Hebrew 1998:. 6 December 2017 1879:on 31 March 2004. 1862:on 20 July 1951. 1838:978-0-300-10960-3 1146:Institut Français 738:Hebrew University 475:The movement for 446:League of Nations 401:Official language 178: 177: 16:(Redirected from 3720: 3685: 3675: 3674: 3644:Christmas Island 3330:Sovereign states 3315: 3308: 3301: 3292: 3282:Jewish languages 3265:Levantine Arabic 3092: 3085: 3078: 3069: 3032: 3013: 3001: 2990: 2971: 2952: 2933: 2904: 2903: 2902:on 16 June 2016. 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2867: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2791:on 22 July 2011. 2787:. Archived from 2781: 2775: 2774: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2751:. 8 January 2015 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2721:. Archived from 2715: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2658: 2652: 2651:. 8 August 2001. 2636: 2630: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2596: 2585: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2569:on 4 March 2016. 2568: 2562:. Archived from 2548: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2475:. Archived from 2469: 2463: 2462: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2315: 2309: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2174: 2168: 2164:, 13 July 2009, 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2080: 2074: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1968:. Archived from 1962: 1956: 1955: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1902: 1891: 1886: 1880: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1750:(5 March 2010). 1744: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1723: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1665: 1659:. Archived from 1658: 1646: 1637: 1636: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1608: 1600: 1583: 1580: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1424:: spoken by the 1025:: Although most 975:Goethe Institute 847:American culture 819:English language 722:successor states 462:Jewish languages 454:Zionist movement 423:transliterations 339:Order in Council 330:only nominally. 321:, which defines 317:under the title 262:and over 60% of 246:2%, English 2%, 173: 41: 29: 21: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3713:Multilingualism 3698: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3663: 3631: 3622: 3603:Northern Cyprus 3589: 3582: 3324: 3319: 3289: 3284: 3274: 3213: 3145: 3117: 3101: 3096: 3040: 3035: 3029: 3016: 3010: 2993: 2987: 2974: 2968: 2955: 2949: 2936: 2930: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2865: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2725:on 20 June 2010 2717: 2716: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2683: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2637: 2633: 2614: 2610: 2600: 2598: 2597:on 4 March 2016 2594: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2455: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2424: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2387: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2318: 2310: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2160: 2156: 2146: 2144: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2090:on 8 March 2012 2082: 2081: 2077: 2071:Wayback Machine 2062: 2058: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2001: 1999: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1975: 1973: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1904: 1903: 1894: 1887: 1883: 1871:Wayback Machine 1857: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1831:. p. 311. 1817: 1816: 1812: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1748:Lerman, Anthony 1746: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1725: 1724: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1693: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1656: 1648: 1647: 1640: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1616: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1559:Domari language 1544: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1447: 1421:Adyghe language 1316:Judeo-Malayalam 1242:in addition to 1150:La Francophonie 1027:Georgian Jewish 1022:Judaeo-Georgian 949: 872: 795: 767: 688: 682: 654:similar to the 601:Literary Arabic 598: 592: 587: 585:Other languages 464:, particularly 442:British Mandate 438: 432: 403: 360:British Mandate 300:language policy 272: 190:second language 174: 168: 60: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3726: 3724: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3689: 3679: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3594: 3592: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3295: 3286: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3221: 3219: 3218:Sign languages 3215: 3214: 3212: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3125: 3123: 3122:Special status 3119: 3118: 3116: 3115: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3087: 3080: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3051: 3039: 3038:External links 3036: 3034: 3033: 3027: 3014: 3008: 2991: 2985: 2972: 2966: 2953: 2947: 2934: 2928: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2887: 2853: 2829: 2794: 2776: 2762: 2736: 2710: 2696: 2681: 2653: 2631: 2626:Deutsche Welle 2608: 2572: 2543: 2529: 2510: 2490: 2464: 2453: 2433: 2422: 2396: 2385: 2365: 2350: 2331: 2329:, p. 117. 2316: 2314:, p. 317. 2301: 2299:, p. 237. 2289: 2274: 2272:, p. 106. 2262: 2260:, p. 238. 2250: 2238: 2236:, p. 202. 2223: 2211: 2198: 2169: 2154: 2127: 2116:. 13 June 2008 2101: 2075: 2056: 2035: 2009: 1983: 1957: 1938: 1924: 1892: 1881: 1851: 1837: 1819:Weinreich, Max 1810: 1793: 1787:. p. 58. 1769: 1739: 1715: 1703: 1691:New York Times 1677: 1638: 1624: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1521: 1514: 1507: 1499: 1492: 1485: 1469: 1468: 1460: 1446: 1445:Sign languages 1443: 1442: 1441: 1429: 1417: 1410:Greek-Orthodox 1395: 1371: 1359: 1356:Bukharian Jews 1347: 1331: 1307: 1279: 1247: 1240:Ethiopian Jews 1225: 1213: 1201: 1193: 1177:Judaeo-Italian 1169: 1114: 1103:Argentine Jews 1086: 1078: 1051: 1030: 1014: 991:Ethiopian Jews 987:Ethiopian Jews 978: 966: 948: 945: 871: 868: 794: 791: 774:Ashkenazi Jews 766: 763: 684:Main article: 681: 678: 594:Main article: 591: 588: 586: 583: 493:Russian Empire 434:Main article: 431: 428: 409:Road signs in 402: 399: 347:14 August 1922 271: 268: 176: 175: 164: 162: 156: 155: 150: 144: 143: 134: 128: 127: 90: 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 68: 62: 61: 42: 34: 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3725: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3678: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3613:South Ossetia 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 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