1608:
451:
331:
188:
1037:
Dutch speakers of all ages in the DRC, spread throughout the territory, with very isolated groups. Dutch speakers are very scattered over the vastness of the
Congolese territory. It is spoken by older people, but also by younger people, and the number of native speakers is unknown. Dutch speakers are most often perfectly bilingual French/Dutch, Dutch/Lingala, or Dutch/English. Due to its isolation from the Dutch spoken in Europe, it tends to have incorporated many French, English, or Lingala words.
459:
39:
1029:, was the historical second language of the Congo State from 1885 to 1908 and of the Belgian Congo from 1908 to 1960, and during this period its archives were bilingual French/Dutch. However, French was largely favored by the Belgian administration. A good knowledge of the French language was necessary to obtain a promotion in the colony and the Dutch-speakers were therefore more dispersed in the provinces while the French-speakers were grouped together in the cities.
1033:
response to the demands of the
Congolese themselves, the Belgian Minister of Education Auguste Buisseret adopted the principle of providing education in French in the Congo from the following year, a concession intended above all to calm the ardor independentists. The measure is however strongly opposed by the Flemish and Catholic right which advocates the continuation of education in local languages, and supported by the French-speaking and anticlerical left.
1622:
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1036:
Dutch was not retained as one of the official languages in 1961, and its teaching was completely stopped in 1970. It was nevertheless still spoken by approximately 200,000 people in 1980. In
February 2014, the embassy of the Kingdom of The Netherlands indicated that there were approximately 420,000
1032:
Yet the vast majority of
Catholic missionaries, priests and nuns sent to the Congo were Flemish. Speaking different Dutch dialects, the Flemings however preferred to teach in the indigenous languages of the Congo, unlike the French speakers who did not hesitate to teach their language. In 1954, in
1045:
Former president Kabila grew up and studied in
Tanzania, English is used by ministers, and on certain official occasions. Moreover, English is the language most often used by the UN soldiers present in the DRC, and by a large number of Congolese refugees (often since the 1960s) who return to the
669:, but since the rebellions, the army has also used Swahili in the east. With the transition period and the consolidation of different armed groups into the Congolese Army, the linguistic policy has returned to its previous form and Lingala is again the official language of the Army.
480:. French has been maintained as the official language since the time of independence because it is widely spoken in the capital of the country-Kinshasa, it belongs to none of the indigenous ethnic groups and eases communication between them as well as with the rest of the
435:
When the country was a
Belgian colony, it had already instituted teaching and use of the four national languages in primary schools, making it one of the few African nations to have had literacy in local languages during the European colonial period.
498:
Additionally, French has become a native language among the middle and upper class in cities like
Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. French has been reported to be spoken natively by around 12% of the DRC, with just under 12 million speakers in large cities.
1714:
2919:
361:
1349:
Le nom des langues III. Le nom des langues en
Afrique sub-saharienne : pratiques dénominations, catégorisations. Naming Languages in Sub-Saharan Africa: Practices, Names, Categorisations (sous la direction de C. de
492:, 67% of the population can read and write French, and 68.5% can speak and understand it. The Democratic Republic of the Congo currently has the largest population of any country with French as its official language.
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According to a 2021 survey, French was the most spoken language in the country: a total of 74% of
Congolese (79% of men, and 68% of women) reported using French as a language of communication.
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as an optional language at schools as a response to Brazil's increasing influence on the continent, and of the growing and considerable
Angolan and Mozambican immigrant communities.
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223:
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485:
258:
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556:
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169:
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335:
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is a language which gained its modern form in the colonial period, with the push of missionaries to standardize and teach a local
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A 2021 survey found that Lingala was the second-most spoken language in the country, used by 59% of the population.
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report, 42.5 million Congolese people (50.6% of the population) can read and write in French. In the capital city
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1981:
1672:
3488:
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3308:
2600:
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1402:"Les nouvelles provinces de la République Démocratique du Congo : construction territoriale et ethnicités"
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country, and who previously lived in the surrounding English-speaking countries (Zambia, Tanzania, Uganda...).
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595:
1488:
1275:""French and the school are one" – the role of French in postcolonial Congolese education: memories of pupils"
17:
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821:. Luba-Kasai seems to be the language used by the administration. A related language, known as
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In 2024 there were over 12 million native French speakers, or around 12% of the population.
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531:"the State") that is used in the constitution and by the administration in the provinces of
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river area but rapidly spread to the middle Congo area and eventually became the major
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Indigenous Language Acquisition, Maintenance, and Loss and Current Language Policies
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rule. Therefore, the variety of French used in the DRC has many similarities with
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961:
906:
806:
732:
696:
584:
1621:
1430:"Development and Promotion of Extractive Industries and Mineral Value Addition"
1689:, NGO working in localization and translations in Congolese national languages
1603:
1567:
1261:"Target Survey: French, the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala"
810:
798:
383:
1575:
837:
The most notable other languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are
2246:
532:
515:
is one of the national languages, but in fact it is a Kikongo-based creole,
425:
51% of the total population is francophone and 74% report using French as a
1648:
Ethnologue.com: Ethnologue report for the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1094:
Target study: French the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala
715:
are spoken in the country but the major one is Kingwana, sometimes called
2557:
2205:
794:
489:
463:
472:
is the official language of the country since its colonial period under
43:
Map showing the distribution of the four national languages in the Congo
2590:
2274:
1503:"Ghetto Blaster : Et la rumba congolaise rythma les indépendances"
924:
793:
The constitution does not specify which of the two major variations of
536:
3213:
1583:
402:. Four other languages, three of them Bantu based, have the status of
127:
1669:
1554:
Yates, Barbara A. (1980). "The Origins of Language Policy in Zaire".
1289:"SPECIAL FEATURE: DR Congo, home to a tenth of the world's languages"
927:
has been noted since around the 1960s and continues to evolve today.
568:
560:
552:
540:
122:
680:
2733:
920:
679:
457:
1525:"The spread of Indubil through DR Congo: context and modalities"
3217:
2635:
1696:
1489:
PortuguĂŞs adoptado como lĂngua opcional nas escolas da RD Congo
1636:
955:
935:
There are 12 deaf institutions in the country, and most teach
726:
578:
382:
country where an estimated total of 242 languages are spoken.
1361:
Foreign Service Institute (U.S.) and Lloyd Balderston Swift,
1352:, Louvain-la-Neuve, Peeters, BCILL 124, 2009, p. 211-222
484:, which includes many African countries. According to a 2018
1684:
1236:"The Countries That Speak the Most French (Besides France)"
665:
Lingala was made the official language of the army under
905:. Considerable numbers of people in eastern Congo speak
454:
French Language in the DRC - Native and Official reports
1635:
Tola Akindipe, Veronica Tshiama & Francisco Yamba,
1642:
Linguistic map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1110:"Mapped: Top 15 Countries by Native French Speakers"
3557:
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3251:
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1789:
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1730:
135:
114:
97:
84:
60:
48:
31:
1637:Largest online resource to learn Tshiluba (Mofeko)
3648:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1724:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
32:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
179:Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1195:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
1154:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
1083:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
3229:
2647:
1708:
1670:New Technologies and languages of both Congos
1653:PanAfrican L10n: Democratic Republic of Congo
1345:Kituba, Kileta, or Kikongo? What's in a name?
1063:Languages of Democratic Republic of the Congo
912:As of 2010 the government decided to include
355:
18:Languages of Democratic Republic of the Congo
8:
990:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
761:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
613:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
336:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal
3236:
3222:
3214:
3052:
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2853:
2787:
2654:
2640:
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1801:
1715:
1701:
1693:
362:
348:
164:
1413:
1010:Learn how and when to remove this message
781:Learn how and when to remove this message
633:Learn how and when to remove this message
1137:Langue française dans le monde 2015-2018
449:
1614:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal
1365:, Department of State, 1963, p. 10
1055:
268:
229:
222:
215:
208:
201:
194:
176:
1203:. Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 30.
1200:La langue française dans le monde 2014
1162:. Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 17.
1159:La langue française dans le monde 2014
1115:
684:Menu in DR Congo in Swahili and French
28:
1655:, languages and software localization
1556:The Journal of Modern African Studies
7:
1440:from the original on 21 October 2016
1103:
1101:
988:adding citations to reliable sources
759:adding citations to reliable sources
611:adding citations to reliable sources
1459:Okamura, Toru; Kai, Masumi (2020).
943:is also practiced in the country.
719:, especially in the Katanga area.
654:. It was originally spoken in the
25:
2754:Transitional Government (2003–06)
1075:La langue française dans le monde
699:. In Congo, the local dialect of
108:Francophone African Sign Language
3544:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3314:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2663:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1620:
1606:
960:
731:
583:
551:in many urban centres including
386:lists 215 living languages. The
376:Democratic Republic of the Congo
329:
186:
126:
37:
1347:, University of Chicago, Dans:
2690:Colonial governors (1885–1960)
1108:Lu, Marcus (August 31, 2024).
707:and differs considerably from
1:
1303:"DR Congo's 'lost' languages"
523:"Kikongo of the government",
2771:M23 offensive (2022–present)
2744:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
2719:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)
2695:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
1415:10.4000/espacepolitique.1296
1400:Jean-Claude Bruneau (2011).
2886:Foreign policy under Mobutu
1662:Linguistic situation in RDC
1523:Georges Mulumbwa Mutambwa.
1331:"French speaking countries"
1317:"French speaking countries"
919:Among the various forms of
535:(which is inhabited by the
3664:
2729:State of Katanga (1960–63)
1492:, accessed on July 4, 2010
1463:. IGI Global. p. 58.
1122:: CS1 maint: url-status (
797:is the national language.
527:being derived from French
443:
3175:
3055:
2989:
2856:
2790:
2739:First Congo War (1996–98)
2398:Kango (Bas-Uélé District)
1568:10.1017/S0022278X00011332
36:
3299:Central African Republic
2861:Administrative divisions
2766:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
2707:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
2403:Kango (Tshopo District)
691:is the most widespread
2724:Congo Crisis (1960–65)
2685:Colonization (1867–85)
1434:East African Community
941:American Sign Language
685:
547:. Kituba has become a
466:
455:
104:American Sign Language
3459:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3319:Republic of the Congo
1343:Salikoko S. Mufwene,
923:spoken in the Congo,
711:. Many variations of
683:
461:
453:
3245:Languages of Africa
1363:Kituba; Basic Course
1027:languages of Belgium
984:improve this section
937:French Sign Language
755:improve this section
607:improve this section
462:Banner in French in
400:languages of Belgium
286:World Heritage Sites
116:Keyboard layout
3534:States with limited
2621:French African Sign
1644:from Muturzikin.com
3024:Telecommunications
2871:Court of Cassation
2835:Former place names
1747:National languages
1686:ONG Éveil du Congo
1675:2015-05-02 at the
1406:L'Espace Politique
1141:Éditions Gallimard
1079:Éditions Gallimard
717:Copperbelt Swahili
686:
549:vehicular language
467:
456:
3635:
3634:
3561:other territories
3334:Equatorial Guinea
3211:
3210:
3171:
3170:
3090:Human trafficking
3042:
3041:
2976:
2975:
2944:Political parties
2937:National Assembly
2881:Foreign relations
2843:
2842:
2629:
2628:
2609:
2608:
1731:Official language
1408:(in French) (7).
1210:978-2-09-882654-0
1169:978-2-09-882654-0
1020:
1019:
1012:
947:Foreign languages
819:Bena Lulua people
815:West Kasai Region
803:East Kasai Region
801:is spoken in the
791:
790:
783:
643:
642:
635:
404:national language
388:official language
372:
371:
163:
162:
16:(Redirected from
3655:
3622:
3621:(United Kingdom)
3617:Tristan da Cunha
3613:Ascension Island
3605:
3592:
3583:
3559:Dependencies and
3252:Sovereign states
3238:
3231:
3224:
3215:
3191:
3184:
3053:
3014:Franc (currency)
2987:
2854:
2788:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2633:
2032:Kasai-Occidental
1982:Ngbaka Minagende
1802:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1694:
1683:
1668:
1660:
1630:
1628:Languages portal
1625:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1595:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1527:. Archived from
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1499:
1493:
1481:
1475:
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1456:
1450:
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1386:
1376:"Kikongo-Kituba"
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1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1213:. Archived from
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1172:. Archived from
1150:
1144:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1072:
1066:
1065:, ethnologue.com
1060:
1015:
1008:
1004:
1001:
995:
964:
956:
827:Katanga Province
786:
779:
775:
772:
766:
735:
727:
709:Standard Swahili
638:
631:
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618:
587:
579:
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350:
334:
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190:
181:
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3187:
3180:
3167:
3163:Public holidays
3119:
3038:
2972:
2910:Law enforcement
2839:
2777:
2734:Zaire (1965–97)
2666:
2660:
2630:
2625:
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2552:
2309:
2241:
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2117:
2069:
2026:
1903:
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1721:
1681:
1677:Wayback Machine
1666:
1658:
1626:
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1612:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1553:
1550:
1548:Further reading
1545:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1531:on 19 July 2011
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1338:
1333:. July 4, 2024.
1329:
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1324:
1319:. July 4, 2024.
1315:
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1263:. 10 July 2021.
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1043:
1016:
1005:
999:
996:
981:
965:
954:
949:
939:or variations.
933:
835:
833:Other languages
825:, is spoken in
813:is used in the
787:
776:
770:
767:
752:
736:
725:
678:
639:
628:
622:
619:
604:
588:
577:
521:Kikongo ya Leta
505:
503:Kikongo ya leta
448:
442:
392:colonial period
368:
330:
328:
321:
320:
316:National anthem
301:
300:
291:
290:
281:
280:
264:
263:
244:
243:
177:
146:Kikongo ya leta
131:
125:
44:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3661:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3640:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:Western Sahara
3623:
3606:
3593:
3584:
3570:Canary Islands
3566:
3565:
3563:
3558:
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3255:
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3209:
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3200:
3193:
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3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:Child marriage
3056:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
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3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
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2996:
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2984:
2978:
2977:
2974:
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2970:
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2961:Prime Minister
2958:
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2934:
2924:
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2920:Chief of Staff
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2614:Sign languages
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2118:
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2110:
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2100:
2095:
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2079:
2077:
2075:Kasai-Oriental
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
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1969:
1964:
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1600:External links
1598:
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1596:
1562:(2): 257–279.
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1486:. (July 4th).
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3179:
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3141:
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3110:Social issues
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2805:Deforestation
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2761:Kivu conflict
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969:This section
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728:
722:
720:
718:
714:
713:Congo Swahili
710:
706:
705:Congo Swahili
702:
698:
694:
693:lingua franca
690:
682:
675:
673:
670:
668:
663:
662:in Kinshasa.
661:
657:
653:
652:
651:lingua franca
647:
637:
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626:
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608:
602:
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592:This section
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427:lingua franca
423:
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398:, one of the
397:
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365:
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159:
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138:
137:Lingua franca
134:
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105:
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100:
96:
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63:
59:
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53:
51:
47:
40:
35:
30:
27:
19:
3609:Saint Helena
3580:
3484:South Africa
3474:Sierra Leone
3313:
3279:Burkina Faso
3100:Prostitution
3094:
3075:Demographics
2999:Central Bank
2898:Human rights
2866:Constitution
2800:Conservation
2712:World War II
2166:Luba-Katanga
1723:
1685:
1559:
1555:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1497:
1487:
1479:
1460:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1424:
1405:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1325:
1311:
1297:
1283:
1269:
1255:
1244:. Retrieved
1242:. 2020-05-15
1239:
1230:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:the original
1199:
1189:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:the original
1158:
1148:
1132:
1089:
1070:
1058:
1044:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1006:
997:
982:Please help
970:
934:
918:
911:
836:
823:Luba-Katanga
792:
777:
768:
753:Please help
741:
716:
703:is known as
692:
687:
671:
664:
649:
644:
629:
620:
605:Please help
593:
528:
524:
520:
509:constitution
506:
497:
494:
482:Francophonie
468:
434:
431:
424:
390:, since the
380:multilingual
373:
311:Coat of arms
209:
26:
3536:recognition
3489:South Sudan
3379:Ivory Coast
2994:Agriculture
2586:Kinyarwanda
2270:Kinyarwanda
2017:South Banda
1682:(in French)
1667:(in French)
1659:(in French)
1535:20 February
1508:20 February
1385:14 December
907:Kinyarwanda
807:Luba people
697:East Africa
656:upper Congo
3591:(Portugal)
3549:Somaliland
3469:Seychelles
3434:Mozambique
3419:Mauritania
3404:Madagascar
3359:The Gambia
3294:Cape Verde
3065:Corruption
2927:Parliament
2893:Government
2810:Ecoregions
2700:Atrocities
2131:Bangubangu
1839:Lia-Ntomba
1790:Indigenous
1380:Britannica
1246:2022-06-29
1221:2015-05-16
1180:2015-05-16
1050:References
914:Portuguese
817:among the
811:Luba-Lulua
799:Luba-Kasai
444:See also:
384:Ethnologue
254:Television
90:More than
86:Indigenous
3424:Mauritius
3095:Languages
3080:Education
3034:Transport
3004:Companies
2949:President
2876:Elections
2825:Volcanoes
2815:Mountains
2783:Geography
2513:Nyanga-li
2315:Orientale
2247:Nord-Kivu
2103:Salampasu
1792:languages
1592:153362938
1576:0022-278X
1000:June 2023
971:does not
899:Kifuliiru
771:June 2024
742:does not
623:June 2024
594:does not
533:Bas-Congo
279:Monuments
210:Languages
3642:Category
3615: /
3611: /
3604:(France)
3598: /
3576: /
3572: /
3524:Zimbabwe
3499:Tanzania
3349:Ethiopia
3344:Eswatini
3324:Djibouti
3289:Cameroon
3274:Botswana
3198:Category
3148:Football
3105:Religion
2915:Military
2849:Politics
2830:Wildlife
2558:Sud-Kivu
2473:Mangbutu
2468:Mangbetu
2206:Kinshasa
2007:Pagibete
1909:Équateur
1806:Bandundu
1796:province
1781:Tshiluba
1673:Archived
1438:Archived
1240:Frenchly
1197:(2014).
1156:(2014).
1118:cite web
875:Mangbetu
795:Tshiluba
723:Tshiluba
557:Bandundu
490:Kinshasa
464:Kinshasa
420:Tshiluba
224:Religion
170:a series
168:Part of
158:Tshiluba
79:Tshiluba
62:National
50:Official
3600:RĂ©union
3596:Mayotte
3587:Madeira
3582:(Spain)
3578:Melilla
3509:Tunisia
3479:Somalia
3464:Senegal
3449:Nigeria
3439:Namibia
3429:Morocco
3394:Liberia
3389:Lesotho
3339:Eritrea
3309:Comoros
3284:Burundi
3259:Algeria
3182:Outline
3138:Cuisine
3125:Culture
3048:Society
3029:Tourism
2982:Economy
2672:History
2591:Kirundi
2581:Kabwari
2571:Fuliiru
2518:Nzakara
2503:Ngelima
2458:Lugbara
2348:Barambu
2338:Bangala
2333:Avokaya
2290:Talinga
2275:Kirundi
2224:Maniema
2123:Katanga
2088:Dengese
2045:Bushong
2022:Yangere
1997:Ngbundu
1992:Ngbinda
1987:Ngbandi
1957:Mbandja
1947:Losengo
1869:Sengele
1829:Hungana
1771:Swahili
1766:Lingala
1444:20 July
1041:English
992:removed
977:sources
925:Indubil
895:Lugbara
867:Ngbandi
763:removed
748:sources
701:Swahili
689:Swahili
676:Swahili
646:Lingala
615:removed
600:sources
575:Lingala
537:Bakongo
513:Kikongo
474:Belgian
416:Swahili
412:Lingala
299:Symbols
217:Cuisine
196:History
154:Swahili
150:Lingala
121:French
75:Swahili
71:Lingala
3619:
3602:
3589:
3519:Zambia
3514:Uganda
3454:Rwanda
3409:Malawi
3369:Guinea
3264:Angola
3203:Portal
3133:Cinema
3085:Health
3019:Mining
3009:Energy
2932:Senate
2820:Rivers
2795:Cities
2528:Pambia
2478:Mayogo
2433:Likile
2393:Kaliko
2343:Bangba
2300:Vanuma
2285:Nyanga
2156:Kaonde
2146:Chokwe
2113:Tetela
2050:Chokwe
2002:Ngombe
1977:Ndunga
1874:Shinji
1864:Sakata
1849:Mpuono
1819:Chokwe
1759:Kituba
1738:French
1590:
1584:160280
1582:
1574:
1467:
1350:FĂ©ral)
1207:
1166:
887:Ngbaka
859:Chokwe
855:Tetela
851:Kilega
809:) and
667:Mobutu
569:Muanda
561:Matadi
553:Kikwit
543:, and
541:Kwango
529:l'État
517:Kituba
470:French
440:French
396:French
259:Cinema
203:People
172:on the
142:French
123:AZERTY
99:Signed
67:Kituba
55:French
3574:Ceuta
3494:Sudan
3444:Niger
3399:Libya
3384:Kenya
3364:Ghana
3354:Gabon
3329:Egypt
3269:Benin
3189:Index
3158:Music
3153:Media
3115:Women
3070:Crime
2749:2000s
2601:Tembo
2548:Zande
2543:Tagbo
2508:Nyali
2498:Ngbee
2493:Ndaka
2453:Lombo
2438:Linga
2418:Lendu
2378:Dongo
2373:Bwela
2353:Beeke
2295:Tembo
2280:Nande
2265:Hunde
2237:Zimba
2232:Hendo
2214:Mfinu
2186:Tabwa
2181:Sanga
2176:Ruund
2171:Lunda
2161:Kebwe
2151:Hemba
2141:Bwile
2136:Bemba
2108:Songe
2098:Nkutu
2083:Budya
2065:Wongo
2060:Lwalu
2040:Binji
2012:Sango
1972:Ndolo
1962:Mongo
1952:Mbaka
1932:Budza
1927:Bango
1922:Bangi
1899:Yansi
1889:Tiene
1879:Sonde
1859:Pende
1854:Nzadi
1844:Mbala
1834:Kwese
1754:Kongo
1588:S2CID
1580:JSTOR
1023:Dutch
952:Dutch
921:slang
891:Zande
883:Nande
879:Yombe
871:Lendu
863:Budza
847:Lunda
843:Mongo
839:Mashi
545:Kwilu
511:says
394:, is
378:is a
270:Sport
249:Radio
241:Media
231:Music
3504:Togo
3414:Mali
3304:Chad
3143:Flag
2966:List
2954:List
2903:LGBT
2576:Havu
2566:Buyu
2538:Soko
2533:Poke
2448:Logo
2443:Loki
2428:Lika
2423:Lese
2413:Kele
2408:Kari
2388:Hema
2383:Guru
2363:Budu
2358:Bila
2328:Asoa
2323:Alur
2305:Yaka
2260:Havu
2255:Amba
2196:Yazi
2191:Zela
2093:Luna
2055:Lele
1967:Mono
1942:Furu
1917:Bala
1894:Yaka
1884:Suku
1824:Ding
1814:Boma
1794:(by
1572:ISSN
1537:2011
1510:2011
1465:ISBN
1446:2016
1387:2020
1205:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1124:link
975:any
973:cite
903:Komo
901:and
746:any
744:cite
598:any
596:cite
567:and
565:Boma
525:Leta
507:The
418:and
374:The
306:Flag
156:and
77:and
2596:Shi
2523:Omi
2488:Mbo
2483:Mba
2368:Bwa
1564:doi
1484:TSF
1410:doi
986:by
757:by
695:in
609:by
539:),
486:OIF
92:200
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