1703:. Lange's theory emphasizes the idea of Pareto efficiency: a situation is Pareto-efficient if there is no way to rearrange things to make any individual better off without making anyone worse off. To achieve Pareto efficiency, a set of conditions must be formulated in stages. This idea of deriving conditions to ensure that consumer preferences are in balance with the maximum amount of goods and services produced is emphasized by Walras. The theorem indicates that a socialist economy based on public ownership could achieve one of the principal economic benefits of capitalism - a rational price system - and was an important theoretical force behind the development of the concept of
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2720:. Because all non-labor factors of production are publicly owned, the rents and profits of these resources belong to the public. The profits would be used to finance a social dividend scheme based on the individuals' share in the income derived from the socially owned capital and natural resources, providing a complementary source of income for workers alongside their salaries and wages.
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governments would be quick to shut down or seize firms that do not align with targets mathematically proposed by the system, thus limiting true economic freedom. Other criticisms include how the Lange model assumes that market data is static and can be 'given' to central planners and that humans are passive and neutral in their preferences.
1695:. The critics argued that any body that owns and consolidates a society's means of production cannot acquire the information needed to calculate general equilibrium prices, and that market-determined prices were essential for the rational allocation of producer goods. The Lange model contains principles proposed by neoclassical economists
1572:. In this model, the state owns non-labor factors of production, and markets allocate final goods and consumer goods. The Lange model states that if all production is performed by a public body such as the state, and there is a functioning price mechanism, this economy will be Pareto-efficient, like a hypothetical
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The central planning board (CPB) has three major functions in the Lange model: First it instructs firms to set price to equal marginal cost, secondly it adjusts prices to attain market-clearing prices for goods and services, and finally, it reinvests the economic profit derived from state enterprises
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Because prices are set by the central planning board "artificially" aiming to achieve planned growth objectives, it is unlikely that supply and demand will be in equilibrium at first. To produce the correct amount of goods and services, the Lange model suggests a trial-and-error method. If there is a
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criticized the Lange model on methodological grounds. According to
Friedman, the model rested on "models of imaginary worlds" rather than "generalizations about the real world", making the claims of the model immune to falsification. He also criticized the model on ethical grounds, pointing out that
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could be better accounted for, thanks to the state's ability to manipulate resource prices. Because the state controls all firms, they could easily factor the cost of an externality into the price of a certain resource. Because decisions are made at higher rather than lower levels, it is argued that
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The Lange model suggests three levels of decision-making. The lowest level contains firms and households, the intermediate level contains industrial ministries, and the highest level is the central planning board. The board sets the initial price of consumer goods arbitrarily and informs the
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equals price, P = MC, so as to minimize the cost of production. At the intermediate level, industrial ministries determine the sectoral expansion of industry. Households decide how to allocate income and how much labor to supply by choosing between work and leisure.
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surplus of a particular good, the central planning board lowers the price of that good. Conversely, if there is a shortage of a good, the board raises the price. This process of price adjustments takes place until equilibrium between supply and demand is achieved.
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in order to achieve Pareto efficiency. By contrast, in a capitalist economy, private owners seek to maximize profits, while competitive pressures are relied on to indirectly lower the price, this discourages production with high marginal cost and encourages
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The Lange economic model has a number of theoretical advantages. One advantage is public control over investment. The rate of economic growth would be largely state-determined and a major determinant would be investment ratio.
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where a central planning board allocates investment and capital goods, while markets allocate labor and consumer goods. The planning board simulates a market in capital goods by a trial-and-error process first elaborated by
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Revisiting the
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The key institutions of the Lange model include the central planning board (CPB), industrial ministries for each economic sector, and state enterprises
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wrote a series of articles that greatly influenced Lange's thinking. For example, Lerner (1938) caused Lange to re-write his 1936 and 1937 articles on
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Wolf, Thomas. "The
Lessons of Limited Market-Oriented Reform" (1991), The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Autumn, 1991), pp. 45-58
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into the economy based on a target rate of growth. The central planning board also distributes social dividends to the population.
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was imposed after World War II, precluding experimentation with Lange-style economy. Some parallels might be drawn with the
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Computer and the Market in Socialism, Capitalism, and Economic Growth Feinstein Ed. Reprinted in
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Rosefielde, Steven (1973). "Some
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payments. Lerner (1944) also argued that investment in the Lange model would inevitably be politicized.
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producing firms of these prices. The state-owned firms then produce at the level of output where
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MacKenzie, DW, 2006 Oscar Lange and the
Impossibility of Economic Calculation, Studia Economicze
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Lange, O 1938 On the
Economic Theory of Socialism B Lippincott ed. University of Minnesota Press
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and determines entry, Langean socialism can avoid monopolies and the accompanying lack of
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Hodgson, G. M. (1998). "Socialism against markets? A critique of two recent proposals".
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MacKenzie, DW Social
Dividends, Entrepreneurial Discretion, and Bureaucratic Rules
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these decisions are less likely to have undesirable environmental consequences.
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Oskar Lange and the
Impossibility of Economic Calculation by D.W. MacKenzie
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and a trial-and-error approach to determining output targets and achieving
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Lerner, A (1972). "The Economics and Politics of Consumer Sovereignty".
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Post-Lange Market Socialism: An Evaluation of Profit-Oriented Proposals
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2758: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Lange, O 1957b. Role of Planning in a socialist economy, reprinted in
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Bator, Francis M. (August 1958). "The Anatomy of Market Failure".
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MacKenzie, DW Trial and Error in the Socialist Calculation Debate
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Lerner, A (1937). "Statics and Dynamics in Socialist Economics".
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Lerner, A (1938). "Theory and Practice in Socialist Economics".
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Lange, O 1940 Letter to FA Hayek, translated by Thadeusz Kowalik
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Apart from setting prices, the central planning board allocates
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Milton Friedman, 'Lange on Price Flexibility and Employment',
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Lange, O 1957a Political Economy of Socialism, reprinted in
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A chart to show how the model would hypothetically function.
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Lerner, A (1934). "Economic Theory and Socialist Economy".
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Lange, O (1936). "On the Economic Theory of Socialism I".
1600:, and was expanded by economists like H. D. Dickinson and
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MacKenzie, DW Capital and Income in Democratic Socialism
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Lerner, A (1977). "Marginal Cost Pricing in the 1930s".
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Lange, O (1935). "Marxian Economics and Modern Theory".
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The model is sometimes called the "Lange–Lerner" model.
3383:(1971). "Oskar Lange's Theory of Socialist Planning".
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Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century
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Lange, O 1937 On the Economic Theory of Socialism II
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The model claims to solve another main criticism of
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Trial and Error in the Socialist Calculation Debate
3252:Lerner, A (1936). "A note on Socialist Economics".
3074:Kowalik, Tadeusz (1987). "Lange-Lerner mechanism,"
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1679:The Lange model was developed in response to
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1621:. The Lange Model is in practice a type of
3077:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
2790:Another advantage argued by Lange was that
3528:Capital and Income in Democratic Socialism
3103:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 0-262-19340-X.
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2774:Learn how and when to remove this message
1761:Learn how and when to remove this message
3060:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
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3338:Lerner, A 1944 The Economics of Control
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1604:. Although Lange and Lerner called it "
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3479:The Journal of Economic Perspectives
3217:Economic Theory and Market Socialism
2798:Furthermore, because the state uses
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3113:Cambridge Political Economy Society
2989:On the Economic Theory of Socialism
3474:"The Politics of Market Socialism"
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3016:"A Critique of the Lange Model"
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1902:Concepts, theory and techniques
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3225:The Review of Economic Studies
3183:The Review of Economic Studies
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608:
424:Democratic road
359:
349:
348:
275:
267:
266:
213:Social dividend
203:Sharing economy
103:
95:
94:
65:
57:
12:
11:
5:
3588:
3586:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3466:
3433:Soviet Studies
3427:
3399:10.1086/259768
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3352:
3339:
3336:
3307:
3278:
3249:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3179:
3150:
3132:(3): 189–201.
3121:
3105:
3093:
3092:, Verso Press.
3081:
3072:
3066:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3006:
2993:
2981:
2962:(3): 351–379.
2946:
2937:
2918:(3): 683–717.
2902:
2891:(4): 407–433.
2874:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2859:Fred M. Taylor
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2822:
2819:
2782:
2781:
2740:
2738:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2713:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2683:
2680:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2624:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2121:Organizational
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:By application
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1769:
1768:
1727:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1661:
1658:
1602:Abba P. Lerner
1594:Oskar R. Lange
1574:market economy
1554:economic model
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1363:Libertarianism
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1312:Related topics
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
360:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
341:
340:
339:
334:
329:
324:
314:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
282:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
259:
254:
249:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
183:Labour voucher
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
63:
62:
59:
58:
56:
55:
50:
44:
41:
40:
32:
31:
25:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3587:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3486:(2): 165–76.
3485:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3440:(2): 229–43.
3439:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3393:(3): 562–77.
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:(1): 235–243.
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3198:50(2):299-303
3197:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3067:0-618-26181-8
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2793:
2792:externalities
2788:
2778:
2775:
2767:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2741:This section
2739:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:marginal cost
2663:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:de Mandeville
2221:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:Public choice
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Participation
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:Institutional
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:Expeditionary
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Environmental
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:International
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1832:Branches and
1829:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1765:
1762:
1754:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1728:This section
1726:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:or so-called
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1582:marginal cost
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:Related lists
1429:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1388:Progressivism
1386:
1384:
1383:Nanosocialism
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:Organizations
1284:
1283:
1276:
1275:Ocasio-Cortez
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:van der Lubbe
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
732:Chernyshevsky
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
616:Intellectuals
613:
612:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:Revolutionary
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:Laissez-faire
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
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432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
389:Authoritarian
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
358:
353:
352:
345:
342:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
318:
315:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
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296:
293:
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288:
287:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
271:
270:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
244:
241:
239:
238:Strike action
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
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186:
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179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
143:Equal liberty
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
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91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
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73:
71:
68:
67:
61:
60:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
26:
22:
18:
17:
3483:
3477:
3437:
3431:
3390:
3384:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3343:
3315:
3311:
3286:
3282:
3260:(1): 72–76.
3257:
3253:
3231:(1): 51–61.
3228:
3224:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3185:V4 N 123-142
3182:
3161:(1): 53–71.
3158:
3154:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3112:
3100:
3087:
3084:Roemer, John
3075:
3057:
3019:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2940:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2824:
2812:
2808:x-efficiency
2797:
2789:
2785:
2770:
2761:
2750:Please help
2745:verification
2742:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2685:
2682:Institutions
2671:
2592:Publications
2557:
2180:Sociological
2153: /
2051:Geographical
2031:Evolutionary
2006:Digitization
1971:Agricultural
1875:Mathematical
1846:Econometrics
1757:
1748:
1737:Please help
1732:verification
1729:
1678:
1663:
1631:
1591:
1551:neoclassical
1546:
1542:
1540:
444:Evolutionary
364:21st-century
321:
158:Freed market
3318:(1): 71–5.
2849:Marginalism
2764:August 2015
2428:von Neumann
2081:Information
2021:Engineering
2001:Development
1996:Demographic
1938:Game theory
1880:Methodology
1701:LĂ©on Walras
1691:during the
1666:Abba Lerner
1619:LĂ©on Walras
1543:Lange model
1475:WikiProject
1353:French Left
1145:Spiridonova
1044:Politicians
957:Castoriadis
637:Saint-Simon
589:Third World
584:Syndicalism
519:Nationalist
494:Libertarian
459:Free-market
322:Lange model
310:Soviet-type
280:Communalism
252:Vanguardism
208:Spontaneism
118:Cooperative
64:Development
3544:Categories
3047:Literature
2870:References
2821:Criticisms
2815:capitalism
2724:Advantages
2587:Economists
2458:Schumacher
2363:Schumpeter
2333:von Wieser
2253:von ThĂĽnen
2214:economists
2190:Statistics
2185:Solidarity
2106:Managerial
2071:Humanistic
2066:Historical
2011:Ecological
1976:Behavioral
1870:Mainstream
1751:March 2013
1446:Socialists
1441:By country
1323:Capitalism
1205:Mitterrand
1170:Gerhardsen
1115:Liebknecht
1100:Markievicz
1027:Varoufakis
977:Fotopoulos
647:Saint-Just
642:Buonarroti
627:Campanella
564:Scientific
499:Marhaenism
454:Fourierism
439:Ecological
419:Democratic
3575:Socialism
3502:152437398
3454:0038-5859
3423:153391920
3407:1537-534X
2503:Greenspan
2468:Samuelson
2448:Galbraith
2418:Tinbergen
2358:von Mises
2353:Heckscher
2313:Edgeworth
2131:Personnel
2091:Knowledge
2056:Happiness
2046:Financial
2016:Education
1991:Democracy
1885:Political
1851:Heterodox
1794:Economics
1318:Anarchism
1240:Gorbachev
1090:Malatesta
1085:Bernstein
862:Pankhurst
842:Pannekoek
832:Luxemburg
787:Plekhanov
762:Carpenter
757:Kropotkin
554:Ricardian
544:Religious
539:Reformism
524:Nkrumaism
514:Municipal
414:Communism
409:Christian
394:Blanquism
384:Anarchism
327:Mutualism
29:Socialism
3099:(1994).
3086:(1994).
2833:See also
2596:journals
2582:Glossary
2533:Stiglitz
2498:Rothbard
2478:Buchanan
2463:Friedman
2453:Koopmans
2443:Leontief
2423:Robinson
2308:Marshall
2212:Notable
2160:Regional
2136:Planning
2111:Monetary
2041:Feminist
1986:Cultural
1981:Business
1786:a series
1784:Part of
1660:Overview
1636:, where
1436:Category
1175:Erlander
1135:Kerensky
1105:Connolly
962:Thompson
947:Bookchin
937:Montseny
887:Vanzetti
852:Einstein
822:Landauer
727:Saltykov
722:Lassalle
682:Proudhon
464:Gandhian
449:Feminist
399:Buddhist
379:Agrarian
357:Variants
21:a series
19:Part of
3415:1830772
3332:2967541
3303:2225526
3274:2967661
3245:2967550
3210:Kowalik
3203:Kowalik
3175:2967660
3146:2967586
3109:Lo, Dic
3036:3870418
2976:1882231
2932:4226984
2602:Schools
2594: (
2553:Piketty
2548:Krugman
2413:Kuznets
2403:Kalecki
2378:Polanyi
2268:Cournot
2263:Bastiat
2248:Ricardo
2238:Malthus
2228:Quesnay
2200:Welfare
2170:Service
1841:Applied
1817:Outline
1812:History
1650:Hungary
1549:) is a
1270:Sánchez
1255:Sankara
1215:Mandela
1200:Kreisky
1190:Allende
1185:Senghor
1180:Douglas
1165:Durruti
1130:Trotsky
1022:Graeber
1002:Hampton
972:Chomsky
917:Marcuse
902:Gramsci
892:Bordiga
882:Polanyi
837:Russell
827:Berkman
817:Goldman
807:Du Bois
777:Kautsky
772:Bellamy
737:Tolstoy
712:Wallace
697:Bakunin
687:Greeley
677:Blanqui
657:Fourier
604:Zionist
594:Utopian
534:Popular
529:Owenism
509:Marxism
489:Liberal
474:Islamic
434:Ethical
429:Digital
404:Chinese
369:African
53:Outline
48:History
3500:
3462:150886
3460:
3452:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3330:
3301:
3272:
3243:
3173:
3144:
3064:
3034:
2974:
2930:
2538:Thaler
2518:Ostrom
2513:Becker
2508:Sowell
2488:Baumol
2393:Myrdal
2388:Sraffa
2383:Frisch
2373:Knight
2368:Keynes
2343:Fisher
2338:Veblen
2323:Pareto
2303:Menger
2298:George
2293:Jevons
2288:Walras
2278:Gossen
2146:Public
2141:Policy
2096:Labour
2061:Health
1918:Market
1652:under
1634:Poland
1576:under
1265:Marcos
1260:Chávez
1250:Corbyn
1225:Manley
1220:DubÄŤek
1210:Nasser
1150:Makhno
1140:Attlee
1125:Martov
1110:Gandhi
1065:Babeuf
1055:Mazdak
1017:Hedges
997:Ă–calan
982:Newton
942:Sartre
932:Guérin
927:Orwell
877:Korsch
872:Lukács
857:Keller
847:Rocker
792:Ferrer
747:Morris
742:Michel
717:Lavrov
707:Engels
692:Herzen
667:Leroux
599:Yellow
504:Market
479:Jewish
274:Models
3498:S2CID
3458:JSTOR
3419:S2CID
3411:JSTOR
3328:JSTOR
3299:JSTOR
3270:JSTOR
3241:JSTOR
3171:JSTOR
3142:JSTOR
2972:JSTOR
2928:JSTOR
2575:Lists
2543:Hoppe
2528:Lucas
2493:Solow
2483:Arrow
2473:Simon
2438:Lange
2433:Hicks
2408:Röpke
2398:Hayek
2348:Pigou
2318:Clark
2233:Smith
2195:Urban
2175:Socio
2165:Rural
1865:Macro
1861:Micro
1822:Index
1654:Kádár
1451:Songs
1425:Lists
1230:Palme
1080:Bebel
1070:Blanc
1032:Saito
1007:Žižek
987:Wolff
922:James
907:Sacco
897:Serge
867:Volin
812:Gorky
802:Wells
797:Dewey
782:Wilde
767:Sorel
752:Jones
662:Cabet
632:Paine
579:State
569:Sewer
469:Guild
247:needs
102:Ideas
3450:ISSN
3403:ISSN
3212:1994
3205:1994
3119:(6).
3062:ISBN
3032:SSRN
3020:SSRN
2806:and
2559:more
2283:Marx
2273:Mill
2258:List
1699:and
1683:and
1617:and
1568:and
1545:(or
1541:The
1245:Lula
1160:Nagy
1155:Tito
1120:Blum
1095:Debs
1075:Hong
1060:Roux
1012:West
967:Ward
952:Zinn
702:Marx
652:Owen
622:More
374:Arab
300:OGAS
3488:doi
3442:doi
3395:doi
3320:doi
3291:doi
3262:doi
3233:doi
3163:doi
3134:doi
3024:doi
2964:doi
2920:doi
2893:doi
2754:by
2523:Sen
2243:Say
2101:Law
1741:by
1687:'s
1648:in
1235:Che
992:Ali
912:Day
672:Sue
3546::
3496:.
3482:.
3476:.
3456:.
3448:.
3438:25
3436:.
3417:.
3409:.
3401:.
3391:79
3389:.
3361:67
3359:.
3348:62
3346:.
3326:.
3314:.
3297:.
3287:47
3285:.
3268:.
3256:.
3239:.
3227:.
3169:.
3157:.
3140:.
3128:.
3117:28
3115:.
3030:.
3022:.
3018:.
2970:.
2960:72
2958:.
2926:.
2916:29
2914:.
2889:27
2887:.
2810:.
1863:/
1788:on
1707:.
1629:.
1589:.
23:on
3504:.
3490::
3484:8
3464:.
3444::
3425:.
3397::
3334:.
3322::
3316:6
3305:.
3293::
3276:.
3264::
3258:4
3247:.
3235::
3229:2
3177:.
3165::
3159:4
3148:.
3136::
3130:2
3070:.
3038:.
3026::
3004:.
2978:.
2966::
2934:.
2922::
2899:.
2895::
2777:)
2771:(
2766:)
2762:(
2748:.
2661:e
2654:t
2647:v
2598:)
1764:)
1758:(
1753:)
1749:(
1735:.
1527:e
1520:t
1513:v
1477:)
1473:(
245:/
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