Lombards - Knowledge (XXG)

1433: 3257: 3749:. "he presence in this cluster of haplogroups that reach high frequency in Northern European populations, suggests a possible link between this core group of individuals and the proposed homeland of different ancient barbarian Germanic groups... This supports the view that the spread of Longobards into Italy actually involved movements of people, who gave a substantial contribution to the gene pool of the resulting populations...This is even more remarkable thinking that, in many studied cases, military invasions are movements of males, and hence do not have consequences at the mtDNA level. Here, instead, we have evidence of maternally linked genetic similarities between LC in Hungary and Italy, supporting the view that immigration from Central Europe involved females as well as males." 3318: 2819:. There was a noble class, a class of free persons beneath them, a class of unfree non-slaves (serfs), and finally slaves. The aristocracy itself was poorer, more urbanised, and less landed than elsewhere. Aside from the richest and most powerful of the dukes and the king himself, Lombard noblemen tended to live in cities (unlike their Frankish counterparts) and hold little more than twice as much in land as the merchant class (a far cry from provincial Frankish aristocrats who held vast swathes of land, hundreds of times larger than those beneath his status). The aristocracy by the eighth century was highly dependent on the king for means of income related especially to judicial duties: many Lombard nobles are referred to in contemporary documents as 1263: 3273: 3225: 415: 394: 3242: 3370: 730: 2493: 44: 3337: 1504: 1522:. This subdivision, however, together with the independent indocility of the duchies, deprived the kingdom of unity, making it weak even when compared to the Byzantines, especially since these had begun to recover from the initial invasion. This weakness became even more evident when the Lombards had to face the increasing power of the Franks. In response, the kings tried to centralize power over time, but they definitively lost control over 1043:. The Lombards are not mentioned at first, perhaps because they were not initially on the border of Rome, or perhaps because they were subjected to a larger tribal union, like the Saxons. It is, however, highly probable that, when the bulk of the Lombards migrated, a considerable part remained behind and afterwards became absorbed by the Saxon tribes in the Elbe region, while the emigrants alone retained the name of Lombards. However, the 525:), who advised that all Winnili women should tie their hair in front of their faces like beards and march in line with their husbands. At sunrise, Frea turned her husband's bed so that he was facing east, and woke him. So Godan spotted the Winnili first and asked, "Who are these long-beards?," and Frea replied, "My lord, thou hast given them the name, now give them also the victory." From that moment onwards, the Winnili were known as the 1252: 506: 2010: 7545: 3303: 3288: 2888:, the field of cows. The portions of the cities that remained intact were small, modest, contained a cathedral or major church (often sumptuously decorated), and a few public buildings and townhouses of the aristocracy. Few buildings of importance were stone, most were wood. In the end, the inhabited parts of the cities were separated from one another by stretches of pasture even within the city walls. 1601: 1132:) and were defeated; King Agelmund was killed and Laimicho was made king. He was in his youth and desired to avenge the slaughter of Agelmund. The Lombards themselves were probably made subjects of the Huns after the defeat but rose up and defeated them with great slaughter, gaining great booty and confidence as they "became bolder in undertaking the toils of war." During the reign of 2220: 3077:, the heir to the throne, received Orthodox Catholic baptism. However, the lack of spiritual involvement of most of the Lombards in religious disputes remained constant, so much so that the opposition between Orthodox Catholics, on the one hand, and pagans, Arians and schismatics, on the other, soon took on political significance. The supporters of Roman orthodoxy, led by the 620:...Börde (or Börd) still signifies "a fertile plain by the side of a river," and a district near Magdeburg is still called the lange Börde. According to this view Langobardi would signify "inhabitants of the long bord of the river;" and traces of their name are supposed still to occur in such names as Bardengau and Bardewick in the neighborhood of the Elbe. 3129: 795: 2417:, both of which are common among Germanic peoples. Lombard males were found to be more genetically homogeneous than Lombard females. The evidence suggested that the Lombards originated in Central/Northern Europe, and were a patriarchal people who settled Central Europe and then later Italy through a migration from the north. 2789:... in order that they might increase the number of their warriors, confer liberty upon many whom they deliver from the yoke of bondage, and that the freedom of these may be regarded as established, they confirm it in their accustomed way by an arrow, uttering certain words of their country in confirmation of the fact. 2844: 1964:, the last Lombard to rule as king. Desiderius managed to take Ravenna definitively, ending the Byzantine presence in northern Italy. He decided to reopen struggles against the Pope, who was supporting the dukes of Spoleto and Benevento against him, and entered Rome in 772, the first Lombard king to do so. But when 2880:—were themselves formed of small urban cores within the old Roman city walls. The cities of the Roman Empire had been partially destroyed in the series of wars of the fifth and sixth centuries. Many sectors were left in ruins and ancient monuments became fields of grass used as pastures for animals, thus the 3163:

of Milan. The Beneventan chant is largely defined by its role in the liturgy of the Beneventan rite; many Beneventan chants were assigned multiple roles when inserted into Gregorian chantbooks, appearing variously as antiphons, offertories, and communions, for example. It was eventually supplanted by

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They expressed a religious veneration to a golden viper, and prostrated themselves before it: they paid also a superstitious honour to a tree, on which they hung the skin of a wild beast, and these ceremonies were closed by public games, in which the skin served for a mark at which bowmen shot arrows

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to a cult of Odin, thus creating a conscious tribal tradition. Fröhlich inverts the order of events in Priester and states that with the Odin cult, the Lombards grew their beards in resemblance of the Odin of tradition and their new name reflected this. Bruckner remarks that the name of the Lombards

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and that the earliest government was a general assembly that selected canton chiefs and war leaders in times of conflict. All such figures were probably selected from a caste of nobility. As a result of the wars of their wanderings, royal power developed such that the king became the representative

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and pushed for Christianization. In the meantime, Authari embarked on a policy of internal reconciliation and tried to reorganize royal administration. The dukes yielded half their estates for the maintenance of the king and his court in Pavia. On the foreign affairs side, Authari managed to thwart

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and they expelled their new leader, the nephew of Arminius, from their country. The Lombards appeared on the scene with sufficient power to control the destiny of the tribe that had been the leader in the struggle for independence thirty-eight years earlier, for they restored the deposed leader to

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Now as for the tribe of the Suebi, it is the largest, for it extends from the Rhenus to the Albis; and a part of them even dwells on the far side of the Albis, as, for instance, the Hermondori and the Langobardi; and at the present time these latter, at least, have, to the last man, been driven in

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of 1098 and the city quickly declined in importance under a series of ineffective Norman rulers. The independent status of these Lombard states is in general attested by the ability of their rulers to switch suzerains at will. Often the legal vassal of the pope or the emperor (either Byzantine or

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of the Lombard army, and they were sometimes, if infrequently, called to serve, though this seems not to have been their preference. The small landed class, however, lacked the political influence necessary with the king (and the dukes) to control the politics and legislation of the kingdom. The

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The freemen of the Lombard kingdom were far more numerous than in Frankish lands, especially in the eighth century, when they are almost invisible in surviving documentary evidence. Smallholders, owner-cultivators, and rentiers are the most numerous types of person in surviving diplomata for the

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was forced to open the gates of Verona to Frankish troops. Desiderius surrendered in 774, and Charlemagne, in an utterly novel decision, took the title "King of the Lombards". Before then the Germanic kingdoms had frequently conquered each other, but none had adopted the title of King of another

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Lombard remains from Central Europe and Italy. These individuals were found to be closely related and displayed strong genetic links to Central Europe. The evidence suggested that the Lombard settlement of Italy was the result of a migration from the north involving both males and females.

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states that the Lombards were subjected by the Saxons around 300 but rose up against them under their first king, Agelmund, who ruled for 30 years. In the second half of the fourth century, the Lombards left their homes, probably due to bad harvests, and embarked on their migration.

3105:. However, tolerance towards Orthodox Catholics was never questioned by the various kings, also safeguarded by the influential contribution of the respective queens (largely chosen, for reasons of dynastic legitimacy, among the Orthodox Catholic princesses of the Bavarian dynasty). 1872: 3205:

During their nomadic phase, the Lombards primarily created art that was easily carried with them, like arms and jewellery. Though relatively little of this has survived, it bears resemblance to the similar endeavours of other Germanic tribes of central Europe from the same era.

3152:. The Beneventan rite has not survived in its complete form, although most of the principal feasts and several feasts of local significance are extant. The Beneventan rite appears to have been less complete, less systematic, and more liturgically flexible than the Roman rite. 3317: 2251:

around mid-century, but the ideal of a united Lombard principality was realised only in December 977, when Gisulf died and his domains were inherited by Pandulf Ironhead, who temporarily held almost all Italy south of Rome and brought the Lombards into an alliance with the

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Similarities between Langobardic and Gothic migration traditions have been noted among scholars. These early migration legends suggest that a major shifting of tribes occurred sometime between the first and second century BC, which would coincide with the time that the

2537: 214:, archaeologists have unearthed burial sites of Lombard men and women buried together as families, unusual among Germanic peoples at the time. Contemporary traces have also been discovered of Mediterranean Greeks and a possible migrant from France. 2512:

represent surviving dialects). It declined beginning in the seventh century, but may have been in scattered use until as late as about the year 1000. Only fragments of the language have survived, the main evidence being individual words quoted in

2243:("prince of the Lombard people"), which Arechis II had begun using in 774. Among Atenulf's successors the principality was ruled jointly by fathers, sons, brothers, cousins, and uncles for the greater part of the century. Meanwhile, the prince 1463:, which soon became semi-independent and even outlasted the northern kingdom, surviving well into the twelfth century. Wherever they went, they were joined by the Ostrogothic population, which was allowed to live peacefully in Italy with their 427:

According to their own legends, the Lombards originated in Northern Germany/Denmark zone including modern-day Denmark. The Germanic origins of the Lombards is supported by genetic, anthropological, archaeological and earlier literary evidence.

3081:, were politically the proponents of greater integration with the Romans, accompanied by a strategy of preserving the status quo with the Byzantines. Arians, pagans and schismatics, rooted above all in the northeastern regions of the kingdom ( 3380:

Few Lombard buildings have survived. Most have been lost, rebuilt, or renovated at some point, so they preserve little of their original Lombard structure. Lombard architecture was well-studied in the twentieth century, and the four-volume

1662: 2178:. An Arab landing force was defeated by the emperor in 871. Adelchis and Louis remained at war until the death of Louis in 875. Adelchis regarded himself as the true successor of the Lombard kings, and in that capacity he amended the 3217:

styles. The conversions from nomadism and paganism to settlement and Christianity also opened up new arenas of artistic expressions, such as architecture (especially churches) and its accompanying decorative arts (such as frescoes).

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Andrew II of Naples hired Islamic mercenaries and formed a Muslim-Christian alliance for his war with Sicard of Benevento in 836; Sicard responded with other Muslim mercenaries. The Saracens initially concentrated their attacks on

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in 9 AD. However, after the outbreak of war between Arminius and Marobod in 17 AD the Lombards and Semnones switched to the alliance of Arminius. They detested Marobod's title of king, and saw Arminius as a champion of freedom.

3189:, which was a subject only to Rome. The Cassinese influence on Christianity in southern Italy was immense. Montecassino was also the starting point for another characteristic of Beneventan monasticism, the use of the distinct 2063:

to the east. They typically made pledges and promises of tribute to the Carolingians, but effectively remained outside Frankish control. Benevento meanwhile grew to its greatest extent yet when it imposed a tribute on the

169:(written between 787 and 796) that the Lombards descended from a small tribe called the Winnili, who dwelt in northern Germany before migrating to seek new lands. Earlier Roman-era historians wrote of the Lombards in the 1490:. Gradually, they adopted Roman or Romanized titles, names, and traditions, and partially converted to orthodoxy (in the seventh century), though not without a long series of religious and ethnic conflicts. By the time 2088:, with its nominally attached cities. It was during the ninth century that a strong Lombard presence became entrenched in formerly Greek Apulia. However, Sicard had opened up the south to the invasive actions of the 516:

The Winnili were young and brave and refused to pay tribute, saying "It is better to maintain liberty by arms than to stain it by the payment of tribute." The Vandals prepared for war and consulted Godan (the god

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founded the present-day Capua, "New Capua", on a nearby hill. In general, the Lombard princes were less inclined to ally with the Saracens than with their Greek neighbours of Amalfi, Gaeta, Naples, and Sorrento.

3256: 1432: 873:. The burial sites are crematorial and are usually dated from the sixth century BC through the third century AD, so a settlement breakoff seems unlikely. The lands of the lower Elbe fall into the zone of the 177:

peoples, also from what is now northern Germany, near the Elbe river. They migrated south, and by the end of the fifth century, the Lombards had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria and

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male, both of whom were also carriers of subclades of the paternal haplogroup R1b1a2a1a1. The Lombard, Frankish and Byzantine males were all found to be closely related, and displayed close genetic links to

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on the coast, probably indicating a Lombard expansion from the Elbe to the Rhine. This double mention has been interpreted as an editorial error by Gudmund Schütte, in his analysis of Ptolemy. However, the

2572:). A number of Latin texts include Lombardic names, and Lombardic legal texts contain terms taken from the legal vocabulary of the vernacular. In 2005, Emilia Denčeva argued that the inscription of the 4895: 2521:

and syntax. The genetic classification of the language depends entirely on phonology. Since there is evidence that Lombardic participated in, and indeed shows some of the earliest evidence for, the

4826:. "iological relationships played an important role in these early medieval societies... Finally, our data are consistent with the proposed long-distance migration from Pannonia to Northern Italy." 3224: 1337:

with their wives and children and all their goods." The Avars have agreed to shelter them if they wish to come back. Various other peoples who either voluntarily joined or were subjects of

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and when he was assassinated in 839, Amalfi declared independence and two factions fought for power in Benevento, crippling the principality and making it susceptible to external enemies.

1094:) denied them passage through their lands and a fight was arranged for the strongest man of each tribe. The Lombard was victorious, passage was granted, and the Lombards reached Mauringa. 564:

stories of his people "silly" and "laughable". Paul explained that the name "Langobard" came from the length of their beards. A modern theory suggests that the name "Langobard" comes from

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also have Lombard elements. All these buildings are in northern Italy (Langobardia major), but by far the best-preserved Lombard structure is in southern Italy (Langobardia minor). The

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Ibor and Aio were called by Prosper of Aquitaine, Iborea and Agio; Saxo-Grammaticus calls them Ebbo and Aggo; the popular song of Gothland (Bethmann, 342), Ebbe and Aaghe (Wiese, 14).

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is probably one of the oldest preserved examples of Lombard architecture, as Cividale was the first Lombard city in Italy. Parts of Lombard constructions have been preserved in

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of the people, but the influence of the people on the government did not fully disappear. Paul the Deacon gives an account of the Lombard tribal structure during the migration:

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to move towards independence, and by the end of the century they were styling themselves "princes" and as a third Lombard state. The Capuan and Beneventan states were united by

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The whole Lombard territory was divided into 36 duchies, whose leaders settled in the main cities. The king ruled over them and administered the land through emissaries called

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saying that "their scanty numbers are a distinction" because "surrounded by a host of most powerful tribes, they are safe, not by submitting, but by daring the perils of war".

5964: 3364: 2966:, discussing the Suebian tribes of Germania, writes that the Lombards were one of the Suebian tribes united in worship of the deity Nerthus, who is often identified with the 2029:, whose duchy had only nominally been under royal authority, though certain kings had been effective at making their power known in the south, claimed that Benevento was the 3108:

In the seventh century, the nominally Christian aristocracy of Benevento was still practising pagan rituals such as sacrifices in "sacred" woods. By the end of the reign of

2780:. Kingship developed among the Germanic peoples when the unity of a single military command was found necessary. Schmidt believed that the Germanic tribes were divided into 790:

Some sources also give a date of 750 BC for the earliest expansion out of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany along the North Sea coast towards the mouth of the Rhine.

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in September 2018 found strong genetic similarities between Lombards of Italy and earlier Lombards of Central Europe. Lombard males were primarily carriers of subclades of

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Religious strife and the Slavic raids remained a source of struggle in the following years. In 705, the Friuli Lombards were defeated and lost the land to the west of the

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The Lombards first adopted Christianity while still in Pannonia, but their conversion and Christianisation was largely nominal and far from complete. During the reign of

2175: 585:("he with the beard of the gods") shows that the Lombards had this idea of their chief deity. The same Old Norse root Barth or Barði, meaning "beard", is shared with the 521:), who answered that he would give victory to those whom he would see first at sunrise. The Winnili were fewer in number and Gambara sought help from Frea (the goddess 293:. In this period, the southern part of Italy still under Lombard domination was known to the Norse as Langbarðaland ('land of the Lombards'), as inscribed in the Norse 5183: 2579:

The Italian language preserves a large number of Lombardic words, although it is not always easy to distinguish them from other Germanic borrowings such as those from

2103:, the only Frankish king to exercise actual sovereignty over the Lombard states. The treaty divided the kingdom into two states: the Principality of Benevento and the 968:, who was then administering Pannonia. Peace was made and the two tribes returned to their homes, which in the case of the Lombards was the lands of the lower Elbe. 6031: 5040: 4863: 4753: 4627: 4185: 1262: 4773: 217:

Following Alboin's victory over the Gepids, he led his people into North Eastern Italy, which had become severely depopulated and devastated after the long

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fought the Saracens with Byzantine troops. Throughout this period the Lombard princes swung in allegiance from one party to another. Finally, towards 915,

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did not elect any king, a period regarded as a time of violence and disorder. In 586, threatened by a Frankish invasion, the dukes elected Cleph's son,

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At least 20,000 Saxon warriors, old allies of the Lombards, and their families joined them in their new migration. The first important city to fall was

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The legend from Origo may hint that initially, before the passage from Scandinavia to the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, the Lombards worshiped the

5875: 7502: 4140: 907:-worshipping tribes whose land of rivers and forest stretched to the sea. Writing in the late first century AD, he described the Langobardi in his 7520: 5513: 5466: 3272: 4838:. "Niederstotzingen North individuals are closely related to northern and eastern European populations, particularly from Lithuania and Iceland." 1996:

region in Italy, which includes the cities of Brescia, Bergamo, Milan, and the old capital Pavia, is a reminder of the presence of the Lombards.

249:, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed. By late 569, they had conquered all of northern Italy and the principal cities north of the 5226: 3120:

by uniting the south of the peninsula with the north, thereby bringing together his Italo-Roman and Germanic subjects into one Catholic State.

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During their stay at the mouth of the Elbe, the Lombards came into contact with other western Germanic populations, such as the Saxons and the

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in 774, the Lombard-controlled territory to the south of the Papal States was never subjugated by Charlemagne or his descendants. In 774, Duke

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The Lombards departed from Mauringa and reached Golanda. Scholar Ludwig Schmidt thinks this was further east, perhaps on the right bank of the

478:). The Winnili were split into three groups and one part left their native land to seek foreign fields. The reason for the exodus was probably 466: 6015: 4808: 4009:. Translated by Barrington, Daines (Alfred the Great ed.). London: Printed by W. Bowyer and J. Nichols and sold by S. Baker. p. 256 3623: 3209:

The first major modifications to the Germanic style of the Lombards came in Pannonia and especially in Italy, under the influence of local,

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conquered Ravenna for the Lombards for the first time but had to relinquish it when he was subsequently defeated by the king of the Franks,

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Moving out of Golanda, the Lombards passed through Anthaib and Banthaib until they reached Vurgundaib, believed to be the old lands of the

3085:), were instead interpreters of the preservation of the warlike and aggressive spirit of the people. Thus, to the "pro-Catholic" phase of 350: 343: 6285: 5598: 5380: 3896: 3487: 6118: 5508: 5461: 612:

Alternatively, some etymological sources suggest an Old High German root, barta, meaning "axe" (and related to English halberd), while

6395: 6218: 6202: 6107: 5931: 5808: 5447: 5389: 5282: 3065:, an Orthodox Catholic, the monarchy was brought under heavy Catholic influence. After initial support for the anti-Rome party in the 2464: 2124: 2044:

sent men, to force the Beneventan duke to submit, but his submission and promises were never kept and Arechis and his successors were

3547:. "The Lombards, also known as the Longobards, were a Germanic tribe whose fabled origins lay in the barbarian realm of Scandinavia." 2953:: an evolution that marked the passage from the adoration of deities related to fertility and the earth to the cult of warlike gods. 6601: 6366: 6319: 6183: 6148: 6067: 5863: 5831: 5676: 5654: 5624: 5534: 5487: 5402: 4089: 4061: 2306: 2296: 1648: 282: 4006:

The Anglo-Saxon Version, from the Historian Orosius, by Ælfred the Great together with an English Translation from the Anglo-Saxon

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Some of the late Lombard structures of the ninth and tenth centuries have been found to contain elements of style associated with

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In Italy, the Lombards were intensively Christianised, and the pressure to convert to Orthodox Catholicism was great. With the

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and invaded Italy. All these Christian conversions primarily affected the aristocracy, while the common people remained pagan.

2638:, a collection of legal documents, makes reference to many Lombardic terms, some of them still in use in the Italian language: 1875: 262: 3336: 1836:

returned and promoted tolerance between Arians and Catholics, but he could not defeat the Arian party, led by Arachi, duke of

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sent his brother to the Lombard court to collect tribute and extend the truce; however, he was stabbed by Rometrud, sister of

7515: 6783: 6588: 6448: 6339: 6086: 6048: 5939: 5776: 5569: 3210: 3102: 1829: 1626: 5009: 4004: 3639: 1725:, who also married Theodelinda in the same year. Agilulf successfully fought the rebel dukes of northern Italy, conquering 3499: 2223:

Italy around the turn of the millennium, showing the Lombard states in the south on the eve of the arrival of the Normans.

2773:(especially the Saxons), they adopted a rigid social organization into castes, rarely present in other Germanic peoples. 2325:, among others), had become rivals for hegemony in the south. The Salernitan principality experienced a golden age under 1199:

before end of the armistice. The Langobard and Roman army joined together and defeated the Gepids in 551. In the battle,

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aristocracy was more thoroughly powerful politically if not economically in Italy than in contemporary Gaul and Spain.

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in 900. He subsequently declared them to be in perpetual union, and they were separated only in 982, on the death of

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The Lombards of southern Italy were thereafter in the anomalous position of holding land claimed by two empires: the

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Lombard society was divided into classes comparable to those found in the other Germanic successor states of Rome,

929: 572:. Priester states that when the Winnili changed their name to "Lombards", they also changed their old agricultural 445: 6353:(1998). "Aristocratic Power in Eighth-Century Lombard Italy". In Goffart, Walter A.; Murray, Alexander C. (eds.). 1825:

and then to the Franks. Grimoald managed to regain control over the duchies and deflected the late attempt of the

1630: 1615: 7579: 7548: 6728: 6635: 6628: 6606: 6441: 4799:Štih, Peter; Simoniti, Vasko; Vodopivec, Peter (2008). "The Settlement of the Slavs". In Lazarević, Žarko (ed.). 4777: 3183:

had donated a large swathe of land to Montecassino in 744, and that became the basis for an important state, the

2912: 1756:, regarded by many authorities as the most energetic of all Lombard kings. He extended his dominions, conquering 1622: 1294: 1191:

and the sides signed a two-year truce. Revenging what he felt as a betrayal, Thurisind made an alliance with the

995:. But Ptolemy also mentions the "Laccobardi" to the north of the above-mentioned Suebic territories, east of the 1410: 721:

left their homelands in Northern Germany and migrated through central Germany, eventually invading Roman Italy.

393: 218: 6768: 6753: 6568: 6553: 2934: 2518: 2377:), they were the real power-brokers in the south until their erstwhile allies the Normans rose to preeminence. 2208: 2135: 1575: 1429:

fell after a siege of three years, in 572, becoming the first capital city of the new Lombard kingdom of Italy.

678: 3409: 3342: 2037:: a second Pavia. He tried to claim the kingship, but with no support and no chance of a coronation in Pavia. 1749:, the head of the Arian opposition who had married Theodelinda's daughter Gundeperga, later deposed Adaloald. 1782:: the edict did not apply to the tributaries of the Lombards, who could retain their own laws. Rothari's son 257:, which fell in 572. At the same time, they occupied areas in central and southern Italy. They established a 6883: 6773: 6763: 6758: 6578: 6558: 6515: 6303: 5608: 5518: 5471: 5394: 5219: 3589: 3471: 3445: 3017: 2921: 2259: 2104: 2026: 1810: 1685:, was also assassinated, after a ruthless reign of 18 months. His death began an interregnum of years (the " 1274: 1239: 502:

and their chieftains, the brothers Ambri and Assi, who granted the Winnili a choice between tribute or war.

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was reportedly derived from the distinctively long beards of the Lombards. It is probably a compound of the

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texts. In the absence of Lombardic texts, it is not possible to draw any conclusions about the language's

2326: 2283: 1487: 734: 443:, written in the eighth century. Paul's chief source for Lombard origins, however, is the seventh-century 5184:"Rivive dopo mille anni uno scriptorium di Scrittura Beneventana, Benevento Longobarda affila le 'penne'" 3302: 1934: 210:

eventually destroyed the Gepids in 567. The Lombards also settled in Pannonia (modern-day Hungary). Near

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Hallenbeck, Jan T. (1982). "Pavia and Rome: The Lombard Monarchy and the Papacy in the Eighth Century".

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in the seventh and eighth centuries. The Beneventan rite is more closely related to the liturgy of the

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After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History, Essays presented to Walter Goffart

2239:. With all of the Lombard south under his control, except Salerno, Atenulf felt safe to use the title 6674: 6645: 6548: 5968: 5888: 5319: 5311: 4725: 3360: 2435: 2334: 2267: 2196: 1918: 1894:. A new ethnic border was established that has lasted for over 1200 years up until the present time. 1471:

managed to retain control of the area of Ravenna and Rome, linked by a thin corridor running through

1334: 1322: 1270: 855: 837:. Strabo states that the Lombards dwelt on both sides of the Elbe. He treats them as a branch of the 698: 479: 6264:

Der Bardengau : e. histor. Unters. über dessen Verhältnisse u. über d. Güterbesitz d. Billunger

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Lombard kingdom. They may have owned more than half of the land in Lombard Italy. The freemen were

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managed to unite the Christian princes of southern Italy against the Saracen establishments on the

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to pay tribute. Agilulf died in 616; Theodelinda reigned alone until 628 when she was succeeded by

1511: 1386: 1378: 1157: 1084: 965: 811: 226: 5723:

Fröhlich, Hermann (1976). "Zur Herkunft der Langobarden" [On the origin of the Lombards].

5420: 3140:

The Duchy and eventually Principality of Benevento in southern Italy developed a unique Christian

858:

defeated a large force of Germans and drove some "to the farther side of the Albis (Elbe)" river.

482:. The departing people were led by Gambara and her sons Ybor and Aio and arrived in the lands of 6893: 6745: 6684: 6573: 6505: 6481: 6025: 5914: 5755: 5686: 5034: 4857: 4747: 4621: 4179: 4157: 3417: 2501: 2487: 2374: 2322: 2263: 2232: 2148: 2143: 2056: 2014: 1837: 1818: 1580: 1550: 1545: 1507: 1456: 1321:. In the spring of 568, Alboin, now fearing the aggressive Avars, led the Lombard migration into 50: 6097: 5738:

Giess, Hildegard (September 1959). "The Sculpture of the Cloister of Santa Sofia in Benevento".

2492: 1401:

fell into Germanic hands. In the summer of 569, the Lombards conquered the main Roman centre of

663: 5951:"Ancient genome-wide analyses infer kinship structure in an Early Medieval Alemannic graveyard" 3523: 7569: 6669: 6520: 6495: 6391: 6362: 6315: 6249: 6198: 6179: 6175: 6144: 6103: 6082: 6063: 6044: 6011: 5994: 5935: 5906: 5884: 5859: 5827: 5804: 5772: 5724: 5672: 5650: 5620: 5565: 5561: 5530: 5483: 5443: 5398: 5384: 5349: 5278: 4804: 4085: 4057: 3619: 3190: 3141: 3082: 2584: 2505: 2431: 2414: 2362: 2253: 1891: 1826: 1738: 1686: 1479: 1227: 729: 643: 361: 357: 278: 153: 54: 43: 5294:"Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics" 4891:"Langobardische (?) Inschrift auf einem Schwert aus dem 8. Jahrhundert in bulgarischem Boden" 3685: 1677:

In 572, Alboin was murdered in Verona in a plot led by his wife, Rosamund, who later fled to

7092: 6464: 6307: 6289: 6239: 6231: 6136: 6122: 5984: 5976: 5955: 5898: 5747: 5612: 5522: 5475: 5339: 5329: 4904: 4601:] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Franklin Társulat Magyar Irodalmi Intézet és Könyvnyomda Rt. 3697: 3475: 3156: 3078: 3039: 2777: 2668:(fundamental unity of Lombard social and military organization, presently used as toponym), 2443: 2422: 2236: 2100: 2060: 1961: 1914: 1871: 1706: 1571: 1468: 1452: 1414: 1133: 976: 949: 681:; consequently, Skiæren-Heal is the port of the Skiæren, a name well adapted to the port of 628: 294: 290: 222: 149: 74: 35: 6311: 6140: 5616: 5526: 5479: 4588: 3448:, and it preserves Lombard frescoes on the walls and even Lombard capitals on the columns. 2860:(or "city as islands"). It appears from archaeology that the great cities of Lombard Italy— 2823:(judges) even when their offices had important military and legislative functions as well. 2793:

Complete emancipation appears to have been granted only among the Franks and the Lombards.

1425:, could only defend coastal cities that could be supplied by the powerful Byzantine fleet. 1251: 1023:

From the second century onwards, many of the Germanic tribes recorded as active during the

814:, who accompanied a Roman expedition as prefect of the cavalry. Paterculus says that under 677:, which are called in German Schæren and in Swedish Skiaeren. Heal signifies a port in the 505: 6701: 6679: 6623: 6593: 6477: 6227: 5594: 5307: 5257: 5013: 3681: 3479: 3294: 3248: 3165: 3160: 2967: 2958: 2835:, that is, soldiers and "devoted men" (a military term like "retainers"); they formed the 2808: 2580: 2448: 2338: 2228: 2180: 2065: 2041: 2030: 1814: 1774: 1558: 1540: 1491: 1385:, in 569. There, Alboin created the first Lombard duchy, which he entrusted to his nephew 1382: 1306: 1164:. Rodulf personally led his forces against Tato, but was ambushed and killed from a hill. 1106: 909: 874: 818:

the "power of the Langobardi was broken, a race surpassing even the Germans in savagery".

509: 440: 274: 160: 58: 5361: 3451:

Lombard architecture flourished under the impulse provided by the Catholic monarchs like

3097:), a long phase of the revival of Arianism, embodied by militarily aggressive kings like 2776:

The Lombard kings can be traced back as early as c. 380 and thus to the beginning of the

2281:

The principal source for the history of the Lombard principalities in this period is the

6419: 5972: 5315: 4776:[From Where Come and Who Are the Solkan Lombards] (in Slovenian). Archived from 1494:

was writing, the Lombard language, dress and even hairstyles had nearly all disappeared

7584: 7375: 7159: 6823: 6510: 6293: 6281: 6244: 6213: 5989: 5950: 5344: 5293: 3323:

Eighth-century Lombard sculpture depicting female martyrs, based on a Byzantine model.

3145: 3070: 2802: 2541: 2469: 2410: 2369: 2357:(1058). The Capuans revolted against Norman rule in 1091, expelling Richard's grandson 2192: 2112: 1965: 1938: 1926: 1848: 1722: 1710: 1690: 1503: 1402: 741: 705:, in a listing of famous kings and their countries, has Sceafa Longbeardum, so naming 685:, in the Upplandske Skiæren, and the country may be justly called Scorung or Skiærunga. 646:), the Lombards or Winnili lived originally in the Vinuiloth (Vinovilith) mentioned by 639: 573: 141: 2309:. The Normans, first called in by the Lombards to fight the Byzantines for control of 2009: 7563: 7236: 7134: 7097: 7057: 6923: 6652: 6611: 6350: 5551: 5504: 5457: 4077: 3263: 3194: 2949:. Later, in contact with other Germanic populations, they adopted the worship of the 2553: 2526: 2318: 2262:

of Benevento and Capua tried to conquer the principality of Salerno with the help of

1887: 1856: 1141: 1137: 1114: 613: 586: 170: 5918: 5157: 261:

in north and central Italy, which reached its zenith under the eighth-century ruler

6828: 6818: 6801: 6618: 6165: 5751: 4170:

Wegewitz (1964). "Das langobardische Brandgräberfeld von Putensen, Kreis Harburg".

3464: 3172: 2836: 2573: 2530: 2068:, which was tenuously loyal to Byzantium and even conquered the Neapolitan city of 1986: 1832:

to conquer southern Italy. He also defeated the Franks. At Grimoald's death in 671

1318: 1314: 878: 807: 557: 6195:

Codice Diplomatico Longobardo Dal DLXVIII Al DCCLXXIV: Con Note Storiche, Volume 1

5702:Älteste Geschichte der Langobarden. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Völkerwanderung 5667:. Translated by Fischer Drew, Katherine. foreword by Edward Peters. Philadelphia: 5365: 2565: 2270:, Gisulf repulsed him. The rulers of Benevento and Capua made several attempts on 581:

include "the Long-bearded" or "the Grey-bearded", and that the Lombard given name

420:...and spotting the Lombard women with their long hair tied as to appear as beards 211: 6379:

Die älteste Geschichte der Langobarden bis zum Untergange des Reiches der Heruler

6169: 5726:

Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken (QFIAB) 55/56

5555: 2170:

sought the help of his suzerain, Louis II, who allied with the Byzantine emperor

7310: 7268: 7191: 7104: 6972: 6962: 6873: 6657: 6342:: Volume II – The Rise of the Saracens and the Foundations of the Western Empire 5425:

Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Culturgeschichte der germanischen Völker

5007: 4592: 4573: 3647: 3571:. "Lombards, A people of Germanic origin, conquerors of part of Italy from 568." 3452: 3231: 3062: 3012:

observed many pagan rituals and traditions among the Lombards authorised by the

2881: 2557: 2536: 2342: 2200: 1973: 1969: 1698: 1670: 1666: 1600: 1184: 945: 553: 334: 270: 242: 5334: 4559: 2274:

at this time, but late in the century, the Byzantines, under the stiff rule of

2099:

The civil war lasted ten years and ended with a peace treaty imposed in 849 by

1913:

and Benevento, and, taking advantage of the disagreements between the Pope and

1878:(712–744) "was a zealous Catholic, generous and a great founder of monasteries" 7487: 7275: 7258: 7206: 7196: 7181: 7149: 7139: 7017: 6967: 6843: 6838: 6806: 6525: 6235: 3460: 3149: 3051: 2587:. They often bear some resemblance to English words, as Lombardic was akin to 2204: 1957: 1946: 1906: 1852: 1358: 1183:

attempted to expel them, and both peoples asked for help from the Byzantines.

1152:

attacked and defeated them, obliging them to pay tax and withdraw to Northern

1024: 996: 921: 487: 246: 4982:

Lebensnormen und Kultmythen in germanischen Sammes- und Herrscher genealogien

3116:

Orthodox Catholicism became tangible as the king sought to justify his title

2021:

Though the kingdom centred on Pavia in the north fell to Charlemagne and the

1851:

during these years: from 623 to 626 the Lombards unsuccessfully attacked the

7482: 7477: 7467: 7400: 7305: 7201: 7164: 7154: 7114: 7067: 7062: 7012: 6952: 6878: 6868: 6848: 6811: 6796: 5003: 4153: 3483: 3441: 3058: 3009: 2816: 2588: 2452: 2390: 1833: 1794: 1790: 1527: 1422: 1354: 1222:, notably Lombards, Heruls and Bulgars, defeated the last Ostrogoths led by 1219: 1208: 1192: 1176: 1121: 1017: 972: 890: 866: 851: 799: 682: 632: 606: 491: 325:

is generally translated as 'the wolves', related to the Proto-Germanic root

309:

According to their traditions, the Lombards initially called themselves the

203: 6253: 5998: 5980: 5910: 5353: 2345:. The Capua principality was hotly contested during the reign of the hated 2219: 1187:

sent his army against the Gepids; however, it was routed on the way by the

1090:

The crossing into Mauringa was very difficult. The Assipitti (possibly the

893:. Archaeological finds show that the Lombards were an agricultural people. 5132: 3701: 1447:

In the following years, the Lombards penetrated further south, conquering

17: 7455: 7440: 7420: 7405: 7385: 7360: 7345: 7340: 7320: 7290: 7280: 7221: 7216: 7047: 7032: 7007: 6987: 6957: 6947: 6942: 6913: 6908: 6898: 6833: 6791: 6500: 4986:

Norms of life and cult myths in Germanic collection and ruler genealogies

4724:"The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 500–c. 700" by Paul Fouracre and 3112:, however, the Lombards were more or less completely Catholicised. Under 3109: 3074: 3047: 2999: 2995: 2975: 2812: 2766: 2569: 2427: 2398: 2314: 2301:

The diminished Beneventan principality soon lost its independence to the

2275: 2089: 2081: 1993: 1902: 1841: 1798: 1786:

succeeded him in 652, still very young, and was killed by his opponents.

1742: 1483: 1441: 1366: 1330: 1298: 1212: 1172: 1145: 1091: 1052: 1032: 988: 984: 980: 961: 937: 925: 862: 815: 647: 636: 625: 561: 383: 298: 250: 179: 31: 4908: 3128: 2076:, Lombard control covered most of southern Italy save the very south of 1661: 991:. To their east stretching northwards to the central Elbe are the Suebi 7472: 7460: 7450: 7425: 7415: 7410: 7390: 7380: 7355: 7295: 7253: 7226: 7144: 7077: 7072: 7052: 7042: 6997: 6992: 6982: 6977: 6918: 6903: 6853: 5902: 5855: 5759: 5246: 4027: 3478:". These edifices are considered, along with some similar buildings in 3433: 3429: 3309: 3098: 3090: 3086: 2991: 2979: 2963: 2950: 2561: 2456: 2394: 2171: 2159: 2108: 1981: 1953: 1942: 1910: 1883: 1806: 1783: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1730: 1718: 1694: 1678: 1523: 1496: 1472: 1448: 1398: 1390: 1350: 1302: 1290: 1278: 1153: 1125: 1102: 1036: 904: 896: 846:

flight out of their country into the land on the far side of the river.

826: 806:

The first mention of the Lombards occurred between AD 9 and 16, by the

714: 702: 694: 659: 655: 597: 591: 499: 314: 286: 238: 5731:

Sources and Research from Italian Archives and Libraries (QFIAB) 55/56

3949: 3897:

Der altisländische Odinsname Langbarðr: 'Langbart' und die Langobarden

2843: 2426:

in September 2018 examined the remains of a Lombard male buried at an

431:

A legendary account of Lombard origins, history, and practices is the

7492: 7445: 7430: 7395: 7370: 7335: 7330: 7263: 7248: 7186: 7124: 7109: 7087: 7037: 7027: 7022: 6935: 6930: 6888: 6858: 5818:

Hutterer, Claus Jürgen (1999). "Langobardisch" [Lombardish].

5133:"Approfondimenti – Il canto beneventano – Scuola di Canto Gregoriano" 5027:

The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints: Vol. I

3463:

to the foundation of monasteries to further their political control.

3094: 3043: 2987: 2983: 2971: 2873: 2552:

inscriptions. Primary source texts include short inscriptions in the

2439: 2353:, and, under his son, it fell, almost without contest, to the Norman 2310: 2302: 2131: 2085: 2077: 2069: 2022: 1985:

people. Charlemagne took part of the Lombard territory to create the

1860: 1769: 1761: 1734: 1478:

When they entered Italy, some Lombards retained their native form of

1418: 1394: 1346: 1338: 1286: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1188: 1180: 1168: 1149: 1040: 1028: 1004: 992: 957: 917: 834: 822: 718: 706: 690: 674: 651: 266: 234: 230: 207: 199: 195: 187: 183: 6041:

Die Geschichte der Langobarden: Gesellschaft – Kultur – Alltagsleben

5580: 1760:

in 643 and the remaining part of the Byzantine territories of inner

1109:

mentions the Lombards crossing a river, and they could have reached

1051:

The migration route of the Lombards in 489, from their homeland to "

6433: 5893: 5324: 3093:'s accession to the throne) to 690 (definitive defeat of the rebel 2430:

graveyard. He was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup

1345:

Whence, even until today, we call the villages in which they dwell

971:

In the mid-second century, the Lombards supposedly appeared in the

794: 27:

Historical ethnic group of the Italian Peninsula of Germanic origin

7365: 7350: 7325: 7315: 7300: 7243: 7211: 7176: 7171: 7129: 7119: 7002: 6863: 6706: 4740:

The End of the Ancient World and the Beginnings of the Middle Ages

4084:. Chicago, IL, United States: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1993. 3792: 3413: 3401: 3368: 3346: 3127: 3035: 2946: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2842: 2770: 2769:. From these populations, which had long been in contact with the 2535: 2514: 2386: 2218: 2139: 2008: 1977: 1930: 1870: 1802: 1779: 1726: 1682: 1660: 1502: 1464: 1460: 1437: 1431: 1426: 1406: 1362: 1261: 1250: 1171:(ruled 546–560) led the Lombards across the Danube once more into 1000: 900: 886: 882: 838: 793: 738: 728: 602: 522: 504: 403: 399: 277:. However, Lombard nobles continued to rule southern parts of the 254: 191: 174: 42: 6079:

Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare

1417:

army left for its defence could do almost nothing. Longinus, the

7435: 7082: 2549: 2337:, the principality shrank to insignificance and fell in 1078 to 2155: 1922: 1223: 1161: 1129: 1098: 953: 830: 518: 495: 475: 30:

Not to be confused with the modern inhabitants of the region of

6437: 6418: 5873:

Leonardi, Michela (6 September 2018). "Storia dei Longobardi".

1105:, meaning simply "good land". This theory is highly plausible; 669:

The footnote then explains the etymology of the name Scoringa:

5372:

The Gens Langobardorum and their origin, ...and their language

1778:, which established the laws and the customs of his people in 1714:

the dangerous alliance between the Byzantines and the Franks.

1594: 1281:, as it was a nomad habit to make cups from the enemy's skulls 903:

tribe, listing them between the Semnones on the Elbe, and the

833:

shortly after the beginning of the Christian era, next to the

92: 5719:

In two volumes. Diss. Eberhard-Karls-Universität zu Tübingen.

5367:

Die Gens Langobardorum und ihre Herkunft, ...und ihre Sprache

3553:, p. 857. "Lombards, or Langobardi, a Germanic group..." 1486:

Christians. Hence they did not enjoy good relations with the

297:. Their legacy is also apparent in the name of the region of 4672:

History of the Lombards: Translated by William Dudley Foulke

1956:

attempted to become king of Lombardy, but he was deposed by

1772:). Rothari also made the famous edict bearing his name, the 1289:, a young and energetic leader who defeated the neighboring 107: 4896:

Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur

4591:[The Migration Period]. In Marczali, Henrik (ed.). 3235:

northern Italy, seventh century, Metropolitan Museum of Art

3159:, a Lombard-influenced chant that bore similarities to the 2854:

The urbanisation of Lombard Italy was characterised by the

356:(beard).Another widely accepted etymology can be traced to 5080:

Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum saec. VI–IX

4650:[The withdrawal of the Langobards from Pannonia]. 83: 5733:] (in German). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. pp. 1–21. 3727: 3725: 3723: 2544:

may be the earliest written example of Lombardic language

2005:

Falling to the Franks and the Duchy of Benevento, 774–849

125: 4614:

Battles The World's History: Central and northern Europe

3069:, Theodelinda remained a close contact and supporter of 2468:

in January 2019 examined the mtDNA of a large number of

2151:, however, briefly put himself under Muslim suzerainty. 1027:

started to unite into bigger tribal unions, such as the

861:

The German archaeologist Willi Wegewitz defined several

673:

The shores of Uppland and Östergötland are covered with

616:

puts forth an alternative suggestion which argues that:

470:

writes that the Winnili first dwelt near a river called

5826:] (in German). Wiesbaden: Albus. pp. 336–341. 4706:

Paolo Diacono, Historia Langobardorum, FV, II, 4, 6, 7.

3824: 3822: 2496:

The West-Germanic languages around the sixth century CE

1921:, he annexed the Exarchate of Ravenna and the duchy of 1218:

In 552, the Byzantines, aided by a large contingent of

1124:. In Vurgundaib, the Lombards were stormed in camp by " 5587:

Before and after Alboino: on the trail of the Lombards

4803:. Ljubljana: Institute of Modern History. p. 22. 3828: 1285:

In approximately 560, Audoin was succeeded by his son

916:

Tacitus also noted that the Lombards were subjects of

5006:, Medieval Source Book. Code and format by Northvegr. 1267:

Rosamund forced to drink from the skull of her father

899:

also counted the Lombards as a remote and aggressive

113: 98: 5589:] (in Italian). Napoli: Guida. pp. 221–241. 1840:, who submitted only to his son, the philo-Catholic 122: 110: 104: 95: 89: 80: 7501: 6782: 6744: 6534: 6488: 6214:"A genetic perspective on Longobard-Era migrations" 5965:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

4576:): Ajtai Kovách Albert Magyar Polgár Könyvnyomdája. 3365:

Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568-774 A.D.)

1793:in 661, the kingdom was split between his children 952:, 6,000 Lombards and Obii (sometimes thought to be 829:(AD 117), the Lombards dwelt near the mouth of the 128: 119: 86: 77: 5788:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 5579:Daim, Falko (2019). "The Longobards in Pannonia". 4172:Problemi della civilita e dell'economia Longobarda 2207:river. The Saracens were ousted from Italy in the 2033:of the kingdom. He tried to turn Benevento into a 47:Lombard possessions in Italy: the Lombard Kingdom 5582:Prima e dopo Alboino: sulle tracce dei Longobardi 4774:"Od kod prihajajo in kdo so solkanski Langobardi" 2287:, composed late in the tenth century at Salerno. 2048:independent. The Beneventan dukes took the title 1409:. The area was then recovering from the terrible 798:Distribution of Langobardic burial fields at the 577:stands in close relation to the worship of Odin, 317:in the first century, they changed their name to 2897:Lombard state on the Carpathians (sixth century) 2847:Lombard warrior, bronze statue, eighth century, 2368:Capua was again put under Norman rule after the 2305:and declined in importance until it fell in the 2166:. Saracen incursions proceeded northwards until 2040:Charlemagne came down with an army, and his son 1968:called for help from the powerful Frankish king 1059:(believed to be their land on the Elbe shores), 406:(Frea) looking out of a window in the heavens... 63:and the Lombard Duchies of Spoleto and Benevento 6274:Das langobardische Brandgräberfeld von Putensen 5292:Amorim, Carlos Eduardo G. (11 September 2018). 5277:(in Italian). Florence: Le Monnier Università. 4801:A Slovene history: society – politics – culture 4767: 4765: 4763: 4384: 4382: 3568: 3089:, Theodolinda and Adaloald followed, from 626 ( 3038:, they were Orthodox Catholics allied with the 3022: 2560:" (c. 600) and the silver belt buckle found in 2438:. The graveyard also included the remains of a 2256:. His territories were divided upon his death. 1325:, which he planned for years. According to the 1293:and made them his subjects; in 566, he married 1101:. Schmidt considers the name the equivalent of 464:dwelling in Northern Germany/Denmark zone (the 281:well into the eleventh century, when they were 4835: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 2227:The independent state of Salerno inspired the 1909:. He managed to regain a certain control over 1245:Invasion and conquest of the Italian peninsula 1136:, the Langobards occupied parts of modern-day 6449: 4056:, vol. I, London: Penguin, p. 108, 3971:Widsith: A Study in Old English Heroic Legend 3171:The chief centre of the Beneventan chant was 2855: 2191:briefly flirted with a Saracen alliance, but 1897:The Lombard reign began to recover only with 1436:Lombard grave goods (sixth–seventh century), 313:. After a reported major victory against the 8: 5928:Die Langobarden / Geschichte und Archäologie 5604:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology 4328: 4326: 4078:"Languages of the World: Germanic languages" 3618:. Värnamo: Fälth & Hässler. p. 74. 3581: 3579: 2672:(peak, mountain top, also used as toponym), 1847:The Lombards engaged in fierce battles with 658:, Sweden. Scoringa was near the province of 460:tells the story of a small tribe called the 6480:origin primarily identified as speakers of 4298: 4296: 3990:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 3851: 3849: 3742: 3740: 3193:, a clear, angular script derived from the 2215:Lombard principalities in the tenth century 1709:. The Catholic Theodelinda was a friend of 1629:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1259:"Lombard invasion of Italy" redirects here. 265:. In 774, the kingdom was conquered by the 6456: 6442: 6434: 6261:Von Hammerstein-Loxten, Wilhelm C (1869). 6030:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5039:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4862:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4752:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4626:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4313: 4311: 4184:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4127:"Velleius, Hist. Rom. II, 106. Schmidt, 5" 3900:. In Pohl, Walter and Erhart, Peter, eds. 3839: 3837: 3565:. "Lombards (Lombard). Germanic people..." 3175:, one of the first and greatest abbeys of 2138:called in more mercenaries, who destroyed 1087:, Mauringa was the land east of the Elbe. 512:, historian of the Lombards, circa 720–799 6243: 5988: 5892: 5876:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5343: 5333: 5323: 5158:"Montecassino nell'Enciclopedia Treccani" 5116: 5104: 4967: 3902:Die Langobarden. Herrschaft und Identität 3714: 3559:. "Lombards... a west-Germanic people..." 3486:, to mark a transitory phase between the 2900:Lombard state in Pannonia (sixth century) 1717:Authari died in 591 and was succeeded by 1649:Learn how and when to remove this message 6008:Die Langobarden Herrschaft und Identität 5423:[The language of the Lombards]. 4919: 4494: 4424: 4400: 4388: 4287: 4222: 4174:. Milan (published 1972). pp. 1–29. 3937: 3925: 3913: 3873: 3813: 3791:, I, 336. Old Germanic for "Strenuus", " 3759: 3757: 3755: 3731: 3668: 3585: 3544: 3389:is a "monument of illustrated history". 2491: 1301:. In the same year, he made a pact with 979:, the Suebic Lombards lived "below" the 190:and later fought frequent wars with the 7521:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 6102:(in German). Leipzig: Forgotten Books. 5514:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity 5467:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity 5436:Chadwick Oman, Charles William (2016). 4955: 4943: 4931: 4850:The Languages and Linguistics of Europe 4518: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4412: 4332: 4275: 4210: 4198: 4113: 4039: 3775: 3562: 3515: 3220: 1855:, and, in 663–64, the Slavs raided the 229:. The Lombards were joined by numerous 206:in 551 or 552, and Audoin's successor 6023: 5949:O'Sullivan, Niall (9 September 2018). 5711:Studien zur langobardischen Thronfolge 5684: 5227:Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani 5127: 5125: 5092: 5065: 5053: 5032: 4855: 4823: 4745: 4665: 4663: 4619: 4506: 4177: 3764:Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani 3688:[Indo-European ethnozoonyms]. 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3550: 2917:List of Dukes and Princes of Benevento 1925:. He also helped the Frankish marshal 1585:List of Dukes and Princes of Benevento 1045:Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani 1010:Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani 467:Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani 5643:Literacy in Lombard Italy, c. 568–774 4641: 4639: 4637: 4317: 4302: 3556: 2548:Lombardic fragments are preserved in 2119:Southern Italy and the Arabs, 836–915 2072:in 838. At one point in the reign of 936:In 47, a struggle ensued amongst the 605:. They were possibly a branch of the 7: 6312:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001 6141:10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001 5617:10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001 5527:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001 5480:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001 4648:"A langobardok pannóniai kivonulása" 3155:Characteristic of this rite was the 2676:(hall, room, also used as toponym), 2556:, among them the "bronze capsule of 1797:, who set his capital in Milan, and 1627:adding citations to reliable sources 1467:allies under Roman sovereignty. The 364:"Lumbarda/Lumbardha" (White River). 5715:Studies on the Longobard succession 4715:De Bello Gothico IV 32, pp. 241–245 3992:. London: John Murray. p. 119. 3746: 3614:Harrison, D.; Svensson, K. (2007). 3432:and the church of San Salvatore in 3136:in Beneventan (i.e. Lombard) script 2736:(wood, presently used as toponym), 2184:, the last Lombard ruler to do so. 2154:In 847 a large Muslim force seized 1309:destroyed the Gepid kingdom in the 1020:) in connection with the Lombards. 881:, differing from the lands between 771: New settlements by 250 760: New settlements by 500 749: Settlements before 750 6219:European Journal of Human Genetics 6117:Taviani-Carozzi, Huguette (2005). 5801:Geschichte Italiens Im Mittelalter 5704:(in German). Leipzig: Universität. 5390:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5374:] (in German). Bonn: A.Marcus. 5082:. Hannover: Hahn. pp. 12–219. 2465:European Journal of Human Genetics 2341:, who had married Gisulf's sister 2125:History of Islam in southern Italy 2052:(prince) instead of that of king. 1369:, or by other names of this kind." 1329:"Then the Langobards, having left 25: 6276:(in German). Harburg: Hildesheim. 6212:Vai, Stefania (19 January 2019). 4365:Ptolemy's Maps of Northern Europe 3969:Wilson Chambers, Raymond (2010). 2525:, it is usually classified as an 2462:A genetic study published in the 2307:Norman conquest of southern Italy 2297:Norman conquest of southern Italy 2278:, gained ground on the Lombards. 1937:, when they tried to conquer the 1933:. The Slavs were defeated in the 1821:since 647. Perctarit fled to the 1341:were also part of the migration. 1333:, hastened to take possession of 1305:. Next year the Lombards and the 1113:from the Upper Oder area via the 725:Archaeology and classical sources 697:was an ancient Lombardic king in 7544: 7543: 5799:Hartmann, Ludwig Moritz (2011). 5669:University of Pennsylvania Press 4676:University of Pennsylvania Press 4612:Helmolt, Hans Ferdinand (1907). 3394:Oratorio di Santa Maria in Valle 3335: 3316: 3301: 3286: 3271: 3255: 3240: 3223: 2176:expel the Arabs from Bari in 869 1599: 1234:Kingdom of the Lombards, 568–774 924:, who was allied with Rome when 802:Lands (according to W. Wegewitz) 413: 392: 73: 7526:Christianization of Scandinavia 6413:Beck, Frederick George Meeson; 6388:Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme 6299:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 6128:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages 4599:Great Illuminated World History 4436:Cosmographer of Ravenna, I, 11. 4082:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 3412:and San Giovanni Domnarum) and 2797:Society of the Catholic kingdom 2540:The runic inscription from the 2195:convinced him to break it off. 1809:). Perctarit was overthrown by 1277:, the cup could be a gift from 1255:Phases of the conquest of Italy 1055:", encompassed several places: 821:From the combined testimony of 601:, where they conflict with the 548:When Paul the Deacon wrote the 159:The medieval Lombard historian 7516:Christianization of the Franks 6589:Continental Germanic mythology 6340:The Cambridge Medieval History 6099:Zur Geschichte der Langobarden 5752:10.1080/00043079.1959.11407988 5511:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). 5464:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). 5431:. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner. 5190:(in Italian). 20 February 2015 5137:www.scuoladicantogregoriano.it 4566:The Langobards in our homeland 4054:Penguin Atlas of World History 3686:"Ethnozoonymes indo-européens" 3467:was founded during this time. 2134:and Byzantine Italy, but soon 2059:to the north and west and the 1949:, who was called by the Pope. 1941:in 720. Liutprand's successor 1764:, including the Roman city of 1697:, as king. In 589, he married 1451:and establishing two duchies, 948:reported that just before the 1: 6386:Zeuss, Johann Kaspar (2012). 6345:. Cambridge University Press. 6077:Santosuosso, Antonio (2004). 5421:"Die Sprache der Langobarden" 4539:Hist. gentis Lang., Ch. XVII. 3690:Dialogues d'Histoire Ancienne 3500:List of kings of the Lombards 3490:and full-fledged Romanesque. 2908:List of Kings of the Lombards 2636:Codice diplomatico longobardo 2420:A genetic study published in 2403:A genetic study published in 2249:Langobardorum Gentis Princeps 2241:Princeps Gentis Langobardorum 1972:, Desiderius was defeated at 1297:, daughter of the Gepid king 675:small rocks and rocky islands 552:between 787 and 796 he was a 6267:(in German). Hannover: Hahn. 4530:Hist. gentis Lang., Ch. XVII 4252:Tacitus, Annals, XI, 16, 17. 3067:Schism of the Three Chapters 2974:. The other tribes were the 2434:and the maternal haplogroup 1952:After the death of Aistulf, 1905:and successor of the brutal 987:, and between these and the 498:. Scoringa was ruled by the 451:Origin of the Lombard People 7531:Christianization of Iceland 6359:University of Toronto Press 5509:"Lombard Invasion Of Italy" 5025:Rev. Butler, Alban (1866). 4572:(in Hungarian). Kolozsvár ( 4353:Ptolemy, Geogr. II, 11, 17. 3829:Von Hammerstein-Loxten 1869 2523:High German consonant shift 1673:in combat with the Lombards 474:on the extreme boundary of 7601: 6058:Rovagnati, Sergio (2003). 5926:Menghin, Wilifred (1985). 5709:Fröhlich, Hermann (1980). 5647:Cambridge University Press 5641:Everett, Nicholas (2003). 5419:Bruckner, Wilhelm (1895). 5335:10.1038/s41467-018-06024-4 5241:Origo Gentis Langobardorum 4344:Ptolemy, Geogr. II, 11, 9. 3975:Cambridge University Press 3640:"2. Runriket – Täby Kyrka" 3529:Collins English Dictionary 3497: 3358: 2926:List of Princes of Salerno 2800: 2485: 2384: 2294: 2291:Norman conquest, 1017–1078 2187:After the death of Louis, 2122: 1317:and the nomads settled in 1258: 1237: 930:Battle of Teutoburg Forest 782: New settlements by 709:as ruler of the Lombards. 458:Origo Gentis Langobardorum 446:Origo Gentis Langobardorum 381: 152:who conquered most of the 29: 7539: 6471: 6390:(in German). Nabu Press. 6236:10.1038/s41431-018-0319-8 5820:Die Germanischen Sprachen 5803:(in German). Nabu Press. 5379:Brown, Thomas S. (2005). 3597:, meaning "to fight, win" 3474:and so have been dubbed " 3197:as used by the Lombards. 3168:in the eleventh century. 2913:Principality of Benevento 2391:Visigoths § Genetics 1813:, son of Gisulf, duke of 1752:Arioald was succeeded by 1421:sent to Italy by Emperor 854:wrote that Roman general 6769:North Germanic languages 6754:Germanic parent language 6381:(in German). Ratz, Jena. 6272:Wegwitz, Willie (1972). 6096:Schmidt, Ludwig (2018). 6039:Priester, Karin (2004). 5930:(in German). Stuttgart: 5841:Hodgkin, Thomas (2012). 5273:Cardini, Franco (2019). 4848:Kortmann, Bernd (2011). 4594:Nagy Képes Világtörténet 4243:Tacitus, Annals, II, 45. 4234:Tacitus, Germania, 38–40 4052:Kinder, Hermann (1988), 3406:San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro 2935:List of Princes of Capua 2761:Migration Period society 2399:Alemanni § Genetics 2209:Battle of the Garigliano 2136:Radelchis I of Benevento 1901:(king from 712), son of 1737:in 603, and forcing the 1576:List of Dukes of Spoleto 1327:History of the Lombards, 1313:, the allies halved the 273:and integrated into the 186:. Here they subdued the 6774:West Germanic languages 6764:East Germanic languages 6759:Proto-Germanic language 6579:Proto-Germanic folklore 6516:Romano-Germanic culture 6426:Encyclopædia Britannica 6415:Church, Richard William 6336:Whitney, J. P. (1913). 6304:Oxford University Press 5609:Oxford University Press 5519:Oxford University Press 5472:Oxford University Press 5395:Oxford University Press 5220:Cosmographer of Ravenna 4889:Emilia Denčeva (2006). 4852:. Vol. II. Berlin. 4738:Lot, Ferdinand (1931). 4670:Peters, Edward (2003). 4653:Magyarságkutató Intézet 4561:A longobárdok hazánkban 3988:Smith, William (1875). 3644:Stockholm County Museum 3472:Romanesque architecture 3124:Beneventan Christianity 2922:Principality of Salerno 2395:Bavarii § Genetics 2158:, until then a Lombard 2105:Principality of Salerno 2027:Arechis II of Benevento 1240:Kingdom of the Lombards 975:, because according to 928:and his allies won the 737:into previously mostly 701:. The Old English poem 437:History of the Lombards 173:AD as being one of the 166:History of the Lombards 7575:Early Germanic peoples 6377:Wiese, Robert (1877). 5981:10.1126/sciadv.aao1262 5843:Italy and her invaders 5824:The Germanic Languages 5691:: CS1 maint: others ( 5234:Historia Langobardorum 4558:Márki, Sándor (1899). 4483:Das Reich an der Donau 4261:Cassius Dio, 71, 3, 1. 4160:, chapters II and III. 3894:Nedoma, Robert (2005). 3444:was erected in 760 by 3410:crypts of Sant'Eusebio 3387:Arthur Kingsley Porter 3377: 3375:Santa Sofia, Benevento 3186:Terra Sancti Benedicti 3181:Gisulf II of Benevento 3137: 3134:Rule of Saint Benedict 3027: 2856: 2851: 2791: 2545: 2497: 2284:Chronicon Salernitanum 2266:, but with the aid of 2247:began using the title 2224: 2107:, with its capital at 2018: 1879: 1674: 1515: 1512:Civic Museums of Pavia 1510:, mid-eighth century, 1488:Early Christian Church 1444: 1371: 1282: 1275:Samu Szádeczky-Kardoss 1256: 850:Consistent with this, 848: 803: 791: 687: 622: 513: 433:Historia Langobardorum 145: 64: 6584:Anglo-Saxon mythology 6474:Ethnolinguistic group 6292:; Spawforth, Antony; 6193:Troya, Carlo (2010). 6133:James Clarke & Co 6043:. Stuttgart: Theiss. 6006:Pohl, Walter (2024). 5852:Storia dei Longobardi 5850:Jarnut, Jörg (2002). 5767:Grimm, Jacob (2003). 5700:Fock, Gustav (1884). 5439:The Dark Ages 476–918 5385:Kazhdan, Alexander P. 5299:Nature Communications 5078:Waitz, Georg (1964). 4646:Kiss, Attila (2020). 4589:"A népvándorlás kora" 4403:, p. 5, II, pt I 3787:Priester, 16. Grimm, 3702:10.3406/dha.1991.1932 3438:Church of Santa Sofia 3372: 3343:Crypt of Sant'Eusebio 3131: 2956:In chapter 40 of his 2931:Principality of Capua 2846: 2787: 2539: 2495: 2406:Nature Communications 2387:Goths § Genetics 2385:Further information: 2222: 2168:Adelchis of Benevento 2162:under the control of 2017:in the eighth century 2012: 1899:Liutprand the Lombard 1874: 1789:At the death of King 1703:Garibald I of Bavaria 1664: 1506: 1435: 1343: 1265: 1254: 944:To the south, in 166 843: 797: 735:early Germanic tribes 732: 671: 650:, in his masterpiece 618: 508: 382:Further information: 156:between 568 and 774. 46: 6361:. pp. 153–170. 6351:Wickham, Christopher 5771:(in German). Marix. 5521:. pp. 919–920. 5474:. pp. 920–922. 5188:Benevento Longobarda 4878:Le lingue germaniche 4726:Rosamond McKitterick 4472:, p. 143, Ch. V 3588:, p. 16: "From 3569:Taviani-Carozzi 2005 3383:Lombard Architecture 3361:Lombard architecture 3325:Tempietto Longobardo 3025:over their shoulder. 2317:(under the likes of 2268:Mastalus I of Amalfi 2197:Guaimar I of Salerno 1689:") during which the 1623:improve this section 1271:Pietro della Vecchia 1083:). According to the 865:burial sites at the 856:Nero Claudius Drusus 537:, and Anglicized as 494:on the banks of the 219:Gothic War (535–554) 7511:Gothic Christianity 6010:(in German). Wien. 5973:2018SciA....4.1262O 5769:Deutsche Mythologie 5316:2018NatCo...9.3547A 4909:10.1515/BGSL.2006.1 4448:, p. 92, Ch. V 4141:"Strabo, VII, 1, 3" 3904:. Wien. pp. 439–444 3789:Deutsche Mythologie 3717:, pp. 920–922. 3398:Cividale del Friuli 3329:Cividale del Friuli 3266:from Castel Trosino 3177:Western monasticism 2849:Pavia Civic Museums 2740:(pool); verbs like 2660:(suburban meadow), 2504:is extinct (unless 2361:and setting up one 2351:Wolf of the Abruzzi 2245:Gisulf I of Salerno 2189:Landulf II of Capua 2094:Andrew II of Naples 1935:Battle of Lavariano 1801:, who reigned from 1379:Cividale del Friuli 1085:Ravenna Cosmography 1003:, and south of the 841:, and states that: 812:Velleius Paterculus 689:The legendary king 662:, so just north of 301:in northern Italy. 227:Ostrogothic Kingdom 194:. The Lombard king 6894:Germani cisrhenani 6602:Funerary practices 6506:Pre-Roman Iron Age 6482:Germanic languages 6282:Whitby, L. Michael 5903:10.1002/ajpa.23679 5794:(4). Philadelphia. 5717:] (in German). 5012:2008-04-04 at the 4988:] (in German). 4158:The Twelve Caesars 3956:Nordisk familjebok 3378: 3138: 3118:rex totius Italiae 3050:as an ally of the 2962:, Roman historian 2852: 2576:may be Lombardic. 2546: 2502:Lombardic language 2498: 2488:Lombardic language 2264:John III of Naples 2233:Atenulf I of Capua 2225: 2149:Guaifer of Salerno 2057:Carolingian Empire 2019: 2015:Duchy of Benevento 1919:reverence of icons 1886:River, namely the 1880: 1675: 1581:Duchy of Benevento 1551:Duchy of Persiceta 1546:Duchy of Tridentum 1516: 1508:Plutei of Theodota 1482:, while some were 1445: 1383:northeastern Italy 1283: 1257: 1146:Arian Christianity 804: 792: 699:Anglo-Saxon legend 679:northern languages 654:, to the north of 589:mentioned in both 514: 65: 7557: 7556: 6729:Gothic and Vandal 6521:Germanic Iron Age 6496:Nordic Bronze Age 6478:Northern European 6290:Hornblower, Simon 6171:The Early Germans 6017:978-3-7001-3400-8 5362:Bluhme, Friedrich 4810:978-961-6386-19-7 4587:Borovszky, Samu. 3864:OGL, appendix 11. 3625:978-91-27-35725-9 3505:Notes and sources 3422:Basilic autariana 3191:Beneventan script 2941:Religious history 2664:(burg, village), 2254:Holy Roman Empire 2229:gastalds of Capua 1892:Venetian Slovenia 1867:Catholic monarchy 1827:Byzantine emperor 1739:Exarch of Ravenna 1687:Rule of the Dukes 1681:. His successor, 1659: 1658: 1651: 1566:Langobardia minor 1534:Langobardia major 1311:Lombard-Gepid War 1228:Battle of Taginae 1144:and converted to 644:Daines Barrington 624:According to the 560:. He thought the 556:monk and devoted 533:, Italianised as 378:Legendary origins 289:and added to the 279:Italian peninsula 154:Italian Peninsula 16:(Redirected from 7592: 7580:Migration Period 7547: 7546: 7503:Christianization 7093:Ripuarian Franks 6465:Germanic peoples 6458: 6451: 6444: 6435: 6430: 6429:(11th ed.). 6422: 6420:"Lombards" 6401: 6382: 6372: 6346: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6302:(4th ed.). 6277: 6268: 6257: 6247: 6208: 6189: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6113: 6092: 6073: 6062:. Milan: Xenia. 6054: 6035: 6029: 6021: 6002: 5992: 5956:Science Advances 5945: 5922: 5896: 5869: 5846: 5837: 5814: 5795: 5782: 5763: 5740:The Art Bulletin 5734: 5718: 5705: 5696: 5690: 5682: 5665:The Lombard Laws 5660: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5595:Darvill, Timothy 5590: 5575: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5453: 5442:. Palala Press. 5432: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5375: 5357: 5347: 5337: 5327: 5288: 5275:Storia medievale 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5129: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5095:, pp. 61–62 5090: 5084: 5083: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5038: 5030: 5022: 5016: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4946:, pp. 76–77 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4887: 4881: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4861: 4853: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4772:Vidmar, Jernej. 4769: 4758: 4757: 4751: 4743: 4735: 4729: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4667: 4658: 4657: 4643: 4632: 4631: 4625: 4617: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4571: 4555: 4549: 4546: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4428: 4427:, pp. 21–22 4422: 4416: 4415:, pp. 17–19 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4377: 4376: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4335:, pp. 35–36 4330: 4321: 4315: 4306: 4300: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4183: 4175: 4167: 4161: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4096: 4095: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4003:Orosius (1773). 4000: 3994: 3993: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3966: 3960: 3947: 3941: 3940:, pp. 30–33 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3844: 3841: 3832: 3826: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3750: 3744: 3735: 3729: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3682:Sergent, Bernard 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3646:. Archived from 3636: 3630: 3629: 3611: 3598: 3583: 3574: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3520: 3476:first Romanesque 3426:Fara Gera d'Adda 3339: 3320: 3305: 3290: 3275: 3259: 3244: 3227: 3157:Beneventan chant 3079:Bavarian dynasty 3040:Byzantine Empire 3030:Christianisation 2904:Kingdom of Italy 2859: 2756:Social structure 2591:. For instance, 2423:Science Advances 2272:Byzantine Apulia 2237:Pandulf Ironhead 2101:Emperor Louis II 2092:in his war with 2061:Byzantine Empire 2035:secundum Ticinum 1980:, while his son 1976:and besieged in 1654: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1603: 1595: 1572:Duchy of Spoleto 1530:in the attempt. 1413:, and the small 977:Claudius Ptolemy 950:Marcomannic Wars 920:the King of the 810:court historian 787: 786: 781: 776: 775: 770: 765: 764: 759: 754: 753: 748: 629:Christian priest 579:whose many names 417: 396: 291:County of Sicily 223:Byzantine Empire 135: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 121: 116: 115: 112: 109: 106: 101: 100: 97: 94: 91: 88: 85: 82: 79: 36:Lombard language 34:in Italy or the 21: 7600: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7553: 7535: 7497: 6778: 6740: 6702:Gothic alphabet 6594:Norse mythology 6530: 6484: 6467: 6462: 6412: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6385: 6376: 6369: 6349: 6335: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6306:. p. 857. 6294:Eidinow, Esther 6280: 6271: 6260: 6228:Nature Research 6211: 6205: 6192: 6186: 6164: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6116: 6110: 6095: 6089: 6081:. Basic Books. 6076: 6070: 6057: 6051: 6038: 6022: 6018: 6005: 5948: 5942: 5925: 5872: 5866: 5849: 5840: 5834: 5817: 5811: 5798: 5785: 5779: 5766: 5737: 5722: 5708: 5699: 5683: 5679: 5663: 5657: 5640: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5593: 5578: 5572: 5550: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5503: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5456: 5450: 5435: 5418: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5378: 5360: 5308:Nature Research 5291: 5285: 5272: 5263: 5212:Ancient sources 5209: 5204: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5162:www.treccani.it 5156: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5131: 5130: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5031: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5014:Wayback Machine 4997: 4993: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4888: 4884: 4876:Marcello Meli, 4875: 4871: 4854: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4836:O'Sullivan 2018 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4780:on 4 March 2016 4771: 4770: 4761: 4744: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4669: 4668: 4661: 4656:(in Hungarian). 4645: 4644: 4635: 4618: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4569: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4380: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4324: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4176: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4152: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4099: 4092: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3835: 3827: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3753: 3745: 3738: 3734:, pp. 1–6. 3730: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3613: 3612: 3601: 3584: 3577: 3541: 3537: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3496: 3480:southern France 3446:Duke Arechis II 3367: 3359:Main articles: 3357: 3350: 3340: 3331: 3321: 3312: 3306: 3297: 3291: 3282: 3276: 3267: 3260: 3251: 3249:S-shaped fibula 3245: 3236: 3234: 3228: 3203: 3166:Gregorian chant 3161:Ambrosian chant 3126: 3032: 2943: 2894: 2805: 2799: 2778:Great Migration 2763: 2758: 2490: 2484: 2479: 2451:, particularly 2449:Northern Europe 2432:R1b1a2a1a1c2b2b 2401: 2383: 2355:Richard Drengot 2339:Robert Guiscard 2299: 2293: 2260:Landulf the Red 2217: 2181:Edictum Rothari 2144:Landulf the Old 2127: 2121: 2066:Duchy of Naples 2042:Louis the Pious 2031:successor state 2007: 2002: 1929:drive back the 1917:concerning the 1869: 1775:Edictum Rothari 1655: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1620: 1604: 1593: 1568: 1563: 1559:Duchy of Tuscia 1541:Duchy of Friuli 1536: 1492:Paul the Deacon 1273:. According to 1260: 1247: 1242: 1236: 1195:who devastated 1107:Paul the Deacon 875:Jastorf Culture 789: 784: 783: 779: 777: 773: 772: 768: 766: 762: 761: 757: 755: 751: 750: 746: 727: 642:(translated by 510:Paul the Deacon 441:Paul the Deacon 425: 424: 423: 422: 421: 418: 409: 408: 407: 397: 386: 380: 375: 370: 307: 275:Frankish Empire 259:Lombard Kingdom 161:Paul the Deacon 150:Germanic people 118: 103: 76: 72: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7598: 7596: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7562: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7551: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7507: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7458: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7160:Thracian Goths 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6788: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6750: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6716: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6694: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6667: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6540: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6511:Roman Iron Age 6508: 6503: 6498: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6485: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6453: 6446: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6408: 6407:External links 6405: 6403: 6402: 6397:978-1278747057 6396: 6383: 6374: 6367: 6347: 6333: 6320: 6278: 6269: 6258: 6209: 6204:978-1144256270 6203: 6197:. Nabu Press. 6190: 6184: 6162: 6149: 6123:Vauchez, André 6114: 6109:978-0267059577 6108: 6093: 6087: 6074: 6068: 6055: 6049: 6036: 6016: 6003: 5946: 5940: 5923: 5894:10.1101/268250 5870: 5864: 5847: 5838: 5832: 5815: 5810:978-1247551845 5809: 5796: 5790:. New Series. 5783: 5777: 5764: 5746:(3): 249–256. 5735: 5720: 5706: 5697: 5677: 5661: 5655: 5638: 5625: 5607:(3 ed.). 5591: 5576: 5570: 5552:Christie, Neil 5548: 5535: 5505:Christie, Neil 5501: 5488: 5458:Christie, Neil 5454: 5449:978-1358378560 5448: 5433: 5416: 5403: 5376: 5358: 5325:10.1101/268250 5289: 5284:978-8800748155 5283: 5269: 5266:Modern sources 5262: 5261: 5253: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5215: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5175: 5149: 5121: 5117:Rovagnati 2003 5109: 5105:Rovagnati 2003 5097: 5085: 5070: 5058: 5046: 5017: 4991: 4972: 4968:Rovagnati 2003 4960: 4948: 4936: 4924: 4922:, p. 339. 4912: 4882: 4869: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4809: 4791: 4759: 4730: 4717: 4708: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4659: 4633: 4604: 4579: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4511: 4499: 4487: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4378: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4322: 4307: 4292: 4280: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4191: 4162: 4146: 4132: 4118: 4097: 4090: 4069: 4062: 4044: 4032: 4020: 3995: 3980: 3977:. p. 205. 3961: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3887: 3878: 3866: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3818: 3806: 3797: 3780: 3768: 3751: 3736: 3719: 3715:Christie 2018b 3707: 3673: 3661: 3650:on 4 June 2008 3631: 3624: 3599: 3590:Proto-Germanic 3575: 3573: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3535: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3498:Main article: 3495: 3494:List of rulers 3492: 3488:Pre-Romanesque 3356: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3341: 3334: 3332: 3322: 3315: 3313: 3307: 3300: 3298: 3292: 3285: 3283: 3280:Goldblattkreuz 3277: 3270: 3268: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3246: 3239: 3237: 3229: 3222: 3202: 3199: 3146:Ambrosian rite 3125: 3122: 3071:Pope Gregory I 3031: 3028: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2898: 2893: 2892:Lombard states 2890: 2857:città ad isole 2803:Duke (Lombard) 2798: 2795: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2652:(blacksmith), 2542:Pforzen buckle 2486:Main article: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2470:early medieval 2411:haplogroup R1b 2382: 2379: 2370:Siege of Capua 2295:Main article: 2292: 2289: 2216: 2213: 2193:Pope John VIII 2123:Main article: 2120: 2117: 2113:Tyrrhenian Sea 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1966:Pope Hadrian I 1939:Friulian Plain 1927:Charles Martel 1876:King Liutprand 1868: 1865: 1849:Slavic peoples 1721:, the duke of 1711:Pope Gregory I 1705:, the Duke of 1701:, daughter of 1657: 1656: 1607: 1605: 1598: 1592: 1591:Arian monarchy 1589: 1588: 1587: 1578: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1555:Duchy of Pavia 1553: 1548: 1543: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1403:northern Italy 1246: 1243: 1238:Main article: 1235: 1232: 1179:, King of the 1012:also mentions 956:) crossed the 778: 767: 756: 745: 742:Central Europe 726: 723: 640:Paulus Orosius 574:fertility cult 570:a name of Odin 529:(Latinised as 486:, perhaps the 480:overpopulation 419: 412: 411: 410: 398: 391: 390: 389: 388: 387: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 340:Proto-Germanic 306: 303: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7597: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7550: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7500: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7135:Crimean Goths 7133: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7099: 7098:Salian Franks 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6600: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6536:Early culture 6533: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6454: 6452: 6447: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6436: 6428: 6427: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6399: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6368:0-8020-0779-1 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6323: 6321:9780191735257 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6266: 6265: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6196: 6191: 6187: 6185:9781405117142 6181: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6166:Todd, Malcolm 6163: 6152: 6150:9780195188172 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6069:88-7273-484-3 6065: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6042: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6019: 6013: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5871: 5867: 5865:88-06-16182-2 5861: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5845:. Ulan Press. 5844: 5839: 5835: 5833:3-928127-57-8 5829: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5721: 5716: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5680: 5678:0-8122-1055-7 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5656:9780521819053 5652: 5648: 5645:. Cambridge: 5644: 5639: 5628: 5626:9780191727139 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5538: 5536:9780191744457 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5491: 5489:9780191744457 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5434: 5430: 5427:(in German). 5426: 5422: 5417: 5406: 5404:9780195187922 5400: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5206: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5110: 5107:, p. 101 5106: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5086: 5081: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5028: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4920:Hutterer 1999 4916: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4851: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4817: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4792: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4749: 4741: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4697:Peters, 2.26. 4694: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4623: 4615: 4608: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4580: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4495:Priester 2004 4491: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4425:Priester 2004 4421: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4401:Hartmann 2011 4397: 4394: 4390: 4389:Priester 2004 4385: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4305:, p. 471 4304: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4288:Priester 2004 4284: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4223:Priester 2004 4219: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4181: 4173: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4091:0-85229-571-5 4087: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4063:0-14-051054-0 4059: 4055: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4021: 4008: 4007: 3999: 3996: 3991: 3984: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3938:Bruckner 1895 3934: 3931: 3927: 3926:Fröhlich 1980 3922: 3919: 3915: 3914:Priester 2004 3910: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3891: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3874:Priester 2004 3870: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3814:Priester 2004 3810: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732:Christie 1995 3728: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3692:(in French). 3691: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3669:Christie 1995 3665: 3662: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3586:Priester 2004 3582: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3545:Christie 1995 3543: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3264:drinking horn 3258: 3253: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3195:Roman cursive 3192: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3130: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3046:converted to 3045: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3018:King Grimoald 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2886:Campo Vaccino 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809:Frankish Gaul 2804: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2696:(scoundrel), 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2656:(courtyard), 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2554:Elder Futhark 2551: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2527:Elbe Germanic 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2489: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:Melus of Bari 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2011: 2004: 2000:Later history 1999: 1997: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1888:Gorizia Hills 1885: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1857:Vipava Valley 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1665:The Frankish 1663: 1653: 1650: 1642: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1608:This section 1606: 1602: 1597: 1596: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1241: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1167:In the 540s, 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1148:. In 505 the 1147: 1143: 1142:Lower Austria 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1115:Moravian Gate 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 967: 966:Aelius Bassus 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 941:sovereignty. 939: 934: 931: 927: 923: 919: 914: 912: 911: 906: 902: 898: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 879:Elbe-Germanic 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 819: 817: 813: 809: 801: 796: 743: 740: 736: 733:Expansion of 731: 724: 722: 720: 716: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 686: 684: 680: 676: 670: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 638: 634: 630: 627: 621: 617: 615: 614:Edward Gibbon 610: 608: 604: 600: 599: 594: 593: 588: 584: 580: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 511: 507: 503: 501: 497: 493: 490:coast or the 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 468: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 447: 442: 438: 434: 429: 416: 405: 401: 395: 385: 377: 373:Early history 372: 367: 365: 363: 359: 355: 354: 348: 347: 341: 337: 336: 331: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 304: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 198:defeated the 197: 193: 189: 185: 182:north of the 181: 176: 172: 171:first century 168: 167: 163:wrote in the 162: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 133: 70: 62: 60: 56: 52: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7231: 6829:Anglo-Saxons 6819:Adrabaecampi 6802:Bucinobantes 6544:Architecture 6424: 6387: 6378: 6354: 6343: 6337: 6325:. Retrieved 6297: 6273: 6263: 6223: 6217: 6194: 6170: 6154:. Retrieved 6127: 6098: 6078: 6060:I Longobardi 6059: 6040: 6007: 5967:: eaao1262. 5960: 5954: 5927: 5880: 5874: 5851: 5842: 5823: 5819: 5800: 5791: 5787: 5768: 5743: 5739: 5730: 5725: 5714: 5710: 5701: 5664: 5642: 5630:. Retrieved 5603: 5586: 5581: 5557:The Lombards 5556: 5540:. Retrieved 5512: 5493:. Retrieved 5465: 5438: 5428: 5424: 5408:. Retrieved 5388: 5371: 5366: 5303: 5297: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5256: 5250: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5210: 5192:. Retrieved 5187: 5178: 5166:. Retrieved 5164:(in Italian) 5161: 5152: 5140:. Retrieved 5136: 5119:, p. 64 5112: 5100: 5088: 5079: 5073: 5068:, p. 51 5061: 5056:, p. 51 5049: 5026: 5020: 4999: 4994: 4985: 4981: 4980:Hauk, Karl. 4975: 4970:, p. 99 4963: 4958:, p. 47 4956:Schmidt 2018 4951: 4944:Schmidt 2018 4939: 4934:, p. 82 4932:Cardini 2019 4927: 4915: 4900: 4894: 4885: 4877: 4872: 4849: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4800: 4794: 4782:. Retrieved 4778:the original 4739: 4733: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4688:Peters, 2.7. 4684: 4671: 4651: 4613: 4607: 4598: 4593: 4582: 4565: 4560: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4521:, p. 14 4519:Menghin 1985 4514: 4502: 4497:, p. 22 4490: 4482: 4477: 4470:Hodgkin 2012 4465: 4460:, p. 49 4458:Schmidt 2018 4453: 4446:Hodgkin 2012 4441: 4432: 4420: 4413:Menghin 1985 4408: 4396: 4391:, p. 14 4364: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4333:Schmidt 2018 4320:, p. 38 4290:, p. 21 4283: 4278:, p. 16 4276:Menghin 1985 4257: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4225:, p. 18 4218: 4213:, p. 18 4211:Menghin 1985 4206: 4201:, p. 17 4199:Menghin 1985 4194: 4171: 4165: 4149: 4135: 4121: 4116:, p. 15 4114:Menghin 1985 4081: 4072: 4053: 4047: 4042:, p. 80 4040:Cardini 2019 4035: 4023: 4011:. Retrieved 4005: 3998: 3989: 3983: 3970: 3964: 3955: 3951: 3950:The article 3945: 3933: 3928:, p. 19 3921: 3916:, p. 17 3909: 3901: 3895: 3890: 3881: 3876:, p. 17 3869: 3860: 3831:, p. 56 3816:, p. 16 3809: 3800: 3788: 3783: 3778:, p. 13 3776:Menghin 1985 3771: 3763: 3710: 3693: 3689: 3676: 3671:, p. 3. 3664: 3652:. Retrieved 3648:the original 3643: 3634: 3615: 3592: 3563:Darvill 2009 3538: 3527: 3518: 3469: 3465:Bobbio Abbey 3450: 3421: 3391: 3382: 3379: 3355:Architecture 3324: 3279: 3208: 3204: 3184: 3173:Montecassino 3170: 3154: 3148:than to the 3139: 3117: 3107: 3056: 3033: 3023: 3014:Duke Romuald 3006:St. Barbatus 3004: 2957: 2955: 2944: 2885: 2853: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2806: 2792: 2788: 2775: 2764: 2752:(to snore). 2749: 2745: 2744:(to knock), 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700:(henchman); 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2623:(rich), and 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2578: 2574:Pernik sword 2547: 2531:Upper German 2499: 2463: 2461: 2421: 2419: 2404: 2402: 2367: 2350: 2333:, but under 2300: 2282: 2280: 2258: 2248: 2240: 2226: 2186: 2179: 2153: 2128: 2098: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2034: 2020: 1991: 1987:Papal States 1951: 1896: 1881: 1853:Carantanians 1846: 1788: 1773: 1765: 1751: 1716: 1676: 1645: 1639:October 2018 1636: 1621:Please help 1609: 1519: 1517: 1495: 1477: 1446: 1374: 1372: 1344: 1326: 1319:Transylvania 1315:prize of war 1303:Khagan Bayan 1284: 1266: 1248: 1217: 1166: 1128:" (probably 1119: 1110: 1096: 1089: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1044: 1022: 1013: 1009: 970: 960:and invaded 943: 935: 915: 908: 895: 870: 860: 849: 844: 825:(AD 20) and 820: 805: 711: 688: 672: 668: 664:Östergötland 623: 619: 611: 596: 590: 582: 565: 549: 547: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 515: 483: 471: 465: 461: 457: 455: 450: 444: 436: 432: 430: 426: 402:(Godan) and 352: 345: 333: 330: 326: 322: 318: 310: 308: 221:between the 216: 164: 158: 137: 68: 66: 48: 40: 7269:Nahanarvali 7192:Hilleviones 7105:Frisiavones 6973:Cananefates 6963:Burgundians 6874:Banochaemae 6724:Anglo-Saxon 6675:Anglo-Saxon 6641:Anglo-Saxon 6624:Anglo-Saxon 6607:Anglo-Saxon 6357:. Toronto: 6230:: 647–656. 5887:: 497–506. 5194:6 September 5168:6 September 5142:6 September 5093:Jarnut 2002 5066:Jarnut 2002 5054:Jarnut 2002 4903:(1): 1–11. 4824:Amorim 2018 4574:Cluj-Napoca 4507:Bluhme 1868 4367:. pp. 3551:Whitby 2012 3453:Theodelinda 3232:shield boss 3063:Theodelinda 2884:became the 2882:Roman Forum 2833:viri devoti 2829:exercitales 2748:(to peck), 2720:(knuckle), 2680:(stirrup), 2631:(to wade). 2558:Schretzheim 2343:Sichelgaita 2327:Guaimar III 2201:Pope John X 1970:Charlemagne 1830:Constans II 1699:Theodelinda 1671:Chlothar II 1667:Merovingian 1411:Gothic Wars 1375:Forum Iulii 1339:King Alboin 1209:Thurisind's 1185:Justinian I 1158:King Rodulf 1134:King Claffo 946:Cassius Dio 877:and became 871:Langobardic 349:(long) and 321:. The name 271:Charlemagne 243:Thuringians 7564:Categories 7488:Vinoviloth 7276:Marcomanni 7259:Helveconae 7237:Heaðobards 7207:Istvaeones 7197:Ingaevones 7182:Hermunduri 7150:Ostrogoths 7140:Greuthungi 7018:Chattuarii 6844:Angrivarii 6839:Ampsivarii 6807:Lentienses 6636:Literature 6526:Viking Age 6327:25 January 6286:"Lombards" 6156:26 January 6119:"Lombards" 6088:0813391539 6050:380621848X 5941:3926642238 5778:3932412249 5632:25 January 5599:"Lombards" 5571:0631182381 5462:"Lombards" 5410:26 January 5381:"Lombards" 4998:Tacitus', 4509:, Ch. XIII 4318:Wiese 1877 4303:Zeuss 2012 3952:Hadubarder 3616:Vikingaliv 3557:Brown 2005 3461:Desiderius 3392:The small 3385:(1919) by 3373:Church of 3150:Roman rite 3110:Cunincpert 3073:. In 603, 3052:Ostrogoths 2815:under the 2801:See also: 2732:(marten); 2728:(magpie), 2704:(baleen), 2686:sculdascio 2684:(stable), 2650:maniscalco 2607:(warden), 2519:morphology 2375:Holy Roman 2359:Richard II 2347:Pandulf IV 2331:Guaimar IV 2205:Garigliano 2160:gastaldate 1960:, duke of 1958:Desiderius 1947:Pippin III 1907:Aripert II 1842:Cunincpert 1766:Opitergium 1469:Byzantines 1156:. In 508, 1081:Burgundaib 1077:Vurgundaib 1025:Principate 1014:Patespruna 997:Angrivarii 922:Marcomanni 889:, and the 867:Lower Elbe 800:Lower Elbe 637:theologian 626:Gallaecian 607:Langobards 587:Heaðobards 583:Ansegranus 539:Langobards 535:Longobardi 531:Langobardi 527:Longbeards 472:Vindilicus 295:runestones 247:Ostrogoths 237:, Gepids, 146:Longobardi 138:Longobards 18:Langobardi 7483:Vidivarii 7478:Victohali 7468:Vangiones 7401:Thuringii 7306:Nuithones 7202:Irminones 7165:Visigoths 7155:Thervingi 7115:Gambrivii 7068:Dulgubnii 7063:Dauciones 7013:Chasuarii 6953:Brondings 6879:Bastarnae 6869:Baiuvarii 6849:Armalausi 6812:Raetovari 6746:Languages 6714:Symbology 6574:Folklore 6569:Festivals 6026:cite book 5854:. Turin: 5687:cite book 5507:(2018b). 5460:(2018a). 5255:Tacitus. 5035:cite book 5029:. London. 4858:cite book 4748:cite book 4742:. London. 4622:cite book 4616:. 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