2007:
1996:
548:. In most of Europe, Westphalian D is distinguished by plant fossils. Asturias is one of the few European regions with enough late Westphalian marine fossils to allow for precise correlations with other marine strata. The proposal to fully implement the name "Asturian" has yet to be ratified, as some stratigraphic difficulties in Spain are not fully resolved.
1256:"Replacement names for two species of Orthacanthus Agassiz, 1843 (Chondrichthyes, Xenacanthiformes), and discussion of Giebelodus Whitley, 1940, replacement name for Chilodus Giebel, 1848 (Chondrichthyes, Xenacanthiformes), preoccupied by Chilodus Müller & Troschel, 1844 (Actinopterygii, Characiformes)"
596:
Plant fossils (and coal deposits as a whole) are uncommon in the following "Cantabrian" substage of the
Stephanian Stage. The end of the Asturian is a topic of strong debate; most estimates place the Westphalian-Stephanian boundary before the start of the Kasimovian global stage (~307 Ma), whereas a
609:
The
Westphalian interval is widely recognized for its coal deposits-- rocks that were deposited broadly across regions that were in low paleolatitudes. These deposits, from so-called "coal swamps" have yielded rich assemblages of fossils including spore-bearing and seed-bearing plants, fishes, and
618:
between the
Moscovian and Kasimovian removed many amphibian species that did not survive as well in the cooler, drier conditions. Reptiles, however prospered due to specific key adaptations and underwent a major evolutionary radiation, in response to the drier climate that led to the rainforest
472:
Assemblage-zone, the most diverse plant biozone in the
Carboniferous coalfields of Europe. The rising diversity trend of the Langsettian continues into this biozone, with few notable changes in species composition. In the majority of European coalfields, plant diversity reached a plateau around
340:
Subsystem/Subperiod (323-299 Ma) of the
Carboniferous System/Period. As a regionally defined stage, the Westphalian overlaps with official ICS stages which are in use on an international level. The Westphalian extends from the approximately the upper half of the
361:
Since 1935, the
Westphalian has been split into four substages, from oldest to youngest: Langsettian (Westphalian A), Duckmantian (Westphalian B), Bolsovian (Westphalian C), and "Asturian" (Westphalian D). These substages are defined by
1137:
Wagner, R.H.; Sánchez de Posada, L.C.; Martínez Chacón, M.L.; Fernández, L.P.; Villa, E.; Winkler Prins, C.F. (2002). "The
Asturian Stage: a preliminary proposal for the definition of a substitute for Westphalian D".
516:
of northern France, the decline is delayed until the mid-Bolsovian, while in other areas it may begin as early as the late
Duckmantian. The overall downward diversity trend is slight, but several notable
1042:"New high-precision U–Pb dates from western European Carboniferous tuffs; implications for time scale calibration, the periodicity of late Carboniferous cycles and stratigraphical correlation"
1376:
1204:
Hook, R. W.; Ferm, J. C. (1985). "A depositional model for the Linton tetrapod assemblage (Westphalian D, Upper
Carboniferous) and its palaeonenvironmental significance".
834:"A review of the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian west European regional substages and floral biozones, and their correlation to the Geological Time Scale based on new U–Pb ages"
665:"Coal-bearing fluvial cycles of the late Paleozoic tropics; astronomical control on sediment supply constrained by high-precision radioisotopic ages, Upper Silesian Basin"
1327:
721:"The challenge of relating the Kasimovian to west European chronostratigraphy: a critical review of the Cantabrian and Barruelian substages of the Stephanian Stage"
433:
habitats. Plant diversity steadily increases through the entire
Langsettian, though this may be a result of ecological factors such as the receding coastline.
512:
assemblage zone continues into the Bolsovian, and a decline in plant diversity is apparent across the entirety of Europe. In a few coalfields, such as the
925:
Waters, C.N.; Somerville, I.D.; Stephenson, M.H.; Cleal, C.J.; Long, S.L. (2011-07-13), Waters, C.N.; Somerville, I.D.; Jones, N.S.; Cleal, C.J. (eds.),
1369:
333:
231:
569:
as a particularly abundant species. An important ecological turnover occurs about halfway through the Asturian (~309 Ma), with the arrival of the
429:
assemblage zone. Many widespread plant species first appear near the base of the Langsettian, indicating a spike of diversification in tropical
353:
Stage. Many older scientific sources refer to the Westphalian as an epoch or series, which are higher geological ranks than its current status.
563:
zone). This biozone is notably lower in diversity than previous Westphalian biozones. Plant fossils are still common over much of Europe, with
946:
901:
800:
2035:
2030:
1362:
2055:
615:
463:. The boundary between the global Bashkirian and Moscovian stages (~315.2 Ma) corresponds to the mid-late part of the Duckmantian.
2060:
513:
2045:
2040:
593:. As mountain-building continued, uplift accelerated in the basin, endangering the survival of coal swamp environments.
1385:
346:
137:
1219:
Hook, R. W.; Baird, D. (1986). "The Diamond Coal Mine of Linton, Ohio, and its Pennsylvanian-age vertebrates".
1108:"Vegetation dynamics in the Early–Middle Pennsylvanian coal swamps of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais Coalfield, France"
601:
beds in Spain estimate that the Asturian lasted from 310.7 to 307.5 Ma, ending just prior to the Kasimovian.
475:
1658:
1653:
1040:
Pointon, Michael A.; Chew, David M.; Ovtcharova, Maria; Sevastopulo, George D.; Crowley, Quentin G. (2012).
663:
Opluštil, Stanislav; Laurin, Jiří; Hýlová, Lada; Jirásek, Jakub; Schmitz, Mark; Sivek, Martin (2022-05-01).
337:
321:
of Great Britain) and succeeded by the Stephanian Stage/Age (which corresponds to the uppermost part of the
107:
420:. The base of the Langsettian (and the Westphalian as a whole) has been dated to around 319.9 or 319.2 Ma.
1321:
275:
264:
49:
35:
30:
1157:
Wittry, Jack; Glasspool, Ian J.; Béthoux, Olivier; Koll, Rebecca; Cleal, Christopher J. (2015-08-03).
664:
1294:
1228:
1170:
1053:
1001:
926:
881:
845:
732:
676:
245:
56:
42:
780:
2050:
1989:
1341:
1159:"A revision of the Pennsylvanian marattialean fern Lobatopteris vestita auct . and related species"
1158:
571:
577:
468:
425:
1107:
833:
329:
307:
102:
2006:
559:
553:
1787:
1751:
1186:
1079:
1017:
942:
897:
796:
750:
692:
459:
378:. The Westphalian exhibits distinctive changes in plant diversity, and many plant macrofossil
272:
164:
97:
1881:
1756:
1725:
1522:
1309:
1273:
1263:
1236:
1178:
1119:
1106:
Molina-Solís, Azucena; Cleal, Christopher J.; Capel, Eliott; Cascales-Miñana, Borja (2023).
1069:
1061:
1009:
989:
934:
889:
880:
Waters, C.N. (2011-07-13), Waters, C.N.; Somerville, I.D.; Jones, N.S.; Cleal, C.J. (eds.),
853:
788:
740:
684:
590:
585:
ferns become abundant in coal swamp deposits. Many European coalfields were positioned in a
268:
414:, England. It marks the base of the Westphalian regional stage, as defined by the ammonoid
1850:
1746:
1684:
1579:
1548:
1517:
1041:
411:
379:
283:
779:
Aretz, M.; Herbig, H.G.; Wang, X.D.; Gradstein, F.M.; Agterberg, F.P.; Ogg, J.G. (2020),
1278:
1255:
1232:
1174:
1057:
1005:
849:
736:
680:
2000:
1819:
1689:
1584:
1553:
882:"Definitions of chronostratigraphic subdivisions: geochronology and event stratigraphy"
792:
586:
318:
2024:
1720:
1710:
1679:
1642:
1574:
1543:
387:
363:
322:
295:
261:
249:
90:
1295:"Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica"
857:
688:
2011:
1995:
1942:
1792:
1715:
1240:
832:
Opluštil, Stanislav; Schmitz, Mark; Cleal, Christopher J.; Martínek, Karel (2016).
582:
501:
416:
253:
169:
1182:
1123:
473:
halfway through the Duckmantian. Coal swamps became increasingly unstable in the
306:
are also largely of Westphalian age, though they also extend into the succeeding
1937:
1806:
1782:
1627:
1422:
1268:
565:
522:
430:
367:
204:
199:
1932:
1892:
1835:
1735:
1632:
1506:
1406:
1354:
719:
Knight, John A.; Cleal, Christopher J.; Álvarez-Vázquez, Carmen (2023-06-14).
454:
450:
375:
350:
342:
279:
230:
Subdivisions of the Carboniferous system in Europe compared with the official
147:
122:
1190:
1083:
1021:
754:
696:
1947:
1897:
1871:
1830:
1777:
1622:
1598:
1479:
1469:
1458:
611:
257:
179:
66:
1342:
The Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic Era: 299 to 359 million years ago
988:
Opluštil, Stanislav; Cleal, Christopher J.; Wang, Jun; Wan, Mingli (2022).
745:
720:
17:
1013:
1907:
1902:
1866:
1766:
1699:
1668:
1563:
1532:
1493:
1443:
1417:
1393:
598:
597:
few place the boundary within the Kasimovian. U-Pb radiometric dating of
541:
518:
496:
407:
371:
314:
215:
157:
112:
1065:
1921:
1861:
1611:
1448:
1432:
1345:
299:
291:
75:
1074:
1957:
1840:
1474:
1313:
383:
189:
184:
933:(First ed.), The Geological Society of London, pp. 11–22,
499:
in Derbyshire. The base of the Bolsovian is defined by the ammonoid
479:
assemblage zone, which begins in the upper part of the Duckmantian.
938:
893:
888:(First ed.), The Geological Society of London, pp. 3–10,
545:
457:, England. The base of the Duckmantian is defined by the ammonoid
303:
26:
931:
A Revised Correlation of Carboniferous Rocks in the British Isles
886:
A Revised Correlation of Carboniferous Rocks in the British Isles
642:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1358:
641:
Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J X. (2023).
256:
of northwest Europe, with an age between roughly 315 and 307
466:
The lower-middle part of the Duckmantian corresponds to the
525:
species disappear from European coal swamps at this time.
1293:
Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. & Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010).
1206:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
990:"Carboniferous macrofloral biostratigraphy: an overview"
505:, and has an estimated age of around 313.8 or 313.7 Ma.
382:
have been defined across an area encompassing Europe,
349:
Stage, and possibly includes a small portion of the
1956:
1920:
1880:
1849:
1818:
1805:
1765:
1734:
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614:were diverse and dominated some communities. The
1140:Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir
994:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
725:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
581:zone). Lycopsid fossils become very rare, while
332:of the International Commission on Stratigraphy
551:The lower part of the Asturian belongs to the
1370:
278:. The Westphalian is named for the region of
8:
1326:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
426:Calymmotheca ("Lyginopteris") hoeninghausii
1815:
1607:
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1402:
1377:
1363:
1355:
1277:
1267:
1073:
744:
643:"International chronostratigraphic chart"
575:assemblage zone (previously known as the
336:), the Westphalian is placed within the
628:
1319:
557:assemblage zone (sometimes termed the
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317:Stage/Age (which corresponds to the
294:where strata of this age occur. The
1976:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1163:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
423:The Langsettian corresponds to the
313:The Westphalian is preceded by the
1980:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1221:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
793:10.1016/b978-0-12-824360-2.00023-1
616:collapse of the rainforest ecology
25:
1984:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
1046:Journal of the Geological Society
2005:
1994:
449:, is named after the village of
406:, is named after the village of
364:guide fossils, or "index fossils
858:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.01.004
689:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103998
1241:10.1080/02724634.1986.10011609
787:, Elsevier, pp. 811–874,
1:
1423:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
1348:.org, Retrieved on 2008-06-23
495:, is named after the town of
460:Anthracoceratites vaderbeckei
260:. It is a subdivision of the
1183:10.1080/14772019.2014.936915
1124:10.1016/j.palwor.2023.04.005
536:is often referred to as the
2036:Pennsylvanian geochronology
2031:Carboniferous geochronology
1386:Geological history of Earth
1269:10.3897/zookeys.1188.108571
2077:
1659:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
1654:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1418:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
781:"The Carboniferous Period"
2056:Moscovian (Carboniferous)
1971:
1943:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
1793:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
514:Nord-Pas-des-Calais basin
229:
213:
178:
163:
156:
151:
146:
131:
106:
101:
96:
89:
73:
1938:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
1783:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
1628:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1480:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1470:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1208:. B 311 (1148): 101–108.
785:Geologic Time Scale 2020
417:Gastrioceras subcrenatum
1933:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
1898:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
1893:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
1836:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
1726:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
1633:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1444:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1254:Babcock, L. E. (2024).
510:Paripteris linguaefolia
476:Paripteris linguaefolia
2061:Stratigraphy of Europe
1903:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
1872:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
1831:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
1778:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
1623:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1449:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1340:M. Alan Kazlev (1998)
746:10.1144/SP535-2022-189
502:Donetzoceras aegiranum
491:, previously known as
445:, previously known as
402:, previously known as
258:Ma (million years ago)
2046:Carboniferous Germany
1908:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
1867:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
1788:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1475:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1014:10.1144/SP512-2020-97
838:Earth-Science Reviews
669:Earth-Science Reviews
572:Crenulopteris acadica
319:Millstone Grit Series
234:-stages (as of 2018)
2041:Carboniferous Europe
1948:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
1841:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
1721:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
1711:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
647:www.stratigraphy.org
578:Lobatopteris vestita
544:region of northwest
2003: •
1992: •
1990:Geologic time scale
1752:Middle (458–470 Ma)
1716:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
1685:Middle (383–393 Ma)
1580:Middle (237–247 Ma)
1549:Middle (164–174 Ma)
1233:1986JVPal...6..174H
1175:2015JSPal..13..615W
1066:10.1144/jgs2011-092
1058:2012JGSoc.169..713P
1006:2022GSLSP.512..813O
850:2016ESRv..154..301O
737:2023GSLSP.535..189K
681:2022ESRv..22803998O
560:Linopteris bunburii
469:Lonchopteris rugosa
330:geologic time scale
325:of Great Britain).
2001:Geology portal
1862:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
1757:Early (470–485 Ma)
1690:Early (393–419 Ma)
1585:Early (247–252 Ma)
1554:Early (174–201 Ma)
1523:Early (100–145 Ma)
1518:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
554:Linopteris obliqua
540:, named after the
388:Maritime Provinces
368:plant macrofossils
345:Stage through the
2018:
2017:
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1882:Paleoproterozoic
1801:
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1747:Late (444–458 Ma)
1680:Late (359–383 Ma)
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1592:
1575:Late (201–237 Ma)
1544:Late (145–164 Ma)
1488:
1487:
1409:(present–2.58 Ma)
1397:(present–66.0 Ma)
1308:(12): 1079–1082.
1262:(1188): 219–226.
948:978-1-86239-694-4
927:"Biostratigraphy"
903:978-1-86239-694-4
802:978-0-12-824360-2
566:Neuropteris ovata
271:and the regional
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1500:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1461:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1435:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1400:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1333:
1285:
1246:
1227:(2): 174–190.
1211:
1196:
1169:(8): 615–643.
1149:
1129:
1118:(2): 328–340.
1089:
1052:(6): 713–721.
1027:
1000:(1): 813–863.
959:
947:
939:10.1144/sr26.3
914:
902:
894:10.1144/sr26.2
863:
813:
801:
760:
702:
652:
627:
626:
624:
621:
606:
603:
587:foreland basin
530:
527:
484:
481:
438:
435:
395:
392:
358:
355:
244:is a regional
236:
235:
227:
226:
219:
211:
210:
207:
202:
196:
195:
192:
187:
182:
176:
175:
172:
167:
161:
160:
154:
153:
150:
144:
143:
140:
135:
129:
128:
125:
119:
118:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
87:
86:
79:
71:
70:
61:
54:
47:
40:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2073:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1919:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
1817:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1599:Paleozoic Era
1596:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:(66.0–145 Ma)
1504:
1501:
1499:
1497:(66.0–252 Ma)
1491:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
960:
950:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
919:
915:
905:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
814:
804:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
761:
756:
752:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
659:
657:
653:
648:
644:
637:
635:
633:
629:
622:
620:
617:
613:
604:
602:
600:
594:
592:
589:north of the
588:
584:
580:
579:
574:
573:
568:
567:
562:
561:
556:
555:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Westphalian D
529:Westphalian D
528:
526:
524:
520:
515:
511:
506:
504:
503:
498:
494:
493:Westphalian C
490:
482:
480:
478:
477:
471:
470:
464:
462:
461:
456:
452:
448:
447:Westphalian B
444:
436:
434:
432:
428:
427:
421:
419:
418:
413:
409:
405:
404:Westphalian A
401:
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
339:
338:Pennsylvanian
335:
331:
326:
324:
323:Coal Measures
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:Coal Measures
293:
290:) in western
289:
285:
281:
277:
274:
270:
266:
263:
262:Carboniferous
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
233:
228:
224:
220:
217:
212:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
177:
173:
171:
168:
166:
165:Mississippian
162:
159:
155:
149:
145:
141:
139:
136:
134:
130:
126:
124:
121:
120:
116:
114:
111:
109:
108:Pennsylvanian
104:
99:
94:
92:Carboniferous
88:
84:
80:
77:
72:
68:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
37:
34:
32:
29:
28:
19:
1986:
1922:Archean Eon
1884:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
1769:(485–539 Ma)
1738:(444–485 Ma)
1702:(419–444 Ma)
1671:(359–419 Ma)
1645:(299–359 Ma)
1614:(252–299 Ma)
1602:(252–539 Ma)
1566:(201–252 Ma)
1535:(145–201 Ma)
1494:Mesozoic Era
1394:Cenozoic Era
1336:
1322:cite journal
1305:
1301:
1288:
1259:
1249:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1199:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1115:
1111:
1049:
1045:
997:
993:
952:, retrieved
930:
907:, retrieved
885:
841:
837:
806:, retrieved
784:
731:(1): 31–71.
728:
724:
672:
668:
646:
608:
595:
583:marattialean
576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
550:
537:
533:
532:
509:
507:
500:
492:
488:
486:
474:
467:
465:
458:
446:
442:
440:
424:
422:
415:
403:
399:
397:
360:
357:Stratigraphy
327:
312:
287:
254:stratigraphy
241:
239:
222:
209:346.7–358.9
194:330.9–346.7
174:323.2–330.9
170:Serpukhovian
152:315.2–323.2
142:307.0–315.2
132:
127:303.7–307.0
117:298.9–303.7
82:
46:(NW Europe)
39:(NW Europe)
1958:Hadean Eon
1736:Ordovician
1507:Cretaceous
1407:Quaternary
1112:Palaeoworld
844:: 301–335.
610:tetrapods.
443:Duckmantian
437:Duckmantian
400:Langsettian
394:Langsettian
390:of Canada.
242:Westphalian
205:Tournaisian
200:Tournaisian
133:Westphalian
18:Langsettian
2051:Kasimovian
2025:Categories
1960:(4–4.6 Ga)
1924:(2.5–4 Ga)
1853:(1–1.6 Ga)
1459:Paleogene
1146:: 832–850.
1075:2262/79149
954:2023-10-09
909:2023-10-09
808:2023-10-09
675:: 103998.
623:References
619:collapse.
612:Amphibians
523:sphenopsid
455:Derbyshire
451:Duckmanton
431:coal swamp
386:, and the
351:Kasimovian
343:Bashkirian
308:Stephanian
280:Westphalia
148:Bashkirian
123:Kasimovian
103:Stephanian
1987:See also:
1767:Cambrian
1700:Silurian
1669:Devonian
1564:Triassic
1533:Jurassic
1191:1477-2019
1084:0016-7649
1022:0305-8719
755:0305-8719
697:0012-8252
489:Bolsovian
483:Bolsovian
376:ammonoids
372:miospores
347:Moscovian
288:Westfalen
180:Dinantian
138:Moscovian
1612:Permian
1433:Neogene
1279:10790574
599:tonstein
542:Asturias
538:Asturian
519:lycopsid
497:Bolsover
408:Langsett
315:Namurian
273:Silesian
216:Devonian
158:Namurian
113:Gzhelian
98:Silesian
1346:Palaeos
1302:Geology
1260:ZooKeys
1229:Bibcode
1171:Bibcode
1054:Bibcode
1002:Bibcode
846:Bibcode
733:Bibcode
677:Bibcode
300:England
292:Germany
83:younger
76:Permian
1966:
1276:
1189:
1082:
1020:
945:
900:
799:
753:
695:
384:Turkey
374:, and
284:German
276:Series
269:Period
265:System
190:Visean
185:Visean
60:(ICS)
53:(ICS)
50:Series
36:Series
31:System
1298:(PDF)
546:Spain
304:Wales
246:stage
223:older
57:Stage
43:Stage
1328:link
1187:ISSN
1080:ISSN
1018:ISSN
943:ISBN
898:ISBN
797:ISBN
751:ISSN
693:ISSN
605:Life
521:and
508:The
487:The
441:The
398:The
334:(ICS
302:and
240:The
1310:doi
1274:PMC
1264:doi
1237:doi
1179:doi
1120:doi
1070:hdl
1062:doi
1050:169
1010:doi
998:512
935:doi
890:doi
854:doi
842:154
789:doi
741:doi
729:535
685:doi
673:228
453:in
410:in
298:of
267:or
250:age
248:or
232:ICS
63:Age
2027::
1982:Ga
1978:Ma
1974:ka
1344:,
1324:}}
1320:{{
1306:38
1304:.
1300:.
1272:.
1258:.
1235:.
1223:.
1185:.
1177:.
1167:13
1165:.
1161:.
1144:19
1142:.
1116:33
1114:.
1110:.
1092:^
1078:.
1068:.
1060:.
1048:.
1044:.
1030:^
1016:.
1008:.
996:.
992:.
962:^
941:,
929:,
917:^
896:,
884:,
866:^
852:.
840:.
836:.
816:^
795:,
783:,
763:^
749:.
739:.
727:.
723:.
705:^
691:.
683:.
671:.
667:.
655:^
645:.
631:^
370:,
310:.
286::
69:)
67:Ma
1378:e
1371:t
1364:v
1330:)
1316:.
1312::
1282:.
1266::
1243:.
1239::
1231::
1225:6
1193:.
1181::
1173::
1126:.
1122::
1086:.
1072::
1064::
1056::
1024:.
1012::
1004::
937::
892::
860:.
856::
848::
791::
757:.
743::
735::
699:.
687::
679::
649:.
282:(
65:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.