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247:, held that provided the tests were applied equally to all races, were not "merely a device to make racial discrimination easy," and did not "contravene any restriction that Congress, acting pursuant to its constitutional powers, has imposed," the literacy test could be an allowable use of the state's power to "determine the conditions under which the right of suffrage may be exercised."
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In practice, such tests were administered by white voting officials in a discriminatory manner to disfranchise minorities. Given the results from states' using such devices for decades, Congress subsequently prohibited the use of such tests under the
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A State may use a literacy test as a qualification for voters provided it is applied equally to all and is not intended to discriminate; it is part of its broad powers to determine the conditions under which the right of suffrage may be
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Illegal
Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
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389:
30:
104:
Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibited use of literacy tests
586:
235:
to vote, appealed from the
Supreme Court of that state.
3561:
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3224:
3002:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
3248:
African
American founding fathers of the United States
1601:
Chicago
Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
1466:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
3642:
United States
Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
3361:
3296:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley
National Monument
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Uniformed and
Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
505:
423:
195:
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119:
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100:
92:
87:
59:
49:
42:
23:
300:Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections
293:Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections
224:Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections
54:Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections
24:Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections
1832:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
552:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
1822:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1755:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
1646:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
270:Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era
243:The opinion of the court, delivered by Justice
96:Appeal from the Supreme Court of North Carolina
3301:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
3627:History of voting rights in the United States
3581:
3524:
3209:List of lynching victims in the United States
1547:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1059:
866:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era
401:
8:
1676:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
963:Democratic backsliding in the United States
601:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act
3622:African-American history of North Carolina
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3517:
1725:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
1092:
1066:
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637:
408:
394:
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20:
3281:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
3316:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
1356:University of Georgia desegregation riot
3230:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
2967:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
2962:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
608:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
564:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
3144:African-American women in the movement
1596:White House Conference on Civil Rights
1427:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
845:United States Virgin Islands residents
43:Argued May 18 – May 19, 1959
1585:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
231:requiring potential voters to pass a
18:1959 United States Supreme Court case
7:
3542:
3540:
3485:
3483:
3353:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
1817:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
1765:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1711:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
1188:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
1113:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
438:House Electors Qualifications Clause
1760:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1696:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
1366:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
3617:Northampton County, North Carolina
3560:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
3503:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
3497:Supreme Court of the United States
3204:African-American churches attacked
1770:Montgomery Improvement Association
1745:Georgia Council on Human Relations
1730:Council of Federated Organizations
1701:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
1459:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
1417:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
1223:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
1127:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
835:Northern Mariana Islands residents
417:Voting rights in the United States
229:Northampton County, North Carolina
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3652:United States Supreme Court stubs
3612:United States Supreme Court cases
3276:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
3149:Jews in the civil rights movement
596:Federal Voting Assistance Program
3607:United States elections case law
3544:
3487:
3470:Civil rights movement portal
3463:
3311:Freedom Riders National Monument
3053:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1565:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
1524:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
1411:Second Emancipation Proclamation
1003:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S.
920:Women's poll tax repeal movement
310:45 (1959) is available from:
286:
29:
3338:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
3326:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
1802:National Council of Negro Women
1740:Deacons for Defense and Justice
547:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
465:Privileges or Immunities Clause
3647:Civil rights movement case law
3637:1959 in United States case law
1218:Mansfield school desegregation
825:District of Columbia residents
755:Multiple non-transferable vote
678:Voter registration in the U.S.
623:Election Assistance Commission
443:Congressional Elections Clause
1:
3348:National Voting Rights Museum
3291:Civil Rights Movement Archive
3090:Lynching in the United States
2977:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
1432:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1405:University of Chicago sit-ins
1172:Davis v. Prince Edward County
1008:National Voting Rights Museum
618:Help America Vote Act of 2002
3556:–related article is a
3495:This article related to the
3343:National Civil Rights Museum
3199:March on Washington Movement
3184:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1653:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
871:Timeline of women's suffrage
3657:Civil rights movement stubs
2987:"This Little Light of Mine"
1735:Dallas County Voters League
1681:Atlanta Negro Voters League
1444:Letter from Birmingham Jail
1151:Brown v. Board of Education
925:History of direct democracy
915:Selma to Montgomery marches
658:Initiatives and referendums
3673:
3539:
3482:
3321:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
3189:Holt Street Baptist Church
3159:16th Street Baptist Church
2143:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
1787:Nashville Student Movement
1717:An Appeal for Human Rights
745:First-past-the-post voting
515:U.S. Department of Justice
369:Oyez (oral argument audio)
3459:
2818:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
2788:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
1852:Women's Political Council
1847:Wednesdays in Mississippi
1842:United Auto Workers (UAW)
1827:Southern Regional Council
1797:Northern Student Movement
1706:Committee for Freedom Now
1613:Memphis sanitation strike
1579:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1322:Savannah Protest Movement
1103:Journey of Reconciliation
881:Woman Suffrage Procession
569:Voting Rights Act of 1965
275:Voting Rights Act of 1965
253:Voting Rights Act of 1965
215:Voting Rights Act of 1965
213:
206:
124:
113:
28:
3632:North Carolina elections
1686:Atlanta Student Movement
1635:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1560:1964–1965 Scripto strike
1541:Civil Rights Act of 1964
1439:1963 Birmingham campaign
1332:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1256:Civil Rights Act of 1957
820:American Samoa residents
559:Civil Rights Act of 1960
542:Civil Rights Act of 1957
3238:Voter Education Project
2992:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
2653:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
2088:Josephine Dobbs Clement
1514:Chester school protests
1509:Twenty-fourth Amendment
1471:Detroit Walk to Freedom
1213:Tallahassee bus boycott
1134:Baton Rouge bus boycott
525:Enforcement Act of 1870
460:Equal Protection Clause
3451:Movement photographers
2693:Bernice Johnson Reagon
2413:Martin Luther King Sr.
2408:Martin Luther King Jr.
1978:William Holmes Borders
1750:Highlander Folk School
1640:Poor People's Campaign
1493:St. Augustine movement
1343:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
1266:Katz Drug Store sit-in
1237:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
1199:Montgomery bus boycott
530:Second Enforcement Act
171:William J. Brennan Jr.
3554:civil rights movement
3286:Civil Rights Memorial
3174:Bethel Baptist Church
2823:Charles Kenzie Steele
2268:Audrey Faye Hendricks
2173:Myrlie Evers-Williams
2153:Patricia Stephens Due
2123:Abraham Lincoln Davis
2058:Colia Lafayette Clark
1812:Operation Breadbasket
1807:National Urban League
1554:Katzenbach v. McClung
1422:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
1075:Civil rights movement
983:Elections in the U.S.
840:Puerto Rico residents
579:covered jurisdictions
265:Civil Rights Movement
3331:other King memorials
3306:Freedom Rides Museum
3243:1960s counterculture
3194:Edmund Pettus Bridge
2873:Walter Francis White
2778:Alexander D. Shimkin
1292:New Year's Day March
1261:Ministers' Manifesto
1108:Executive Order 9981
175:Charles E. Whittaker
45:Decided June 8, 1959
3069:Mary McLeod Bethune
3030:Sermon on the Mount
2997:"We Shall Overcome"
2578:William Lewis Moore
2358:Frank Minis Johnson
2333:Richie Jean Jackson
2288:Donald L. Hollowell
2093:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
1898:Gwendolyn Armstrong
1893:William G. Anderson
1873:Victoria Gray Adams
1837:The Freedom Singers
1691:Black Panther Party
1476:March on Washington
1389:Garner v. Louisiana
1350:Boynton v. Virginia
360:Library of Congress
199:Douglas, joined by
3386:Michael Eric Dyson
3271:In popular culture
3154:Fifth Circuit Four
3138:Loving v. Virginia
3131:Hernandez v. Texas
3110:Buchanan v. Warley
3102:Separate but equal
3096:Plessy v. Ferguson
3059:Frederick Douglass
2893:Robert F. Williams
2803:Kelly Miller Smith
2783:Fred Shuttlesworth
2708:Frederick D. Reese
2688:George Raymond Jr.
2678:A. Philip Randolph
2658:Fay Bellamy Powell
2573:Queen Mother Moore
2458:Z. Alexander Looby
2403:Coretta Scott King
2348:Barbara Rose Johns
2328:Jimmie Lee Jackson
2253:William E. Harbour
2033:Stokely Carmichael
1948:Randolph Blackwell
1618:King assassination
1607:Loving v. Virginia
1591:March Against Fear
1571:How Long, Not Long
1449:Children's Crusade
1400:Cambridge movement
1337:Ax Handle Saturday
1302:Greensboro sit-ins
1229:Give Us the Ballot
1028:Voter registration
904:Give Us the Ballot
800:Transgender people
704:Grandfather clause
668:Provisional ballot
245:William O. Douglas
151:William O. Douglas
135:Associate Justices
3569:
3568:
3512:
3511:
3477:
3476:
3254:Eyes on the Prize
3169:A.G. Gaston Motel
3164:Kelly Ingram Park
3124:Sweatt v. Painter
2808:Mary Louise Smith
2768:Cleveland Sellers
2753:Michael Schwerner
2718:Gloria Richardson
2498:Thurgood Marshall
2418:Bernard Lafayette
2148:John Wesley Dobbs
1662:
1661:
1381:Birmingham attack
1361:Rock Hill sit-ins
1312:Sibley Commission
1307:Nashville sit-ins
1179:Gebhart v. Belton
1165:Briggs v. Elliott
1158:Bolling v. Sharpe
1119:Sweatt v. Painter
1041:
1040:
988:Electoral College
810:African Americans
768:
767:
760:One man, one vote
729:Voter suppression
291:Works related to
220:
219:
163:John M. Harlan II
147:Felix Frankfurter
78:79 S. Ct. 985; 3
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3431:Charles M. Payne
3416:Steven F. Lawson
3406:David Halberstam
3376:Clayborne Carson
3117:Hocutt v. Wilson
3064:W. E. B. Du Bois
2913:Sammy Younge Jr.
2898:Q. V. Williamson
2863:Wyatt Tee Walker
2728:Bernice Robinson
2673:Lincoln Ragsdale
2663:Rodney N. Powell
2558:Douglas E. Moore
2433:Sanford R. Leigh
2368:J. Charles Jones
2243:Fannie Lou Hamer
2158:Joseph Ellwanger
2118:Jonathan Daniels
2108:Claudette Colvin
2098:Annie Lee Cooper
2083:Kathleen Cleaver
2078:Eldridge Cleaver
2053:Shirley Chisholm
1943:Gloria Blackwell
1534:workers' murders
1481:"I Have a Dream"
1376:Anniston bombing
1327:Greenville Eight
1242:Little Rock Nine
1205:Browder v. Gayle
1093:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1045:
998:Electoral system
993:Electoral reform
968:Disfranchisement
956:Native Americans
946:Campaign finance
891:U.S. suffragists
886:Silent Sentinels
815:Native Americans
638:
535:Ku Klux Klan Act
520:Enforcement Acts
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120:Court membership
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3436:Thomas E. Ricks
3426:Diane McWhorter
3411:Vincent Harding
3396:Adam Fairclough
3363:
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3259:
3214:Freedom Schools
3073:
3006:
2954:
2948:
2939:Omaha, Nebraska
2927:
2843:Hartman Turnbow
2833:Dorothy Tillman
2793:Glenn E. Smiley
2773:Charles Sherrod
2733:Jo Ann Robinson
2608:Charles Neblett
2598:Elijah Muhammad
2563:Harriette Moore
2523:Floyd McKissick
2508:Franklin McCain
2443:Stanley Levison
2308:T. R. M. Howard
2258:Vincent Harding
2188:Walter Fauntroy
2073:Xernona Clayton
2023:John H. Calhoun
2008:Aurelia Browder
1998:Stanley Branche
1993:Raylawni Branch
1973:Joseph E. Boone
1958:Ezell Blair Jr.
1953:Unita Blackwell
1928:Harry Belafonte
1868:Ralph Abernathy
1856:
1792:Nation of Islam
1668:
1658:
1497:
1454:Birmingham riot
1395:Albany Movement
1317:Atlanta sit-ins
1297:Sit-in movement
1280:
1276:Biloxi wade-ins
1248:Cooper v. Aaron
1138:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1042:
1037:
929:
849:
764:
733:
699:Electoral fraud
687:
683:Voting in space
673:Recall election
648:Absentee ballot
629:
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3619:
3614:
3609:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3549:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3492:
3475:
3474:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3446:Akinyele Umoja
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3035:Mahatma Gandhi
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2944:South Carolina
2941:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2883:Hosea Williams
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:Hollis Watkins
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2798:A. Maceo Smith
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2748:Bernie Sanders
2745:
2740:
2738:Angela Russell
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:David Richmond
2720:
2715:
2713:Walter Reuther
2710:
2705:
2700:
2698:Cordell Reagon
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:George Raymond
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2643:Charles Person
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2613:Huey P. Newton
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2568:Harry T. Moore
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Cecil B. Moore
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:James Meredith
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:Clarence Jones
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:Zilphia Horton
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Lola Hendricks
2270:
2265:
2263:Dorothy Height
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2233:Lawrence Guyot
2230:
2225:
2223:Jack Greenberg
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:Andrew Goodman
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2133:Joseph DeLaine
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Dorothy Cotton
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:J. L. Chestnut
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1983:Amelia Boynton
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1903:Arnold Aronson
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1529:Freedom Summer
1526:
1521:
1519:Bloody Tuesday
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
959:
958:
948:
943:
937:
935:
931:
930:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
910:Freedom Summer
907:
900:
899:
898:
888:
883:
878:
876:Suffrage Hikes
873:
868:
863:
857:
855:
851:
850:
848:
847:
842:
837:
832:
830:Guam residents
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
776:
774:
770:
769:
766:
765:
763:
762:
757:
752:
750:Gerrymandering
747:
741:
739:
735:
734:
732:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
695:
693:
689:
688:
686:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
644:
642:
635:
631:
630:
628:
627:
626:
625:
615:
610:
605:
604:
603:
598:
588:
583:
582:
581:
576:
566:
561:
556:
555:
554:
549:
539:
538:
537:
532:
527:
517:
511:
509:
503:
502:
500:
499:
497:26th Amendment
494:
492:24th Amendment
489:
487:23rd Amendment
484:
482:19th Amendment
479:
477:17th Amendment
474:
472:15th Amendment
469:
468:
467:
462:
455:14th Amendment
452:
447:
446:
445:
440:
429:
427:
424:Constitutional
421:
420:
415:
413:
412:
405:
398:
390:
384:
383:
342:Google Scholar
296:
282:
281:External links
279:
278:
277:
272:
267:
260:
257:
240:
237:
218:
217:
211:
210:
207:
204:
203:
197:
193:
192:
188:
187:
186:
185:
183:Potter Stewart
136:
133:
128:
122:
121:
117:
116:
111:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
77:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3669:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3579:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:Timothy Tyson
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:Taylor Branch
3369:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Freedom songs
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:Jim Crow laws
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:"Oh, Freedom"
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Whitney Young
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Kale Williams
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Albert Turner
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:A. P. Tureaud
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Bayard Rustin
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:William Moyer
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Joseph McNeil
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Charles McDew
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Benjamin Mays
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:Vivian Malone
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:Joseph Lowery
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Clyde Kennard
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Vernon Jordan
2376:
2374:
2373:Matthew Jones
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:T. J. Jemison
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Jesse Jackson
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Robert Graetz
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:Golden Frinks
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Charles Evers
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Vernon Dahmer
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Septima Clark
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Bruce Boynton
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:James Baldwin
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:Mathew Ahmann
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1848:
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1810:
1808:
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1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1780:Youth Council
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
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1761:
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1702:
1699:
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1665:
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1608:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
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1572:
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1371:Freedom Rides
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1121:
1120:
1116:
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1111:
1109:
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1098:
1096:Prior to 1954
1094:
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1019:
1018:Secret ballot
1016:
1014:
1013:Redistricting
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941:Ballot access
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771:
761:
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751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
740:
738:Vote dilution
736:
730:
727:
725:
724:Voter ID laws
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
709:Literacy test
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
694:
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684:
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663:Postal voting
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450:1st Amendment
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324:CourtListener
316:
309:
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297:
295:at Wikisource
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233:literacy test
230:
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212:
208:Superseded by
205:
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176:
172:
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127:Chief Justice
126:
125:
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118:
112:
107:
103:
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69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
3562:expanding it
3551:
3505:expanding it
3494:
3479:
3461:
3401:David Garrow
3381:John Dittmer
3252:
3179:Brown Chapel
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3094:
3051:
2903:Andrew Young
2858:A. T. Walden
2853:C. T. Vivian
2813:Maxine Smith
2648:Homer Plessy
2628:James Orange
2583:Irene Morgan
2538:William Ming
2518:Ralph McGill
2453:Viola Liuzzo
2438:Jim Letherer
2423:James Lawson
2353:Vernon Johns
2343:Esau Jenkins
2298:Myles Horton
2248:Fred Hampton
2238:Prathia Hall
2228:Dick Gregory
2198:Marie Foster
2193:James Forman
2183:James Farmer
2168:Medgar Evers
2128:Angela Davis
2063:Ramsey Clark
2043:James Chaney
2038:Johnnie Carr
2018:Ralph Bunche
2013:H. Rap Brown
2003:Ruby Bridges
1963:Joanne Bland
1938:Claude Black
1918:Marion Barry
1888:Muhammad Ali
1715:
1651:
1644:
1605:
1583:
1552:
1545:
1387:
1348:
1341:
1271:Kissing Case
1246:
1203:
1186:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1125:
1117:
978:Election law
896:Publications
805:Young adults
719:Voter caging
653:Early voting
641:Voter access
508:and agencies
506:Federal laws
299:
249:
242:
223:
222:
221:
200:
191:Case opinion
178:
166:
159:Tom C. Clark
154:
142:
88:Case history
71:
53:
15:
3421:Doug McAdam
3391:Chuck Fager
3018:Nonviolence
2923:James Zwerg
2918:Bob Zellner
2878:Roy Wilkins
2828:Hank Thomas
2763:Pete Seeger
2758:Bobby Seale
2623:Jack O'Dell
2618:Edgar Nixon
2548:Amzie Moore
2543:Jack Minnis
2483:Mae Mallory
2468:Clara Luper
2428:Bernard Lee
2318:Cecil Ivory
2313:Ruby Hurley
2283:Oliver Hill
2278:Aaron Henry
2178:Chuck Fager
2138:Dave Dennis
2028:Guy Carawan
1968:Julian Bond
1933:James Bevel
1923:Daisy Bates
1194:Emmett Till
1077:(1954–1968)
951:Citizenship
692:Vote denial
131:Earl Warren
3601:Categories
3364:historians
3045:Satyagraha
3011:Influences
2703:James Reeb
2638:James Peck
2633:Rosa Parks
2603:Diane Nash
2473:Danny Lyon
2448:John Lewis
2393:A. D. King
2293:James Hood
1908:Ella Baker
1878:Zev Aelony
795:Foreigners
634:State laws
574:amendments
426:provisions
139:Hugo Black
115:exercised.
101:Subsequent
3023:Padayatra
2972:"Kumbaya"
2932:By region
2588:Bob Moses
2493:Bob Mants
2478:Malcolm X
2398:C.B. King
2218:Fred Gray
1861:Activists
1502:1964–1968
1285:1960–1963
1143:1954–1959
433:Article I
201:unanimous
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
2953:Movement
2383:Tom Kahn
1667:Activist
1087:timeline
1023:Suffrage
973:Election
861:Timeline
773:By group
714:Poll tax
298:Text of
259:See also
196:Majority
3078:Related
2668:Al Raby
1623:funeral
1486:Big Six
934:Related
854:History
333:Findlaw
315:Cornell
239:Opinion
109:Holding
3264:Legacy
3040:Ahimsa
1669:groups
1130:(1950)
1122:(1950)
1083:Events
1033:Voting
790:Felons
381:
375:
372:
366:
363:
357:
354:
351:Justia
348:
345:
339:
336:
330:
327:
321:
318:
312:
181:
179:·
177:
169:
167:·
165:
157:
155:·
153:
145:
143:·
141:
3552:This
3499:is a
3362:Noted
2955:songs
1775:NAACP
1628:riots
785:Women
306:
93:Prior
3558:stub
3501:stub
378:vLex
308:U.S.
82:1072
73:more
65:U.S.
63:360
780:Men
304:360
3603::
302:,
68:45
3589:e
3582:t
3575:v
3564:.
3532:e
3525:t
3518:v
3507:.
3232:"
3228:"
1573:"
1569:"
1413:"
1409:"
1231:"
1227:"
1089:)
1085:(
1067:e
1060:t
1053:v
906:"
902:"
409:e
402:t
395:v
76:)
70:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
