Lastarria - Knowledge (XXG)

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20 in) fractures, in a diffuse fashion through pyroclastic deposits, as well as degassing through cracks and fissures on surfaces. Individual fumaroles have been found in the craters, on the crater edges, and on the slopes. A northwest–southeast striking fracture is associated with some of the fumaroles. Four different fumarole fields have been found, one along this fissure on the northwestern slope at altitudes of about 4,950 to 5,140 metres (16,240 to 16,860 ft), two on the rims of the fourth crater, and one in the fifth crater. The fissure field is the largest, covering a surface area of 0.023 square kilometres (0.0089 sq mi), while the other fields can be as small as 0.001 square kilometres (0.00039 sq mi). The alignment of fumarolic vents suggest that their position is controlled by the structure of the volcano. There is evidence of changes in fumarolic gas compositions, with an increased influence of magma beginning 2009-2012.

515:-like structures reaching a height of 20 metres (66 ft), formed 500-metre (1,600 ft) wide and 40-metre (130 ft) high lobes. Unlike many debris avalanche deposits, the Lastarria debris avalanche lacks large blocks and has only a few hummocks. The velocity of the avalanche has been estimated to have been over 84 metres per second (280 ft/s), a fairly high velocity for a volcanic debris avalanche, while later research proposed a maximum speed of 58–75 metres per second (208–270 km/h). It is possible that air was entrained in the debris, which thus assumed properties similar to an 1078: 1472:. This pattern, also known as "Lazufre", covers a surface area of 45 by 37 kilometres (28 by 23 mi). This uplift appears to be caused by the injection of magma at depth, with a pattern of progressively increasing flux between 2003 and 2006. The source of this uplift appears to lie at depths of 9 to 17 kilometres (5.6 to 10.6 mi), later recalculated at 2 to 14 kilometres (1.2 to 8.7 mi). This uplift may have been ongoing for about 400,000 years and has influenced the final position of lava flows of Lastarria and other volcanoes in the area. 123: 116: 1480:, with changes in fumarole output observed in 2006–2012. Modelling indicates that the source of this uplift lies at a depth of about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and has the shape of a sphere. Another estimate places the source inside the volcanic edifice and assumes a size of 230 to 360 metres (750 to 1,180 ft), with the volume increasing by about 8,000 to 18,000 cubic metres per year (280,000 to 640,000 cu ft/a). 1571: 1529: 1557: 1543: 40: 569:. An inverted funnel-shaped low velocity anomaly with a width of 4 by 9 kilometres (2.5 by 5.6 mi) extends to a depth of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) beneath the volcano and appears to be associated with areas of high fumarolic activity; it may be the hydrothermal system. An even stronger anomaly at depths of 3 to 6 kilometres (1.9 to 3.7 mi) may be the 1004:, lava domes, lava flows, and pyroclastic flows have all been involved in the activity of Lastarria. Most deposits on the northern slopes were erupted during the last two stages, with the exception of several exposures of the older stages on the northwestern flank and the western "pink pyroclastic flow" deposit. Overall, later and 1371:. The sulfur has also formed flows, of which the two largest are 350 metres (1,150 ft) and 250 metres (820 ft) long. The longer flow is partly buried by the shorter one and has already lost part of its surface structure. No vents have been found; sulfur flows appear to emerge from the fumarolic terrain. One 1383:

The conditions surrounding the emplacement of the sulfur have caused the sulfur to assume various colours, including black, brown-orange, orange, red, yellow, and yellow-orange. These colours vary along the length of the flows and between various flows, indicating that temperatures varied between one

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is a harmful pollutant that occurs in above average concentrations in waters of northern Chile. Fumarolic exhalations at Lastarria can reach over 1 gram per kilogram (0.016 oz/lb) of the fumarole sediments and the volcano is considered to be an important source of arsenic of the southern Central

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in the volcano that opens to the east-southeast. The scarp reaches a maximum height of 120 metres (390 ft) and forms a semicircle just under 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide; the northern part is longer than the southern and the western part directly abuts the margin of the southernmost crater of

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with a waterbody that is almost a lake, its name is a reference to the sulfur deposits of Lastarria. The fumarolic system may drain into this waterbody, depositing sulfur at Azufrera's southern shore. Water levels in the lake were higher in the past, as evidenced by two recognizable shorelines, which

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century. Lastarria is the only volcano in the area with ongoing fumarolic activity. It manifests in fumaroles forming 15-centimetre (5.9 in) high chimneys, small cones reaching heights of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in), 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) wide craters, 100 by 50 centimetres (39 by

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were erupted during the Holocene between 4,850 ± 40 and 2,460 ± 40 years ago and were emplaced around the volcano, in particular north and west of the edifice. The landslide also occurred during the Holocene, 7430 (+136,−156) years before present. The lava dome on the northernmost crater rim is the

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are aligned in a north–south line on Lastarria's main cone, the craters 5-4 and 3-2 are nested within each other (counted from south to north). Volcanic activity has migrated north during the history of Lastarria, and the most recent eruption products are found on the northern and western slopes. A

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Ground uplift has been detected at Lastarria itself, amounting to 9 millimetres per year (0.35 in/year). The uplifting region has either a surface area of 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi) or is 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) wide, smaller than Lazufre. The Lastarria uplift started later

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deposit when part of its southeastern flank collapsed. From a 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide collapse scar, the landslide descended over a distance of 8 kilometres (5.0 mi). The intense fumarolic activity makes the volcano the largest source of volcanic gases in the region, and has produced

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of Lastarria has yielded ages of 600,000 ± 300,000 and less than 300,000 years ago. The older date refers to the Negriales lava field, which has also been dated at 400,000 – 116,000 ± 26,000 years ago. The South Spur is dated at 150,000 ± 50,000 years ago. The main edifice started

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The South Spur edifice is the oldest structure found at Lastarria. The Negriales lava field formed later. The five craters of Lastarria proper formed in five different stages. An alternative view holds that Negriales formed before the South Spur, and that the main edifice formed in ten different

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The gases of Lastarria come from a geothermal system and, with temperatures ranging from 280 to 370 °C (536 to 698 °F) and 560 to 680 °C (1,040 to 1,256 °F), supply the colder and hotter fumaroles, respectively. In turn, a magma system at depths of 7 to 15 kilometres (4.3 to

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The composition of Lastarria's gases has changed over time, with an increase in the magmatic component between 2009 and 2012, which may be due either to different measurement methods or to changes in the volcanic activity at Lastarria. Decreased temperatures have been observed after rainfall.

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occurring between lighter and colder upper contents and hotter and denser lower contents. Some rocks display "banding" features, implicating the mixing of different magmas during their formation. Some chemical differences exist among the Negriales rocks, the Lastarria lavas, and the Lastarria

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flows and have widths of 1 to 2.5 metres (3 ft 3 in to 8 ft 2 in). It is likely that sulfur deposited by fumaroles formed such flows. Some fumaroles currently release centimetre-long sulfur flows. Flows of sulfur are highly fragile constructs that can easily be destroyed.

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Zimmer, Martin; Walter, Thomas R.; Kujawa, Christian; Gaete, Ayleen; Franco-Marin, Luis (October 2017). "Thermal and gas dynamic investigations at Lastarria volcano, Northern Chile. The influence of precipitation and atmospheric pressure on the fumarole temperature and the gas velocity".

451:(also known as Big Joe) lava flow complex lies southwest of the Lastarria volcano and covers a large surface area. It is formed by several massive flows erupted from a single vent during three or eight pulses; the longest reaches a length of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). These lavas are 3634:

Guijón, Rodrigo; Henríquez, Fernando; Naranjo, José Antonio (12 July 2011). "Geological, Geographical and Legal Considerations for the Conservation of Unique Iron Oxide and Sulphur Flows at El Laco and Lastarria Volcanic Complexes, Central Andes, Northern Chile".

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lies 250 kilometres (160 mi) northwest of Lastarria. The Central Andes are difficult to access and its volcanoes are usually poorly monitored. There are no human populations within 150 kilometres (93 mi) of Lastarria. From the former Catalina

3935: 423:. Lava flows are exposed mainly on the northwestern slope, where they reach thicknesses of 40 metres (130 ft). The South Spur has also generated lava flows. The volcano covers a surface area of about 156 square kilometres (60 sq mi). 949:

The petrogenesis of Lastarria rocks, like those of other volcanoes in the Central Volcanic Zone, involves the prolonged interaction with crustal rocks in magma chambers as well as the fractionation of certain minerals. Enriched lower crust and

991:. Temperatures of −24 °C (−11 °F) and precipitation of 20–50 millimetres per year (0.79–1.97 in/year) have been recorded on Lastarria, although the precipitation may be underestimated. Low bush vegetation exists in the area. 370:

to Chile. Over 1,000 volcanic edifices have been identified in this zone, of which about 50 volcanoes are active or potentially active, with many exceeding 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) in altitude. In addition, the zone features 18

1153:. The composition of the fumaroles indicates that most gases are of magmatic origin with little contribution from the atmosphere. Likewise, most water comes from the magma rather than from precipitation, as indicated by the 3715:

Inostroza, Manuel; Aguilera, Felipe; Menzies, Andrew; Layana, Susana; González, Cristóbal; Ureta, Gabriel; Sepúlveda, José; Scheller, Samuel; Böehm, Stephan; Barraza, María; Tagle, Roald; Patzschke, Max (1 March 2020).

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The debris avalanche deposit is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) long and well preserved with landforms such as lobes, levees and hummocks. After exiting the collapse scar over its northern opening, it overrode an older

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with flow ridges and levees. The total volume of the lava field is about 5.4 cubic kilometres (1.3 cu mi) and it is often grouped together with Lastarria and South Spur as the Lastarria Volcanic Complex.

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is sometimes considered part of this complex as well. Lastarria and Cordón del Azufre, together with some more local volcanic centres, may be part of a larger silicic volcanic complex that has not yet formed a

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Froger, J. -L.; Remy, D.; Bonvalot, S.; Legrand, D. (15 March 2007). "Two scales of inflation at Lastarria-Cordon del Azufre volcanic complex, central Andes, revealed from ASAR-ENVISAT interferometric data".

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Ruch, Joel; Manconi, Andrea; Diringer, Gauthier; Walter, Thomas R. (1 May 2010). "Flank stability analysis at Lastarria volcano (northern Chile): insights from rock failure criterion and InSAR observations".

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Ground uplift is still underway but with a slowdown between 2006 and 2016. At other volcanoes, such uplift has been associated with changes in fumarolic activity or even the start of an eruption.

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Ruch, J.; Walter, T. R. (20 September 2010). "Relationship between the InSAR-measured uplift, the structural framework, and the present-day stress field at Lazufre volcanic area, central Andes".

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The volcano rises from a terrain of about 4,200 metres (13,800 ft) altitude and has fairly steep slopes. Much of the surface, including the Southern Spur, is covered by deposits left by

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Layana, Susana; Aguilera, Felipe; Inostroza, Manuel; Tassi, Franco; Wilkes, Thomas Charles; Bredemeyer, Stefan; González, Cristóbal; Pering, Tom David; McGonigle, Andrew John Samuel (2023).

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crop out mainly on the eastern side, and the lake's surface area reached 18 square kilometres (7 sq mi). There is a valley and a lake also at the southeastern foot of Lastarria.

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Naranjo, Jose A. (1988). COLADAS DE AZUFRE DE LOS VOLCANES LASTARRIA Y BAYO EN EL NORTE DE CHILE: REOLOGIA, GENESIS E IMPORTANCIA EN GEOLOGIA PLANETARIA (Report) (in Spanish) – via

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field southwest of the main volcanoes. The main edifice features several aligned craters that form a line. There is no recorded eruptive activity, but the volcano displays vigorous

4343:"Naturally elevated arsenic in the Altiplano-Puna, Chile and the link to recent (Mio-Pliocene to Quaternary) volcanic activity, high crustal thicknesses, and geological structures" 2075: 4169:

Ruch, J.; Manconi, A.; Zeni, G.; Solaro, G.; Pepe, A.; Shirzaei, M.; Walter, T. R.; Lanari, R. (1 November 2009). "Stress transfer in the Lazufre volcanic area, central Andes".

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Aguilera, Felipe; Tassi, F.; Darrah, T.; Moune, S.; Vaselli, O. (15 June 2011). "Geochemical model of a magmatic–hydrothermal system at the Lastarria volcano, northern Chile".

415:, and reaches a summit height of 5,697 metres (18,691 ft). Most of the volcano is covered by pyroclastic material, some of which extends to the southeastern margin of the 5302: 4252:

Spica, Zack; Legrand, Denis; Iglesias, Arturo; Walter, Thomas R.; Heimann, Sebastian; Dahm, Torsten; Froger, Jean-Luc; Rémy, Dominique; Bonvalot, Sylvain (1 July 2015).

783:, when subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate caused compression along the plate margin. Strong volcanism and tectonic uplift occurred between 15 534:

blocks. This loose consistency may explain the lack of megablocks. Its total volume is about 0.091 cubic kilometres (0.022 cu mi), less than the volume of the

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were erupted during the Holocene between 4,850 ± 40 and 2,460 ± 40 years ago and were emplaced around the volcano, in particular north and west of the edifice.Three

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magma shortly before each eruption played an important role in rock genesis. In the case of Lastarria, this mixing occurs in a stratified magma chamber, with active

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Villa, Victor (October 2015). Evaluación preliminar de geositios en la Alta Cordillera de Chile, entre los 25º y 26º S (Report) (in Spanish). p. 4 – via

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were erupted during the Holocene between 4,850 ± 40 and 2,460 ± 40 years ago and were emplaced around the volcano, in particular north and west of the edifice.

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Inostroza, Manuel; Fernandez, Bárbara; Aguilera, Felipe; Layana, Susana; Walter, Thomas R.; Zimmer, Martin; Rodríguez-Díaz, Augusto; Oelze, Marcus (2023).

315:. A progressive uplift of the terrain around Lastarria and farther south has been recognized; it appears to reflect a deep magma intrusion in the region. 4583: 2532: 1938: 272:. Over a thousand volcanoes—of which about 50 are active—lie in this over 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) long chain of volcanoes, which is generated by 755:

deposits are also found on this lineament. The intersection between this lineament and the arc may act as a weakness zone that focuses the ascent of

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activity on the summit and down the northwestern slopes. Such activity has been observed since the European discovery of Lastarria, in the late 19th

399:), which are joined at an altitude of about 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) and form a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) long ridge. The main cone comprises 3765:

Jay, J. A.; Welch, M.; Pritchard, M. E.; Mares, P. J.; Mnich, M. E.; Melkonian, A. K.; Aguilera, F.; Naranjo, J. A.; Sunagua, M. (1 January 2013).

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9.3 mi) underpins and feeds this geothermal system. During their rise, the gases interact with the rocks of the surrounding country and with

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than the Lazufre uplift and may be influenced by the latter. Possibly, magma injected into a Lazufre magma chamber is influencing the Lastarria

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composition sharply diverges as well. The Negriales rocks may originate from parental magmas that are different from the main Lastarria magmas.

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Kargel, Jeffrey S.; Delmelle, Pierre; Nash, Douglas B. (1 November 1999). "Volcanogenic Sulfur on Earth and Io: Composition and Spectroscopy".

4430:"Evolution of the magmatic-hydrothermal system at Lastarria volcano (Northern Chile) between 2006 and 2019: Insights from fluid geochemistry" 1065:

imagery and are associated with the fumarolic areas. Temperatures observed at the hotspots are around 6 °C (279 K). A potential of

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in 1970, resulting in more than 20,000 fatalities. There is evidence of previous flank collapses at Lastarria and ongoing flank instability.

5317: 5277: 5257: 638: 5297: 4067:"Petrological and noble gas features of Lascar and Lastarria volcanoes (Chile): Inferences on plumbing systems and mantle characteristics" 2086: 1054:

youngest vent of Lastarria. The youngest dated deposit is 2,460 ± 50/60 years old, but at least one younger pyroclastic flow is present.

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Relevancia y formas legales para la geoconservación de coladas de lava únicas en los volcanes El Laco y Lastarria, Región de Antofagasta

4024:"Topographic constraints on magma accumulation below the actively uplifting Uturuncu and Lazufre volcanic centers in the Central Andes" 946:

are found in high-temperature vents. These form multicoloured deposits, ranging from yellow-white over grey to yellow-orange and red.

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observations performed in the years 1998 to 2000 have yielded evidence of a pattern of ground uplift centered between Lastarria and

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Rodríguez, Inés; Páez, Jerson; van Wyk de Vries, Maximillian S.; van Wyk de Vries, Benjamin; Godoy, Benigno (15 September 2020).

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Naranjo, José Antonio; Francis, Peter (1987). "High velocity debris avalanche at Lastarria volcano in the north Chilean Andes".

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Aguilera, Felipe; Layana, Susana; Rodríguez-Díaz, Augusto; González, Cristóbal; Cortés, Julio; Inostroza, Manuel (1 May 2016).

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Tapia, J.; Schneider, B.; Inostroza, M.; Álvarez-Amado, F.; Luque, J.A.; Aguilera, F.; Parra, S.; Bravo, M. (September 2020).

5272: 4576: 4546: 4483:"Physical and chemical characteristics of active sulfur flows observed at Lastarria volcano (northern Chile) in January 2019" 3767:"Volcanic hotspots of the central and southern Andes as seen from space by ASTER and MODVOLC between the years 2000 and 2010" 3682:"Decelerating uplift at Lazufre volcanic center, Central Andes, from A.D. 2010 to 2016, and implications for geodetic models" 1599: 878:

products are also present, some of which have been visualized by aerial imagery. Fumarole deposits contain encrustations and

4289:"Gas emissions from five volcanoes in northern Chile and implications for the volatiles budget of the Central Volcanic Zone" 260:. It is remote, and the surroundings are uninhabited but can be reached through an unpaved road. The volcano is part of the 3038: 1077: 5267: 739:

volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The basement underneath Lastarria appears to have a different composition to that beneath

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at a rate of 7–9 centimetres per year (2.8–3.5 in/year). Volcanism in the Andes occurs in four distinct regions: the

418: 3476: 115: 1939:"Alteración hidrotermal, depósitos fumarólicos y fluidos del Complejo Volcánico Lastarria: Un estudio multidsciplinario" 65: 4254:"Hydrothermal and magmatic reservoirs at Lazufre volcanic area, revealed by a high-resolution seismic noise tomography" 4065:

Robidoux, P.; Rizzo, A. L.; Aguilera, F.; Aiuppa, A.; Artale, M.; Liuzzo, M.; Nazzari, M.; Zummo, F. (1 October 2020).

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Diaz, D. (1 December 2015). "Hydrothermal System of the Lastarria Volcano (Central Andes) Imaged by Magnetotellurics".

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rocks and reached a width of 100 to 150 kilometres (62 to 93 mi) in the area of Lastarria. This volcanism began 25

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The volcano is in a remote area and thus constitutes little risk to human settlements. The closest populations are at

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ratios. It is likely that the arid climate of the region reduces the input of meteoric water to the volcanic system.

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activity on its northern side and within the craters. It is located on top of older volcanic rocks and features both

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Henderson, Scott T.; Delgado, Francisco; Elliott, Julie; Pritchard, Matthew E.; Lundgren, Paul R. (1 October 2017).

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120 kilometres (75 mi) west, an unpaved road leads to Lastarria. Unlike most other volcanoes in the region, no

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at Lastarria was recognized already in 1974. It is considered Argentina's 9th most dangerous volcano out of 38.

705:. This complex is characterized by a 500-metre (1,600 ft) high doming with a central depression. The large 5307: 4534: 2543: 1477: 5109: 4551: 724:

formed by andesite–dacite volcanic rocks in the form of ignimbrites, lava flows, and lava domes. They are of

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Volcanic slope displacements in the Lazufre area in South America revealed by satellite observations (InSAR)

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was installed on the volcano in late 2013. It is considered the 45th most dangerous volcano in Chile.

24: 5144: 5114: 5084: 5044: 4981: 4966: 4856: 4718: 4592: 4556: 4494: 4441: 4392: 4354: 4303: 4265: 4233: 4178: 4133: 4074: 4035: 4000: 3947: 3906: 3861: 3823: 3778: 3729: 3693: 3644: 3614: 3568: 3519: 2894: 2414: 2287: 1810: 1799:"Sub-tropical astronomy in the southern Andes: the ceque system in Socaire, Atacama, northern Chile†" 1469: 1177: 1019:

forming 260,000 ± 20,000 years ago. One andesite lava flow was dated at 51,000 ± 13,000 years ago by

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Naranjo, J. A. (28 February 1985). "Sulphur flows at Lastarria volcano in the North Chilean Andes".

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Perkins, Jonathan P.; Finnegan, Noah J.; Henderson, Scott T.; Rittenour, Tammy M. (1 August 2016).

3936:"Chemistry and petrological evolution of the Lastarria volcanic complex in the north Chilean Andes" 1097:

The fumaroles release gases with temperatures ranging from 80 to 408 °C (176 to 766 °F).

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properties at different temperatures, and some variation occurred at Lastarria's flows as well.

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beneath the South American Plate. Magmatic processes important in the Central Andes include the

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Lastarria. The highest point of the scarp lies at an altitude of 5,575 metres (18,291 ft).

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View of the fumaroles near the top of Lastarria, Llullaillaco volcano in the distant background

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Neighbouring mountains include Chili volcano northeast, the 4,709-metre (15,449 ft) high

356: 349: 2367: 2365: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2163: 2161: 2159: 759:. Other lineaments in the region include the Imilac-Salina del Fraile and Pedernales-Arizaro 5207: 5197: 5119: 5099: 5054: 4931: 4896: 4658: 4633: 4502: 4459: 4449: 4400: 4362: 4321: 4311: 4273: 4269: 4241: 4196: 4141: 4090: 4082: 4043: 4008: 3989:"Miocene to Holocene geological evolution of the Lazufre segment in the Andean volcanic arc" 3955: 3914: 3869: 3831: 3786: 3737: 3701: 3652: 3622: 3618: 3576: 3527: 3077: 3039:

Seminario sobre los Recursos Energéticos de Chile. Catastro de Recursos Geotérmicos de Chile

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Naranjo, José A.; Hevia, Francisco; Villa, Víctor; Ramírez, Cristián A. (1 February 2019).

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The volcano is constituted by two volcanic edifices that form a ridge, and one subsidiary

5089: 2252:. ESTUDIO DE CUENCAS DE LA I I REGION (in Spanish). Santiago. p. 275. Archived from 471:

close to Negriales de Lastarria in the southwest. Almost due north of Lastarria lies the

4498: 4445: 4396: 4358: 4307: 4237: 4182: 4137: 4078: 4039: 4004: 3951: 3910: 3865: 3827: 3782: 3733: 3697: 3648: 3572: 3523: 2898: 2418: 2291: 1814: 442:. The total volume of the edifice is about 10.1 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi). 4916: 4841: 4287:

Tamburello, G.; Hansteen, T. H.; Bredemeyer, S.; Aiuppa, A.; Tassi, F. (28 July 2014).

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McFarlin, Heather L.; McNutt, Stephen R.; Braunmiller, Jochen; Thompson, Glenn (2018).

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might also contribute. Finally, the mixing of magma chamber contents with new and more

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Lastarria is formed by two coalesced edifices, the main cone and the older South Spur (

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has been found on Lastarria. Either the volcano was too active or too unimportant in

249: 222: 215: 3447: 3445: 1893: 1876: 5212: 5174: 4951: 4891: 4816: 4122:"Dynamics and physical parameters of the Lastarria debris avalanche, Central Andes" 3979: 3926: 3844: 3556: 2318: 1576: 1548: 1440: 1081:

Vigorous fumarolic activity on the west slope of Lastarria. Note the yellow sulfur.

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characterized by extreme aridity as it is located at the intersection between the

743:. A major crustal lineament known as the Archibarca lineament intersects the main 562:

The internal structure of a volcano has been visualized with a technique known as

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occurred on Lastarria's southeastern flank, leaving a clearly defined north–south

4366: 4086: 3141: 3066:"Towards the development of the first permanent volcano observatory in Argentina" 5169: 5019: 4886: 4881: 4871: 4811: 4618: 4245: 3042: 2885:

Rudolph, William E. (1 January 1955). "Licancabur: Mountain of the Atacameños".

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have been recorded at the volcano. Noticeable thermal hotspots are visible from

1012:, unlike the more effusive earlier eruptions including the Negriales eruptions. 903: 828: 820: 729: 673: 614: 586: 508: 340: 277: 194: 4529: 4507: 4482: 4454: 4429: 4278: 4253: 3626: 3144:(Report). School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications. Vol. 2190. 1556: 1101:

is the most important non-hydrous component of the gases; other components are

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lava dome sits on the northernmost crater rim. The South Spur has two craters.

5079: 4911: 4906: 4866: 4836: 4746: 4713: 4708: 4668: 3959: 3656: 3531: 3484: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 1823: 1798: 1524: 1408: 1058: 1050: 1046: 1028: 959: 875: 860: 824: 693: 634: 630: 610: 566: 516: 452: 380: 273: 39: 4516: 4473: 4412: 4333: 4208: 4153: 4104: 4057: 3967: 3881: 3798: 3749: 3664: 3588: 3580: 3539: 3091: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2868: 2866: 2494: 2482: 2431: 2371: 2355: 2333: 2228: 2167: 1964: 1902: 1832: 1712: 87: 74: 5029: 5014: 4991: 4936: 4921: 4776: 4756: 3420: 3418: 3082: 1955: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1412: 1404: 1385: 1086: 1009: 943: 911: 891: 832: 812: 776: 733: 689: 665: 404: 400: 332: 292: 288: 257: 139: 4638: 3835: 3381: 3379: 3377: 2996: 2994: 2568: 2566: 577:

imaging showed structures similar to those revealed using seismic imaging.

3237: 3235: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1704: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 819:

magmas of the Central Volcanic Zone. The appearance of Lastarria lavas is

519:. The collapse occurred without any preceding instability of the edifice. 5217: 5154: 5094: 5064: 4971: 4901: 4831: 4826: 4796: 4766: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4678: 4316: 4200: 3360: 2253: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1389: 1376: 1372: 1364: 1118: 1102: 1039: 1024: 1005: 931: 804: 748: 692:, on the border between Chile and Argentina. They were active during the 661: 657: 649: 296: 198: 4464: 4095: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2109: 2107: 1720: 1688: 5059: 4976: 4961: 4946: 4851: 4821: 4653: 4648: 4325: 4048: 4023: 4013: 3988: 3873: 3706: 3681: 1460: 1400: 1351: 1345: 1165: 1146: 1130: 1035: 923: 887: 864: 848: 836: 764: 725: 709:

lies south-southeast of Lastarria. Farther south lie volcanoes such as

702: 539: 523: 376: 2914: 1375:

lava flow has generated several subsidiary sulfur flows that resemble

5134: 5074: 4941: 4876: 4846: 4806: 4786: 4751: 4723: 3918: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2203: 2201: 1448: 1428: 1368: 1169: 1150: 1142: 1126: 935: 927: 919: 907: 899: 895: 883: 868: 852: 808: 800: 780: 527: 522:

The avalanche deposit consists mostly of loose material such as ash,

412: 312: 300: 55: 3790: 3277: 3265: 3253: 4561: 3142:

Seismicity of the Lazufre Volcanic System, Northern Chile/Argentina

2906: 542:

deposits. It is comparable to the volume of the landslide that the

4801: 4688: 3190: 3127: 2346: 2241:

Risacher, François; Alonso, Hugo; Salazar, Carlos (January 1999).

1465: 1420: 1396: 1219: 1134: 1076: 955: 915: 756: 512: 499: 328: 269: 253: 177: 135: 3409: 2304: 3451: 3436: 2466: 2464: 2384: 2382: 2380: 1045:

were separated by intervals of about 2,390 - 1,660 years. Three

551: 367: 4565: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 3350:

Guijón, R.; Naranjo, J.A.; Henríquez, F.; Andrade, B. (2009).

2769: 2757: 2032: 752: 23:

This article is about the volcano. For the town in Chile, see

2872: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1877:"Active Andean volcanism: its geologic and tectonic setting" 1513:

published a volcano alert rating for Lastarria. A permanent

1447:. The sulfur flows on Lastarria may be threatened by future 882:. They broadly consist of several components, mainly native 5229:

Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south

3000: 2985: 2961: 2644: 1180:. Individual gas fluxes in tons per day are registered as: 621:; the Austral Volcanic Zone involves the subduction of the 2608: 2596: 2584: 2572: 609:. All but the last are geographically associated with the 438:

fall. Some parts of the Southern Spur display evidence of

3424: 3397: 3385: 2828: 2826: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1772: 1755: 1632: 366:, which extends over 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) from 3241: 3226: 3214: 3178: 3166: 3154: 2944: 2668: 2632: 2620: 2138: 1738: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 3202: 2927: 2538:. Resources and Risks in the Earth System. p. 326. 1023:. There was then a lull in volcanic activity until the 18:

Stratovolcano on the border between Chile and Argentina

3301: 3024: 3012: 2857: 2113: 1932: 1784: 573:

of the volcano and an associated fluid-filled system.

482:

owing to tectonics related to recent volcanism in the

3555:

Francis, P. W.; Hawkesworth, C. J. (1 October 1994).

3463: 3064:

Garcia, Sebastian; Badi, Gabriela (1 November 2021).

2685: 2207: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1687:

BOUYSSE-CASSAGNE, Thérèse; BOUYSSE, Philippe (1984).

963:

pyroclastics. The Negriales rocks are the richest in

717:, the last of which shows evidence of recent unrest. 2332:

Stoertz, George E.; Ericksen, George Edward (1974).

859:. Dacites have similar composition but also contain 644:

The earliest volcanic activity on the west coast of

465:

northwest and the 5,214-metre (17,106 ft) high

5183: 5005: 4732: 4599: 1803:

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union

323:Lastarria is situated in the Central Andes, in the 311:fumarolic vent deposits as well as flows of molten 233: 221: 209: 188: 183: 169: 150: 103: 64: 54: 49: 32: 3337: 3313: 2709: 2399: 2397: 1857: 1845: 1367:on Lastarria have created widespread deposits of 3771:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2243:"VOLUMEN III ESTUDIO DE CUENCAS DE LA II REGION" 3359:. XII Congreso Geologico Chileno (in Spanish). 4385:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 4126:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3722:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2518: 2506: 2470: 2455: 2443: 2388: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 1653: 1384:flow and another. Liquid sulfur has different 511:before coming to rest. The slide, bordered by 4577: 1504: 1498: 1492: 747:at Lastarria. Other volcanic centres such as 472: 466: 460: 446: 416: 393: 8: 1870: 1868: 1866: 799:Lastarria is composed of rocks ranging from 672:million years ago, and the rocks are mostly 585:Off the western coast of South America, the 3477:"Red de vigilancia volcánica | Sernageomin" 4584: 4570: 4562: 2697: 2656: 2531:Ruch, J.; Walter, T.; Manconi, A. (2008). 2150: 2011: 1182: 29: 4506: 4463: 4453: 4315: 4277: 4190: 4094: 4047: 4012: 3705: 3081: 2407:EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts 2345: 1954: 1892: 1822: 5303:International mountains of South America 4347:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 660:, a volcanic chain was formed on top of 248:is a 5,697 metres (18,691 ft) high 3325: 3289: 3112: 2973: 2832: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2192: 2053: 1990: 1693:Journal de la Société des américanistes 1674: 1610: 2552: 2541: 1057:No historical eruptions are known but 633:plate and its sediments and of mantle 44:Lastarria seen from Mina La Casualidad 2334:"Geology of salars in Northern Chile" 1875:Stern, Charles R. (1 December 2004). 7: 3934:Naranjo, José A. (1 November 1992). 3302:Guijón, Henríquez & Naranjo 2011 2858:Guijón, Henríquez & Naranjo 2011 2114:Guijón, Henríquez & Naranjo 2011 1785:Guijón, Henríquez & Naranjo 2011 1407:. On Earth, they have been found at 1160:Of five volcanoes analyzed in 2012 ( 831:in andesite with smaller amounts of 4258:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 3607:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 3041:(Report). p. 6. Archived from 3037:Trujillo-Ramírez, Patricio (1974). 264:, one of the four segments of the 14: 3561:Journal of the Geological Society 1399:; they may be more common on the 1008:activity at Lastarria was highly 732:age and are in turn underlaid by 688:form a group of volcanoes on the 656:started to open. During the late 641:of ascending magma in the crust. 122: 4405:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.03.013 4146:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106990 3742:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106803 3338:Kargel, Delmelle & Nash 1999 3314:Kargel, Delmelle & Nash 1999 1797:Moyano, Ricardo (January 2011). 1569: 1555: 1541: 1527: 1141:especially in hotter fumaroles, 1034:Most of the volcano formed post- 987:region of the Altiplano and the 362:Lastarria is part of the Andean 331:, and straddles the border with 252:that lies on the border between 121: 114: 38: 5313:Mountains of Antofagasta Region 5253:Volcanoes of Catamarca Province 5248:Volcanoes of Antofagasta Region 1894:10.4067/S0716-02082004000200001 2710:Francis & Hawkesworth 1994 1858:Francis & Hawkesworth 1994 1846:Francis & Hawkesworth 1994 1600:List of volcanoes in Argentina 1395:Such sulfur flows are rare on 867:is found in the andesites and 815:-rich suite characteristic of 1: 1176:), Lastarria had the highest 1000:stages. Block-and-ash flows, 60:5,706 m (18,720 ft) 4367:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102905 4296:Geophysical Research Letters 4171:Geophysical Research Letters 4087:10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105615 2250:MINISTERIO DE OBRAS PUBLICAS 1125:. Additional components are 1085:Lastarria displays vigorous 5318:Mountains of Salta Province 5278:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes 5258:Volcanoes of Salta Province 4246:10.1016/j.tecto.2010.06.003 3363:. p. 2. Archived from 779:started to form during the 306:Lastarria produced a large 5334: 4552:Photo of Lastarria volcano 4508:10.3389/feart.2023.1197363 4487:Frontiers in Earth Science 4455:10.3389/feart.2023.1114001 4434:Frontiers in Earth Science 4279:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.03.042 3627:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.12.012 2519:Naranjo & Francis 1987 2507:Naranjo & Francis 1987 2471:Naranjo & Francis 1987 2456:Naranjo & Francis 1987 2444:Naranjo & Francis 1987 2389:Naranjo & Francis 1987 2280:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 1881:Revista Geológica de Chile 1654:Naranjo & Francis 1987 1595:List of volcanoes in Chile 1458: 1117:, and variable amounts of 720:Lastarria is located on a 639:fractional crystallization 22: 5226: 3960:10.1017/S0016756800008451 3657:10.1007/s12371-011-0045-x 3532:10.1007/s00445-011-0489-5 1824:10.1017/S1743921311012518 811:, and the rocks define a 417: 108: 37: 5283:Holocene stratovolcanoes 5263:Stratovolcanoes of Chile 4535:Global Volcanism Program 3581:10.1144/gsjgs.151.5.0845 419:Salar de Aguas Calientes 4540:Smithsonian Institution 4270:2015E&PSL.421...27S 3854:Bulletin of Volcanology 3619:2007E&PSL.255..148F 3512:Bulletin of Volcanology 3083:10.30909/vol.04.S1.2148 1956:10.5027/andgeoV43n2-a02 1451:efforts in the region. 448:Negriales del Lastarria 440:hydrothermal alteration 319:Geography and structure 201:(900,000 to 2400 years 5298:Argentina–Chile border 5288:Mountains of Argentina 5006:Southern Volcanic Zone 4792:Andagua volcanic field 4600:Northern Volcanic Zone 3836:10.1006/icar.1999.6183 3481:www.sernageomin.gov.cl 3412:, pp. 10911–1092. 3191:Tamburello et al. 2014 3128:Tamburello et al. 2014 2698:Ruch & Walter 2010 2657:Ruch & Walter 2010 2151:Ruch & Walter 2010 2085:. 2014. Archived from 2012:Ruch & Walter 2010 1505: 1499: 1493: 1082: 1016:Potassium–argon dating 975:Climate and vegetation 603:Southern Volcanic Zone 595:Northern Volcanic Zone 473: 467: 461: 447: 394: 375:volcanoes and about 6 5273:Polygenetic volcanoes 5184:Austral Volcanic Zone 5110:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle 4782:Huambo volcanic field 4733:Central Volcanic Zone 3452:Henderson et al. 2017 3437:Henderson et al. 2017 3193:, pp. 4964–4965. 2770:Inostroza et al. 2020 2758:Inostroza et al. 2020 2495:Rodríguez et al. 2020 2483:Rodríguez et al. 2020 2432:Rodríguez et al. 2020 2372:Rodríguez et al. 2020 2229:Rodríguez et al. 2020 2168:Rodríguez et al. 2020 2033:Inostroza et al. 2020 1705:10.3406/jsa.1984.2238 1105:in variable amounts, 1080: 707:Los Colorados caldera 607:Austral Volcanic Zone 599:Central Volcanic Zone 589:subducts beneath the 474:Laguna de la Azufrera 364:Central Volcanic Zone 262:Central Volcanic Zone 239:2460 ± 50/60 years BP 228:Central Volcanic Zone 5268:Subduction volcanoes 4719:Licto volcanic field 4317:10.1002/2014GL060653 4302:(14): 2014GL060653. 4201:10.1029/2009GL041276 3242:Aguilera et al. 2011 3227:Aguilera et al. 2011 3215:Aguilera et al. 2011 3179:Aguilera et al. 2011 3167:Aguilera et al. 2011 3155:Aguilera et al. 2011 3001:Robidoux et al. 2020 2986:Robidoux et al. 2020 2962:Robidoux et al. 2020 2945:Aguilera et al. 2011 2645:Robidoux et al. 2020 2307:, p. 1083,1087. 2139:Aguilera et al. 2011 1739:Aguilera et al. 2011 1506:Campamento Pajonales 1417:Mount Iō (Shiretoko) 619:South American Plate 282:South American Plate 4499:2023FrEaS..1197363I 4446:2023FrEaS..1114001L 4397:2017JVGR..346..134Z 4359:2021JSAES.10502905T 4308:2014GeoRL..41.4961T 4238:2010Tectp.492..133R 4183:2009GeoRL..3622303R 4138:2020JVGR..40206990R 4079:2020Litho.37005615R 4073:. 370–371: 105615. 4040:2016Geosp..12.1078P 4005:2019Geosp..15...47N 3952:1992GeoM..129..723N 3940:Geological Magazine 3911:1985Natur.313..778N 3866:1987BVol...49..509N 3828:1999Icar..142..249K 3783:2013GSLSP.380..161J 3734:2020JVGR..39306803I 3698:2017Geosp..13.1489H 3649:2011Geohe...3..299G 3573:1994JGSoc.151..845F 3524:2012BVol...74..119A 3487:on 15 December 2017 3410:Perkins et al. 2016 2899:1955GeoRv..45..151R 2887:Geographical Review 2784:, pp. 733–734. 2736:, pp. 724–725. 2724:, pp. 728–729. 2700:, pp. 133–134. 2669:Naranjo et al. 2019 2633:Naranjo et al. 2019 2621:Naranjo et al. 2019 2446:, pp. 510–511. 2419:2010EGUGA..1213954R 2305:Perkins et al. 2016 2292:2015AGUFMGP13A1284D 1815:2011IAUS..278...93M 1478:hydrothermal system 1043:explosive eruptions 791:million years ago. 711:Wheelwright Caldera 591:South America Plate 84: / 5293:Mountains of Chile 5105:Carrán-Los Venados 5050:Nevados de Chillán 5035:Descabezado Grande 4049:10.1130/GES01278.1 4014:10.1130/GES01352.1 3874:10.1007/BF01245476 3707:10.1130/GES01441.1 3425:Froger et al. 2007 3398:Froger et al. 2007 3386:Froger et al. 2007 3203:Zimmer et al. 2017 2928:Zimmer et al. 2017 2873:Guijón et al. 2009 2338:Professional Paper 2076:"Volcán Lastarria" 1773:Froger et al. 2007 1756:Froger et al. 2007 1633:Froger et al. 2007 1083: 1073:Fumarolic activity 1021:argon–argon dating 922:and less commonly 857:accessory minerals 558:Internal structure 530:, with only a few 353:archeological site 325:Antofagasta Region 161:Antofagasta Region 50:Highest point 5235: 5234: 5045:Nevado de Longaví 4987:Cueros de Purulla 4967:Cordón del Azufre 4629:Nevado del Tolima 3905:(6005): 778–780. 3370:on 4 August 2021. 3278:Tapia et al. 2020 3266:Tapia et al. 2020 3254:Tapia et al. 2020 2609:Spica et al. 2015 2599:, pp. 32–33. 2597:Spica et al. 2015 2585:Spica et al. 2015 2573:Spica et al. 2015 1470:Cordón del Azufre 1445:Galapagos Islands 1337: 1336: 1205:Hydrogen fluoride 1200:Hydrogen chloride 1111:hydrogen fluoride 1107:hydrogen chloride 686:Cordón del Azufre 648:goes back to the 544:Ancash earthquake 426:Five overlapping 409:pyroclastic flows 243: 242: 88:25.167°S 68.517°W 5325: 5230: 5100:Mocho-Choshuenco 4634:Nevado del Huila 4593:Andean volcanoes 4586: 4579: 4572: 4563: 4543: 4520: 4510: 4477: 4467: 4457: 4416: 4378: 4337: 4319: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4249: 4232:(1–4): 133–140. 4220: 4194: 4165: 4116: 4098: 4061: 4051: 4034:(4): 1078–1096. 4018: 4016: 3983: 3930: 3919:10.1038/313778a0 3893: 3848: 3839: 3810: 3761: 3711: 3709: 3692:(5): 1489–1505. 3676: 3630: 3613:(1–2): 148–163. 3600: 3551: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3483:. Archived from 3473: 3467: 3464:Ruch et al. 2009 3461: 3455: 3449: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3358: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3085: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3045:on 4 August 2021 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2948: 2942: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2861: 2855: 2836: 2830: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2686:Ruch et al. 2009 2683: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2561: 2560: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2539: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2401: 2392: 2386: 2375: 2369: 2360: 2359: 2349: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2259:on 27 March 2019 2258: 2247: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2211: 2208:Ruch et al. 2009 2205: 2196: 2190: 2171: 2165: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2117: 2111: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2092:on 12 March 2018 2091: 2080: 2072: 2057: 2051: 2036: 2030: 2015: 2009: 1994: 1988: 1969: 1968: 1958: 1934: 1907: 1906: 1896: 1872: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1826: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1759: 1753: 1742: 1736: 1725: 1724: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1657: 1651: 1636: 1630: 1579: 1574: 1573: 1565: 1563:Volcanoes portal 1560: 1559: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1535:Argentina portal 1532: 1531: 1530: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1210:Hydrogen sulfide 1195:Hydrogen bromide 1183: 1115:hydrogen sulfide 1092: 1067:geothermal power 995:Eruptive history 979:Lastarria has a 871:in the dacites. 790: 786: 671: 536:Mount St. Helens 476: 470: 464: 450: 422: 421: 397: 173: 125: 124: 118: 99: 98: 96: 95: 94: 93:-25.167; -68.517 89: 85: 82: 81: 80: 77: 42: 30: 25:Lastarria, Chile 5333: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5308:Puna de Atacama 5238: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5228: 5222: 5185: 5179: 5007: 5001: 4997:Ojos del Salado 4927:Aguas Calientes 4734: 4728: 4624:Nevado del Ruiz 4601: 4595: 4590: 4528: 4480: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4381: 4340: 4291: 4286: 4251: 4223: 4192:10.1.1.660.4054 4168: 4119: 4064: 4021: 3986: 3933: 3896: 3851: 3842: 3813: 3791:10.1144/SP380.1 3764: 3714: 3679: 3633: 3603: 3554: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3454:, p. 1503. 3450: 3443: 3439:, p. 1489. 3435: 3431: 3423: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3375: 3367: 3356: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3130:, p. 4963. 3126: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3025:Jay et al. 2013 3023: 3019: 3013:Jay et al. 2013 3011: 3007: 2999: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2964:, pp. 3–4. 2960: 2951: 2943: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2839: 2831: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2564: 2550: 2544:cite conference 2540: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2387: 2378: 2370: 2363: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2214: 2206: 2199: 2191: 2174: 2166: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2120: 2112: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2060: 2052: 2039: 2031: 2018: 2010: 1997: 1989: 1972: 1936: 1935: 1910: 1874: 1873: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1762: 1754: 1745: 1737: 1728: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1660: 1652: 1639: 1631: 1612: 1608: 1590:Corrida de Cori 1575: 1568: 1561: 1554: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1500:Mina El Guanaco 1489: 1463: 1457: 1361: 1355:Volcanic Zone. 1139:carbon monoxide 1090: 1075: 997: 981:montane climate 977: 965:silicon dioxide 797: 788: 784: 773: 771:Geologic record 682: 669: 627:partial melting 623:Antarctic Plate 583: 575:Magnetotelluric 560: 496:sector collapse 492: 484:Corrida de Cori 389: 346:railway station 321: 171: 146: 145: 144: 143: 142: 133: 132: 131: 130: 126: 92: 90: 86: 83: 78: 75: 73: 71: 70: 45: 28: 19: 12: 11: 5: 5331: 5329: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5240: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5189: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4917:Purico complex 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4738: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4605: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4526: 4521: 4478: 4423: 4422:External links 4420: 4418: 4417: 4379: 4338: 4284: 4226:Tectonophysics 4221: 4177:(22): L22303. 4166: 4117: 4062: 4019: 3984: 3946:(6): 723–740. 3931: 3894: 3860:(2): 509–514. 3849: 3840: 3822:(1): 249–280. 3811: 3777:(1): 161–185. 3762: 3712: 3677: 3643:(4): 299–315. 3631: 3601: 3567:(5): 845–854. 3552: 3518:(1): 119–134. 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3468: 3456: 3441: 3429: 3427:, p. 160. 3414: 3402: 3400:, p. 158. 3390: 3388:, p. 153. 3373: 3342: 3340:, p. 253. 3330: 3328:, p. 779. 3318: 3316:, p. 258. 3306: 3304:, p. 299. 3294: 3292:, p. 780. 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3244:, p. 131. 3231: 3229:, p. 130. 3219: 3217:, p. 129. 3207: 3205:, p. 137. 3195: 3183: 3181:, p. 127. 3171: 3169:, p. 126. 3159: 3157:, p. 125. 3147: 3132: 3117: 3105: 3056: 3029: 3027:, p. 176. 3017: 3015:, p. 169. 3005: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2949: 2947:, p. 121. 2932: 2930:, p. 135. 2920: 2907:10.2307/212227 2893:(2): 151–171. 2877: 2862: 2860:, p. 303. 2837: 2835:, p. 739. 2822: 2820:, p. 732. 2810: 2808:, p. 726. 2798: 2796:, p. 738. 2786: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2748:, p. 728. 2738: 2726: 2714: 2712:, p. 845. 2702: 2690: 2673: 2661: 2659:, p. 139. 2649: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2562: 2523: 2521:, p. 513. 2511: 2509:, p. 511. 2499: 2487: 2475: 2473:, p. 514. 2460: 2458:, p. 512. 2448: 2436: 2424: 2393: 2391:, p. 510. 2376: 2361: 2324: 2309: 2297: 2286:: GP13A–1284. 2270: 2233: 2212: 2197: 2195:, p. 778. 2172: 2155: 2153:, p. 137. 2143: 2141:, p. 120. 2118: 2116:, p. 302. 2103: 2081:(in Spanish). 2058: 2056:, p. 725. 2037: 2016: 2014:, p. 134. 1995: 1993:, p. 724. 1970: 1949:(2): 166–196. 1943:Andean Geology 1908: 1887:(2): 161–206. 1862: 1860:, p. 847. 1850: 1848:, p. 846. 1838: 1789: 1787:, p. 304. 1777: 1775:, p. 161. 1760: 1758:, p. 149. 1743: 1741:, p. 119. 1726: 1679: 1677:, p. 723. 1658: 1656:, p. 509. 1637: 1635:, p. 150. 1609: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1585:Cerro Escorial 1581: 1580: 1566: 1552: 1538: 1522: 1519: 1509:. The Chilean 1494:Mina Vaquillas 1488: 1485: 1459:Main article: 1456: 1453: 1360: 1357: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1215:Sulfur dioxide 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1190:Carbon dioxide 1187: 1155:oxygen isotope 1123:sulfur dioxide 1099:Carbon dioxide 1074: 1071: 1002:hot avalanches 996: 993: 989:Atacama Desert 976: 973: 796: 793: 772: 769: 684:Lastarria and 681: 678: 654:South Atlantic 582: 579: 559: 556: 491: 490:Landslide scar 488: 468:Cerro Piramide 388: 387:Edifice proper 385: 339:. The city of 337:Salta Province 320: 317: 241: 240: 237: 231: 230: 225: 219: 218: 213: 207: 206: 192: 186: 185: 181: 180: 175: 167: 166: 164:Salta Province 158: 148: 147: 134: 128: 127: 120: 119: 113: 112: 111: 110: 109: 106: 105: 101: 100: 68: 62: 61: 58: 52: 51: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5330: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5140:Michinmahuida 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4982:San Francisco 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4892:Aucanquilcha‎ 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4772:Hualca Hualca 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602:(6° N – 3° S) 4598: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3354: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3283: 3280:, p. 11. 3279: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3057: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2772:, p. 12. 2771: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2671:, p. 47. 2670: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2650: 2647:, p. 15. 2646: 2641: 2638: 2635:, p. 50. 2634: 2629: 2626: 2623:, p. 49. 2622: 2617: 2614: 2611:, p. 36. 2610: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2587:, p. 32. 2586: 2581: 2578: 2575:, p. 28. 2574: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2545: 2537: 2536: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2485:, p. 12. 2484: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2347:10.3133/pp811 2343: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2271: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1539: 1536: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1501: 1495: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1455:Ground uplift 1454: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1341: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1164:, Lastarria, 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1088: 1079: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 994: 992: 990: 986: 982: 974: 972: 970: 969:trace element 966: 961: 957: 953: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 845:orthopyroxene 842: 841:clinopyroxene 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 817:calc-alkaline 814: 810: 806: 802: 794: 792: 782: 778: 770: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 737:metamorphized 735: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 699: 695: 691: 687: 679: 677: 675: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 646:South America 642: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 580: 578: 576: 572: 571:magma chamber 568: 565: 557: 555: 553: 549: 546:triggered on 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 520: 518: 514: 510: 504: 501: 497: 489: 487: 485: 480: 475: 469: 463: 457: 454: 449: 443: 441: 437: 432: 429: 424: 420: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 396: 386: 384: 382: 378: 374: 369: 365: 360: 358: 354: 351: 347: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 318: 316: 314: 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 250:stratovolcano 247: 238: 236: 235:Last eruption 232: 229: 226: 224: 223:Volcanic belt 220: 217: 216:Stratovolcano 214: 212: 211:Mountain type 208: 204: 200: 196: 193: 191: 187: 182: 179: 178:Central Andes 176: 174: 168: 165: 162: 159: 157: 153: 149: 141: 137: 117: 107: 102: 97: 69: 67: 63: 59: 57: 53: 48: 41: 36: 31: 26: 21: 16: 5090:Quetrupillán 4956: 4952:Llullaillaco 4817:Huaynaputina 4533: 4490: 4486: 4465:2158/1331301 4437: 4433: 4388: 4384: 4350: 4346: 4299: 4295: 4261: 4257: 4229: 4225: 4174: 4170: 4129: 4125: 4096:10281/428359 4070: 4031: 4027: 3999:(1): 47–59. 3996: 3992: 3980:ResearchGate 3978:– via 3943: 3939: 3902: 3898: 3857: 3853: 3845:ResearchGate 3819: 3815: 3774: 3770: 3725: 3721: 3689: 3685: 3640: 3636: 3610: 3606: 3564: 3560: 3515: 3511: 3503:Bibliography 3489:. Retrieved 3485:the original 3480: 3471: 3466:, p. 5. 3459: 3432: 3405: 3393: 3365:the original 3352: 3345: 3333: 3326:Naranjo 1985 3321: 3309: 3297: 3290:Naranjo 1985 3285: 3273: 3268:, p. 9. 3261: 3256:, p. 1. 3249: 3222: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3135: 3115:, p. 6. 3113:Naranjo 1988 3108: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3047:. Retrieved 3043:the original 3032: 3020: 3008: 3003:, p. 3. 2988:, p. 1. 2981: 2976:, p. 4. 2974:Naranjo 1988 2969: 2923: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2875:, p. 1. 2833:Naranjo 1992 2818:Naranjo 1992 2813: 2806:Naranjo 1992 2801: 2794:Naranjo 1992 2789: 2782:Naranjo 1992 2777: 2765: 2760:, p. 5. 2753: 2746:Naranjo 1992 2741: 2734:Naranjo 1992 2729: 2722:Naranjo 1992 2717: 2705: 2693: 2688:, p. 1. 2664: 2652: 2640: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2534: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2497:, p. 8. 2490: 2478: 2451: 2439: 2434:, p. 6. 2427: 2410: 2406: 2374:, p. 5. 2337: 2327: 2319:ResearchGate 2312: 2300: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2261:. 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