Lap steel guitar - Knowledge

318: 1008: 772: 298:, each providing a separate set of differently-tuned strings on a single instrument. The performer's hands could move to a different neck at will. Although in the early 1940s, elite players recorded and performed with these multi-neck guitars, most musicians could not afford them. The problem was addressed in 1940 by adding pedals to the lap steel to change the pitch of certain strings easily, making more complex chords available on the same neck. By 1952, this invention revolutionized how the instrument was played, in many ways making it virtually a new instrument, known as a " 40: 1317:

career. Speaking about the pedal steel in a 1972 interview, Jerry Byrd said: "Mechanically, there were a lot of bugs, you couldn't keep them in tune, and that drove me crazy" ... So I decided to stay with what I had and keep my identity and ride it out... I never made the change-over." Joaquin Murphey stayed with the non-pedal lap steel long after his contemporaries had switched over, and with his C tuning. He felt that the Nashville-standard E was, in his words, a "gimmick". He stated in a 1995 interview, "I can't do all that fancy Nashville stuff and I hate it anyhow".

735:, Ohio, in 1920. As a youth, he attended a traveling tent show that came to town; it was a troupe of Hawaiians playing Hawaiian music and featured a polished National steel guitar. Byrd was smitten by the sound as well as the physical appearance of the instrument and said, "That was the day that changed my life". In a musical career divided between Hawaiian music and country music, Byrd helped lay the foundation for the Nashville steel guitar sound. He is credited with developing the C tuning that became the standard of C pedal steels. With 1302:

rushed to get pedals on their steel guitars to imitate the unique bending notes they heard in Isaacs' play. In the months and years after this recording, instrument makers and musicians worked to duplicate the innovations of Bigsby and Isaacs. Even though the instrument had been available for over a decade before this recording, the pedal steel guitar emerged as a crucial element in country music after the success of this song. The pedals allowed playing more complex and versatile music than it was possible on lap steel.

1179:. Born in Rochester, New York, Campbell was a master at mimicking the human singing voice with his guitar. He said, "My method is to always think of my guitar as a voice". Campbell played many music festivals, but his renown in rock and jazz circles was not well received by church leaders. The Campbell Brothers parted ways acrimoniously with the Nashville-based House of God Church, Keith Dominion, because the Pentecostal church wanted to keep the band's music within the church walls. Campbell recorded with The 1113: 902: 807: 690: 591: 425:, that increases volume output. Wood-body resonator guitars are called "Dobros" and steel bodied ones are called "Nationals". The types do not sound the same — the Nationals are brassier and are usually preferred by blues players. Either type offers round necks (Spanish) or square necks (Hawaiian). Square necks are sometimes necessitated both by the use of thicker strings and by the increased force the instrument is subject to as a consequence of its raised strings. 3981: 379:. Electrification not only allowed the lap steel guitar to be heard better, but it also meant that their resonance chambers were no longer essential, or even required. The result was that steel guitars could be manufactured in any shape – even in the form of a rectangular block bearing little or no resemblance to the traditional guitar shape. This led to table-like instruments in a metal frame on legs called " 643:(pronounced Ho-OH-pee-EE) was perhaps the most famous Hawaiian musician whose work spread the sound of instrumental lap steel play worldwide. He was the first steel guitarist to combine Hawaiian music with American jazz. Born in Honolulu in 1902, Hoopii was a gifted talent on lap steel from an early age. When he was a teenager, he stowed away on a 1224:", a hybrid between steel guitar and conventional guitar. It is played with a conventional guitar held flat against the body, fretting the bass strings in the usual way (for rhythm accompaniment), while using a tubular slide (or the neck of a bottle) placed on a finger of the same hand to slide against the treble strings. In 1923, 671:, Oklahoma, he quit school in the eighth grade to join traveling musical troupes. Considered a musical revolutionary, according to music writer Michael Ross, Bob Dunn played the first electrified instrument of any type on a commercial recording. It was a Western swing tune released in 1935, performed by Dunn in collaboration with " 862:

with different tunings on the same instrument. Lap steels were the first multi-neck electric instruments. The added size and weight meant that the instrument could no longer be reasonably supported on the player's lap and required placement in a frame with legs known as a "console" steel guitar, that

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for the lap steel was a milestone in its evolution. It meant that the instrument could be heard equally with other instruments, that it no longer needed a resonance chamber to produce its sound, and that electrified lap steels could be manufactured in any shape (even a rectangular block), with little

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available in any given tuning. To address the meager array available to them, some early players would simply have a second lap steel at hand, with a different tuning, ready when needed. Another strategy was to increase the number of strings on the instrument (the more strings available, the smaller

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The tuning chosen for these instruments is a crucial foundation on which steel guitar style is built. The tuning used determines the notes that the player has available in a chord, and affects how notes can be played in sequence. Experimenting with different tunings was a widespread practice of the

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developed and popularized playing an open tuning while seated with the guitar across his knees while pressing a steel bar against the strings. Following Kekuku's lead, other Hawaiians began playing in this new manner, with the guitar laid across the lap, instead of in the traditional way of holding

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country charts for seventeen weeks. Isaacs' guitar became the first pedal steel guitar on a hit record. More importantly, the sound was immediately recognized by lap steel (non-pedal) guitarists as something both unique and impossible to produce on a non-pedal lap steel. Dozens of instrumentalists

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on its journey from Hawaii to San Francisco. After his arrival in California, he formed a trio and became well known in clubs, theaters, movie appearances and recordings from 1925 to 1950. He combined Hawaiian music with the jazz he heard from clarinet and horn players. He was a trendsetter in his

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of ascending fourths (and one major third) consisting of E–A–D–G–B–E; however, no such standard existed for the Hawaiian "open tunings" (guitar tuned in a chord). The Hawaiians simply tuned to a chord that suited the singer's voice. Beginning in the days of slack-key guitar in the 1850s, Hawaiian

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was an example of an established lap player who was able to make a successful switch to pedals in mid-career. Other prominent lap steel players—including Noel Boggs, Jerry Byrd and Joaquin Murphey—refused to switch. According to music historian Rich Kienzle, this decision hindered Boggs' later

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in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century. In 1916, recordings of indigenous Hawaiian music outsold all other U.S. musical genres. This popularity initiated the manufacture of guitars designed specifically to be played horizontally. The archetypal lap steel guitar is the

205:. Americans were curious about the lap steel instrument featured in its performance, and came to refer to it as a "Hawaiian guitar", and the horizontal playing position as "Hawaiian style". Hawaiian music began its assimilation into American popular music in the 1910s, but with English 435:

so that they do not require any resonance chamber. Guitars in this category may differ markedly from one another in external appearance, and include instruments made from rectangular solid blocks of wood. Some may be small enough to be played on the lap; others may have more than one

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The pedal steel design was adopted by an overwhelming majority of lap steel players in the early 1950s. The resulting new and distinctive style of playing became a defining characteristic of the country music coming out of Nashville for decades thereafter. In accordance, the

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popularized electric slide guitar this way, using a traditional guitar in standard tuning. The term "bottleneck" was historically used to describe this type of playing. Early blues players used open tunings, but most modern slide players use both standard and open.

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against plucked strings (from which the name "steel guitar" derives). Though the instrument does not have frets, it displays markers that resemble them. Lap steels may differ markedly from one another in external appearance, depending on whether they are

1063:, wearing a wide-brim slouch hat and overalls. His dobro attracted interest and fascination; he said, "People couldn't understand how I played it and what it was, and they'd always want to come around and look at it." He stayed with Acuff for 53 years. 1245:

The expense of building multiple necks on each guitar made lap steels unaffordable for most players and a more sophisticated solution was needed. Many inventors sought a mechanical linkage to change the pitch of strings on the steel guitar.

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helped define country music in its formative years. Kirby introduced the instrument to a nationwide radio audience. He played a Dobro Model 27, and sometimes a steel-bodied National guitar. He was known to perform a comedy act dressed as a

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available, the design of the lap steel and the way it was played underwent continual change as the style evolved. McAuliffe had two Rickenbackers, each tuned differently. The instrument's constraints caused leading steel guitarists to add

1274:. This practice had been strictly avoided by other players of the era, because it was considered poor technique and "un-Hawaiian". Isaacs' intent was to use the pedal mechanism itself as a feature of the music. The technique created a 1078:" in 1955. Graves played a role in establishing dobro as a common fixture in a bluegrass band. He honed a style that elevated his dobro skills to rival the prowess of his bandmates. To do so, he abandoned Hawaiian stylings and adopted 371:

acoustic Hawaiian guitar. Despite incorporating a resonant chamber in their body, these early acoustic versions of the instrument were not loud enough relative to other instruments. However, in the early 1930s a steel guitarist named

1094:. Dozens of other bluegrass groups added a dobro after hearing Graves' lightning-fast solos that fit into the bluegrass instrumental style. He took lap steel guitar to a new level, able to complement the banjo, fiddle, and mandolin. 787:

that combined elements of country music and Hawaiian music. Pioneers of the genre include bandleaders Milton Brown and Bob Wills. Wills in turn hired and nurtured innovative players, who subsequently influenced the genre, including

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music. Many amateur and professional musicians throughout America formed Hawaiian combos in the 1930s and 1940s. The introduction of electrified guitars in the 1930s had a profound effect, boosting commercial Hawaiian music.

302:". An overwhelming majority of lap steel players adopted the pedal design, and, as a result, the lap steel became largely obsolete by the late 1950s, with only pockets of devotees in country and Hawaiian music remaining. 2971: 1130: 333:

as early as the 1830s. The Hawaiians did not embrace the standard guitar tuning that had been in use for centuries. They re-tuned the guitars to make a chord when all the strings were sounded together, known as an

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the instrument against the body. Once the horizontal style became popular throughout the islands, the technique spread internationally, and was referred to (typically outside of Hawaii) as "Hawaiian style".

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modified to be played on the performer's lap. The modification is to raise the strings higher off the fingerboard than a traditional guitar, which can be done by inserting an adapter on the instrument's

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tunings came to be as closely guarded as any trade secret, handed down in families. Many players de-tuned their instruments when they were not playing them to keep others from discovering their tuning.

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music. Players of these genres typically use the term "slide" instead of "steel"; they sometimes play the style with a flat pick or with fingers instead of finger picks. Pioneers in lap slide include

963:". Helms' playing style helped move country music away from the hillbilly string-band sound popular in the 1930s and toward the more modern electric style that took over in the 1940s. His guitar 290:

Conceptually, a lap steel guitar may be likened to playing a guitar with one finger (the bar). This abstraction illustrates one of the instrument's major limitations: its constraint to a single

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in 1927, but the name "Dobro", a portmanteau of DOpyera and BROthers, became a generic term for this type of guitar. The dobro never became popular with blues players, who generally prefer the

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counterpoint from below, to harmonize with a third note on top that remains unchanged. The pedal facilitated the move in perfect synchronization and pitch, which was consistent and reliable.

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Hawaiian music of the 1930s and provided templates that became a foundation for the playing style of later musicians. Scores of tunings are available for lap steel players. The addition of a

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is placed straight across the strings). A third strategy was to add additional necks to the same instrument, thus providing separate sets of strings that could each be tuned differently.

699: 549:. Ferera was the most-recorded of any lap-style guitarists in that time period. Hawaiian music began to meld into American popular music in the 1910s – a combination Hawaiians called 956: 478:

was a common tuning for six string lap steels in the 1920s and 1930s. Tunings with a sixth interval are popular in Western swing and jazz, while tunings containing flatted

608: 3353: 1936: 2517: 911: 708: 1122: 1645: 816: 1035:, the dobro probably would have disappeared from the musical scene had it not been for two influential players: Pete Kirby and Uncle Josh Graves (Buck Graves). 529:

The steel guitar was the first "foreign" musical instrument to gain a foothold in American pop music. Pioneer lap steel players between 1915 and 1930 included

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created a new design for the pedal action, greatly improving it. Bigsby, working alone in his shop, made guitars for leading players of the day, including

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Theoretically, it was "possible" on a lap steel, but not to play it rapidly and with perfect intonation; the pedal version was immediately recognizable.

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into a tuning had a dramatic effect on the steel guitar because it created numerous positions and playing pockets which were not accessible in a simple

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films perpetuated the musical image of an idealized island lifestyle. Hawaiian guitars and lessons for youth were widely available. For example, the

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that is not changeable during a performance without re-tuning the instrument. An early solution was to build lap steel guitars with two or more

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Dobro fell out of favor in mainstream country music until a bluegrass revival in the 1970s brought it back with younger virtuoso players like

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received one of Bigsby's two-pedal guitars in 1952. It was a wooden double–eight string model. Isaacs experimented with the new pedals in an

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lap steel using an E and a B tuning on recordings by all three of these artists, as well as on more than 100 Hank Williams songs, including "

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list of sound recordings that "are culturally, historically, or aesthetically important, and/or inform or reflect life in the United States."

1679: 771: 3761: 2330: 1270:, trying to imitate the sound of two fiddles playing in harmony. In doing so, he came upon something new – he innovated pushing the pedal 863:

is still ostensibly a lap steel. Prominent players of that era, including Herb Remington and Noel Boggs, accommodated by instrument maker

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phrasing of jazz players, and, according to historian Andy Volk, was of indelible influence on subsequent generations of steel players.

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In the development of lap steel guitar in the early twentieth century, many innovators contributed; among the most prominent were:

1131: 1152: 879:" style of country music, developed in Texas and Oklahoma bars and dance halls (called honky-tonks). The style features a simple 846: 555:(half-white) – which was essentially Hawaiian music, sung in English, intended for white audiences. As an example, Honolulu-born 232: 2201: 3922: 3151: 1175:

Stringmaster 8-string (Fender Deluxe-8). He regulated the volume up on top of the guitar with his hand as he played and used a

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by laying it across his lap and sliding a piece of metal against the strings to change the pitch. The instrument's distinctive

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The steel guitar was the first "foreign" musical instrument to gain a foothold in American pop music. It originated in the

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According to music historian Lorene Ruymar, Hawaiians do not use this terminology. To them, a "Hawaiian guitar" refers to

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Hawaiian music, with the sound of the steel guitar as a marked featured of it, became a popular musical preoccupation or

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In the early 1930s, the newly electrified lap steel guitar took a prominent position in a type of dance music known as "

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is a uniquely American lap steel guitar with a resonator cone designed to make a guitar louder. It was patented by the

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In the early twentieth century Hawaiian music and the steel guitar began to meld into other musical styles, including

526:-brand guitars and lessons to young people by door-to-door sales, canvassing nearly every city in the United States. 2023: 1201:

Lap slide guitar is not a specific instrument, but a style of playing lap steel that is typically heard in blues or

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A fundamental challenge of lap steel guitar design is the inherent constraint it places on the number of chords and

3961: 3000: 2429: 2362: 1517: 1206: 514:" was in full force, as evidenced by radio broadcasts, stage shows, and motion pictures featuring Hawaiian music. 3778: 3768: 3615: 2492: 1310:-pedal lap steel became largely obsolete, with only pockets of devotees remaining in country and Hawaiian music. 984: 976: 432: 376: 3400: 3320: 3605: 3128: 3096: 2717: 503: 1399: 2852: 2827: 2582: 1759: 1247: 1184: 948: 408: 350:

this way, creating melodies over the full resonant tones of the open strings, and the genre became known as

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without pedals that is typically played with the instrument in a horizontal position across the performer's

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and McAuliffe, performing with a Rickenbacker B–6 lap steel, recorded the remarkably well selling record, "

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guitars: These are typically acoustic steel guitars with a large aluminum cone under the bridge, called a

431:: Describes instruments that are specifically designed to be played horizontally and feature an electric 4020: 3505: 2306: 1294: 1164: 1160: 944: 748: 668: 284: 193:

sound, characterized by a smooth gliding between notes, became popular throughout the islands. American

3654: 3123: 2552: 887:. Honky-tonk singers who used a lap steel guitar in their musical arrangements included Hank Williams, 81: 3783: 3252: 3944: 3937: 3788: 3773: 3684: 2119: 1313: 1298: 975:

have been widely imitated for 50 years. Other classic country recordings featuring Helms' work were "

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with fretted notes rapidly; additionally, he adopted a three-finger picking style taught to him by

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guitar, which has a similar resonator design but uses a metal body. In the opinion of music writer

952: 676: 664: 616: 256: 3899: 3736: 3582: 3347: 2938: 1639: 1331: 519: 440:(making the instrument heavier), and may be built on a frame with legs, which is then known as a 347: 299: 167: 1873: 3487:– An organization which promotes the development of lap steel guitar with worldwide membership. 3374:"Wire and Hinges: How Pedal Steel Guitar Legend Bud Isaacs Changed the Course of Country Music" 3884: 3839: 3834: 3798: 3741: 3436: 3326: 3286: 3197: 3167: 3065: 2762: 2723: 2613: 2586: 2473: 2463: 2408: 2210: 2059: 1972: 1930: 1879: 1790: 1730: 1726: 1618: 1551: 1493: 859: 530: 486: 339: 70: 50: 2793: 2275: 2053: 1784: 4005: 3984: 3907: 3674: 3629: 3498: 2249: 1586: 1362: 1337: 1229: 1214: 1156: 1024: 1020: 960: 850: 454: 422: 372: 351: 330: 211: 174: 2819: 321:

Rickenbacker Electro Bakelite Hawaiian 7 string model lap steel c. 1938 – a type played by

3956: 3927: 3864: 3819: 3679: 3669: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3600: 3540: 2455: 1255: 1180: 1071: 854: 679:". Formerly a trombone player, Dunn's guitar playing introduced horn-like solos, with the 248: 216: 198: 194: 163: 159: 146: 3966: 3756: 3746: 3717: 3624: 3572: 3555: 3156: 2640: 1087: 1055: 1032: 888: 797: 789: 744: 675:

and his Musical Brownies". The guitar he played was a Rickenbacker A22, nicknamed the "

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introduced a pedal steel guitar as early as 1940, but it never caught on. About 1946,

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Dobro guitar – Dobro guitar played standing. Note the height of strings off fretboard.

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during the first half of the twentieth century – to the degree of becoming a musical

182: 112: 2120:"Across the South: The origins and development of the steel guitar in western swing" 1171:

churches to international fame. Campbell played a traditional Hawaiian lap steel: a

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denomination where the steel guitar emerged as an alternative to the church organ.

1091: 988: 972: 880: 672: 649: 644: 546: 437: 311: 295: 138: 2664: 991:). Many recordings of that era (1950s) were made using a steel guitar tuning in a 3191: 2756: 1720: 1129: 918: 823: 706: 607: 3854: 3824: 3793: 3712: 3550: 3545: 2972:"Darick Campbell, gospel musician who upheld sacred steel tradition, dies at 53" 1820: 1614:

Kīkā kila : how the Hawaiian steel guitar changed the sound of modern music

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was the first steel guitarist of renown playing Western swing. Born in 1908 in

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The story of Paul Bigsby : father of the modern electric solidbody guitar

2358:"Island Style: How Hawaiian Music Helped Make the Guitar America's Instrument" 1263: 1202: 1143: 932: 876: 864: 837: 793: 732: 728: 720: 640: 632: 551: 490:

the pitch intervals between them, and therefore more notes available when the

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and others. After his Nashville career, Byrd made Hawaii his permanent home.

3849: 3577: 3030:. Vol. 182, no. 257. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. p. 8–C 2301: 1279: 1267: 1210: 1176: 1079: 1047: 996: 940: 756: 491: 475: 264: 154: 2175: 1217:. Turner played a National Style 2 square neck Tricone guitar on his lap. 875:

By the late 1940s, the steel guitar featured prominently in the emerging "

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The Encyclopedia of Country Music : the ultimate guide to the music

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The Encyclopedia of Country Music : the ultimate guide to the music

3932: 534: 2881:"Dobro Model 27– Brother Oswald's Dobro – Country Music History Maker" 2691:"Two Necks Are Better Than One: A Brief History of Multi-Neck Guitars" 571:

obliged the demand for Hawaiian songs by publishing a large supply of

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was the first to record this style. In the 1940s, blues players like

1155:", began in the 1930s church services in the "House of God", a small 206: 3426:

Rumble, John; McCall, Michael; Kingsbury, Paul; Gill, Vince (2012).

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National Recording Preservation Board of the Library of Congress

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use of the metal-bodied National Tricone guitar and, later, the

359: 178: 153:, the pitch of a steel guitar is changed by pressing a polished 149:, in which the performer's fingertips press the strings against 3494: 2722:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 43. 1680:"Pedal to the Metal: A Short History of the Pedal Steel Guitar" 700:

Jerry Byrd—Solo on I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry by Hank Williams

3285:(1st ed.). Savannah, Georgia: FG Publishing. p. 22. 2761:(Fourth ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. p. 125. 511: 367: 202: 142: 3103:. Texas State Historical Association/Handbook of Texas Online 411:. This prevents the steel bar from hitting against the frets. 1111: 900: 805: 688: 589: 3001:"Darick Campbell of Rochester's The Campbell Brothers dies" 2462:(2nd ed.). Honolulu, HI, USA: Mutual Publishing, LLC. 2384:

Bradshaw, Tom. "Jeff Newman: Steel's Foremost Instructor".

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The Hawaiian Steel Guitar and its Great Hawaiian Musicians

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The Hawaiian Steel Guitar and Its Great Hawaiian Musicians

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Hawaiian guitar, lap steel, console steel, kīkākila, Dobro

3097:"Turner, Babe Kyro Lemon [Black Ace] (1905–1972)" 912:

Don Helms' solo on "Your Cheating Heart" by Hank Williams

1163:(1966–2020) was a lap steel player for the gospel band, 3319:

Miller, Tim Sterner; Stimeling, Travis D., Ed. (2017).

1101:, whose Dobro skills became widely known and emulated. 3484: 1752:"How the Hawaiian Steel Guitar Changed American Music" 2493:"Legendary Steel Guitarist Herb Remington Looks Back" 2004:

Sallis, James (May 1, 1980). "The Lap Steel Guitar".

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recorded Hawaiian songs sung by American pop crooner

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Over centuries in Western countries, the traditional

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For a more detailed history of the steel guitar, see

2331:"'Hawaii Calls' radio program broadcasts from Kauai" 2276:"The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii" 2274:

Shamel, Wynell; Shamel, Charles E. (November 1999).

3898: 3807: 3698: 3593: 3528: 3435:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 2641:"Kayton Roberts Interview – The Steel Guitar Forum" 2609:

Music around the world : a global encyclopedia

1406:. Hawaiian Steel Guitar Association. Archived from 1213:(who used a small medicine bottle as a slide), and 145:. Unlike the usual manner of playing a traditional 111: 103: 95: 80: 64: 56: 49: 3401:"LifeNotes: Pedal Steel Pioneer Bud Isaacs Passes" 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3155: 3049: 3047: 3045: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2302:"Bird of Paradise Brought Hawaiian Music Fad East" 1587:"Ray Kane, Master of Slack-Key Guitar, Dies at 82" 1492:. Anaheim, California: Centerstream Publications. 1393: 1391: 615:This 1938 song by Hoopii was added in 2011 to the 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2047: 2045: 2024:"Square Neck versus Round Neck Resonator Guitars" 1511: 1509: 1285:Isaacs tried it in a 1953 recording session on a 1070:"), born in 1927, played dobro in the pioneering 391:There are three categories of lap steel guitars: 3367: 3365: 3363: 2758:Popular music in America : the beat goes on 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 1911:"Sound Advice: Setting up your guitar for slide" 239:and, particularly, the country music sub-genres 3461: 3459: 3185: 3183: 3090: 3088: 2846: 2844: 2572: 2570: 1904: 1902: 1778: 1776: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 957:I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You) 853:". Due to the need to have different chords or 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2579:Milton Brown and the Founding of Western Swing 2545:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1968:Country music : a biographical dictionary 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1722:Gibson electric steel guitars : 1935–1967 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1220:Another blues guitar playing style is called " 999:, which is sometimes called a "Texas tuning". 3506: 3466:Bradshaw, Tom (March 1, 1972). "Jerry Byrd". 3276: 3274: 3124:"How to Play Slide Guitar: Bottleneck Basics" 2994: 2992: 2176:"Pedal Steel Guitar, Back and To the Future!" 2129:. Adelaide, Australia: University of Adelaide 1875:The Complete Acoustic Lap Steel Guitar Method 215:(half-white). In the 1930s, the invention of 8: 3352:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2787: 2785: 2658: 2656: 2654: 1935:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1815: 1813: 32: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2606:Martin, Andrew R; Mihalka, Matthew (2020). 1038:Beecher "Pete" Kirby (1911–1992), known as 482:are often chosen for blues and rock music. 220:or no resemblance to a traditional guitar. 3513: 3499: 3491: 2887:. Vintage Guitar Magazine. October 1, 2004 2875: 2873: 2310:. No. 4188. April 14, 1918. p. 1 1821:"The Earliest Days of the Electric Guitar" 1644:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1293:". The song became one of the most-played 506:in the early 20th century, after the 1898 3325:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 3226:"Early History of the Pedal Steel Guitar" 2058:. Centerstream Publications. p. 31. 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1334:–(Contains a sample of the song "Slowly") 1151:This gospel music tradition, now called " 775:Rickenbacker Console 758 tripleneck steel 498:The Hawaiian "craze" in the United States 338:". This was called "slack-key", known in 329:Spanish guitars were introduced into the 44:Fender Champion electric lap steel guitar 3399:Oermann, Robert K. (September 9, 2016). 1518:"Standard Tuning: How EADGBE Came to Be" 1278:chord, where two lower notes bend up in 2689:Marx, Wallace Jr. (December 17, 2009). 2407:. Anaheim Hills, CA: Centerstream Pub. 2203:The Hal Leonard Lap Steel Guitar Method 1387: 1354: 3345: 2612:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC–CIO. 2518:"The National Recording Registry 2011" 1928: 1909:French, Paul, Ed. (29 November 2017). 1637: 1167:, who took the musical tradition from 1141: 930: 835: 718: 630: 119:Variable depending on choice of tuning 31: 2818:Borisoff, Jason (27 September 2010). 2356:Wright, Michael (November 28, 2018). 2209:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Hal Leonard. 2150:"Common Tunings For Lap Steel Guitar" 1547:Guitar Tunings: A Comprehensive Guide 1272:while the strings were still sounding 601:Sol Hoopii– Fascinatin' Rhythm (1938) 7: 3322:The Oxford Handbook of Country Music 2491:Shey, Brittanie (October 30, 2017). 2329:Soboleski, Hank (October 13, 2013). 2282:. Social Education. pp. 402–408 2030:. The Guitar Journal. April 29, 2014 1054:", in 1939 his dobro playing on the 3372:Rauhouse, Jon (September 1, 2012). 3251:Ross, Michael (November 17, 2011). 3193:Slide Guitar For The Rock Guitarist 3026:Spevak, Jeff (September 14, 2014). 2939:"Top Ten Horizontal Guitar Players" 2792:Grimes, William (August 16, 2008). 2118:Cundell, R. Guy S. (July 1, 2019). 1847:"Early History of the Steel Guitar" 1678:Ross, Michael (February 17, 2015). 1550:. New York: Routledge. p. xi. 2970:McArdle, Terence (June 16, 2020). 1400:"History of Hawaiian Steel Guitar" 1365:, an indigenous folk guitar style. 1123:Darick Campbell: End of My Journey 657: 25: 3485:Hawaiian Steel Guitar Association 3224:Seymour, Bobbe (April 30, 2012). 2663:Meeker, Ward (November 1, 2014). 2428:Johnson, Akemi (August 8, 2016). 661:) and Dickerson electric steels. 398:: These are traditional acoustic 209:; a combination Hawaiians called 185:, who became known for playing a 3980: 3979: 3470:. 6, No.2 (Annual Artist Issue). 1786:The Art of Hawaiian Steel Guitar 1750:Shah, Haleema (April 25, 2019). 1142:Problems playing this file? See 1127: 931:Problems playing this file? See 916: 847:Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys 836:Problems playing this file? See 821: 719:Problems playing this file? See 704: 631:Problems playing this file? See 605: 38: 3923:History of the classical guitar 3253:"Forgotten Heroes: Paul Bigsby" 3122:James, Steve (March 25, 2016). 2248:Kienzle, Rich (March 1, 2006). 1611:Troutman, John William (2016). 1585:Fox, Margalit (March 5, 2008). 817:Leon McAuliffe–Steel Guitar Rag 82:Hornbostel–Sachs classification 3028:"20 Shows to put on your list" 2851:Owens, Richie (July 5, 2018). 2820:"How Pedal Steel Guitar Works" 2541:"Dunn, Robert Lee (1908–1971)" 2460:Hawaiian Music & Musicians 2458:; Berger, John, eds. (2012) . 1917:. Mixdown Magazine/Furst Media 177:about 1885, popularized by an 1: 2999:Spevak, Jeff (May 11, 2020). 400:steel-string acoustic guitars 251:. Lap steel pioneers include 4011:Continuous pitch instruments 3095:Walters, Katherine Kuehler. 3062:University of Arkansas Press 2937:Bryson, Alan (May 4, 2020). 1827:. Rickenbacker International 739:, Byrd recorded songs like " 99:Popularized by Joseph Kekuku 2549:Oklahoma Historical Society 751:". Byrd also recorded with 741:I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry 621:National Recording Registry 457:developed a near-universal 4042: 3060:. Fayetteville, Arkansas: 2755:Campbell, Michael (2018). 2174:Anderson, Maurice (2000). 1194: 429:Electric lap steel guitars 396:Acoustic lap steel guitars 387:Types of lap steel guitars 309: 3975: 3259:. Premier Guitar Magazine 3057:Encyclopedia of the Blues 3054:Herzhaft, Gérard (1992). 2697:. Gearhead Communications 1719:Duchossoir, A.R. (2009). 1066:Buck "Josh" Graves (aka " 118: 37: 4026:1885 musical instruments 3232:. Steel Guitar Nashville 2430:"Who Gets to be 'Hapa'?" 1965:Carlin, Richard (2003). 1872:Perez, Fernando (2016). 1789:. Pacific, MO: Mel Bay. 1783:Phillips, Stacy (2016). 3380:. The Fretboard Journal 2853:"Resonator Guitars 101" 2669:Vintage Guitar Magazine 2583:Univ. of Illinois Press 2436:. National Public Radio 2403:Ruymar, Ruymar (1996). 2254:Vintage Guitar Magazine 2250:"Bob's Playboy Pickers" 2052:Ruymar, Lorene (1996). 1971:. New York: Routledge. 1760:Smithsonian Institution 1684:Premier Guitar Magazine 1544:Weissman, Dick (2006). 1185:Medeski Martin and Wood 947:, played a double-neck 883:sound with a prominent 197:became fascinated with 3913:Electric guitar design 3468:Guitar Player Magazine 3190:Sokolow, Fred (2011). 2913:"Brad's Page of Steel" 2716:Coffee, Kevin (2012). 2200:Helms, Johnie (2009). 1878:. Mel Bay. p. 4. 1853:. Steel Guitar Academy 1851:steelguitaracademy.com 1262:. Nashville guitarist 1241:Lap steel obsolescence 1116: 1044:Sevierville, Tennessee 1040:Bashful Brother Oswald 1012: 977:Walkin' After Midnight 905: 810: 776: 693: 594: 377:electric guitar pickup 326: 217:electric amplification 3950:list of manufacturers 3281:Babiuk, Andy (2008). 2828:Making Music Magazine 2577:Ginell, Cary (1994). 2307:The Washington Herald 2180:The Pedal Steel Pages 1297:and was No. 1 on the 1295:country songs of 1954 1165:The Campbell Brothers 1115: 1010: 945:New Brockton, Alabama 943:(1927–2008), born in 904: 809: 774: 749:A Mansion on the Hill 692: 593: 320: 3594:By type (six string) 3407:. Music Row Magazine 3378:fretboardjournal.com 2645:Steelguitarforum.com 2555:on September 5, 2008 2392:(September 1, 1979). 2028:theguitarjournal.com 508:annexation of Hawaii 27:Type of steel guitar 4016:American inventions 3230:pedalsteelmusic.com 2976:The Washington Post 2539:Foley, Hugh W. Jr. 2526:Library of Congress 2456:Kanahele, George S. 2337:. The Garden Island 2335:thegardenisland.com 1488:Volk, Andy (2003). 1052:Smoky Mountain Boys 953:Your Cheating Heart 617:Library of Congress 358:, on the island of 168:pedal steel guitars 34: 3700:Additional strings 3655:Guitarrón mexicano 2824:makingmusicmag.com 2798:The New York Times 1756:smithsonianmag.com 1591:The New York Times 1332:Pedal steel guitar 1211:"Black Ace" Turner 1117: 1013: 985:Blue Kentucky Girl 906: 845:In October, 1936, 811: 777: 694: 595: 580:Lap steel pioneers 520:Oahu Music Company 327: 187:traditional guitar 129:, also known as a 3993: 3992: 3835:Chitarra battente 3606:acoustic-electric 3257:premierguitar.com 3203:978-1-61065-563-7 3173:978-0-14-006223-6 2885:vintageguitar.com 2857:premierguitar.com 2695:premierguitar.com 2497:Hustonia Magazine 1915:mixdownmag.com.au 1736:978-1-4234-5702-2 1727:Hal Leonard Books 1725:. Milwaukee, WI: 1624:978-1-4696-2793-9 1132: 1086:notes to combine 1076:Flatt and Scruggs 1068:Uncle Josh Graves 1046:. As a member of 921: 826: 709: 610: 561:Harmony Hawaiians 531:Sol K. 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